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1
Andhika Putra, Thopan, Bambang Sugeng Subagio, and Eri Susanto Hariyadi. "Performance Analysis of Resilient Modulus and Fatigue Resistance of AC-BC Mixture with Full Extracted Asbuton and Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP)." Jurnal Teknik Sipil 28, no. 3 (December 26, 2021): 349–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/jts.2021.28.3.12.
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Abstract One way to be developed to overcome challenges in providing flexible pavement materials is to apply the green roads principle by reusing some or all of the old road pavement material or Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) as a material for new road pavement, which if reused will affect the performance of the mixture, such as decreasing the level of durability and premature pavement damage, so an effort must be made to improve the performance of the recycled material, namely by adding full extracted Asbuton and rejuvenating materials. The RAP material was obtained from scratching the asphalt of the Jagorawi Toll Road. The mixture used was asphalt concrete-binder course (AC-BC) layer using 30%, 40%, and 50% RAP material, using full extracted Asbuton at 6%, and Nichireki rejuvenating material. Then, on mixtures with RAP material, Marshall Test, Resilient Modulus test with UMATTA, and resistance to fatigue with four points loading test with strain control were conducted. The use of RAP material with modified asphalt in the form of an addition of full extracted Asbuton into the Pen 60/70 Asphalt can increase the asphalt stiffness. Marshall test results showed that a mixture with 6% full extracted asbuton content and 0% RAP material content (A6RAP0) gave the highest stability value. The results of the Resilient Modulus test showed that the mixture with 6% full extracted asbuton content and 50% RAP material content (A6RAP50) gave a high Resilient Modulus value at a test temperature of 45oC. The results of the fatigue resistance test showed that the mixture with 6% full extracted asbuton content and 50% RAP material content (A6RAP50) at a strain level of 300 µε gave the longest fatigue life. Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), full extracted asbuton, asphalt concrete -binder course, modified asphalt, resilient modulus, fatigue life. Abstrak Salah satu cara dikembangkan untuk mengatasi tantangan dalam penyediaan material perkerasan lentur adalah menerapkan prinsip greenroads dengan memanfaatkan kembali sebagian atau keseluruhan material perkerasan jalan lama atau Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) sebagai material untuk perkerasan jalan yang baru, dimana jika digunakan kembali akan mempengaruhi kinerja dari campuran seperti penurunan tingkat durabilitas dan kerusakan dini perkerasan, sehingga harus dilakukan suatu upaya untuk memperbaiki kinerja dari material daur ulang tersebut, yaitu dengan penambahan Asbuton murni dan bahan peremaja. Material RAP didapatkan dari hasil garukan aspal Jalan Tol Jagorawi. Campuran yang dipakai adalah Laston Lapis AC-BC menggunakan kadar material RAP sebanyak 30%, 40%, dan 50%, dengan penggunaan Asbuton murni sebesar 6%, serta bahan peremaja Nichireki, dan kemudian selanjutnya pada campuran dengan penggunaan material RAP dilakukan pengujian Marshall, Modulus Resilien dengan alat UMATTA dan ketahanan terhadap kelelahan (fatigue) metode four points loading test dengan kontrol regangan. Penggunaan material RAP dengan aspal modifkasi berupa penambahan Asbuton murni kedalam Aspal Shell Pen 60/70 dapat meningkatkan kekakuan aspal. Hasil pengujian Marshall menunjukkan campuran dengan kadar Asbuton murni 6% dan kadar material RAP 0% (A6RAP0) memberikan nilai stabilitas tertinggi. Hasil pengujian Modulus Resilien menunjukkan campuran campuran dengan kadar Asbuton murni 6% dan kadar material RAP 50% (A6RAP50) memberikan nilai Modulus Resilien yang tinggi pada temperatur pengujian 45oC. Hasil pengujian ketahanan terhadap kelelahan menunjukkan campuran dengan kadar Asbuton murni 6% dan kadar material RAP 50% (A6RAP50) pada regangan 300 µε memberikan umur kelelahan yang paling panjang. Kata-kata kunci: Reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), Asbuton murni, laston lapis antara, aspal modifikasi, modulus resilien, umur kelelahan.
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Yin, Peng, Yuanguang Xie, and Huixi Lang. "Research on the Impact of Recycled Asphalt Mixture on Road Performance Based on New Thermal Recycling." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2152, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2152/1/012005.
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Abstract Different binder content to RAP Regeneration SBS modified asphalt mixture for road performance to SBS modified asphalt (I-D type) as an index, determine the optimum dose of new heat regenerating agent and different RAP regeneration, and prepared different recycled asphalt, which have differences in RAP content. The performance of recycled asphalt mixture with different RAP content was evaluated by freeze-thaw splitting test. Rut test and Low temperature trabecular bending test. The correlation between RAP content and pavement performance was analyzed by grey system correlation analysis method. According to the experimental verification results, it can be known that increasing the content of RAP material can improve the high-temperature performance of reclaimed asphalt, but will result in a qualitative decrease in low-temperature performance and water temperature, but the above-mentioned performance can reach the required level, Shows that new heat regenerators play a role in the road performance of RAP materials, and for the RAP material utilization ratio of more than 50%, as for the gray correlation analysis, it can be found that there is a close correlation between the low-temperature performance of recycled asphalt mixture and the content of RAP material. The low temperature cracking resistance of asphalt mixtures will change significantly due to the slight changes in RAP materials.
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Plati, Christina, and Brad Cliatt. "A Sustainability Perspective for Unbound Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) as a Pavement Base Material." Sustainability 11, no. 1 (December 24, 2018): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11010078.
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The present study aims to investigate reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) materials for utilization for a pavement base layer material with the goal towards increasing the reutilization of materials and the movement towards increased pavement sustainability. Reduced cost for materials and transportation of materials, overall environmental benefits and many other advantages have led to increased interests in utilizing RAP in pavements including as base materials for highway/roadway construction projects. The potential advantages of utilizing RAP as an unbound base material are known; however, its overall application is still limited partially due to the lack of systematic evaluation studies for the parameterization of RAPs mechanical behavior in pavement design. With this in mind, the current investigation focuses on the resilient modulus (Mr) properties of RAP aggregates in terms of a material’s elastic response. Experimental data from tri-axial stress tests on specimens consisting of RAP, aggregates and a mixture of both materials are investigated. A number of constitutive models for the description of mechanical behavior of RAP materials are investigated. The required procedures for determining the constitutive constants of the constitutive models is outlined for the aforementioned materials. A comparative analysis is applied, and the related results are evaluated. The main conclusion is that RAP materials can be utilized as a base material in the framework of pavement sustainability, as its behavior under loading conditions are similar to virgin aggregate (VA) materials and can be simulated by using appropriate constitutive models for pavement design processes.
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Sejvani, Ajaykumar, A. A. Amin, and L. B. Zala. "Utilization of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Material in Wet Mix Macadam (W.M.M)." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2089, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2089/1/012060.
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Abstract Reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) is one of the innovative and effective technologies in many places in the world. The utilization of RAP is rapidly increasing popularity and becoming an emerging technique in India. As per IRC-120:2015, removing or reprocessing pavement materials containing aggregates that are bitumen coated is termed as RAP. These materials are gained through a process in which the existing surface pavement is reclaimed and reused after processing for reconstruction, resurfacing, or repaving. Well graded and high-quality aggregate are achieved from this process. Proper utilization of RAP with specified properties and specified percentages, not only serve as an alternative useful pavement material but also helps in reducing the usage of natural construction material, that will directly reduce the overall cost of projects. By conducting tests as per MoRTH specifications (5th Revision), the various characteristics of RAP material and fresh aggregates are observed. The main objective of the study is to carry out the performance tests: Modified Proctor test on fresh material as well as on material mixed with reclaimed asphalt pavement i.e. 10%, 20%, and 30% of total mix and to achieve optimum moisture content and maximum dry density by using Modified Proctor Test. Attempts are carried out to design a new pavement using Indian Road Congress (I.R.C-37:2018) guidelines and utilization of RAP material. Economic benefits are calculated in terms of fresh and RAP (10%, 20%, and 30%) mix material pavement.
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Garg, Navneet, and Marshall R. Thompson. "Lincoln Avenue Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Base Project." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1547, no. 1 (January 1996): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196154700113.
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Pavement rehabilitation and reconstruction operations have generated large supplies of reclaimed asphalt concrete (RAC). In Illinois crushed RAC generally called recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) supplies are not 100 percent recycled into hot-mix asphalt concrete production. RAP acceptance as a pavement base material has been limited because of the lack of laboratory testing information, information on structural behavior, and field performance data. Limited preliminary laboratory testing and isolated commercial and local road agency paving experience in Illinois indicate that RAP has significant potential as a pavement base. RAP base potential was evaluated by constructing the Lincoln Avenue (Urbana, Illinois) demonstration project during late September and early October 1993. The pavement section is a 305-mm (12-in.) lime-modified, fine-grained subgrade, a 203-mm (8-in.) compacted RAP base, and a 76-mm (3-in.) dense-graded asphalt concrete surface course. The construction, structural response, and performance of the Lincoln Avenue RAP base project were monitored as part of a cooperative study (Illinois Department of Transportation, City of Urbana, and University of Illinois). The accumulated construction, field testing and evaluation, and laboratory testing data and information are summarized. The field construction experience, field control test data, laboratory testing results, falling weight deflectometer results, and Lincoln Avenue performance data indicate that RAP can successfully be used as a conventional flexible pavement base material. The performance of the Lincoln Avenue RAP base pavement (to date) is comparable with that of a crushed stone base.
