Academic literature on the topic 'RAP material'
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Journal articles on the topic "RAP material"
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Andhika Putra, Thopan, Bambang Sugeng Subagio, and Eri Susanto Hariyadi. "Performance Analysis of Resilient Modulus and Fatigue Resistance of AC-BC Mixture with Full Extracted Asbuton and Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP)." Jurnal Teknik Sipil 28, no. 3 (December 26, 2021): 349–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/jts.2021.28.3.12.
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Abstract One way to be developed to overcome challenges in providing flexible pavement materials is to apply the green roads principle by reusing some or all of the old road pavement material or Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) as a material for new road pavement, which if reused will affect the performance of the mixture, such as decreasing the level of durability and premature pavement damage, so an effort must be made to improve the performance of the recycled material, namely by adding full extracted Asbuton and rejuvenating materials. The RAP material was obtained from scratching the asphalt of the Jagorawi Toll Road. The mixture used was asphalt concrete-binder course (AC-BC) layer using 30%, 40%, and 50% RAP material, using full extracted Asbuton at 6%, and Nichireki rejuvenating material. Then, on mixtures with RAP material, Marshall Test, Resilient Modulus test with UMATTA, and resistance to fatigue with four points loading test with strain control were conducted. The use of RAP material with modified asphalt in the form of an addition of full extracted Asbuton into the Pen 60/70 Asphalt can increase the asphalt stiffness. Marshall test results showed that a mixture with 6% full extracted asbuton content and 0% RAP material content (A6RAP0) gave the highest stability value. The results of the Resilient Modulus test showed that the mixture with 6% full extracted asbuton content and 50% RAP material content (A6RAP50) gave a high Resilient Modulus value at a test temperature of 45oC. The results of the fatigue resistance test showed that the mixture with 6% full extracted asbuton content and 50% RAP material content (A6RAP50) at a strain level of 300 µε gave the longest fatigue life. Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), full extracted asbuton, asphalt concrete -binder course, modified asphalt, resilient modulus, fatigue life. Abstrak Salah satu cara dikembangkan untuk mengatasi tantangan dalam penyediaan material perkerasan lentur adalah menerapkan prinsip greenroads dengan memanfaatkan kembali sebagian atau keseluruhan material perkerasan jalan lama atau Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) sebagai material untuk perkerasan jalan yang baru, dimana jika digunakan kembali akan mempengaruhi kinerja dari campuran seperti penurunan tingkat durabilitas dan kerusakan dini perkerasan, sehingga harus dilakukan suatu upaya untuk memperbaiki kinerja dari material daur ulang tersebut, yaitu dengan penambahan Asbuton murni dan bahan peremaja. Material RAP didapatkan dari hasil garukan aspal Jalan Tol Jagorawi. Campuran yang dipakai adalah Laston Lapis AC-BC menggunakan kadar material RAP sebanyak 30%, 40%, dan 50%, dengan penggunaan Asbuton murni sebesar 6%, serta bahan peremaja Nichireki, dan kemudian selanjutnya pada campuran dengan penggunaan material RAP dilakukan pengujian Marshall, Modulus Resilien dengan alat UMATTA dan ketahanan terhadap kelelahan (fatigue) metode four points loading test dengan kontrol regangan. Penggunaan material RAP dengan aspal modifkasi berupa penambahan Asbuton murni kedalam Aspal Shell Pen 60/70 dapat meningkatkan kekakuan aspal. Hasil pengujian Marshall menunjukkan campuran dengan kadar Asbuton murni 6% dan kadar material RAP 0% (A6RAP0) memberikan nilai stabilitas tertinggi. Hasil pengujian Modulus Resilien menunjukkan campuran campuran dengan kadar Asbuton murni 6% dan kadar material RAP 50% (A6RAP50) memberikan nilai Modulus Resilien yang tinggi pada temperatur pengujian 45oC. Hasil pengujian ketahanan terhadap kelelahan menunjukkan campuran dengan kadar Asbuton murni 6% dan kadar material RAP 50% (A6RAP50) pada regangan 300 µε memberikan umur kelelahan yang paling panjang. Kata-kata kunci: Reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), Asbuton murni, laston lapis antara, aspal modifikasi, modulus resilien, umur kelelahan.
