Academic literature on the topic 'Rap – Société – France'

Dans sa conférence Marc Bloch, Claude Lefort pense la société démocratique dans sa fragilité et sa fécondité, à l’aune de l’histoire occidentale et de l’actualité des années 2000. La fécondité démocratique est constituée par l’acceptation de la division sociale et la création d’un espace public : Claude Lefort reprend ici des thèmes qui lui sont chers à travers une réflexion sur le processus historique d’urbanisation. La fragilité démocratique, quant à elle, est pensée dans le contexte de la crise des banlieues en France : à ce niveau, c’est la corruption des mœurs démocratiques et les inégalités sociales qui indiquent une lésion du tissu social.

Abstract Music education or education through music, a means of emancipation of new generations. To what extent can the education of future teachers be directly responsible for the ideals of tomorrow’s multicultural society ? This article aims to open up a vision of education, a solution among solutions, based on the development of a curriculum centered around the values of equality and equity, around the principles of freedom and secularism. The intellectual preparation and training of future education professionals is a process of continuous transformation, adaptation and multidisciplinary transversal training, in which the Common Core is the common stem of knowledge and skills needed to educate teachers and students at the same time.

Abstract The works of art are priceless going by the quality of works exhibited by an artist. The artist tends to describe a particular scene near to the natural object in question. In the 15th and 16th centuries , France relayed on the impressionists who graduated from workshops and schools of apprentice in the likes of Gauguin, Monet, Manet, Degas, Renoir Cezanne, Delacroix and others to capture scenes of the Parisian country side that existed long age. The artist and his works remain indispensible to the existing societies. This form of art venture is not new to Nigeria where schools and workshops of apprenticeship exist. In Nigeria, the existing heritage and traditions if not for the artists will not be translated into art by the artists particularly painters like Dale, Oshinowo, Oguntokun, Emokpae, El-Dragg and others. The existence of workshops and schools of learning art have trained more artists to keep the aesthetical values of art. The society would be no doubt an unpleasant community without a touch of the arts. The artists who on daily bases create by painting, sculpting to make the environment a pleasurable place remain an important factor in the society.

Rad stavlja u korelaciju stanje, odnosno razvijenost i dinamiku istarskoga društva početkom 19. stoljeća i sliku stanja koju se može steći na temelju materijala sadržanih u katastarskim operatima Katastra Franje I., kao i značajke tako prikupljenih podataka u odnosu na druge zemljišne isprave i na kasnije praćenje gospodarskih, demografskih i inih kretanja u Istri i u Habsburškoj Monarhiji. Sagledavaju se strukture i elementi organizacije društva prisutni još od srednjega i ranoga novog vijeka te oni implementirani u razdoblju koje je neposredno prethodilo sastavljanju Katastra Franje I. (tijekom prve i druge austrijske uprave, te napose za vrijeme one francuske). Isto tako, vrednuje se katastarski materijal – od metodologije prikupljanja i verificiranja podataka, preko njihove obrade, do konačne slike, odnosno procjena temeljenih na tim podacima – te vrijednost katastarskih podataka i procjena za razvoj statistike i sagledavanje povijesti Istre 19. stoljeća.

AbstractThis essay examines the music of Nación Rap, Aymara rappers of El Alto, Bolivia, as an expression of what Aymara sociologist Silvia Rivera Cusicanqui terms a ch'ixi cultural form, one that juxtaposes seeming opposites into a changed third. I look to earlier moments of Aymara and Quechua cultural production, specifically colonial New World Baroque art, to consider Aymara hip hop as another instance of ch'ixi cosmopolitanism. In examining the lyrical, musical, and visual elements of Nación Rap's performance, I argue that their music intervenes in local ideologies of race and Indigeneity. By reformulating what is understood as Aymara, by situating the Aymara language as poetically equivalent to the colonial lingua franca of Spanish, English, and French, and by wearing Aymara clothing and hairstyles in the performance of an urban musical genre with proximity to Blackness, these artists challenge dominant racial logics of their society.