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Rahim, Irwan Ridwan, Novita Pradani, Rita Irmawaty, and Muhammad Wihardi Tjaronge. "Pengaruh Material Daur Ulang Pasca Bencana dan Asbuton Butir Terhadap Sifat Volumetrik Campuran Beton Aspal Lapis Aus." Jurnal Rekayasa Sipil dan Lingkungan 7, no. 1 (June 14, 2023): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/jrsl.v7i1.36609.
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Pemanfaatan material perkerasan jalan pasca bencana di Kota Palu dan penggunaan material lokal yaitu Asbuton Butir Lawele diharapkan dapat bersinergi dengan baik pada campuran Beton Aspal Lapis Aus (AC-WC). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji pengaruh penggunaan material daur ulang (RAP) dan asbuton butir terhadap sifat volumetrik campuran AC-WC. Bahan RAP yang digunakan dalam campuran adalah 20% dari berat campuran dan variasi asbuton yang digunakan adalah 0%, 3%, 6% dan 9% dari berat campuran. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian diketahui bahwa penambahan material RAP dan asbuton butir pada campuran AC-WC dapat mempengaruhi sifat volumetrik campuran. Nilai rongga dalam campuran (VIM) dan rongga dalam agregat mineral (VMA) akan meningkat seiring dengan peningkatan persentase asbuton. Sebaliknya, rongga yang terisi aspal (VFB) akan berkurang dengan bertambahnya jumlah asbuton. Sehingga dapat dikatakan bahwa campuran AC-WC yang mengandung RAP dengan penambahan asbuton butir, akan mengalami perubahan volumetrik jika dibandingkan dengan campuran tanpa RAP dan asbuton butir.
ABSTRAK
Utilization of post-disaster pavement materials in Palu City and Indonesian local materials, namely Asbuton Butir Lawele, are expected to synergize well in Asphaltic Concrete Wearing Course (AC-WC) mixture. This studio aims to examine the effect of recycled materials (RAP) and granular asbuton on the volumetric properties of the AC-WC mixture. The RAP material used in the mix is 20% of the mixture weight and variations of asbuton used are 0%, 3%, 6% and 9% of the mixture weight. Based on laboratory results, it was found that the addition of RAP material and granular asbuton to the AC-WC mixture could affect the volumetric properties of the mix. The value of voids in the mixture (VIM) and voids in mineral aggregates (VMA) will increase as the proportion of asbuton increases. On the other hand, the void filled with asphalt (VFB) will decrease with the increasing number of asbuton. So it can be said that the AC-WC mixture containing RAP with the addition of granular asbuton, will experience volumetric changes compared to the mix without RAP and granular asbuton.
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Chen, J. S., P. Y. Chu, Y. Y. Lin, and K. Y. Lin. "Characterization of binder and mix properties to detect reclaimed asphalt pavement content in bituminous mixtures." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 34, no. 5 (May 1, 2007): 581–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l06-150.
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Abstract: The purpose of this study was to recommend a testing procedure to detect the content of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) used in hot-mix asphalt mixtures. Asphalt was extracted from RAP for use in blending with new binder and aggregate. The recovered binders were blended with virgin asphalt (AC-10) at 10 different concentrations. A concept called relative energy loss was proposed to determine the engineering properties of recycled asphalt concrete (RAC). The relative energy loss was found to be directly related to the resistance of RAC to moisture-induced damage. A noticeable increase in relative energy loss with as much as 50% RAP was observed. At 20% RAP, there was not enough RAP to change binder or mixture properties. The predicted performance of mixtures containing up to 40% RAP by weight was shown to be similar to that of virgin material mixtures. A model was developed to estimate the RAP content in terms of penetration, viscosity, and relative energy loss. Key words: reclaimed asphalt pavement, relative energy loss, moisture sensitivity.
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Suwarto, Fardzanela, Bagus Hario Setiadji, and Supriyono Supriyono. "PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN DAN PERLAKUAN PENYIAPAN RECLAIMED ASPHALT PAVEMENT (RAP) TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK." Jurnal Proyek Teknik Sipil 1, no. 1 (November 2, 2018): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/potensi.2018.3489.
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Abstract: The addition of the Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) is done by stripping the asphalt mixture on the pavement structure and destroying it into a grained material. The percentage of RAP material addition and treatment of RAP material prior to use as a Job Mix Formula will affect the final result of the asphalt mixture so that the relationship between the asphalt mixture characteristics with the RAP material and the relationship between the asphalt mixture characteristics between the two treatments against RAP with or without the granulator need to be studied. The results of this study show that the addition of RAP material can improve the stability of the asphalt mixture, the optimal value of RAP material addition is between 20% and 30%. In addition, the use of RAP by granulisation process in aggregate mixtures can help to improve stability and mixed stiffness.Keyword: RAP, Asphalt mixture, granulator
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Puppala, Anand J., Aravind Pedarla, Bhaskar Chittoori, Vijay Krishna Ganne, and Soheil Nazarian. "Long-Term Durability Studies on Chemically Treated Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Material as a Base Layer for Pavements." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2657, no. 1 (January 2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2657-01.
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For several years reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) material has been used as a construction material in hot-mix asphalt (HMA) to reduce material costs and stabilize pavements. Of the 45 million tons of RAP produced every year in the United States, only 33% is being used in HMA. Recent studies have demonstrated that RAP can be used effectively in base layers when it is blended with aggregate base materials and stabilized with cement or fly ash additives. This adoption in the pavement base layer helps maximize the reutilization of RAP material and minimize its disposal in landfills, thereby making it an environmentally friendly practice. However, studies reported so far addressed only the strength and stiffness characteristics of stabilized RAP in base layers in the short term, and not many studies have addressed its long-term behavior. In this study the long-term durability of untreated as well as stabilized specimens was tested by conducting standard durability testing to replicate the moisture fluctuations in the field from seasonal variations. In addition, leachate studies were conducted to examine the effect of rainfall infiltration on the leachability of the cement or fly ash stabilizer from stabilized RAP mixtures. Durability studies revealed a very low volumetric change and good retaining strength at the end of three, seven, and 14 cycles for RAP material from the El Paso, Texas, area, and leachate tests proved that the leaching of cement or fly ash stabilizer from RAP mixes cannot be considered to be a concern for long-term performance. However, approximately 2 years of field infiltration were replicated in the laboratory in this study. Of the several RAP mixtures studied, the mixture composed of 60% RAP and 40% base material with 2% cement was identified as an effective long-term-performing mixture.
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Wei, Wenwu, Chao Ji, Honggang Song, Zhigang Li, Zhen Liu, Lijun Sun, and Zhou Zhou. "Effect of Fractionation Process and Addition of Composite Crumb Rubber-Modified Asphalt on Road Performance Variability of Recycled Asphalt Mixtures with High Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) Content." Buildings 13, no. 11 (October 29, 2023): 2729. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13112729.
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The application of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) can help reduce resource waste and environmental pollution in road construction. However, so far, only a small percentage of RAP materials can be used in road construction. The key obstacles to the application of a recycled asphalt mixture (RAM) with high RAP content are the variability of RAP materials and the difficulty of fully rejuvenating aged asphalt. However, there is still a lack of research on the effect of the variability of RAP materials and recycled asphalt on the quality control of a RAM. Therefore, this study investigates the effects of sieve pretreatment of RAP material using 4.75 mm sieve mesh and the use of composite crumb rubber-modified asphalt (CCRMA) to reclaim aged asphalt on the road performance and frame variability of reclaimed asphalt mixtures. Therefore, this study investigates the effects of the fractionation process of RAP material using 4.75 mm sieve mesh and the use of CCRMA to reclaim aged asphalt on the road performance of a RAM. The results show that the fractionation process can effectively reduce the mitigation of RAP agglomeration and reduce the variability of gradation, which in turn reduces the variability of road performance. The incorporation of CCRMA can effectively improve the high-temperature stability performance and low-temperature cracking resistance. The dynamic stability and the fracture energy of the CRAM (RAM prepared using CCRMA) were four and one and a half times as large as that of the NAM (RAM prepared using base asphalt), respectively. The fractionation process of RAP material and the utilization of CCRMA could help reduce the variability of the RAM while improving the road performance of the RAM.
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Chen, Lan Yun, Xin Qiu, Xin Kuan Wang, and Qing Yang. "Laboratory Properties Evaluation of Wearing Course Asphalt Mixtures Incorporating RAP Materials." Advanced Materials Research 305 (July 2011): 398–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.305.398.
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Using RAP to reproduce new mixtures helps to reduce new material consumption, minimizes the exploitation of natural resources and brings vast benefit in land conservation and environmental protection. The main objectives of this study is to conduct laboratory tests on RAP mixtures with different RAP content, to comprehensively evaluate their engineering characteristics, then to recommend the best suitable RAP mixtures as the local paving materials.
