Dissertations / Theses: 'Rape attitudes'

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Barnard, Sarah. "Police officers' attitudes about rape victims." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1569988.

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Police officers are often the first contact a victim of rape has with the criminal justice system and may be the first people to whom rape victims disclose. To examine the extent to which police officers endorse rape myths, this quantitative study assessed their views about rape victims, along with the effects of demographics and experience. The Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance Scale--Short Form was administered to 66 patrol officers in Southern California. The officers scored in the mid-range of this scale, which addresses seven different categories of common rape myths, such as "she lied" and "she asked for it." For some rape myths, females and ethnic majority officers indicated less endorsement of rape myths. These findings reveal a need for more in-depth research on police officers. Social workers who work with the victims of rape should advocate for increased education of law enforcement personnel about rape and its victims.

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Pistorio, Jaclyn M. P. "Mental health professionals' attitudes toward rape survivors." Thesis, Adler School of Professional Psychology, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3664152.

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The purpose of this dissertation is to examine licensed mental health professionals' attitudes towards rape survivors. Research indicates that the attitudes of police officers, mental health professionals, and the general public may influence the psychological adjustment of rape survivors and, consequently, whether or not that person seeks mental health treatment after the assault (Vincent, 2009). The negative impacts of rape on a person may not be specific only to the act of violence, but may also include secondary victimization from the survivors' negative experiences with authorities such as legal and mental health professionals (Campbell & Raja, 1999) who may hold negative beliefs about sexual assault and rape survivors (Nagel, Matsuo, McIntyre, & Morrison, 2005). Exposure to these negative beliefs held by others may be associated with negative secondary emotions in the survivor, such as guilt; guilt associated with actions taken or not taken in the context of rape has been observed to be positively correlated with posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, low self-esteem, social anxiety, and suicidal ideation (Kubany, Abueg, Owens, Brennan, Kaplan, & Watson, 1995). It is therefore important to examine the attitudes licensed mental health workers hold towards rape survivors, as these rape survivors may seek services from mental health professionals, and the clinicians' attitudes towards these clients' experiences may significantly impact survivors' recovery from a sexual assault. In addition to measuring the acceptance of rape myths in licensed mental health providers, this study aims to explore how demographic variables in mental health professionals, such as gender, type of graduate degree, or participant rape survivor status, are related to the attitudes participants report about sexual assault. It was hypothesized that male study participants would attribute greater responsibility to survivors than female study participants would, based on the results of the updated Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance Scale, and congruent with published research highlighting this gender difference (Grubb & Harrower, 2009). It was hypothesized that mental health providers who have had more years of training in their graduate degree program would report lower levels of rape myth acceptance compared with those who had a shorter degree program. It was also hypothesized that participants who themselves identified as a rape survivor or who had a close friend or family member who is a survivor would attribute less responsibility to rape survivors, as research supports the observation that those who identify as survivors or friends of survivors may reject negative biases towards sexual assault survivors.

After completing both independent t-tests and Mann-Whitney U statistical analyses, gender identity was the only demographic for which statistically significant mean differences were seen in total rape myth acceptance scores (p = .012). This finding is not surprising, as much of the current literature supports that men, in general, attribute more blame to rape survivors than women. Prior to the current study there was no published research using licensed mental health providers as participants in a study using the updated Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance Scale. Data gathered from the current study will therefore offer a valuable contribution to the literature on this topic. Further, it is hoped that this data can be used in the development of graduate programs, continuing education courses, and didactic seminars that debunk rape myths and promote competency around rape survivor issues.

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Briones, Rhissa Emily. "Rape Attitudes and Beliefs: A Replication Study." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0003055.

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Murphy, Dawn Kessler. "Date rape prevention programs : effects on college students' attitudes." Virtual Press, 1997. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1063198.

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There has been a great deal of research concerning the prevalence of date rape that occurs on college campuses around the country. Researchers also have investigated whether or not prevention programs are effective in lowering the incidence of date rape on campuses. While there have been numerous investigations done on prevention programs, few have implemented follow-up measures, and none have investigated if exposing participants to more than one program is more effective than just participating in one program. The purpose of this study was to determine if a prevention program that implements a three-session program is more effective than one that implements a one-session program. In addition, changes in attitudes were measured at four weeks follow-up, to determine if changes are permanent or not.Nine undergraduate counseling psychology classes consisting of 79 males and 156 females were randomly assigned (according to class) to a three-session, onesession, or control group. Each group completed a series of attitude scales at pre-test, post-test, and at four weeks follow-up.Results indicated that males in the three-session group displayed attitude changes in the desired direction at posttest, but rebound effects occurred according to their follow-up scores. Males in the three-session group had even less desirable scores at follow-up than they did at pretest. Males in the one-session group displayed similar trends, but not as severe as their counterparts. Females did not show similar trends, as their attitudes were already more desirable then the males at pre-test. At any time, females had more desirable overall scores than did males. Students who participated in the one-session program indicated that they would be more willing to help prevent date rape (i.e., by volunteering to present prevention programs) than those in the three-session program. Openended questions that addressed what the students liked about the program were asked, as well as what suggestions they had to improve the program. Overall, students in the onesession program reported more satisfaction than those in the three-session program. Limitations as well as suggestions for further research in this area were discussed. Further investigation is needed to examine what kinds of prevention programs will be most beneficial in changing men's attitudes in the desired direction.
Department of Counseling Psychology and Guidance Services

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Carr, Christie Arine. "Christian Fundamentalism, Authoritarianism, and Attitudes toward Rape Victims." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2006. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2206.