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Yin, Peng, Yuanguang Xie, and Huixi Lang. "Research on the Impact of Recycled Asphalt Mixture on Road Performance Based on New Thermal Recycling." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2152, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2152/1/012005.
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Abstract Different binder content to RAP Regeneration SBS modified asphalt mixture for road performance to SBS modified asphalt (I-D type) as an index, determine the optimum dose of new heat regenerating agent and different RAP regeneration, and prepared different recycled asphalt, which have differences in RAP content. The performance of recycled asphalt mixture with different RAP content was evaluated by freeze-thaw splitting test. Rut test and Low temperature trabecular bending test. The correlation between RAP content and pavement performance was analyzed by grey system correlation analysis method. According to the experimental verification results, it can be known that increasing the content of RAP material can improve the high-temperature performance of reclaimed asphalt, but will result in a qualitative decrease in low-temperature performance and water temperature, but the above-mentioned performance can reach the required level, Shows that new heat regenerators play a role in the road performance of RAP materials, and for the RAP material utilization ratio of more than 50%, as for the gray correlation analysis, it can be found that there is a close correlation between the low-temperature performance of recycled asphalt mixture and the content of RAP material. The low temperature cracking resistance of asphalt mixtures will change significantly due to the slight changes in RAP materials.
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Plati, Christina, and Brad Cliatt. "A Sustainability Perspective for Unbound Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) as a Pavement Base Material." Sustainability 11, no. 1 (December 24, 2018): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11010078.
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The present study aims to investigate reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) materials for utilization for a pavement base layer material with the goal towards increasing the reutilization of materials and the movement towards increased pavement sustainability. Reduced cost for materials and transportation of materials, overall environmental benefits and many other advantages have led to increased interests in utilizing RAP in pavements including as base materials for highway/roadway construction projects. The potential advantages of utilizing RAP as an unbound base material are known; however, its overall application is still limited partially due to the lack of systematic evaluation studies for the parameterization of RAPs mechanical behavior in pavement design. With this in mind, the current investigation focuses on the resilient modulus (Mr) properties of RAP aggregates in terms of a material’s elastic response. Experimental data from tri-axial stress tests on specimens consisting of RAP, aggregates and a mixture of both materials are investigated. A number of constitutive models for the description of mechanical behavior of RAP materials are investigated. The required procedures for determining the constitutive constants of the constitutive models is outlined for the aforementioned materials. A comparative analysis is applied, and the related results are evaluated. The main conclusion is that RAP materials can be utilized as a base material in the framework of pavement sustainability, as its behavior under loading conditions are similar to virgin aggregate (VA) materials and can be simulated by using appropriate constitutive models for pavement design processes.
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Sejvani, Ajaykumar, A. A. Amin, and L. B. Zala. "Utilization of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Material in Wet Mix Macadam (W.M.M)." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2089, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2089/1/012060.
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Abstract Reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) is one of the innovative and effective technologies in many places in the world. The utilization of RAP is rapidly increasing popularity and becoming an emerging technique in India. As per IRC-120:2015, removing or reprocessing pavement materials containing aggregates that are bitumen coated is termed as RAP. These materials are gained through a process in which the existing surface pavement is reclaimed and reused after processing for reconstruction, resurfacing, or repaving. Well graded and high-quality aggregate are achieved from this process. Proper utilization of RAP with specified properties and specified percentages, not only serve as an alternative useful pavement material but also helps in reducing the usage of natural construction material, that will directly reduce the overall cost of projects. By conducting tests as per MoRTH specifications (5th Revision), the various characteristics of RAP material and fresh aggregates are observed. The main objective of the study is to carry out the performance tests: Modified Proctor test on fresh material as well as on material mixed with reclaimed asphalt pavement i.e. 10%, 20%, and 30% of total mix and to achieve optimum moisture content and maximum dry density by using Modified Proctor Test. Attempts are carried out to design a new pavement using Indian Road Congress (I.R.C-37:2018) guidelines and utilization of RAP material. Economic benefits are calculated in terms of fresh and RAP (10%, 20%, and 30%) mix material pavement.