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Moon, Ki Hoon, Augusto Cannone Falchetto, Di Wang, and Yun Su Kim. "Experimental Investigation on Fatigue and Low Temperature Properties of Asphalt Mixtures Designed with Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement and Taconite Aggregate." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 3 (March 2019): 472–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119835525.
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Using reclaimed asphalt material for rehabilitation and construction of new asphalt pavements is currently a common practice not only in view of the economic benefits associated with this process but also because of the reduced exploitation of natural resources. For this reason, road authorities have implemented recommendations and guidelines to regulate the use of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) and other recycled materials such as industrial by-products. Nevertheless, the combined use of different recycled materials is not commonly addressed. In this paper, the effect of adding RAP and taconite (a mining by-product) on fatigue and low temperature properties of asphalt mixture was investigated with two different testing geometries: indirect tensile (IDT) and semi-circular bending (SCB). Fatigue behavior, creep stiffness, relaxation modulus, low temperature fracture energy, and fracture toughness were also evaluated, computed, and then compared. A more brittle behavior was observed for mixture prepared with RAP material, however, the mechanical performance was not significantly different for mixtures containing 20% RAP alone and in combination with 50% taconite compared with conventional asphalt mixtures designed with virgin material. This was not the case when RAP content was increased up to 50%, showing a substantially poorer response both in terms of fatigue and low temperature characteristics and suggesting the RAP had a dominant effect. The present exploratory research seems to support the idea of combining RAP and different industry by-products, such as taconite, as long as the RAP content is kept below a specific threshold.
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Bohn, Kátia Aline, Liseane Padilha Thives, and Luciano Pivoto Specht. "Physical, Rheological, and Permanent Deformation Behaviors of WMA-RAP Asphalt Binders." Sustainability 15, no. 18 (September 14, 2023): 13737. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151813737.
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With the rapid global expansion of road networks, the asphalt industry faces several environmental challenges, such as material shortages, environmental concerns, escalating material costs, demand for eco-friendly materials, and the implementation of “Net Zero” policies. Given these challenges and recognizing the need to explore new solutions, this research evaluated asphalt binder samples incorporating Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) and Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP), or WMA-RAP. The assessment focused on analyzing the physical, rheological, and permanent deformation characteristics of WMA-RAP samples containing 20%, 35%, and 50% recycled pavement. The study utilized a chemical surfactant-type WMA additive, Evotherm® P25. The findings showed that the WMA-RAP combination resulted in increased stiffness ranging from 247% to 380% and a reduced phase angle of 16% to 26% with an increasing RAP content from 20% to 50% at Tref 20 °C and 10 Hz. Furthermore, the penetration decreased from 20% to 47%, and the softening point increased from 7% to 17%. An improvement of 2 PGHs was observed by adding 35% and 50% RAP. Additionally, WMA samples containing up to 50% RAP presented more elevated permanent deformation resistance, supporting traffic levels of 64V or 70H. WMA-RAP binders allow mixture production at lower temperatures—an amount of 30 °C less—conserving energy and decreasing the need for new aggregate materials by incorporating recycled materials, thus minimizing the environmental impact.
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Edeh, Joseph E., Manasseh Joel, and James Mzuaor Aburabul. "Groundnut Shell Ash Stabilized Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, as Pavement Material." Advanced Materials Research 824 (September 2013): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.824.3.
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Large volume of reclaimed asphalt pavements (RAP) aggregates are generated during pavement rehabilitation and reconstruction and disposed along road alignment while large quantities of groundnut shell ash (GSA) are generated from the combustion of groundnut shell and also disposed in large quantities on production sites. This paper presents results of the laboratory evaluation of the characteristics of GSA stabilized RAP with a view to determining its suitability for use as highway pavement material in flexible pavements construction. The RAP-GSA mixtures were subjected to British standard light (BSL) (standard Proctor) compactive effort to determine the compaction characteristics and California bearing ratio (CBR). Test results show that the properties of RAP improved with GSA treatment. The particle grading improved from 99.13% coarse aggregate and 0.87% fines, with AASHTO classification of A-1-b for 100% RAP and 9.08% coarse aggregate and 90.92% fines, with AASHTO classification of A-4 for 100% GSA to 15.6691.72% coarse aggregate and 8.2884.32% fines, with AASHTO classification in the range A-4 (silty soil) to A-1-a [granular material, for the various RAP-GSA mixes. Maximum dry density (MDD) decreased while the optimum moisture content (OMC) increased with higher GSA content in the RAP + GSA mixes. Optimum CBR values of 22.2% (unsoaked) and 18.3% (soaked) were recorded for 80% RAP + 20% GSA and 90% RAP + 10% GSA mixes, respectively. This optimum mixes satisfied durability requirement with insignificant water absorption and can be used as subgrade material in flexible pavements. This research provides the results to the evaluation of GSA stabilized RAP as highway construction material, as it is based on CBR determination. Further work may be encouraged to assess resilient modulus of this material under cyclic load.
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Arianto, Hendra, Sofyan M. Saleh, and Renni Anggraini. "KARAKTERISTIK CAMPURAN AC-WC MENGGUNAKAN MATERIAL RECLAIMED ASPHALT PAVEMENT DENGAN TAMBAHAN ASPAL PEN. 60/70 YANG DISUBSTITUSI STYROFOAM." Jurnal Arsip Rekayasa Sipil dan Perencanaan 2, no. 2 (June 4, 2019): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/jarsp.v2i2.13451.
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Reuse of reclaimed asphalt pavement material (RAP) is an alternative which applicated for potential enough on the roughness of the road. RAP material can be reused by adding the asphalt and the new aggregate according of the mixture composition so that it is expected will be obtained the quality as planned. One of the efforts made in improving the quality of asphalt mixture RAP material is using a modified asphalt with additional material, such as styrofoam. The use of styrofoam into the asphalt is expected to improve the technical properties of a mixture. The purpose of this research is to know the comparative characteristics of hot mix asphalt (asphalt concrete) type AC-WC that uses RAP material with additional asphalt pen. 60/70 and asphalt pen. 60/70 substitution in the styrofoam by 8%, 10% and 12% against the weight of asphalt based on levels of asphalt left on the material. The initial stages of this study is to conduct an examination of the physical properties of RAP material, then manufacturing a specimen with variations of the addition of asphalt and aggregate new levels based on the job mix diesign (JMD) Bina Marga Aceh (2013). Based on research results, parameter values marshall on all types of asphalt mixture with new aggregate as well as RAP materials and the use of 100% asphalt pen. 60/70 additional or different types of asphalt on OAC has fulfilled the technical specifications defined by the Bina Marga (2014). Best stability values obtained on asphalt mixture using RAP material with additional asphalt pen. 60/70 with 12% styrofoam substitution on OAC JMD Bina Marga Aceh, that amounted to 3,308.72 kg, the lowest value stability retrieved on asphalt mixture using a new aggregate based on the results of Department of Bina Marga Aceh on OAC i.e. of 983.94 kg.
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Meena, Pinki, Gondaimei Ransinchung Rongmei Naga, and Praveen Kumar. "Effect of Mechanical Properties on Performance of Cold Mix Asphalt with Recycled Aggregates Incorporating Filler Additives." Sustainability 16, no. 1 (December 29, 2023): 344. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16010344.
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The utilization of recycled asphalt pavement in the construction and maintenance of flexible pavement with asphalt emulsion is advantageous and environmentally friendly. It saves energy due to zero heat loss during the mixing and laying of pavement compared to hot mix asphalt. Recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) is a sustainable material in place of virgin aggregates in road construction. The focus of this study is (i) virgin aggregate production, (ii) the utilization of waste material (additive), (iii) reducing the production temperature, and (iv) recycled RAP material in the pavement. This paper attempts to create a venue for using RAP greater than 50% during pavement construction. Cold mix asphalt (CMA) containing 0%, 50%, and 100% RAP materials with different dosages of cement, fly ash, and Stabil-road at 1%, 2%, and 3% of dry aggregate weight were used for ascertaining the mechanical and volumetric properties of mixtures. The mechanical properties for CMA samples, such as stability, tensile strength, moisture susceptibility, stiffness modulus, and the abrasion loss of CMA samples, were evaluated with and without RAP incorporation. Present laboratory studies revealed that a cold mix containing 50% RAP materials produced a higher stability value than the control mix, irrespective of the types of additives in its contents. All the additives can potentially resist moisture damage in the mix. Also, a significant improvement in the resilient modulus was considered for RAP-incorporated mixtures with the additives.
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Cadar, Rodica Dorina, Rozalia Melania Boitor, and Mihai Liviu Dragomir. "An Analysis of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement from a Single Source—Case Study: A Secondary Road in Romania." Sustainability 14, no. 12 (June 9, 2022): 7057. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14127057.