In 2018, Senegalese hip hop celebrated its thirtieth anniversary as one of Africa’s most vibrant hip hop scenes. Senegalese rap has asserted itself not only as an expedient form of urban art, but also as a socially, politically, and culturally powerful instrument of both persuasion and mobilization for the masses. From its privileged beginnings in Dakar’s posh nightclubs and Catholic high schools, the genre soon asserted itself as quite distinct from hip hop in other parts of the world, and its popularity increasingly grew to wide segments of the Senegalese public. From the mid-1990s, the underprivileged segments of the society (especially those from the poor peripheral neighbourhoods of Dakar) became progressively vocal, using hip hop as an instrument to give voice to the economic and political predicaments of the people, particularly the youth. The production of the music became increasingly local, and its primary language the Senegalese lingua franca Wolof. What has given Senegalese rap both its personality and power, while enabling it to keep an international aura, has been its political engagement: from early on, Senegalese hip hop has been strongly penetrated by politics and the denunciation of the living conditions of the population, of political abuse and social inequality. This article examines ‘hip hop galsen’ over three decades, detailing its development as a successful genre grounded in local realities that gives voice to the concerns and predicaments of the Senegalese public. It concludes through an examination of recent changes, as evidenced in new musical influences, the several important female voices that can now be heard within a historically male-dominated genre, and the greater support and acceptance hip hop has recently enjoyed, equipping the current generation of Senegalese rappers with the promise of bringing it to the international stage.

Background:Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with an increased risk of non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphoma (B-cell NHL).Objectives:1)To study the characteristics of B-cell NHL complicating RA2)To identify the factors associated with their occurrence.Methods:A multi-centre case-control study was performed in France. Cases were patients with RA fulfilling the ACR-EULAR 2010 criteria, who developed a B-cell NHL after the diagnosis of RA. Cases were reported following a call for observations by the “Club Rhumatismes et Inflammation” network, registries from the French society of Rheumatology (AIR, ORA and REGATE) and the ESPOIR cohort. For each case, 2 control patients were drawn at random from patients in the ESPOIR cohort with RA fulfilling the ACR-EULAR 2010 criteria; cases and controls were matched on age (age at lymphoma diagnosis for cases and age at the 10-year ESPOIR visit for controls). Patients with associated Sjögren’s syndrome were excluded. Cases and controls characteristics were compared for parameters associated with the occurrence of lymphoma.Results:A total of 54 cases were included and matched to 108 controls. Lymphomas were mostly diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (n=26, 48.2%)(Figure 1). EBV positivity was found in 4 cases among 27 tested (14.8%). Cases had a mean age of 63.5 years (SD=10.9), and had a mean RA duration of 12.4 years (SD=10.5) at the time of diagnosis of lymphoma; there was no significant difference with controls (p=0.47 and p=0.40 respectively). The mean duration of follow-up after the diagnosis of lymphoma was 5.2 years (SD=5.8). In univariate analysis, factors associated with occurrence of B-cell NHL were: male gender (OR=3.3, 95%CI: 1.7-6.7), positive