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This study focused on the relationship of five variables: rape myth acceptance, attitudes toward rape victims, sex roles, authoritarianism, and Christian fundamentalism. Also, differences between men and women were compared. The study was conducted at East Tennessee State University, and 100 people participated. Contrary to past research, Christian fundamentalism was not a significant predictor of rape myth acceptance or attitudes towards rape victims, but there were significant relationships between all of the other variables. Men were found to be more accepting of rape myths and had a more negative view of rape victims than did women. Implications of these findings, future research ideas, and possible rape-awareness educational programs are discussed.

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Gorbett, Kelly L. "Rape myth acceptance in college students." Virtual Press, 2006. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1343469.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between variables that may be related to rape myth acceptance in college students. Identifying variables that may be related to rape myth acceptance is essential for improving rape prevention programming. The setting chosen to examine these variables consisted of 349 students enrolled in undergraduate courses at a mid-size, Midwestern University. Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was used to examine the relationship between gender, year in school, previous participation in rape prevention programming, knowing a victim and/or past experiences of sexual victimization, and knowing a perpetrator and/or perpetration with rape myth acceptance. Personality constructs were utilized as covariates due to their expected influence on the dependent variable. Overall, only Openness to Experience significantly correlated with rape myth acceptance and the effect size was small.Results indicated a significant 2-way interaction for gender and year in school. The interaction revealed that at freshmen year, men showed much higher rape myth acceptance than women. Rape myth acceptance in men declined from freshmen year to senior year, but consistently remained higher than women. Rape myth acceptance in women only slightly decreased between freshmen and sophomore year, yet were significantly lower from freshmen to senior year. Although a significant interaction between gender and year in school was found, the interaction was ordinal making the main effects interpretable. In fact, results indicated a significant main effect for both gender and year in school. Specifically, men report higher rape myth acceptance than women. Also, acceptance of rape myths decreased as year in school increased. Implications of these findings and future directions for research are discussed.
Department of Educational Psychology

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Hockett, Jericho M. "“Rape victims” versus “rape survivors”: oppression and resistance in individuals’ perceptions of women who have been raped." Diss., Kansas State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/16525.

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Doctor of Philosophy
Department of Psychological Sciences
Donald A. Saucier
An overview discusses rape in terms of two systems of social power: oppression and resistance. Components of these systems—i.e., individuals’ rape-related attitudes, beliefs, perceptions, and behaviors, and outcomes—are compared in the literatures on “rape victims” and “rape survivors” (Hockett & Saucier, under review), suggesting that different results and conclusions are associated with different labels applied to the same group (i.e., women who have been raped). Three studies assessed differences in individuals’ rape-related perceptions (Study 1), intergroup helping intentions (Study 2), and interpersonal helping intentions (Study 3) for “rape victims,” “rape survivors,” and “women who have been raped.” Extending feminist and social psychological theories of social power, results generally supported my hypotheses that such labels would produce different perceptions and helping intentions. The discussion addresses implications for theory, limitations, and directions for future research.

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Granger, Kara, and s3041360@student rmit edu au. "Multi-comparisons of rape and rape myth endorsement through analysis of existing modified rape myth items." RMIT University. Health Sciences, 2008. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080829.093911.

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Traditionally, rape has been viewed as a crime perpetrated by men against women. However, it is now recognised that males can also be victims of rape. The current research had several interrelated aims to; (i) provide a profile of both male and female rape victims, (ii) compare the characteristics of rape perpetrated against male and female victims, (iii) estimate the incidence of male and female rape within the general community, (iv) describe the reporting practices of rape victims, and (v) determine the relationship between rape and depression, suicide ideation, and suicide attempts. The community's level of rape myth endorsement was also explored. Rape myths were defined as attitudes and beliefs about rape, rape victims, and rapists that are generally false but are widely and persistently held, and serve to deny and justify sexual aggression against women and men. The present study compared rape myth endorsement levels concerning both male and female victims. However, it was first necessary to construct a rape myth questionnaire, the Rape Attitudinal Scale (RAQ), which minimised the methodological limitations of pre-existing scales. The current research utilised online methodology and, in total, 560 individuals participated in the research. It was found that almost two out of every five participants had been a victim of rape during their lifetime, with males accounting for 8.60% of the raped sample. Rape victims emanated from a variety of demographic backgrounds and the gender differences between the characteristics of the rape were discussed. Approximately one in seven rape victims stated that they had reported the rape to police, with half of those rape victims regretting informing the police of their experience. Almost twice as many female rape victims than male rape victims failed to report their rape to anyone. It was also found that victims of rape are more likely to report rape to authorities when the rape fits the

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Panarello, Triscia. "Attitudes, beliefs, and perceptions about date rape, alcohol-related rape, and non-consensual drug use rape on a college campus." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 1998. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/45.

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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf.edu/Systems/DigitalInitiatives/DigitalCollections/InternetDistributionConsentAgreementForm.pdf You may also contact the project coordinator, Kerri Bottorff, at kerri.bottorff@ucf.edu for more information.
Bachelors
Arts and Sciences
Sociology

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Vincent, Jolene. "Do Attitudes of Pornography Influence Perceptions of Rape Myths." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2014. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/1651.

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Rape and sexual assaults are a huge epidemic not only in the United States, but in the world as well. Victims come across all races, ethnicities, ages, religions, classes and cultures. With so many victims, people often investigate what causes people to commit these crimes in order to decrease the likelihood of future incidents occurring. Pornography is often argued for being a possible cause of sexual assaults. While many sex offenders do have large collections of pornography, there has not been any concrete evidence to support that pornography causes people to rape. Acceptance of rape myths also could play a large role in how people perceive the victims of sexual assaults causing them even more trauma as well as them being less likely to report the crime. With over 2000,000 cases of sexual assault reported each year, it is important to attempt to find any possible causes. The intent of this thesis is to explore any possible associations with attitudes on pornography and perceptions of rape myths. Through my analysis, the participants were asked about their attitudes of pornography and details on if they chose to view pornography or not compared with their perceptions of rape myths.
B.A.
Bachelors
Psychology
Sciences

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Civiletto, Christine L. "Sex differences in attitudes and attributions of responsibility in acquaintance rape situations." Virtual Press, 2004. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1290969.