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The paper presents a comprehensive analysis on reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) milling material collected from a single source, namely from a secondary road in Romania, county road DJ109. The following characteristics are investigated: particle size, binder content, material variability and uniformity, and the clustering phenomena. Variability is demonstrated using the results of particle size gradation and binder content. The coefficient of uniformity and the coefficient of curvature demonstrate that the RAP used in this research is a well-graded material. However, the visual analyses conducted on RAP highlight the presence of RAP particle agglomeration and the need for further testing. The study presents three different experimental phases: (i) RAP-milling old asphalt pavement, RAP; (ii) RAP milling after binder extraction, RAPabe; and (iii) RAP after Los Angeles crushing, RAPac. After processing, the coarse part (C) had a great influence on the fine part (F), and F/C ratio increased, respectively, from 0.4 to 1.5 and 1.61. Material variability on the extended site, the difference between the design values and particle size, as well as the existing clustering process indicated that RAP material collected from secondary roads must be pre-processed prior to its storage and reuse in the recycling process. Considering that secondary roads represent 71% of the overall network of asphalt course roads in Romania, and around 24,000 km of roads are in need of at least extensive maintenance (wearing asphalt courses) or rehabilitation, RAP is a highly recyclable material. Therefore, this study provides advice and guidance for re-using RAP in new pavement mixtures.
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Plati, Christina, Maria Tsakoumaki, and Konstantinos Gkyrtis. "Physical and Mechanical Properties of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) Incorporated into Unbound Pavement Layers." Applied Sciences 13, no. 1 (December 27, 2022): 362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13010362.
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Against the backdrop of global warming and depletion of natural resources, new techniques and alternative materials need to be explored and integrated into road construction. Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) is one of the waste materials that can be reused in new road projects if its behavior is better understood. Numerous researchers have studied the use of RAP in both bound and unbound pavement layers. However, the mechanical behavior and deformation characteristics of RAP in unbound pavement layers are not fully understood due to its unique properties. For this reason, this paper aims to investigate the performance of RAP in the construction of unbound pavement layers (base and subbase). The methodology used consists of two phases: (i) laboratory tests in terms of physical properties, bearing capacity and permanent deformations generated and (ii) a comparative analysis of the test results. For the laboratory tests, the RAP material was taken from the milling operation of a pavement section to be rehabilitated and blended with virgin aggregates (VA) in different proportions. In addition, a sample consisting of pure VA was used as a reference sample for the comparative analysis of the results. Overall, it is concluded that the use of RAP for admixture in unbound layers is feasible and meets the sustainability requirements of pavement materials and structures without compromising pavement strength. A highlight of the research findings is that RAP with percentages up to 40% is a rational approach for the development of RAP-VA mixes to be incorporated into unbound pavement layers. Nevertheless, the results of the present study support the statement that testing is required each time to define the capabilities of RAP considering local effects and material conditions.
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Thanaya, ME., PhD, I. Nyoman Arya, I. Made Agus Ariawan, and I. Putu Chandra Wibawa. "Analysis on the Characteristics of Asphalt Concrete Mixture Utilizing Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement with Waste Cooking Oil Rejuvinator." MEDIA KOMUNIKASI TEKNIK SIPIL 28, no. 2 (January 30, 2023): 230–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/mkts.v28i2.48137.
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One alternative way to reduce the use of natural aggregate and asphalt is the use of recycled materials of old road pavement or Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP). The asphalt within the RAP generally had become stiffer due to ageing, therefore it needs to be mixed with a rejuvenating agent. An alternative organic oil-based refining agent that can be used for rejuvenating rigid asphalt is Waste Cooking Oil (WCO). The purpose of this study is to analyze the characteristics of asphalt mixtures at Optimum Bitumen Content (OBC) and at best WCO content. The asphalt mixture manufacturing method used was Marshall Method. The variation of RAP materials was 25% and 50%, with added aggregate material to meet the ideal mid gradation. For each variation of RAP content, was produced mixtures with variation of of 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10% (by weight of total asphalt) where for each of those variation of RAP with variations of WCO rejuvinating materials, were made asphalt content variation of 5%; 5.5%; 6%; 6.5%; and 7%, then the OBC was determined. For the mixture with 50% RAP, the OBC was 6.3%, with best result on 8% WCO. On misture with 25% RAP the OBC was 6.2%, with best result on 4% WCO. The Marshall characteristics met the specifications. The mixture of 50% RAP with 8% WCO has lower stiffness and deformation resistance, however the performance of this mixtre was good enough on fatigue test.
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Widayanti, Ari, A. A. Soemitro Ria, Januarti Jaya Ekaputri, and Hitapria Suprayitno. "Characterization of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) as a road pavement material (National Road Waru, Sidoarjo)." MATEC Web of Conferences 181 (2018): 05001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201818105001.
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Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) is a dredging pavement material using Cold Milling Machine. The application of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement is increased year by year. Due to the increasing application of RAP year by year which implicates environment condition, especially in damaging natural resources, the research on material used in RAP needs to be conducted, so RAP can be optimally utilized. To achieve optimal performance, data of RAP characteristics reviewed from microstructural analysis is necessary. The objective of this research is to obtain the characteristics of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement. The method used was literary study based on previous research. Material tests used were XRF, SEM and FTIR. The object of study was RAP material taken from national road Waru Sidoarjo. The major compositions of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement obtained were Kaolin, Lithium, Tetraborate, Dextrin. SEM graphics showed the morphological and surface texture of RAP. FTIR graphic presented the functional group of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement showing O-H C-O acid in the peak of graphic. From XRD result, the major compounds of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement obtained were Calcium, Sodium, Aluminum, Silicate.
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Handayani, Ratna, and Ahmad Faathir Wicaksono. "USAGE OF RECLAIMED ASPHALT PAVEMENT AS A MIXTURE MATERIAL OF ASPHALT CONCRETE - WEARING COURCE (ACWC)." Journal Innovation of Civil Engineering (JICE) 1, no. 2 (May 8, 2021): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.33474/jice.v1i2.10998.
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The objective of this research is to utilize Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) as a mixture of hot asphalt AC-WC type. The new additional material is required such as an aggregate and asphalt to meet the technical performance which is based on Specification Bina Marga 2018 Revision 2. This research is started by analyzing the RAP. The result of RAP extraction process are aggregates and asphalt. Grading on aggregate were conducted for required grading envelope. If it failed to qualify for required grading envelope, new aggregate and new asphalt is needed. Therefore, the AC-WC mixture was composed by mixing with a variation of RAP which is 10%, 20% and 30%. From all of the mixing composition, only mixture with 30% of RAP and 70% of new materials is recommended for hot mixture which fulfilling the engineering criteria requirements.
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Hashim, Sajjad, Hasan Al-Mosawe, and Haneen Mohammed. "The Influence of Using Recycled Asphalt Pavement and Crumbed Rubber on Asphalt Pavement: A Review." Al-Nahrain Journal for Engineering Sciences 26, no. 2 (July 8, 2023): 74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.29194/njes.26020074.
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Reclaimed (recycled) asphalt pavement (RAP), the most recycled material worldwide, is the mostly reclaimed material utilized in hot mix asphalt. Polymer (Crumb rubber) incorporation frequently leads to enhanced durability and resistance to heat cracking and rutting, two forms of permanent deformation. It also relieves stiffness and minimizes fatigue damage. This study aims to gather all previous RAP-related research and crumb rubber CR, so that the impact of using these materials on mechanical, physical properties of asphalt pavement, environmental effect and cost effective are clarify and explained. The finding of this research proved that the use of RAP and CR provide considerable structural and financial enhancements to the construction.
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Edeh, Joseph E., Adrian O. Eberemu, and James Mzuaor Aburabul. "Effect of Compactive Efforts on the Strength Properties of Groundnut Shell Ash Stabilized Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement." Advanced Materials Research 824 (September 2013): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.824.12.
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Large quantities of groundnut shell ash (GSA) are generated from the combustion of groundnut shell, disposed in large quantities on production sites while large volume of reclaimed asphalt pavements (RAP) aggregates are also generated during pavement rehabilitation and reconstruction and disposed along road alignments. This paper presents results of the laboratory evaluation of the effect of compactive efforts on the strength properties of GSA stabilized RAP with a view to determining its suitability as highway pavement material in pavement constructions. The RAP-GSA mixtures were subjected to Reduced British Standard light, RBSL (reduced Proctor); British Standard light, BSL (standard Proctor); West African Standard, WAS and British Standard heavy, BSH (modified Proctor) compactive efforts to determine the compaction characteristics, California bearing ratio (CBR), durability and water absorption characteristics. Test results show that the properties of RAP improved with GSA treatment. The particle grading improved from 99.13 % coarse aggregate and 0.87 % fines, with AASHTO classification of A-1-b for 100 % RAP, and 9.08 % coarse aggregate and 90.92 % fines, with AASHTO classification of A-4 for 100 % GSA to 15.6691.72 % coarse aggregate and 8.2884.32 % fines, with AASHTO classification in the range A-4 (silty soil) to A-1-a (granular materials), for the various RAP-GSA mixes. Maximum dry density (MDD) decreased while the optimum moisture content (OMC) increased with higher GSA content in the RAP + GSA mixes and with decreased compactive effort from BSH to RBSL. Optimum CBR values of 35.1% (unsoaked) and 44.1% (soaked) recorded for 90% RAP + 10% GSA mix achieved with BSH compactive effort, satisfied the durability requirements with insignificant expansion and water absorption and can be used as subbase material in flexible pavements construction. This research provides the results of evaluation of the effect of compactive efforts on the strength properties of GSA stabilized RAP as highway construction material, as it is based on CBR determination. Further work may be encouraged to assess resilient modulus of this material under cyclic load.