ACPA (OR=5.1, 95%CI: 2.0-15.7), positive Rheumatoid Factor (RF) (OR=3.9, 95%CI=1.6-12.2), erosions on X-rays (OR=15.4, 95%CI: 6.9-37.7) and DAS28 (OR=2.0, 95%CI: 1.5-2.7). Methotrexate, TNF-blockers and the number of previous biologics were not associated with the occurrence of B-cell NHL. Hydroxychloroquine and sulfasalazine were more frequent in cases versus control, which could be linked to a date bias. Erosions and DAS28 remained significant in multivariate analysis(Table 1).Conclusion:This study revealed an association between markers of activity (DAS28), severity (erosions) and autoimmune B-cell activation (RF and ACPA) and the risk of B-cell NHL in patients with RA, supporting the continuum between autoimmunity and lymphomagenesis in RA.Figure 1.lymphomas histologyTable 1.association between RA characteristics and B-cell NHL in univariate and multivariate analysisVariablesCases (N=54)Controls (N=108)Univariate analysisMultivariate analysisOR (95%CI)p-valueOR (95%CI)p-valueMale gender, N (%)27 (50.0)25 (23.2)3.3(1.7-6.7)0.00062.2(0.8-6.1)0.13Positive ACPA, N (%)49 (90.7)71 (65.7)5.1(2.0-15.7)0.0006--Positive RF, N (%)49 (90.7)77 (71.3)3.9(1.6-12.2)0.005--Positive RF or ACPA, N (%)49 (90.7)80 (74.1)3.4(1.3-10.6)0.012.9(0.7-15.0)0.16Erosions on X-rays, N (%)44 (81.5)26 (24.1)15.4(6.9-37.7)< 0.00019.8(3.8-28.2)< 0.0001DAS28 at B-cell NHL diagnosis/at the 10th year visit*, mean(SD)4.1 (1.6)2.6 (1.4)2.0(1.5-2.7)< 0.00011.9(1.3-2.8)0.0007*B-cell NHL diagnosis for cases, 10thyear visit for controlsDisclosure of Interests:Joanna KEDRA: None declared, Raphaèle Seror Consultant of: BMS UCB Pfizer Roche, Philippe Dieudé: None declared, Arnaud Constantin: None declared, ERIC TOUSSIROT: None declared, Elias Kfoury: None declared, Charles Masson: None declared, Divi Cornec: None declared, Jean-Jacques Dubost: None declared, Laurent Marguerie: None declared, Sebastien Ottaviani: None declared, Franck Grados: None declared, Rakiba Belkhir: None declared, olivier fain: None declared, Philippe Goupille Grant/research support from: AbbVie, Amgen, Biogen, BMS, Celgene, Chugai, Lilly, Janssen, Medac, MSD France, Nordic Pharma, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi and UCB, Consultant of: AbbVie, Amgen, Biogen, BMS, Celgene, Chugai, Lilly, Janssen, Medac, MSD France, Nordic Pharma, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi and UCB, Speakers bureau: AbbVie, Amgen, Biogen, BMS, Celgene, Chugai, Lilly, Janssen, Medac, MSD France, Nordic Pharma, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi and UCB, Christelle Sordet: None declared, Bruno Fautrel Grant/research support from: AbbVie, Lilly, MSD, Pfizer, Consultant of: AbbVie, Biogen, BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, Celgene, Lilly, Janssen, Medac MSD France, Nordic Pharma, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi Aventis, SOBI and UCB, Peggy Philippe: None declared, Muriel PIPERNO: None declared, Bernard Combe Grant/research support from: Novartis, Pfizer, Roche-Chugai, Consultant of: AbbVie; Gilead Sciences, Inc.; Janssen; Eli Lilly and Company; Pfizer; Roche-Chugai; Sanofi, Speakers bureau: Bristol-Myers Squibb; Gilead Sciences, Inc.; Eli Lilly and Company; Merck Sharp & Dohme; Pfizer; Roche-Chugai; UCB, Olivier Lambotte Consultant of: BMS France, MSD, Astra Zeneca, Incyte, Christophe Richez Consultant of: Abbvie, Amgen, Mylan, Pfizer, Sandoz and UCB., Jérémie SELLAM: None declared, Thomas Sene: None declared, Guillaume Denis: None declared, Thierry Lequerre: None declared, Xavier Mariette Consultant of: BMS, Gilead, Medimmune, Novartis, Pfizer, Servier, UCB, Gaetane Nocturne: None declared