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This study examined sex differences in attitudes and attributions of responsibility in acquaintance rape situations. The existing literature in this area has focused solely on examining explicit attitudes, or those attitudes that are within an individual's conscious awareness. No attention, however, has been focused on the implicit attitudes that individuals have in acquaintance rape situations. Implicit attitudes are those that operate outside of an individual's awareness and reflect his or her underlying attitudes and beliefs about an object. In an effort to examine implicit attitudes in acquaintance rape situations, a variation of Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz's (1998) Implicit Associations Test was utilized. Additionally, Burt's (1980) Rape Myth Acceptance Scale, the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale and an Attribution of Responsibility measure were administered. It was hypothesized that responses to these measures would predict participants' sex. A stepwise discriminant function analysis was conducted. Age and attributions of responsibility were identified as the factors that best predicted sex. Significant relationships were identified between Rape Myth Acceptance and Attributions of Responsibility. Those participants who adhered to rape myths were more likely to attribute responsibility for the acquaintance rape to the survivor than were those who did not adhere to rape myths. Significant sex differences were also identified on the Attribution of Responsibility measure, with men being more likely than women to attribute responsibility for acquaintance rape to the survivor. Limitations to generalizability of these results and implications for future research and clinical practice are discussed.
Department of Counseling Psychology and Guidance Services

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Piatak, Kirsten A. "Assessing Victim Blame: Intersections of Rape Victim Race, Gender, and Ethnicity." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2514.

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The current study sought to assess the impact of the race, gender, and ethnicity of rape victims on college students’ propensity to assign culpability to victims. Using a sample of college students (n=279) from a mid-sized Southeastern university, respondents were given a set of six different vignettes, varying only by victim characteristics. These vignettes featured alcohol-facilitated sexual assault between acquaintances, a common occurrence in college environments. Respondents were asked to evaluate the culpability of the victim through a blameworthiness scale. Through the incorporation of the Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance Scale, this study also measured the respondents’ propensity to assign blame to female rape victims and to alleviate male perpetrators of any responsibility. Results indicated that adherence to rape myth acceptance was a more significant predictor of blameworthiness than victim or respondent characteristics. This exploratory study was designed to add to the growing body of literature examining attitudes toward acquaintance rape.

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Burke, Sloane C. (Sloane Christine). "An Assessment of College Students' Attitudes and Empathy toward Rape." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1998. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc279015/.

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The purpose of this study was to assess rape attitudes and empathy levels of students at a university in North Texas. The Attitudes Toward Rape questionnaire and the Rape Empathy Scale were administered to 387 undergraduate students. Dependent variables were attitudes and empathy and independent variables were prior knowledge or experience as a rape victim, having female siblings, gender, marital status, and age. Significance was found between rape-intolerant attitudes and both prior experience as a victim (p < .001), and gender (p < .001). Significance was also found between empathy and experience as a rape victim (p < .035) and gender (p < .032).

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Howe-Martin, Laura S. "A Longitudinal Study of Rape Attitude Correlates among College Men." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2006. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc5269/.

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Research has linked rape victim-blaming attitudes (VBAs) with gender role stereotyping, negative peer attitudes towards women, and acceptance of interpersonal violence. The current study analyzed longitudinal questionnaire data of college men (n=166) from White and Smith's (2001) study of college student victimization. Results indicate that VBAs can be conceptualized as either overt or covert, and that the covert VBA was more strongly correlated with alcohol use, sexualized peer attitudes, traditional gender stereotypes, need for sexual dominance, and perpetration of dating aggression. The covert VBA was also correlated with rape proclivity one year later, and partially mediated relationships between earlier variables and later rape proclivity. Additionally, endorsement of chivalry moderated the relationship between traditional gender stereotypes and the covert VBA, casting new perspective on the role of chivalry. Overall, results demonstrate the importance of targeting subtle expressions of VBAs in educational programs, and the need for longitudinal studies on rape attitude development.

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Ward, Colleen, Betty Newlon, Barbara Krahé, Kathleen Myambo, Monica Payne, Yildiz Tastaban, Sahika Yuksel, et al. "The attitudes toward rape victims scale : psychometric data from 14 countries." Universität Potsdam, 1992. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2009/3449/.

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Content: Synopsis The Attitudes toward Rape Victims Scale: Psychometric Data from 14 Countries Scale Construction and Validation - Study One: Preliminary Analyses - Study Two: Test-Retest Reliability - Study Three: Construct Validity Cross-cultural Extensions - United States - United Kingdom - Germany - New Zealand - Canada - West Indies - Israel - Turkey - India - Hong Kong - Malaysia - Zimbabwe - Mexico - Metric Equivalence Discussion

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Gillies, Ralph A. "Providing direct counter-arguments to challenge male audiences' attitudes toward rape /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1997. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9841291.

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Dahl, Barbara J. "Personality characteristics, attitudes and perceptions of rape among incarcerated sex offenders /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9026.

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Krolnik, Campos Monica. "The Impact of Sexual Assault Training and Gender on Rape Attitudes." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/796.