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Seferoğlu, Ayşegül Güneş, Mehmet Tevfik Seferoğlu, and Muhammet Vefa Akpınar. "Investigation of the Effect of Recycled Asphalt Pavement Material on Permeability and Bearing Capacity in the Base Layer." Advances in Civil Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2860213.
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The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) and cement content on the permeability and bearing capacity characteristics of aggregate base courses. Mixtures containing untreated RAP ranging between 0 and 100 percent and 1, 2, and 3% cement-treated RAP were subjected to laboratory tests (bitumen content, sieve analysis, modified proctor, soaked California bearing ratio (CBR), and constant-level permeability tests). The results showed that, as the RAP percentage in the mixture increased, CBR values decreased considerably. Moreover, there is a linear increase in the CBR values with cement treatment. Optimum moisture contents (OMC) and maximum dry densities (MDD) showed a decreasing trend. Increasing the cement percentages in 100% RAP blend increases the OMC and MDD values. The permeability of RAP showed a decrease as the percentage of RAP and cement increased in blends. The study showed that the CBR value of the 20% RAP blend is also obtained in the 100% RAP/3% cement-treated blend. Thus, it has been understood that cement is a suitable material in order to increase the use of RAP. In addition, the increase in the percentage of RAP and cement made the base course more impermeable.
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Udomchai, Artit, Menglim Hoy, Apichat Suddeepong, Amornrit Phuangsombat, Suksun Horpibulsuk, Arul Arulrajah, and Nguyen Chi Thanh. "Generalized Interface Shear Strength Equation for Recycled Materials Reinforced with Geogrids." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 23, 2021): 9446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13169446.
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In this research, large direct shear tests were conducted to evaluate the interface shear strength between reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) and kenaf geogrid (RAP–geogrid) and to also assess their viability as an environmentally friendly base course material. The influence of factors such as the gradation of RAP particles and aperture sizes of geogrid (D) on interface shear strength of the RAP–geogrid interface was evaluated under different normal stresses. A critical analysis was conducted on the present and previous test data on geogrids reinforced recycled materials. The D/FD, in which FD is the recycled materials’ particle content finer than the aperture of geogrid, was proposed as a prime parameter governing the interface shear strength. A generalized equation was proposed for predicting the interface shear strength of the form: α = a(D/FD) + b, where α is the interface shear strength coefficient, which is the ratio of the interface shear strength to the shear strength of recycled material, and a and b are constants. The constant values of a and b were found to be dependent upon types of recycled material, irrespective of types of geogrids. A stepwise procedure to determine variable a, which is required for analysis and design of geogrids reinforced recycled materials in roads with various gradations was also suggested.
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Mohammad, Louay N., Murad Y. Abu-Farsakh, Zhong Wu, and Chris Abadie. "Louisiana Experience with Foamed Recycled Asphalt Pavement Base Materials." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1832, no. 1 (January 2003): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1832-03.
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Utilization of existing recyclable materials has always been key to more efficient and economical highway construction. Use of the foamed-asphalt (FA) technique to stabilize recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) is one strategy for an efficient use of salvaged construction materials. The main objective of this study is to investigate the potential use of FA-treated RAP as a base course material in lieu of a crushed-limestone base beneath a concrete pavement layer. Test sections were constructed at US-190 near Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and used for field evaluation of the FA RAP base. The laboratory mixture design of the FA RAP, the construction of the experimental base section, and the field evaluation of the stiffness of the FA RAP base layers using different in situ testing devices are presented. Preliminary results of both laboratory and field tests showed that the FA-treated RAP mixtures are very promising and can be used as an alternative to the traditional limestone base beneath a concrete pavement layer.
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CUI MING, NG, ANIS AINA, RAMADHANSYAH PUTRA JAYA, and NICOLE LIEW SIAW ING. "Analysis of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement with Rejuvenating Materials." CONSTRUCTION 3, no. 1 (April 27, 2023): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/construction.v3i1.8910.
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Reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) is currently commonly used in road construction. Reclaimed asphalt pavement can enhance environmental sustainability while also reducing reclaimed pavement disposal issues. In this study, waste cooking oil (WCO) was utilized as rejuvenating material. There are different samples, where Sample A is the control mixture which is virgin mixture without rejuvenator contain 0% of RAP content. Sample B is the rejuvenated RAP mixtures including 25% and 50% of RAP content combined with WCO, while sample C is the non-rejuvenated RAP mixture containing 25% and 50% of RAP content. In addition, sample D is for 100% RAP content. Therefore, to evaluate the engineering properties, different experimental test, including Marshall stability and flow, dynamic creep modulus and indirect tensile strength are applied, and the optimum percentage was determined based on the result. The findings revealed that reclaimed asphalt pavement with rejuvenating materials enhanced the performance of stability and deformation resistance. Moreover, the indirect tensile strength increases with the increase of RAP content. Based on the findings, it can conclude that 100% of reclaimed asphalt pavement showed the optimum value and significantly enhanced the performance of reclaimed asphalt pavement with rejuvenating materials by reducing pollution.
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SantoshKumar, Niveditha M Madinur, and Sharanabasava Patil. "Laboratory Performance Evaluation of Hot Mix Asphalt Using Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Material for Bituminous Concrete Layer." International Research Journal on Advanced Engineering and Management (IRJAEM) 2, no. 04 (April 18, 2024): 1110–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.47392/irjaem.2024.0146.
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Pavement rehabilitation and reconstruction generate large quantities of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP). Recycling into new asphalt paving mixtures is the predominant application. The RAP contains aggregates coated with bitumen. Recently utilization of RAP in asphalt mixes has been gaining worldwide popularity. Use of RAP in asphalt mixes can reduce cost of materials (aggregates and bitumen), conserve aggregates and asphalt, save environment, and can solve problem of solid waste disposal. The present study is used to design and evaluate the performance of bitumen mix with 2 different percentage of RAP. The preliminary laboratory tests were conducted to check the quality of aggregate, bitumen and RAP. The use of different percentage of RAP (i.e. 0%, 40% and 50%) for Bituminous concrete (BC) were designed as per specifications of Ministry of Road Transportation and Highway (MoRTH). The Marshall Mix design method was utilized to design mix with different percentages of RAP. The moisture damage potential of different mixes was determined in the laboratory by estimating retained indirect tensile strength also called tensile strength ratio (TSR). The test was conducted by applying a compressive load at a rate of 50.8 mm/min and their TSR values were determined. Furthermore, the rutting performance of different types of mixes was determined in the laboratory using flow time test. The results indicate that addition of RAP increases rutting resistance. This study would be helpful for highways engineers to utilize RAP for construction of sustainable highways in India.
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Edeh, Joseph E., Adrian O. Eberemu, and Onah Agnes. "Lateritic Soil Stabilization of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement as Flexible Highway Pavement Materials." Advanced Materials Research 367 (October 2011): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.367.3.
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This paper presents the results of the laboratory evaluation of the characteristics of lateritic soil stabilized reclaimed asphalt pavements (RAP), using 0 – 2% cement, subjected to British Standard Light (BSL) compactive effort to determine their index, compaction and california bearing ratio (CBR) results. The result of the laboratory tests show that the properties of RAP improved when stabilized with lateritic soil, using up to 2% cement. The particle size distribution improved from poorly graded sandy GRAVELLY material for 100% lateritic soil and very sandy GRAVELLY material, to the gradation described as well graded very sandy GRAVELLY material for lateritic soil stabilized RAP, using up to 2% cement. The CBR results obtained from the study show that using the Nigerian General Specifications, 180% CBR value criterion, the maximum CBR of 55% (soaked) for the mix proportion; 40% Laterite + 58% RAP + 2% Cement for A-2-7(2) soil prescribed by the latter is not adequate for stabilization of base coarse. However, judging by the 24-hour strength gain from 17.9 (unsoaked) to 55% (soaked) CBR values, the material can be used as subgrade and subbase materials.
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Bilodeau, Jean-Pascal, Guy Doré, and Jonas Depatie. "Mitigation of permanent deformation in base layer containing recycled asphalt aggregates." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 40, no. 2 (February 2013): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2012-0395.
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The use of recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) aggregates as replacement for new materials in the pavement base weakens the layer in regards to the resistance to permanent deformation under repeated loading. A mechanistic based design procedure is proposed to ensure that base layers containing RAP particles have a similar rutting behaviour to base layers made of virgin aggregates. The design procedure allows calculating an asphalt concrete thickness increase that is based on permanent deformation behaviour of base materials. The calculation approach is based on multistage triaxial permanent deformation tests performed on granular material samples with varied RAP content. The tests allowed proposing an equation that relates permanent strain rate, RAP content, and deviatoric stress, which is the basis of the design procedure. Design charts are proposed to select adequate thickness increase for the asphalt concrete layer according to the expected RAP content in the base layer and asphalt concrete modulus.
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A. Mostafa, Ahmed Mahmoud, Ahmed Gamal M. Morsi, and Alnos Aly E. Hegazy. "Effects of Fiberglass on the Strength of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) as a Subbase Materials." International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science 9, no. 12 (2023): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaems.912.13.