Women are the sex that gets the most attention in the world compared to the opposite sex, namely men. Cognitive maps “about women” seemed to be viral in all ages. Hardiman noted that the condition and position of women in pre-historic times related to the perception and division of gender-based work was far more egalitarian compared to the beginning of the century until now. Women in pre-history times are perceived to be the same as men, even though it has entered the domestic domain domestic work for women is only temporal-positional. Women are chosen to look after children, gather food because it requires energy for it, in short there is no exploitation.Likewise Fromm stated that before the Patriarchate period women appeared despite work- ing on domestic work but their social position was not asymmetrical. As the times pro- gressed in almost every country beginning in the 17th century there was an intellectual rebellion against women’s social position. Britain, France, America initiated intellectu- al movement through poetry, short stories, women’s associations and in Indonesia this movement was initiated by R.A Kartini, Dewi Sartika, Goesti Ayu Rai etc. Women feel that their position is not the same as that of men, this brings the excess of their weak so- cial position, gender-based division of labor is more exploitative than temporal-positional. This brief description brings a question formulation, does religion have a positive impact on women’s social position in society? This paper wants to provide one answer in the form of argumentation about the position of women in Hinduism.

Considérant un rap comme une entité auditive et relationnelle, l’étude adopte une perspective pragmatique afin de répondre à la demande sociale à son égard, qui concerne un excès de violence et un défaut de citoyenneté. La mise à l’épreuve de deux outils, l’interénonciativité et l’écoute-en-action, met en évidence une éthique incarnée de la voix, dans la mesure où les actions vocales rendent présents sur une même scène auditeurs et rappers. Mais les énonciations de contestations instancient, contre un Eux, un Nous ; et ouvrent sur un régime particulier d’amour/ haine. Pour en rendre compte il faut prendre acte de la centralité du langage dans les paroles : les violences verbales prennent place dans une conception plus générale du langage. Celle-ci forme une réhabilitation de l’institution du langage, afin d’établir un lien social avec Nous. Le rap utilise à ce titre les ressources de l’institution phatique du langage et réalise une politique incarnée de la voix adressée
Considering a rap as an auditive and relational entity, the study embraces a pragmatical point of view in order to answer to the social request with reference to it, which concerns an excess of violence and a lack of citizenship. Putting into the test two tools, interenunciativity and listening-in-action, brings to light the embodied ethics of voice, insofar as the vocal actions make present on the same scene both listeners and singers. But the enunciations of protests make emerge, against a Them, a We; and open on a particular regime, the love-hate. To account for it we have to note the importance of language in the lyrics: verbal violances take place in a larger conception of language. This one forms a rehabilitation of the institution of language, in order to establish a social tie with Us. Rap uses by this way the resources of the phatic institution of language and realizes an embodied politics of addressed voice

Pour rendre compte de l'émergence de l'accessibilité comme nouvelle catégorie d'intervention publique au lendemain de la loi du 30 juin 1975, nous avons fait le choix de partir d'un travail empirique en nous intéressant aux pratiques passées et actuelles des politiques mises en oeuvre dans deux entreprises de transport urbain de voyageurs notamment à travers une observation participante de trois ans dans l'une d'entre elle. L'objectivation est menée grâce au recours à la littérature sociologique, en particulier aux écrits sur les référentiels, l'entreprise de morale, l'innovation technologique et les mouvements sociaux.
Ces notions nous ont permit de révéler les ressorts du changement intervenu dans les politiques déployées. Celles-ci passent de deux ensembles de solutions construites en faveur de populations médicalement identifiées comme handicapées à des solutions intégrées, disponibles pour tous, cohabitant avec du transport spécialisé. L'évolution est rendue possible par la conjonction de facteurs conceptuels, techniques et législatifs utilisés par un réseau de militants pour imposer un traitement intégré de l'accessibilité. Celui-ci est devenu une référence standard et est institutionnalisé dans la loi du 11 février 2005 pour l'égalité des chances. Le premier type d'accessibilité est intimement lié au référentiel du handicap alors que le second possède son propre référentiel et s'est autonomisé vis à vis du handicap. Il y a eu invention de l'accessibilité comme nouvelle forme sociale révélatrice d'une conception du traitement de l'altérité dans notre société. Ses formes nous éclairent sur la façon d'envisager la place des personnes handicapées dans la société.

This chapter examines how the experience of poverty followed players wherever they travelled, furnishing the European theatre with some of its most popular tropes while at the same time persisting as a raw, brute reality throughout all of its formal translations and displacements. The chapter sets the drama of England, France, Italy, and Spain against the backdrop of the new modes of capitalist accumulation that were beginning to transform European society, including the commercial theatre itself, in order to demonstrate the omnipresence of poverty as theatrical energy in early modern theatre in the form of hunger, physical degradation, begging, charity, and economically induced crime. It shows how poverty functioned as a fertile source for actor’s gags and authors’ conceits and considers the different ways in which the themes and energies of poverty are staged in plays and performance, namely: marginalization, fictionalization, carnivalization, criminalization, repression, and vestigial presence.