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Sexual assault is a growing concern across college campuses in the United States. According to the Sexual Victimization of College Women study, the victimization rate is 27.7 rapes per 1,000 women students (Fisher, Cullen, & Turner, 2000). In response to the high prevalence of sexual assault, college campuses are now mandated to implement various forms of sexual assault prevention programming. Sexual assault prevention programming is intended to promote awareness of sexual assault and reduce the prevalence of sexual assault on college campuses. Numerous studies have examined the short term effectiveness of sexual assault prevention programs (e.g., Anderson & Whiston, 2005). However, few studies have explored the effectiveness of repeated, annual prevention program participation on rape supportive beliefs. In addition, studies that have explored the efficacy of prevention programs have tended to rely exclusively on self-report measures and some have only focused on outcomes among men or women groups only. The purpose of the present study was to examine the impact of level of participation and gender in sexual assault prevention training on rape myth acceptance (RMA) and response latency to a hypothetical date rape scenario among a sample of Western college students. Results revealed no significant relationships between higher levels of sexual assault prevention programming participation and RMA scores and latency times. Additionally, there were no gender differences on IRMA scores or response latency. Findings have important implications for future sexual assault prevention programming efforts on college campuses and community settings.

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Walker, Amy. "College student attitudes towards sexual assault." Menomonie, WI : University of Wisconsin--Stout, 2004. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2004/2004walkera.pdf.

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Reyes, Eunice. "Attitudes Toward Sex Among Male College Students." Kent State University Honors College / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ksuhonors1556891238625505.

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Sherrod, Nancy B. "A few good men II : distinguishing between men with high and low endorsement of rape-supportive attitudes /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3074441.

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Chang, Chi-choi Alvin, and 張智才. "Date rape: perception of college students on a University campus." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31978447.

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Law, Lik-hang Darick, and 羅力恒. "Attitudes toward rape and sexual assault: a comparative analysis of professional groups in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B29705113.

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Frisque, Amy M. "Resident assistants' attitudes about sexual assault and sexual assault prevention training." Online version, 2008. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2008/2008frisquea.pdf.

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Humphrey, Carolyn F. "Acquaintance rape : exploring the relationship between cognition and behavioral-intentions through the development of contemporary measures of attitudes /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3036832.

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Hellmann, Bryan Dov. "A social constructionist exploration of male law enforcement officers' attitudes towards male rape." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2006. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-05282008-125949.

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Funches, Kendria D. "The role of female's alcohol consumption and clothing on attitudes towards date rape." View electronic thesis, 2008. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2008-3/funchesk/kendriafunches.pdf.

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Holtz, Pamela M. "Co-Occurrence of Rape Myth Acceptance and Intolerant Attitudes in a Military Sample." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2017. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1062855/.

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Sexual trauma within the military is a widespread issue, and rape myth acceptance has been shown to contribute to its prevalence. Given that the military culture has been shown to lend itself to hypermasculinity and traditional gender role adherence, both of which facilitate aggression toward women, this effect warrants investigation within a military sample. The present study replicated and expanded upon Aosved and Long's (2006) study examining 85 veteran and active duty military members' responses on the Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance Scale, Attitudes Toward Women Scale (short form), Neosexism Scale, Male Role Norms Inventory (short form), Modern and Old Fashioned Racism Scale, Modern Homophobia Scale, a modified version of the Economic Belief Scale, Fraboni Scale of Ageism, Religious Intolerance Scale, and the Marlowe–Crowne Social Desirability Scale (short form). Findings provide support for the co-occurrence of rape myth acceptance with intolerant attitudes, including sexism, hypermasculine gender role ideology, racism, sexual prejudice, classism, ageism, and religious intolerance, both individually and collectively. These results provide insight into the functioning of intolerant attitudes within a military sample, and provide important insight for future research addressing the association between rape myth acceptance and rape proclivity and the perpetration of military sexual assault.

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Davies, Michelle. "Attitudes towards rape as a function of the victim's gender and sexual orientation." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2002. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/20365/.

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It is well documented that female rape victims are blamed to some extent for their assault. However, there is a lack of research investigating attitudes towards other types of sexual assault, such as sexual assaults on adult males, or sexual assaults committed by women. This thesis aimed to extend research by investigating judgements of sexual assault when victim gender, sexual orientation, and perpetrator gender were varied. Study I investigated judgements of victim blame and perceived severity of the assault towards victims of male perpetrators in a depicted stranger rape. Results revealed that men made more negative judgements towards gay male victims than other victim groups. Study 2 extended this work by investigating judgements towards male victims when perpetrator gender was varied in a depicted sexual assault between acquaintances. Results showed that men made more negative judgements of the victim when he was either a gay male assaulted by a man or a heterosexual victim assaulted by a woman. Study 3 partially supported the findings of Study 2, such that male victims were more negatively evaluated when sexually assaulted by a female acquaintance, although there were no significant sexual orientation effects in this study. Study 3 also found attributions towards female victims were not affected by perpetrator gender. Study 4 investigated judgements towards male and female victims of a drug related sexual assault. This study also used trait adjective scales to investigate character assessments of the victim and perpetrator. Results were consistent with the previous studies, such that heterosexual male victims of female perpetrators were judged more negatively than other victims were. In addition, female perpetrators were attributed more positive character assessments than male perpetrators were. Study 5 investigated attitudinal correlates of judgements towards male and female victims of a drug related sexual assault. Results showed that homophobia, hostile sexism and attitudes towards male toughness correlated with judgements towards gay male victims of male perpetrators, heterosexual male victims of female perpetrators and heterosexual female victims regardless of perpetrator gender. Results are discussed in relation to the application of traditional gender role beliefs, defensive attributions, and empathy towards specific victim groups.

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Alladio, Yanina, Valeria Morán, and Fabián Olaz. "Argentinean validation of the Rape Supportive Attitude Scale." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2016. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/101713.