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This research study investigates the effect of fiberglass content on the strength of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) material as a subbase layer of flexible pavement. Laboratory modified proctor and California bearing ratio (CBR) tests were conducted on the mixture of RAP and fiberglass. The obtained results show that, 100% RAP material can be used as subbase material. In addition to that, there is a slight reduction in maximum dry density (γdmax) values when RAP is blended with fiberglass. Similarly, the soaked and unsoaked CBR values of the mixture decreased slightly. However, the mixture of RAP and fiberglass achieved the specification requirements as a subbase layer according to the Egyptian specifications. The relationship between fiberglass content and maximum dry density of RAP is found to be linear. Also, a linear relationship exists between percentage of fiberglass and unsoaked CBR. Finally, the relationship between the percentage of fiberglass and soaked CBR is found to be nonlinear.
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Xie, Jiawen, Wenke Huang, Bei Hu, Zhicheng Xiao, Hafiz Muhammad Zahid Hassan, and Kuanghuai Wu. "Study on the Road Performance of Foamed Warm-Mixed Reclaimed Semi-Flexible Asphalt Pavement Material." Materials 14, no. 18 (September 17, 2021): 5379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14185379.
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Warm-mixed reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) technology has been widely studied worldwide as a recycled environmental method to reuse waste materials. However, the aggregate skeleton structure of the warm-mixed reclaimed asphalt mixture is not stable because of the existence of the recycled materials. Warm-mixed recycled semi-flexible pavement material can solve the defects of the above materials. In this study, five different types of open-graded asphalt mixtures containing different contents of RAP were designed, and relevant laboratory tests were conducted to assess the road performance of the warm-mixed recycled semi-flexible pavement material. The test results indicated that the road performance of warm-mixed reclaimed semi-flexible pavement materials has good resistance to rut deformation ability. Furthermore, the materials also had good water stability and fatigue performance. The grey correlation analysis shows that the asphalt binder content has the most significant correlation with the high-temperature stability, and the correlation between RAP content and the fatigue performance was the greatest. Furthermore, the curing age has the most remarkable with the low-temperature crack resistance of the warm-mixed reclaimed semi-flexible material.
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Solaimanian, Mansour, and Maghsoud Tahmoressi. "Variability Analysis of Hot-Mix Asphalt Concrete Containing High Percentage of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1543, no. 1 (January 1996): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196154300111.
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A research project was undertaken to evaluate the production and construction variability of hot-mix asphalt concrete (HMAC) containing large quantities of recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) material. Four construction projects were selected. Two of the projects used 35 percent RAP material, while the other two used 40 and 50 percent RAP, respectively. The projects differed in size with total hot-mix ranging from 12,000 to 30,000 tons. In all cases, dedicated RAP stockpiles were used. A series of tests were performed at both the hot-mix plant laboratory and the University of Texas (UT) asphalt laboratory. The tests at the plant included extraction, gradation, and asphalt content using nuclear gauge. A number of specimens were also compacted and shipped to the Texas Department of Transportation Materials and Tests Division for Hveem stability testing. Asphalt recovery, penetration, and viscosity tests for both HMAC and RAP were conducted at the UT laboratory. Each day, four sublots were sampled. The results obtained from the tests were analyzed. The gradation and asphalt content deviations, air voids, penetrations and viscosities, and stabilities were included in the analysis. Pay adjustment factors were determined for gradation and asphalt content deviation, as well as for air voids. In general, these high-percentage RAP projects indicated higher variability than a typical HMAC project without RAP. The gradations of plant-produced mixtures were finer than the job mix formula target gradations, possibly because of aggregate crushing during the milling operation.
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Gottumukkala, Bharath, Sudhakar Reddy Kusam, Vivek Tandon, Amaranatha Reddy Muppireddy, and Ramya Sri Mullapudi. "Restriction of RAP% in HMA Based on Aggregate Gradation and Binder Properties." CivilEng 2, no. 3 (September 17, 2021): 811–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/civileng2030044.
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The use of recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) in pavement construction reduces the project cost and helps in conserving the naturally occurring aggregates. To incorporate RAP in hot mix asphalt, it is vital to know the amount and quality of the reclaimed binder. Three new asphalt binders were selected for this investigation. RAP material from one source was blended in different proportions with VG-10 and VG-30. Penetration, softening point, G */sin δ, G * sin δ and binder fatigue life Nf (from Linear Amplitude Sweep test) values of different blends were compared. The milled RAP aggregate gradation varied from source to source due to factors such as the gradation of the mix used in the existing layer, milling method and processing of RAP material. This variability controls the use of higher proportions of RAP in new mixes. To investigate the effect of RAP gradation on the proportion of RAP that can be used in the new mix, RAP sources with different gradation (three dense and two gap gradations) were selected. The proportion of RAP that can be used for preparing mixes with these gradations varied significantly with the source of RAP, and the target gradation. In most cases, it was found that allowable RAP percentages are smaller for the gap gradations compared to those permitted for dense gradations. The proportion of RAP in a mix can be increased by selecting an appropriate gradation for a RAP source or by using a suitable RAP source for a given gradation.
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Tarsi, Giulia, Piergiorgio Tataranni, and Cesare Sangiorgi. "The Challenges of Using Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement for New Asphalt Mixtures: A Review." Materials 13, no. 18 (September 12, 2020): 4052. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13184052.
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Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) material mainly consists of removed asphalt concretes from existing infrastructures and, to a minor extent, of wasted or rejected mixes during the production processes. Being composed of two valuable non-renewable resources, i.e., aggregates and bituminous binder, its conscious use can ensure the sustainability of asphalt pavement construction. Thanks to the use of RAP material in new asphalt products, the USA saved 4.1 million tons of virgin binder and 78 million tons of virgin aggregates in 2018. Therefore, the use of RAP for the production of new asphalt formulations at the top of the recycling hierarchy is preferable instead of being down-cycled in low-value applications. The RAP material represents one of the most re-used construction products worldwide; in 2018, approximately 88% wt. and 72% wt. of RAP were used in USA and Europe, respectively, as aggregates for Hot, Warm and Cold Asphalt Mixtures and for unbound layers. Several studies have revealed positive responses of the recycled asphalt mixtures with high or very high content of RAP. However, the common practices of many countries still limit the RAP content to a 15–20% wt., on average, in the recycled asphalt mixes. The amount of RAP in asphalt concretes can be significantly increased by applying good management practices of the RAP, either processed or not, as well as novel production technologies and advanced mix design approaches. This manuscript aims to summarize the state-of-the-art of use of RAP aggregates in new asphalt mixtures. The economic and environmental benefits are also discussed.
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Ikpenwa, Roy, Akeem Amuda, and Ibrahim Aliyu. "PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF LATERITE AND PULVERIZED RECLAIMED ASPHALT PAVEMENT STABILIZED WITH BASE SEAL AND CEMENT." Nile Journal of Engineering and Applied Science 2, no. 1 (2024): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/njeas.188743.
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This research delves into the effectiveness of incorporating pulverized Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP), Base Seal, and cement to enhance the stability of lateritic base materials in Nigeria. Addressing a crucial gap in pavement engineering literature, particularly the underexplored use of base seals as liquid stabilizers, the study adopts a comprehensive methodology involving literature review, field evaluation, and laboratory tests. Analyzing various material mixes, from pure Laterite to combinations with RAP, Base Seal, and varying cement contents, the research reveals substantial improvements in crucial engineering properties. Enhanced particle size distribution, reduced clay content, and optimal compaction characteristics at 0% cement content for laterite materials with pulverized RAP signify the positive impact of these additives. California Bearing Ratio analysis establishes a consistent correlation between higher cement content and improved load-bearing capacity. Notably, the synergistic effects of RAP and base seal, particularly at 5% cement content, showcase the highest CBR value (91), indicating optimal conditions for strength and stability. The study concludes with practical recommendations for road maintenance authorities, advocating for innovative approaches like full-depth reclamation techniques and stabilized full-depth reclamation, exploring different RAP to base material ratios, examining curing periods' impact, assessing long-term performance, considering environmental implications, and conducting field trials for validation. Overall, these findings contribute valuable insights to pavement design practices, fostering the development of resilient infrastructure in construction projects.
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Pradani, Novita, Rita Irmawaty, Muhammad W. Tjaronge, and Irwan R. Rahim. "The Effect of Recycled Material and Buton Granular Asphalt (BGA) on Asphalt Concrete Mixture Performance." Civil Engineering Journal 9, no. 6 (June 1, 2023): 1412–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2023-09-06-09.
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Pavement recycling is an appropriate technology for constructing and restoring road pavement structures due to the limited supply and high cost of pavement materials. This study aims to improve the recycled mix's performance by replacing the fine aggregate in the recycled mix for road pavement with Buton Granular Asphalt (BGA). The percentage of recycled material (Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement/RAP) in the mixture was limited to 20% and 30% by weight of the total mixture. BGA was added by 3%, 6%, and 9% in each mixture with the RAP variation. Mixture performance was obtained through Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS) testing. The ITS test results showed that the ITS value of the mixture with RAP and BGA increased by an average of 4.7–15% compared to the mixture without RAP and BGA. The Toughness Index (TI) value increased by 3.5–19.8% with the addition of RAP. With the addition of 3% BGA, the TI value tends to increase and subsequently decrease up to 9% BGA levels. The result indicated that adding 30% RAP and 3% BGA to the mixtures improved pavement performance and could be a solution to increase the elasticity and fracture resistance of the mixture. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-06-09 Full Text: PDF
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Toth, Csaba, Laszlo Petho, Szabolcs Rosta, and Peter Primusz. "Performance assessment of full depth asphalt pavements manufactured with high recycled asphalt pavement content." Acta Technica Jaurinensis 16, no. 1 (February 22, 2023): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.14513/actatechjaur.00688.