The monograph reflects the problems of Russian psycholinguistics from the moment of its inception in Russia to the present day and presents its main directions that are currently developing. In addition, theoretical developments and practical results obtained in the framework of different directions and research centers are described in a concise form. The task of the book is to reflect, as far as it is possible in one edition, firstly, the history of the formation of Russian psycholinguistics; secondly, its methodology and developed methods; thirdly, the results obtained in different research centers and directions in different regions of Russia; fourthly, to outline the main directions of the further development of Russian psycholinguistics. There is no doubt that in the theoretical, methodological and applied aspects, the main problems and the results of their development by Russian psycholinguistics have no analogues in world linguistics and psycholinguistics, or are represented by completely original concepts and methods. We have tried to show this uniqueness of the problematics and the methodological equipment of Russian psycholinguistics in this book. The main role in the formation of Russian psycholinguistics was played by the Moscow psycholinguistic school of A.A. Leontyev. It still defines the main directions of Russian psycholinguistics. Russian psycholinguistics (the theory of speech activity - TSA) is based on the achievements of Russian psychology: a cultural-historical approach to the analysis of mental phenomena L.S. Vygotsky and the system-activity approach of A.N. Leontyev. Moscow is the most "psycholinguistic region" of Russia - INL RAS, Moscow State University, Moscow State Linguistic University, RUDN, Moscow State Pedagogical University, Moscow State Pedagogical University, Sechenov University, Moscow State University and other Moscow universities. Saint Petersburg psycholinguists have significant achievements, especially in the study of neurolinguistic problems, ontolinguistics. The most important feature of Russian psycholinguistics is the widespread development of psycholinguistics in the regions, the emergence of recognized psycholinguistic research centers - St. Petersburg, Tver, Saratov, Perm, Ufa, Omsk, Novosibirsk, Voronezh, Yekaterinburg, Kursk, Chelyabinsk; psycholinguistics is represented in Cherepovets, Ivanovo, Volgograd, Vyatka, Kaluga, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Vladivostok, Abakan, Maikop, Barnaul, Ulan-Ude, Yakutsk, Syktyvkar, Armavir and other cities; in Belarus - Minsk, in Ukraine - Lvov, Chernivtsi, Kharkov, in the DPR - Donetsk, in Kazakhstan - Alma-Ata, Chimkent. Our researchers work in Bulgaria, Hungary, Vietnam, China, France, Switzerland. There are Russian psycholinguists in Canada, USA, Israel, Austria and a number of other countries. All scientists from these regions and countries have contributed to the development of Russian psycholinguistics, to the development of psycholinguistic theory and methods of psycholinguistic research. Their participation has not been forgotten. We tried to present the main Russian psycholinguists in the Appendix - in the sections "Scientometrics", "Monographs and Manuals" and "Dissertations", even if there is no information about them in the Electronic Library and RSCI. The principles of including scientists in the scientometric list are presented in the Appendix. Our analysis of the content of the resulting monograph on psycholinguistic research in Russia allows us to draw preliminary conclusions about some of the distinctive features of Russian psycholinguistics: 1. cultural-historical approach to the analysis of mental phenomena of L.S.Vygotsky and the system-activity approach of A.N. Leontiev as methodological basis of Russian psycholinguistics; 2. theoretical nature of psycholinguistic research as a characteristic feature of Russian psycholinguistics. Our psycholinguistics has always built a general theory of the generation and perception of speech, mental vocabulary, linked specific research with the problems of ontogenesis, the relationship between language and thinking; 3. psycholinguistic studies of speech communication as an important subject of psycholinguistics; 4. attention to the psycholinguistic analysis of the text and the development of methods for such analysis; 5. active research into the ontogenesis of linguistic ability; 6. investigation of linguistic consciousness as one of the important subjects of psycholinguistics; 7. understanding the need to create associative dictionaries of different types as the most important practical task of psycholinguistics; 8. widespread use of psycholinguistic methods for applied purposes, active development of applied psycholinguistics. The review of the main directions of development of Russian psycholinguistics, carried out in this monograph, clearly shows that the direction associated with the study of linguistic consciousness is currently being most intensively developed in modern Russian psycholinguistics. As the practice of many years of psycholinguistic research in our country shows, the subject of study of psycholinguists is precisely linguistic consciousness - this is a part of human consciousness that is responsible for generating, understanding speech and keeping language in consciousness. Associative experiments are the core of most psycholinguistic techniques and are important both theoretically and practically. The following main areas of practical application of the results of associative experiments can be outlined. 