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The tolerant attitudes towards sexual violence against women constitute an important risk factor that should be considered to explain this type of aggressive behavior. One of the instruments that evaluates these attitudes is the Rape Supportive Attitude Scale (RSAS) developed by Lottes. The results of different psychometric studies have demonstrated good indexes of reliability and validity in American, Spanish and Salvadorian university students. The purpose of the study was to explore the psychometric properties of the RSAS in Argen tinean university students. We provide evidence of content validity through expert ratings, process validity through cognitive debriefing interviews, and evidence of internal structure through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Finally, the internal consistency of the scale was estimated and an analysis of contrasting groups in relation to gender was con ducted. The results allow us to infer that the RSAS scale is a valid and reliable tool to assess rape supportive attitudes in Argentinean university students.
Las actitudes tolerantes hacia la violencia sexual ejercida contra las mujeres constituyen un factor de riesgo importante a considerar en la explicación de este tipo de conductas. Uno de los instrumentos para evaluar estas actitudes es la Escala de Actitud Favorable hacia la Violación (EAFV) de Lottes, la que ha mostrado fiabilidad y validez en muestras de estu diantes universitarios estadounidenses, españoles y salvadoreños. El objetivo de este estudio fue explorar las propiedades psicométricas del instrumento en estudiantes universitarios argentinos. Se aportó evidencia de contenido mediante juicio de expertos, evidencia de pro ceso de respuesta por medio de entrevistas de cognitive debriefing y evidencia de estructura interna a partir del análisis factorial exploratorio y confirmatorio. Finalmente, se estimó la consistencia interna de la escala y se realizó un análisis de grupos contrastados en relación al género. Los resultados obtenidos permiten inferir que la escala EAFV es un instrumento válido y confiable para evaluar actitudes favorables hacia conductas de violación en univer sitarios argentinos.
As atitudes tolerantes em relação à violência sexual contra as mulheres constituem um importante fator de risco a ser considerado para explicar esse tipo de conduta. Um dos instrumentos para avaliar esses comportamentos é o Questionário de Atitudes Favoráveis em Relação ao Estupro (QAFRE) de Lottes, que tem demonstrado confiabilidade e validez em amostras de estudantes universitários estadounidenses, espanhóis e salvadorenhos. O objetivo deste estudo foi explorar as propriedades psicométricas do questionário em estu dantes universitários argentinos. Evidencia sobre a validez do conteúdo foi fornecida através da avaliação de juízes expertos, a validez sobre o processo de resposta foi fornecida através de entrevistas de debriefing cognitivo ea validez de estrutura interna foi fornecida através das analises fatoriais exploratório e confirmatório. Finalmente, a consistência interna do questionário foi estimada e uma análise contrastando grupos em relação ao gênero foi feita. Os resultados obtidos permitem inferir que o questionário é válido e confiável para avaliar atitudes favoráveis em relação ao estupro em estudantes universitários argentinos.

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MACGREGOR, JANET CATHERINE BROOKFIELD. "COLLEGE STUDENTS' ATTITUDES TOWARD RAPE: A COMPARISON OF NEW ZEALAND AND THE UNITED STATES." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184216.

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This cross-cultural study used the "Attitudes Toward Rape Victims Survey" (ARVS), designed by Ward (1984), to examine the attitudes of college students in New Zealand and the United States. The instrument (ARVS) is the first of its kind to test for victim blame, and the first to be limited to the assessment of attitudes toward the rape victim specifically. Subjects were 205 students from the University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand, and 508 students from the University of Arizona, Tucson. The survey responses were analyzed to determine cultural differences in attitudes, according to gender and age. Findings would suggest that the United States students were more sympathetic toward the rape victim, less likely to believe traditional rape myths, and more ready to assign male responsibility for the assault than were New Zealand students. New Zealand women appeared less aware of the implications of sexual assault than both United States men and women, and New Zealand men. New Zealand men demonstrated greater awareness than United States men. Older students in both countries tended to be more conservative in their responses than were the younger students. Although there was a significant cultural difference according to age and gender, scores were consistently low for each sample, indicating a general acceptance of traditional rape myths and a continuing tendency to assign to women the responsibility for sexual assault. Several conclusions were drawn from the data analysis. There is a significant cultural difference in attitudes toward the female victim of rape, between New Zealand and United States college students, according to age and gender. However, both cultures retain a strong belief in traditional rape myths. Responses to the ARVS seem to support the views of current theorists: that attitudes toward rape and incidence of rape are culturally predisposed by factors such as domination and aggression in men, passivity and submission in women, fear of the "feminine," and stereotypic sex roles. It is recommended that more research be undertaken on cross-cultural attitudes toward rape victims.

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Andersson, Maria. "Hennes eget fel? : Betydelsen av offrets alkoholpåverkan och klädsel vid bedömningen av en våldtäkt." Thesis, Mälardalen University, Department of Social Sciences, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-316.

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Vid bedömningar som görs i rättsliga sammanhang kan människor påverkas av faktorer som är juridiskt irrelevanta. Dessa irrelevanta faktorer grundar sig ofta i negativa attityder och fördomar. Vid våldtäkter kan egenskaper hos offret påverka bedömningen av offrets och förövarens ansvar och offret ses som medansvarig till att ha blivit våldtagen. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur människors bedömningar av en våldtäkt påverkas av ett våldtäktsoffers alkoholpåverkan och klädsel. Åttio beteendevetenskapliga studenter läste ett våldtäktsfall där offrets alkoholintag och klädsel vid brottstillfället varierades. Resultatet indikerar tendenser till skuldbeläggande av offret och förmildrande inställningar till förövaren om offret druckit alkohol och/ eller varit utmanande klädd.

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Chapman, Cass. "Revision of the self; revision of societal attitudes: feminist critical approaches to female rape memoir /." Electronic version (PDF), 2004. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2004/chapmanc/casschapman.pdf.