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Reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) is generated during road rehabilitation and resurfacing projects. This highly valuable recycled material should be used for manufacturing fresh hot mix asphalt (HMA) for new asphalt pavement layers to ensure the highest added value and minimise environmental impact. The use of RAP is already common practice worldwide; however, incorporating RAP into the manufacturing of HMA is still very minimal in Hungary. As part of a research work HMA containing 20-50% RAP was designed, manufactured and tested. This paper discusses the performance tests carried out on laboratory and plant mixed asphalt mixes; using this data the overall full depth asphalt (FDA) pavement performance was predicted through general mechanistic pavement design. The outcomes of this paper showed that high RAP content asphalt mixes can have superior performance; this disproves the common perception that high RAP mixes are substandard road construction materials. The analysis performed in this paper found that asphalt mixes with high RAP content present low risk for in-situ performance. However, in order to achieve this outcome, the application of correct mix design methodology, appropriate RAP management and suitable asphalt plant capability for mass production are paramount.
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Nasir, Humaib, Mandeep Kaur, and Sheikh Faheem. "A statistical Review on the Usage of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement waste as a recyclable material." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1327, no. 1 (April 1, 2024): 012021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1327/1/012021.
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Abstract Construction is a part of human evolution, in ancient times people used wood and stone as construction materials as they were obtained naturally. As time passed, we learned about new methods and materials of construction. We started using concrete, steel, and asphalt as construction materials but these materials were costly and also had ill effects on the environment. In modern times construction techniques should be eco-friendly and economical as well. So, recycling construction and demolition waste is an option to deal with these problems. Reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) is a type of construction and demolition waste, which can be recycled after proper treatment. Reclaimed asphalt pavement materials are obtained from the milling of road pavement during reconstruction or maintenance work. These materials are mainly coarse aggregates and asphalt binders. The use of Reclaimed asphalt pavement with virgin crushed aggregates is widely accepted practice in several construction applications as it reduces the cost of construction, transportation, and handling. Properties of reclaimed asphalt pavement wastes are expected to be in an acceptable range with the conventional material but can be used as a partial or whole replacement for conventional materials. Reclaimed asphalt pavement also reduces the consumption or violation of natural resources. One of the primary advantages of using RAP is cost savings. Incorporating RAP into asphalt mixtures can significantly reduce material and disposal costs since it eliminates the need to extract and transport new aggregates. Additionally, RAP can reduce the demand for virgin asphalt binder In this review, a study was done on the usage of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement as a recyclable construction material, and its physical and chemical characteristics are compared to conclude and provide its statistical review so that it can be used for sustainable construction works.
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Ziari, Hassan, Mojtaba Hajiloo, and Pooyan Ayar. "Influence of Recycling Agents Addition Methods on Asphalt Mixtures Properties Containing Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP)." Sustainability 14, no. 24 (December 13, 2022): 16717. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142416717.
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Recycling agents (RAs) are used to restore the physicochemical properties of the aged asphalt binder existing in the reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) material. The best location for adding the RAs in the manufacturing process of the asphalt mixtures containing RAP has always been of concern to asphalt mixture researchers. In this study, vegetable, paraffinic and aromatic extract oils were used as RAs. The effect of RA location on the performance properties of the asphalt mixtures containing different percentages of the RAP material was investigated by adding the RAs in three different locations, including in the virgin binder, in the hot RAP material, and in the final mixture. For this aim, the rutting, cracking, and moisture sensitivity of the mixtures containing different RAs at different locations was investigated. The results showed that the best location for adding the RAs is different for various RAs. The best place for adding the paraffinic, aromatic extract, and vegetable oils in terms are in the virgin binder, in the RAP, and the final mixture, respectively. Therefore, using RAs in their appropriate location can improve the mechanical properties of asphalt mixtures containing RAP.
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Faizah, Nasya Shafa', Runi Asmaranto, and Jadfan Sidqi Fidari. "Pengaruh Angin Terhadap Dimensi Rip-rap Bendungan (Studi Kasus Bendungan Sutami)." Jurnal Teknologi dan Rekayasa Sumber Daya Air 3, no. 2 (May 22, 2023): 217–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jtresda.2023.003.02.019.
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Rip-rap Bendungan Sutamiberfungsi sebagai peredam energi yang dapat mereduksi hempasan ombak agar tidak terjadi penggerusan tanah pada lereng bendungan. Studi ini bertujuan menganalisa potensi terjadinya kerusakan material pada rip-rap Bendungan Sutamiberdasarkanperbedaan nilai dimensi rip-rap yang dihitung dari pembangkitan gelombang menggunakan perhitungan kecepatan angin 10 tahun terakhir dengan nilai yang sebenarnya. Pembangkitan gelombang dan dimensi rip-rap dihitung menggunakan metode perhitungan angin terkoreksi (UA) danmetode perhitungan angin desain (VMPH).Data yang dibutuhkan yaitu kecepatan angin bulananuntuk menghitung kecepatan angin koreksi (UA), data arah anginyang digunakan untuk menentukan nilai panjang fetch (F), data berat jenis batuan dan slope rip-rap bendunganuntuk menghitung berat masing –masing fragmen batuan (W50), serta data berat median rip-rap sebenarnya untuk analisa terjadinya potensi kerusakan.Dari hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa dari semua metode yang digunakan mendapatkan hasil tinggi gelombang yang sangat kecil. Hal tersebut disebabkan karena fetch Bendungan Sutami pendek atau > 1 km, yang mempengaruhi hasil dari pembangkitan gelombang dan dimensi batuan rip-rap yang didapatkan. Maka, dapat disimpulkan angin area penelitian tidak memberikan dampak yang signifikan terhadap kekuatan material rip-rap pada Bendungan Sutami atau masih dikatakan aman dari pengaruh angin dan gelombang.
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Dager, Catherine H., Robert H. Morro, Jonathan F. Hubler, and Kristin M. Sample-Lord. "Review of Geotechnical Properties of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement for Reuse in Infrastructure." Geotechnics 3, no. 1 (February 15, 2023): 21–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geotechnics3010003.
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Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) has been extensively studied for potential use as a recycled material in infrastructure construction. There is consensus that utilization of RAP provides environmental and economic benefits for most projects. However, impacts to engineering performance are less known, owing to the highly variable nature of RAP sources with different asphalt pavement mixtures and milling processes, which has limited the adoption of RAP as fill material in geotechnical infrastructure. This study conducted a comprehensive review of geotechnical properties reported for RAP in the experimental literature. The gradation, specific gravity, density, moisture content, hydraulic conductivity, leaching, shear strength, and creep properties of different RAP sources are summarized and compared. These geotechnical properties, as well as recent investigations into the effects of temperature and aggregate mixing, were used to identify the potential reuse of RAP in highway transportation applications beyond just asphalt mixture design, such as embankments. Additionally, correlations between gradation properties (Cu, D10, D85), asphalt content, and the geotechnical properties of maximum dry density, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and shear strength were identified.
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Moon, Ki Hoon, and Augusto Cannone Falchetto. "Double-Recycled Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement: A Laboratory Investigation at Low Temperatures Based on Different Mathematical Approaches." Materials 13, no. 13 (July 7, 2020): 3032. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13133032.
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Using recyclable materials in asphalt pavement is a fundamental design approach not only for limiting the environmental impact of the construction industry, but also for reducing the overall costs of the road infrastructures. Over the past years, road agencies have developed different policies to incorporate various types of recyclable material into conventional asphalt mixtures. reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) is one of the most highly recycled construction materials. However, the aged RAP binder and its stiffer and brittle characteristics compared to the fresh binder may negatively affect the performance of the recycled mixture, especially when operating in cold climates. In this study, the low-temperature response of asphalt mixture prepared with single-recycled RAP (SRRAP) and double-recycled RAP (DRRAP), prepared in the laboratory, is experimentally investigated based on creep testing performed with the bending beam rheometer (BBR). Then, the data were analyzed based on three simple mathematical models to extract information on material behavior. Finally, a new indicator named thermal stress factor (TFS) on low-temperature response is proposed. Relatively poorer performance was observed from SRRAP mixture compared to the asphalt mixture prepared with virgin material. However, the low-temperature response between SRRAP and DRRAP did not present significant differences. The values of TFS support the experimental results and suggest the possibility of considering re-recycling technology for further research with the objective of a possible application in the asphalt pavement industry.
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Saleh, Alfian, Dapot Syaloom Harianja, and Fadrizal Lubis. "Analisis Nilai Keausan pada Lapis Hot Rolled Sheet (HRS) dengan Menggunakan Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) dan Styrofoam." JURNAL TEKNIK 16, no. 1 (April 27, 2022): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31849/teknik.v16i1.9491.