1. Education. Associative experiments are the basis for constructing Mind Maps, one of the most promising tools for systematizing knowledge, assessing the quality, volume and nature of declarative knowledge (and using special techniques and skills). Methods based on smart maps are already widely used in teaching foreign languages, fast and deep immersion in various subject areas. 2. Information search, search optimization. The results of associative experiments can significantly improve the quality of information retrieval, its efficiency, as well as adaptability for a specific person (social group). When promoting sites (promoting them in search results), an associative experiment allows you to increase and improve the quality of the audience reached. 3. Translation studies, translation automation. An associative experiment can significantly improve the quality of translation, take into account intercultural and other social characteristics of native speakers. 4. Computational linguistics and automatic word processing. The results of associative experiments make it possible to reveal the features of a person's linguistic consciousness and contribute to the development of automatic text processing systems in a wide range of applications of natural language interfaces of computer programs and robotic solutions. 5. Advertising. The use of data on associations for specific words, slogans and texts allows you to predict and improve advertising texts. 6. Social relationships. The analysis of texts using the data of associative experiments makes it possible to assess the tonality of messages (negative / positive moods, aggression and other characteristics) based on user comments on the Internet and social networks, in the press in various projections (by individuals, events, organizations, etc.) from various social angles, to diagnose the formation of extremist ideas. 7. Content control and protection of personal data. Associative experiments improve the quality of content detection and filtering by identifying associative fields in areas subject to age restrictions, personal information, tobacco and alcohol advertising, incitement to ethnic hatred, etc. 8. Gender and individual differences. The data of associative experiments can be used to compare the reactions (and, in general, other features of thinking) between men and women, different social and age groups, representatives of different regions. The directions for the further development of Russian psycholinguistics from the standpoint of the current state of psycholinguistic science in the country are seen by us, first of all:  in the development of research in various areas of linguistic consciousness, which will contribute to the development of an important concept of speech as a verbal model of non-linguistic consciousness, in which knowledge revealed by social practice and assigned by each member of society during its inculturation is consolidated for society and on its behalf;  in the expansion of the problematics, which is formed under the influence of the growing intercultural communication in the world community, which inevitably involves the speech behavior of natural and artificial bilinguals in the new object area of psycholinguistics;  in using the capabilities of national linguistic corpora in the interests of researchers studying the functioning of non-linguistic and linguistic consciousness in speech processes;  in expanding research on the semantic perception of multimodal texts, the scope of which has greatly expanded in connection with the spread of the Internet as a means of communication in the life of modern society;  in the inclusion of the problems of professional communication and professional activity in the object area of psycholinguistics in connection with the introduction of information technologies into public practice, entailing the emergence of new professions and new features of the professional ethos;  in the further development of the theory of the mental lexicon (identifying the role of different types of knowledge in its formation and functioning, the role of the word as a unit of the mental lexicon in the formation of the image of the world, as well as the role of the natural / internal metalanguage and its specificity in speech activity);  in the broad development of associative lexicography, which will meet the most diverse needs of society and cognitive sciences. The development of associative lexicography may lead to the emergence of such disciplines as associative typology, associative variantology, associative axiology;  in expanding the spheres of applied use of psycholinguistics in social sciences, sociology, semasiology, lexicography, in the study of the brain, linguodidactics, medicine, etc. This book is a kind of summarizing result of the development of Russian psycholinguistics today. Each section provides a bibliography of studies on the relevant issue. The Appendix contains the scientometrics of leading Russian psycholinguists, basic monographs, psycholinguistic textbooks and dissertations defended in psycholinguistics. The content of the publications presented here is convincing evidence of the relevance of psycholinguistic topics and the effectiveness of the development of psycholinguistic problems in Russia.