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Carroll, Jessica Ashley. "Impact of moral judgment and moral disengagement on rape-supportive attitudes in college males." Thesis, [Tuscaloosa, Ala. : University of Alabama Libraries], 2009. http://purl.lib.ua.edu/120.

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Reed, Amanda I. "The Influence of Athletic Participation on Attitudes toward Sexual Assault." Marietta College / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=marietta1467218253.

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Seiverd, Kari Diane 1965. "Acquaintance rape: Attribution of blame as a function of respondent's sex, attitudes toward women and heterosexual relationships, and acceptance of interpersonal violence." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291931.

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This study was designed to investigate individual characteristics of college students (i.e., attitudes toward women and heterosexual relationships and acceptance of interpersonal violence) and ascertain the relationship between individual characteristics, gender, and attitudes toward attribution of blame in acquaintance rape. Whereas no instruments had been developed to measure attitudes toward attribution of blame in acquaintance rape, this study sought to create such a measure. Students from a large Southwestern university were utilized as participants (N = 159). Four dependent measures were employed: the Attitudes Toward Women Scale: Short Form, the Heterosexual Relationships Scale, the Acceptance of Interpersonal Violence Scale, and the contrived Attitudes of Acquaintance Rape Blame Scale (AARBS). Analyses of variance found that gender, sexist attitudes toward male-female relationships, traditional attitudes toward women, and high acceptance of interpersonal violence led to more traditional assignment of blame in cases of acquaintance rape (i.e., blame the woman).

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Laur, David G. "Rape myth acceptance and homophobia in Ball State University undergraduates : correlations of gender, involvement, and class standing." Virtual Press, 2004. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1285589.

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The purpose of this study was to determine if a relationship existed betweenhomophobic beliefs and rape myth acceptance in undergraduate students who attendedBall State University. In addition, the effect that gender, organizational affiliation, andClass anding had on these beliefs was measured.The project consisted of 242 undergraduate students who lived in Woody/Shalesand Howick/Williams Halls. The project took place during the spring semester of 2004.The findings indicated that rape myth acceptance (RMA) did correlate with homophobia, and that this correlation was significantly higher in males than in females. The findings also indicated that neither class standing nor group affiliation had a significant effect on either RMA or homophobia.
Department of Educational Studies

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Goodwin, Sally L. "The relationship between moral development and attitudes toward rape in criminal and non-criminal populations /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1994. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ARPS/09arpsg657.pdf.

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Hockett, Jericho M. "An umbrella of dominance? An examination of oppressive beliefs in the context of rape." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/1644.

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Master of Science
Department of Psychology
Donald A. Saucier
Research has demonstrated that negative perceptions of rape victims may vary based on characteristics such as the victims’ race (e.g., Estrich, 1987; Wyatt, 1992). This study examined rape from feminist (e.g., Collins, 1991; hooks, 2003) and Social Dominance Theory (SDT; e.g., Pratto, 1996; Sidanius, 1993) perspectives to assess the relationship between individuals’ social dominance orientation (SDO) and differences in their attitudes toward rape victims of differing races. After reading newspaper-style vignettes describing the rape of either a White or Black victim, participants (N = 83) completed measures assessing their levels of rape myth acceptance (RMA), gender role beliefs, SDO, racism, and social desirability. Results indicated that participants’ SDO scores significantly predicted their perceptions of the triviality of the rape. Specifically, when participants’ SDO scores were higher, they perceived the rape as less trivial for White victims. However, participants higher in SDO did not perceive the rape of Black victims as being either more or less trivial. Consistent with previous research, this study also found that negative attitudes toward women significantly predicted overall negative perceptions of both the Black and White rape victims (e.g., Hockett, Saucier, Hoffman, Smith, & Craig, in press) and that individuals perceived the Black rape victims as less credible than the White rape victims (Wyatt, 1992). These results contribute to our understanding of the relationships among individuals’ attitudes about power, race, and rape by offering support for feminist theories about the relationship between rape and power, as well as for SDT and feminist theories regarding the structure of dominance.

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Hurst-McCaleb, Dawn. "Mock Juror Effects of Blame and Conviction in Rape Cases: Do Attitudes, Beliefs, and Contact with Homosexuals Matter?" Thesis, University of North Texas, 2016. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc849652/.

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The current case involves a female rape victim. Research has shown the level of victim blaming can be elevated if the victim is a lesbian woman compared to a heterosexual woman. Mock jurors’ responses to personality trait questionnaires (e.g., Belief in a Just World, Attitudes Toward Women, Attitudes Toward Lesbians) and amount of contact they have with homosexual people were employed as predictors of how they would decide victim blaming and perpetrator guilt. Personality trait findings were not good predictors; however, greater contact with homosexuals did decrease negative attitudes toward lesbian victims. Limitations and implications for future research are addressed.

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Willmott, Dominic. "An examination of the relationship between juror attitudes, psychological constructs, and verdict decisions within rape trials." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2017. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/34453/.