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The application of recycling using Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP), where Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) is a road structure rehabilitation concept, by optimizing the reuse of old materials into new pavement materials. In this study, materials from Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement were used for the Hot Rolled Sheet (HRS) layer by utilizing added material in the form of Styrofoam waste material. Styrofoam has the same properties as asphalt, namely thermoplastic which is one of the reasons it is used as an added material. From the results of the KAO test, it was made with a value variation of 6.2%; 6.7%; 7.2%; 7.7%; 8.2% and obtained the optimum asphalt content value of 7.24%. From the optimum asphalt content obtained, it is continued by searching for the optimum styrofoam content. The search for optimum styrofoam content was carried out using the addition of various values of 0%, 6%, 12%, 18%, 24% of the asphalt weight. Where all test results meet the 2018 Highways specifications with the highest stability value of 3,688.87 kg and optimum styrofoam content of 17.218%. After getting the optimum asphalt and styrofoam content, the cantabro test was carried out with an average weight loss value of 3.81%. The results of this study indicate that the use of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) material added with Styrofoam on the Hot Rolled Sheet pavement layer has a high resistance to wear and tear.
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Chhabra, Rishi Singh, G. D. Ransinchung R. N., and Sitesh Kumar Singh. "Effectiveness of Liquid Antistripping Additive for Emulsion-Treated Base Layer Using Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Material." Advances in Civil Engineering 2022 (September 26, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6280681.
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In the new global economy, getting natural aggregates (NA) has become a central issue for constructing flexible pavements due to the scarcity of aggregates and the ban on mining in various states in India. This research is an attempt to achieve sustainability by using a liquid antistripping additive for emulsion-treated base layer to improve the performance of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Material (RAPM) inclusive aggregates. RAPM was evaluated, with inclusion percentages of 50 and 70 percent, whereas, the control mix was prepared using 100 percent natural aggregate (NA). The effect of inclusion of liquid antistripping additive (ASA) with different RAPM percentages on various properties of ETB mixes, such as maximum dry density, indirect tensile strength, moisture resistance and resilient modulus, was studied. Furthermore, when compared to RAP-ETB mixes without ASA, RAP-ETB mixes with ASA were found to preserve many of their qualities. The present study aimed to propose the laboratory design of optimum bitumen emulsion content (OBEC) for ETB in a simpler manner. For 50 RAP, obtained OBEC was at 4.4%, whereas for 70 RAP, OBEC was obtained at 3.8%. However, for 100 % NA, calculated OBEC was 7.0% as there was 0% RAP in it, hence binder absorption was more. The strength parameter was assessed using the Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS) test. At the same time, the pavement response was measured in terms of Resilient Modulus (MR). MR of 70 RAP mixes was higher than that of 50 RAP mixes, and 100 NA mixes with antistripping additive. Test results were encouraging, and significant improvement in strength was caused by cement filler and antistripping additive.
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Liu, Lin, Zhaoer Zhang, Lexuan Zhang, Yong Tang, and Jie Yin. "Effect of Temperature on Interface Characteristics between Compacted Recycled Asphalt Pavement and Geogrid." Advances in Civil Engineering 2023 (September 9, 2023): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/4596750.
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This study presents an experimental investigation of the interface behaviors of recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) reinforced with biaxial geogrid. A series of direct shear tests were conducted on compacted RAP specimens with or without geogrid under different normal stresses (50, 75, and 100 kPa) and test temperatures (0, 20, and 35°C) using an improved temperature-controlled direct shear apparatus. The effect of test temperature on interface shear strength and strength parameters was systematically examined. Test results showed that shear stress versus shear displacement curves of RAP specimens with or without geogrid show strain-softening characteristics. Under the same normal stress, the curve of the reinforced RAP sample with a high temperature is always below that with a low temperature, which indicates the test temperature has an adverse effect on the strength of the reinforced RAP sample. The shear strength consistently increases linearly with the increase of applied normal stress for all RAP samples. The shear strength with geogrid is greater than pure RAP under a given test temperature and normal stress. The shear strength of RAP samples at lower test temperatures is higher than that at a higher temperature. Both apparent adhesion intercept of RAP-geogrid and cohesion of RAP show a decreasing trend with the increase of the test temperature and tend to be stable with increasing temperature. Both the interface friction angle of RAP-geogrid and the internal friction angle of RAP slightly decrease with the increase of test temperature. For RAP-geogrid, the value of the apparent adhesion intercept is higher than that for sand and gravel with geosynthetics. The interface friction angle is close to that of sand and gravel with geosynthetics. Therefore, RAP material can be well used as alternative backfill materials in lieu of natural aggregates such as gravel and sand in geotechnical applications.
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Huynh, An Thao, Bryan Magee, and David Woodward. "A Preliminary Characterisation of Innovative Semi-Flexible Composite Pavement Comprising Geopolymer Grout and Reclaimed Asphalt Planings." Materials 13, no. 16 (August 17, 2020): 3644. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13163644.
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This article considers semi-flexible composite (SFC) pavement materials made with reclaimed asphalt planings (RAP) and geopolymer cement-based grouts. Geopolymer grouts were developed and used to fill the internal void structure of coarse RAP skeletons with varying levels of porosity. The geopolymer grouts were formulated at ambient temperature using industrial by-products to offer economic and environmental savings relative to conventional Portland cement-based grouting systems. They were characterised on flowability, setting time, and compressive strength. The effect of grout and RAP on SFC material performance was evaluated using permeable porosity, compressive strength, and ultrasonic pulse velocity. SFC performance was significantly influenced by both grout type and RAP content. Improved performance was associated with mixtures of high-flowability/high-strength grout and low RAP content. A practical limitation was identified for combination of grout with low-flowability/fast-setting time and well-compacted RAP skeletons. Solids content exceeding 49% by volume was not feasible, owing to inadequate grout penetration. A suite of SFC materials was produced offering performance levels for a range of practical pavement applications. Preliminary relationships enabling prediction of SFC elastic modulus based on strength and/or ultrasonic pulse velocity test data are given. A pavement design is given using SFC as a sub-base layer for an industrial hardstanding.
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Alwetaishi, Mamdooh, Mostafa Kamel, and Nidal Al-Bustami. "Sustainable applications of asphalt mixes with reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) materials: innovative and new building brick." International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies 14, no. 3 (June 4, 2019): 364–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijlct/ctz023.
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Abstract This paper presents an experimental study to evaluate the effect of various percentages of RAP on the properties of asphalt mixtures. Moreover, the thermal characteristics of using asphalt mixes with RAP in asphalt concrete blocks for sustainable application in building construction was also studied. For this issue, four mixtures, which were the combination of different ratios of RAP materials viz, 0%, 30%, 60%, 90% and virgin aggregates, were studied in this research. A comprehensive experimental program was conducted to find out the highest ratio of RAP in asphalt mixes that retains an acceptable level of physical and mechanical properties. This revealed that 90% RAP has such an acceptable level. Finally, the thermal characteristics of asphalt concrete blocks for walls in building construction were analytically investigated using TAS EDSL. This software was initially validated by building a real model of walls with asphalt concrete blocks where temperature and humidity measurements were taken through data loggers for both the indoor and outdoor spaces. A comparative study was conducted to find out the energy efficient behaviour of this material in four different climate conditions. It was concluded that the asphalt concrete mixes with 90% RAP are beneficial materials for use as a thermal mass in building construction and it is suitable only for cold weathers.
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Jiang, Wenpeng, Haonan Zhou, and Fei Chen. "Performance evaluation and enhancement of composite cold recycled mixture based on vibration mixing." Vibroengineering PROCEDIA 43 (June 13, 2022): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21595/vp.2022.22704.
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Composite cold recycled mixture is commonly used in pavement regeneration. The performance of it, including the unconfined compressive strength, splitting strength, dry shrinkage, temperature shrinkage and freeze-thaw resistance, are studied based on vibration mixing with different blending ratios of asphalt surface and cement-stabilized base. The results show that vibration mixing can effectively improve the mixing uniformity of the recycled mixture and increase the strength by up to 30 %. Besides, the change of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) admixture will affect the mechanical performance and road performance of the recycled mixture. When the admixture of RAP material is 30 %, the strength is the highest, and when the admixture is 40%, the dry shrinkage is the smallest. The temperature shrinkage coefficient decreases with the increase of RAP material admixture, and the freeze-thaw resistance is enhanced with the increase of RAP material admixture.
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Askerova, E. M., and A. A. Diveeva. "Figurative means and their transformation in rap texts." Verba Northwest Linguistic Journal, no. 3 (2023): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.34680/verba-2023-3(8)-73-84.
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This article discusses the question of the functioning of figurative expressions in rap texts. At the moment there are no studies devoted to the evolution of artistic tropes in rap texts. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that the study of stable images of Russian poetry, which are an integral part of the rap text, allows us to fully reveal the specifics of rap as a literary text. When describing the figurative means of rap texts and their transformations, traditional linguistic methods are used. The results of descriptive and analytical observation of the features of rap texts as literary texts, extralinguistic, linguistic factors influencing the imaginative potential of rap texts are presented. Special attention is paid to the characteristics of the most striking trends observed in the evolution of tropes. Significant lexemes involved in the formation of typical frequency stable images are highlighted. New elements in the composition of traditional metaphors and comparisons are analyzed, as well as figurative parallels associated with a change in the nature of genus-differentia relations. One of the ways to systematize the material is the description of semantic classes: based on the material of the texts of the rap artist Pyrokinesis, 7 main groups are identified, representing typical cases of traditional metaphors and comparisons in rap texts.