In 1831, Francis Baily’s hopes realized when the Astronomical Society was elevated to Royal Astronomical Society (RAS). In the same year De Morgan became honorary secretary, and he, Richard Sheepshanks, and George Biddel Airy came together as an “equitanacious triangle” of reasoned mathematical astronomers. Sophia and Augustus first began to notice each other in the context of RAS parties at Baily’s house, in which wives and sisters lightened the intensity of the men’s interactions. In 1835, the return of Halley’s comet severely tried RAS claims for the power of their work. As they scrambled to trace its orbit, William Frend contributed his observations from the countryside while Sophia and the other women poked fun at the men with parlor plays. Conflicts about the nature of astronomy continued in the form of a protracted legal battle between Sir James South and Edward Troughton, the instrument maker he hired to mount and object glass. The equitenacious triangle worked to bring South down, while the women wrote parlor plays extolling their heroism.

This chapter describes Eubie’s first meeting with Noble Sissle; Sissle’s early life and training; Sissle and Blake’s initial song writing; and their efforts at pitching their song “It’s All Your Fault” to singer Sophie Tucker, who made it a local success. The chapter also discusses Eubie’s travel to New York to join Sissle as assistant to James Reese Europe; his work leading Europe’s band to entertain New York’s society at dinners and parties; and the racism he encountered while performing. Furthermore, the chapter explores the recording of “Charleston Rag”; the outbreak of World War I and Eubie’s lack of desire to serve abroad; the good treatment of black musicians in France as opposed to what they encountered at home; and the death of Europe and its impact on Sissle and Blake.

This chapter discusses Beginning Again in 1963, where Leonard Woolf describes how in his first year of marriage he was induced to join a Care Committee of the Charity Organization Society (COS) branch in Hoxton. It recounts how Marny Vaughan and Stella Duckworth carried on the mission of their mothers' generation through her ongoing participation in the COS. It also highlights Virginia Woolf's refined ideas about philanthropy in relation to her husband's emerging political interests and her developing sense of women's political activism. The chapter refers to Ray Strachey's biography of Frances Willard in November 1912, which accompanied Leonard on a fortnight's research trip to factories and cooperative stores. It talks about the maternal–imperialist strain of women's political work that continued to exasperate Woolf.

The period 1080–1130 sees the imposition of the signoria as the dominant system of power and control in the countryside of north-central Italy. This process was accompanied by a profound militarization of society evident in the building of castles, the rise of the class of milites, the increasing importance of military service in pacts and contracts, the upsurge in violence. The notion of fidelitas, once the prerogative of the sovereign, came to be used at a local level to underpin relationships between lords and their subject, often sealed by pacts. Whilst this gave an appearance of consent, at the other end of the spectrum lay violence and coercion which were inherent in the system. The imposition of dominatus loci did not inhibit and may actually have stimulated economic growth by extracting agricultural surplus and increasing elite demand for goods and raw materials. It also had demographic effects in that the rural population tended to become more concentrated in nuclear defended settlements and/or displaced to the cities. Finally, the Italian experience of the creation of the territorial lordship is discussed in the framework of trends across western Europe, concluding that Italy is more similar to Catalonia than northern France. Italy’s ‘exceptionality’ is most clearly evidenced in the rise of urban (but also rural) collectivities and the capacity of these to exercise a measure of political control over the surrounding countryside. The author insists on the role of rural collectivities which offered a concrete alternative outcome to the ‘segneurialization’ of power.

The Earth Scientist’s Periodic Table of the Elements and Their Ions is a fundamentally new table that was first published in 2003 in the Geological Society of America’s (GSA) prominent journal Geology (Railsback 2003). The new table was reported in Nature, it was featured in a cover article by Science News, it was included among Discover magazine’s 100 Top Science Stories of 2003, and its publication was noted in many other magazines and online outlets. GSA sold a large number of reprints of the 2003 paper and then, in 2004, published a revised version of the table in GSA’s Map and Chart Series (Railsback 2004). When GSA’s printed stock ran low, the Society published a further revised version of the table in its Map and Chart Series in 2011 (Railsback 2011). The table has been translated into Chinese (Jin 2006), Spanish (Bernal and Railsback 2008), Portuguese (Franco de Souza Lima and Railsback 2012), and German. The original 2003 paper has been cited in journals ranging from Journal of Mathematical Chemistry to Carbohydrate Research to Geomicrobiology Journal to Journal of Arid Environments to Resource Geology to Reviews in Geophysics, and it has proven useful in understanding the topology of the periodic table (Restrepo et al. 2006). The success of the new Earth Scientist’s Periodic Table of the Elements and Their Ions across the past decade suggests that the periodic table, as a general concept, is not a static document but instead is still subject to evolution, especially as scientific fields beyond traditional chemistry increasingly use chemical perspectives. It further suggests that volumes like this one are not simply retrospective ruminations on a nineteenth-century invention, but instead they can be part of an ongoing process to find new meaning in the periodic concept and to make it more applicable in broader contexts in the twenty-first century. Despite the diversity of periodic tables produced over the last 140 years (e.g., Mazurs 1974), the Earth Scientist’s Periodic Table of the Elements and Their Ions differs both in conceptual origin and in form from almost all previous versions.