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For many, the English criminal justice system is considered to be among the best in the world. An important feature of the system’s success is thought to be the jury trial whereby in the most serious of cases, use of ordinary citizens to determine guilt is thought to make for fairer verdict outcomes. Yet despite being a more democratic process, questionable verdicts and low conviction rates for crimes such as rape have led many to question how impartial lay jurors are likely to be and to what extent preconceived biases may in fact be influencing verdict decisions. The overarching aim of the current thesis was thereby to examine the relationship between personal characteristics and juror decisions. Specifically, the role of psychopathic personality traits, rape attitudes, and juror demographics upon individual decision formation were examined. Another aim was to develop and validate a self-report measure of individual juror decision making, directly integrating theoretical features of the dominant model of jury decision making into an empirically testable scale. Tested separately between two independent samples within Experiment one, an opportunity sample of 324 university students comprised within 27 separate jury panels observed a videotaped mock rape trial before making individual and collective decisions. Within Experiment two, a systematic randomly selected sample of 100 community participants comprised within nine separate jury panels observed a live rape trial re-enactment before making individual and collective decisions. All participants completed demographic, attitudinal, and psychological self-report measures before the onset of the trial including; the Psychopathic Personality Trait Scale (PPTS), Acceptance of Modern Myths about Sexual Aggression (AMMSA), and the Juror Decision Scale (JDS). Results displayed evidence of a discernible relationship between juror’s psycho-social make-up and the verdict decisions made during trial. Latent profile analyses revealed psychopathic personality traits were significantly associated with verdict preferences in the community sample and regression analyses displayed elevated rape attitude scores were consistent predictors of Not Guilty verdict decisions across both samples, pre and post-deliberation. Confirmatory factorial techniques displayed a bifactor model with three meaningful factors while controlling for the general factor was the best representation of the JDS data, with the three subscales evidencing differential predictive validity with external variables. Finally, path analyses revealed the structure of the relationship between all variables and verdict decisions, providing further evidence for the role of juror characteristics. These findings strongly support the assertion that within rape trials, juror decisions are directly related with the attitudes and psychological constructs jurors bring to trial. Evidence that a juror’s psycho-social make-up affects their interpretation of the evidence and ultimately predisposes them towards particular verdict decisions, gives rise to the possibility of needing to screen biased individuals out the jury trial process in the future. Whether change occurs or not to such historical English jury procedures, what can no longer be simply dismissed, is the role of individual juror bias upon trial outcomes within rape.

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Hillenbrand-Gunn, Theresa L. "Acquaintance rape and male high school students : can a social norms intervention change attitudes and perceived norms? /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3137710.

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Reck, Jennifer K. "Males' Support Toward Females After Sexual Assault." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2007. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc3625/.

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The current study explored the relations among rape myths, attitudes toward rape victims, perceived social support, sex role, and social reactions in a male undergraduate sample (N = 205). Males who have provided support to a sexual assault victim were compared to those who have not provided support to a sexual assault victim on several measures. Social reactions of those who have provided support to a sexual assault victim were compared to hypothetical reactions provided by individuals who have not previously provided support. Results indicated that rape related attitudes and beliefs did not differ between those who have and have not provided support to a sexual assault victim. In addition, individuals who were responding to a hypothetical situation reported that they would provide more positive social support than individuals who were responding to an actual situation. Implications for clinical work and future research in this area are discussed.

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Olsen-Rando, Robert A. "Parent-child relationship and college men's sexually aggressive attitudes and behaviors." Virtual Press, 1993. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/862285.

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Forcible rapes continue to occur at a rate of 1.3 per minute (National Victim Center, 1992). With an estimated 12.1 million women having been raped in our country (National Victim Center, 1992) and with most victims knowing the rapist, the importance of understanding the underlying dynamics leading to sexually aggressive behavior becomes imperative.The purpose of this study was to further delineate a possible contributory factor in the predisposition for rape. Specifically, this study examined the relationship between the perceived quality of father-child relationship and those underlying motivational and attitudinal factors associated with men who perpetrate sexual aggression towards women. A sample of 264 male college students were given a series of instruments examining underlying power motivations, sex-role stereotyping beliefs, attitudes of hostility toward women, relationship with father, relationship with mother, and sexually aggressive behavior. A hierarchical regression analysis was performed to examine the relationship between parent-child relationship and sexually aggressive attitudes and behavior.The results revealed that, consistent with previously reported literature, one measure of relationship with father was found to account for a significant amount of variance in hostility toward women. Relationship with father was not found to be significantly related to any of the remaining criterion measures. Relationship with mother was found to be significantly related to sex-role stereotyping. All criterion measures were significantly correlated with each other as were all the predictor measures.The results are discussed in relation to the hypotheses and previous research findings.
Department of Counseling Psychology and Guidance Services

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Lobo, Tracy R. "Evaluation of a sexual assault prevention program for college men : effects on self-reported sexually aggressive behavior, social perceptions, and attitudes /." Ohio : Ohio University, 2004. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1108144169.

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McCray, Kristy Lee. "An Exploration of Knowledge and Attitudes About Sexual Assault Occurrence and Prevention Among Former Intercollegiate Athletes." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1437654852.

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47

Albèr, Bjarne, and Leonard Jonsson. "Du får nog skylla dig själv, tror jag : En litteraturstudie om hur stereotyper och myter påverkar attityderna hos studenter till ett offer för våldtäkt." Thesis, Röda Korsets Högskola, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:rkh:diva-778.

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Bakgrund: På senare år har män som våldtäktsoffer fått en ökad uppmärksamhet, men fortfarande fokuseras majoriteten av forskningen på kvinnor. Det finns många olika myter och fördomar som tilldelas våldtäktsoffer. Ett offer för våldtäkt drabbas av både fysiska och psykiska men. Vårdpersonal måste kunna se förbi sina fördomar för att ge adekvat och lika vård till alla individer. Syfte: Att belysa skillnader och likheter rörande studenters attityder/föreställningar gentemot män respektive kvinnor som blivit utsatta för våldtäkt. Metod: En litteraturöversikt gjordes på nio vetenskapliga artiklar med kvantitativ ansats. Resultat: Resultatet visade att manliga studenter generellt har högre acceptans för våldtäktsmyter gällande både kvinnor och män. Männen visade upp mer negativa attityder mot offren, tilldelade mer skuld och mindre sympati mot offren än de kvinnliga studenterna. Både kön och sexualitet påverkar attityder mot offret, kvinnor och homosexuella män skuldbeläggs generellt mer än heterosexuella män och homosexuella kvinnor. Mäns och kvinnors föreställningar/uppfattningar om våldtäkt skiljer sig även åt och det visade sig att män och kvinnor föreställer sig olika olägenheter vid våldtäkt. Utbildning visade sig vara en faktor som påverkar attityder, där högre utbildning indikerar på mer positiva attityder mot offret. Slutsats: En rad olika myter förekommer och kan kopplas till negativa attityder mot våldtäktsoffer. En skillnad mellan män och kvinnor finns när det kommer till myt-acceptans. Beroende på ett offers sexuella läggning, kön och karaktär förändras synen på den. Klinisk betydelse: Kännedom om dessa myter och attityder kan ligga till grund för framtida utbildning hos personal som arbetar inom detta område och hjälpa till att motverka en sekundär traumatisering för våldtäktsoffer.
Background: In recent years, male victims of rape have gained increased attention, but the majority of the research still focuses on women. There are many myths and prejudices that affect our attitudes toward victims of rape. A victim suffers from both physical and psychological injuries. Health care personnel have to see beyond their prejudices to give a good and equal care towards all individuals. Aim: The aim of this study was to highlight the similarities and differences regarding students’ attitudes/beliefs towards male and female rape victims. Method: A literature review was written based on nine scientific articles with quantitative approach. Results: The results indicated that men generally have a higher acceptance of rape myths regarding both women and men. Men showed more negative attitudes towards victims, allocated more blame and less sympathy toward victims than women. Both gender and sexuality affect attitudes towards victims, women and homosexual men generally received more blame than heterosexual men and homosexual women. Male and female beliefs/perceptions of rape are also different and it turned out men and women produce various nuisances regarding rape. Education were proven to be a factors influencing attitudes, higher education indicates more positive attitudes towards the victim. Conclusion: Different kinds of myths exist and can be connected to negative attitudes towards a victim of rape. A difference between men and women exists when it comes to myth acceptance. Depending on the victims sexual orientation, sex and character the view upon it changes. Clinical implication: Knowledge about these myths and attitudes can be used for future education for personnel working within this area and to help preventing a secondary victimization for the victim.

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Du, Plessis Nina. "Women's experiences of reporting rape to the police : a qualitative study." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/21614.

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Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The issue of rape in South Africa has been widely documented and debated in the form of academic, legal, governmental and media reports. The statistics that inform us both of the incidence of rape and the number of women who report rape to the police have been vehemently contested. Secondary victimization of rape survivors by police, medical and legal officials, has been reported internationally in studies conducted in the United Kingdom, the United States and South Africa. The present study explored 16 women’s experiences of reporting rape to the police in historically disadvantaged communities. Qualitative semi-structured interviews were aimed at eliciting information about the nature of their experiences with the police and how their complaints were responded to and dealt with by police personnel. Six categories and 18 themes emerged out of a grounded theory analysis performed on the data. All of the participants were reportedly dissatisfied with the manner in which they were treated or the way in which their cases were handled by the South African Police Service (SAPS). The results implied the existence of rape myths in police official’s attitudes towards rape survivors, and the need to create awareness around the rights of rape survivors who report rape to the police, as well as to educate police officers with regards to the sensitivity of the issue of rape. Keywords: rape myths; secondary victimization; police; survivors; criminal justice system; feminism; gender relations; rape in South Africa.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die onderwerp van verkragting in Suid-Afrika is deuglik debateer en dokumenteer deur middel van akademiese, wetlike, regeering en media verslagte. Die statistieke wat ons in kennis stel van die aantal insidente van verkragtings en die aantal vrouens wat verkragting reporteer is gedurig in ‘n vurige en teenstrydige toestand. Sekondêre viktimisering van verkragting oorlewendes deur die polisie, mediese en wetlike amptenare, is geraporteer op internasionale vlak in studies wat gedoen is in die Verenigde Koningkryk, die Verenigde State en Suid-Afrika. Hierdie studie dek die ervarings van 16 vrouens, vanuit historiese agtergeblewe gemeenskappe, se raportering van verkragting aan die polisie. Kwalitatiewe semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude is gemik daarop om inligting tot die lig te bring oor die natuur van hul ervaringe met die polisie, hoe daar op hul aanklagte reaggeer is en hoe die polisie dit hanteer het. Ses katogorieë en 18 temas was die resultaat vanuit ‘n gegronde teorie analisie wat gedoen is op die data. Al die vrouens was ongelukkig met die manier waarop hul beweerde behandeling, of oor hul sake hanteer was deur die Suid-Afrikaanse Polisie Diens (SAPD). Die resultate het gewys op die bestaan van verkragtingsmites in polisie amptenare se houding teenoor die verkragting oorlewendes, en die behoefte om ‘n bewustheid te skep oor die regte van verkraging oorlewendes wat verkragting raporteer aan die polisie, as ook om polisie offisiere te onderrig ten opsigte van sensitiwiteit teenoor die saak van verkragting. Sleutelwoorde: verkragtingsmites; sekondêre viktimisasie; polisie; oorlewendes; kriminele justisie sisteem; feminisme; geslagsverhoudings; verkragting in Suid- Afrika.

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Lehrman, Anna. "Oilseed rape transformed with a pea lectin gene : target and non-target insects, plant competition, and farmer attitudes /." Uppsala : Dept. of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2007. http://epsilon.slu.se/200795.pdf.

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Franklin, Cortney Ann. "Sorority affiliation and rape-supportive environments the institutionalization of sexual assault victimization through vulnerability-enhancing attitudes and behaviors /." Online access for everyone, 2008. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Spring2008/C_Franklin_042408.pdf.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Rape attitudes'

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