The contribution aims to investigate integrated supply chain models in Italy. Through the analysis of some case studies, it aims to provide an initial mapping of territories where the involvement of communities in the production chains of local companies has generated sustainable circular supply chain models. In addition to the need to take action on carbon emissions (Coccia, 2022), there is a clear need to focus attention on a local dimension of textile and fashion production, capable of conceiving its own doing as part of a totality in which all the living beings that belong to a specific territorial ecosystem move, understood as a set of relations between an environmental system and a human society, which, organised also with evolved urban structures, find in that environmental system most of the fundamental resources for life, developing culturally and producing a system of relations, symbols, knowledge. The concept of the territorial ecosystem becomes fundamental for practicing the concept of sustainability of human settlements (Saragosa, 2001). By shifting the focus to the creation of a virtuous system capable of including and revitalizing local realities (Vaccari, 2021) by building a new system (Fletcher, 2013), new value can be generated and overcome not only the climate crisis but also the cultural crisis in which contemporary society finds itself. The research aims to build the foundations for starting a mapping exercise of those Italian territories, with a focus on central regions such as Tuscany and Marche, where a strategic scenario emerges made up of entrepreneurial realities in which the chain of processes and operations is collectively distributed among the various players. Starting with the raw material and ending with the finished product, the territorial manufacturing assets are distributed among the various actors who manage the various stages of the chain independently.Among these, a virtuous example is Re.Verso, a collaborative circular economy programme in Tuscany, focused on the reuse, recycling, and reduction of textile waste through the construction of a participative community. The programme aims to build an integrated, transparent, traceable, and certified supply chain divided into three phases: sourcing and selection of post-consumer materials, mechanical transformation of these raw materials, and development of a new product through the production of yarn, fabric, and finished accessories. The research aims to investigate a model of innovative practices, which are expressed in participative design dynamics, relations with the territory, new narratives, and synergies between people and communities (Franzo, 2020). To investigate these realities, located in a varied geographical context, which have chosen to work together, to make and create a new system, aimed at the survival and recovery of their economy, to bring the places back to life by preserving skills and knowledge. It is a pervasive revolution that is changing the whole of society, not just industry, so much so that people started talking first about enterprise 4.0 and then about supply chain 4.0 up to ecosystem 4.0 (Idevaia, Resce, 2019).

This master thesis explores the challenges for waste management business models in the field of textiles regarding the requirements of the circular economy, as well as improvement potentials in the current framework conditions. It is concerned with the research question: "Is it advisable to change the frame-work conditions at meso or macro level, with regard to business models for waste management companies in the textile sector that are oriented towards the requirements of the circular economy, and - if so - in what way?” The approach of the study is based on the delta analysis of the e Society for Institutional Analysis at the Darmstadt University of Applied Sciences. It compares the target state of the normative requirements with the actual state of the textile and waste management framework conditions and attempts to identify the gaps (the delta). Based on the delta, it develops approaches that are intended to help reduce the gaps. The thesis develops three business models for the target year 2025 in different areas: an exchange platform for sorters, recyclers and designers, an automatic sorting plant and a plant for fibre-to-fibre recycling of mixed materials. It is becoming clear that these business models cannot meet the target requirements for the circular economy. The analysis identifies the remaining gaps in the framework conditions as the main problem. For example, insufficient innovation impulses and the lack of competitiveness of secondary raw materials inhibit the actors from applying and using new technologies and business models. Restricted access to knowledge and information, as well as a lack of transparency between the actors, also prove to be problematic. In order to answer the research question, the study recommends altering the framework conditions at meso and macro level. It proposes a platform for cooperation between designers, the introduction of a material declaration system and an eco-design guideline for textiles as possible development options. In addition, this work offers a matrix of criteria to help the actors test and improve their new waste management business models regarding their suitability for the circular economy. The analysis is carried out from an outsider's perspective on the entire textile industry. It therefore cannot cover and deal with all aspects and individual circumstances of each player in detail. The necessary changes in the framework conditions that have been identified can therefore be used as a basis for further investigations.