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Garg, Navneet, and Marshall R. Thompson. "Lincoln Avenue Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Base Project." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1547, no. 1 (January 1996): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196154700113.
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Pavement rehabilitation and reconstruction operations have generated large supplies of reclaimed asphalt concrete (RAC). In Illinois crushed RAC generally called recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) supplies are not 100 percent recycled into hot-mix asphalt concrete production. RAP acceptance as a pavement base material has been limited because of the lack of laboratory testing information, information on structural behavior, and field performance data. Limited preliminary laboratory testing and isolated commercial and local road agency paving experience in Illinois indicate that RAP has significant potential as a pavement base. RAP base potential was evaluated by constructing the Lincoln Avenue (Urbana, Illinois) demonstration project during late September and early October 1993. The pavement section is a 305-mm (12-in.) lime-modified, fine-grained subgrade, a 203-mm (8-in.) compacted RAP base, and a 76-mm (3-in.) dense-graded asphalt concrete surface course. The construction, structural response, and performance of the Lincoln Avenue RAP base project were monitored as part of a cooperative study (Illinois Department of Transportation, City of Urbana, and University of Illinois). The accumulated construction, field testing and evaluation, and laboratory testing data and information are summarized. The field construction experience, field control test data, laboratory testing results, falling weight deflectometer results, and Lincoln Avenue performance data indicate that RAP can successfully be used as a conventional flexible pavement base material. The performance of the Lincoln Avenue RAP base pavement (to date) is comparable with that of a crushed stone base.
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Rahim, Irwan Ridwan, Novita Pradani, Rita Irmawaty, and Muhammad Wihardi Tjaronge. "Pengaruh Material Daur Ulang Pasca Bencana dan Asbuton Butir Terhadap Sifat Volumetrik Campuran Beton Aspal Lapis Aus." Jurnal Rekayasa Sipil dan Lingkungan 7, no. 1 (June 14, 2023): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/jrsl.v7i1.36609.
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Pemanfaatan material perkerasan jalan pasca bencana di Kota Palu dan penggunaan material lokal yaitu Asbuton Butir Lawele diharapkan dapat bersinergi dengan baik pada campuran Beton Aspal Lapis Aus (AC-WC). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji pengaruh penggunaan material daur ulang (RAP) dan asbuton butir terhadap sifat volumetrik campuran AC-WC. Bahan RAP yang digunakan dalam campuran adalah 20% dari berat campuran dan variasi asbuton yang digunakan adalah 0%, 3%, 6% dan 9% dari berat campuran. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian diketahui bahwa penambahan material RAP dan asbuton butir pada campuran AC-WC dapat mempengaruhi sifat volumetrik campuran. Nilai rongga dalam campuran (VIM) dan rongga dalam agregat mineral (VMA) akan meningkat seiring dengan peningkatan persentase asbuton. Sebaliknya, rongga yang terisi aspal (VFB) akan berkurang dengan bertambahnya jumlah asbuton. Sehingga dapat dikatakan bahwa campuran AC-WC yang mengandung RAP dengan penambahan asbuton butir, akan mengalami perubahan volumetrik jika dibandingkan dengan campuran tanpa RAP dan asbuton butir.
ABSTRAK
Utilization of post-disaster pavement materials in Palu City and Indonesian local materials, namely Asbuton Butir Lawele, are expected to synergize well in Asphaltic Concrete Wearing Course (AC-WC) mixture. This studio aims to examine the effect of recycled materials (RAP) and granular asbuton on the volumetric properties of the AC-WC mixture. The RAP material used in the mix is 20% of the mixture weight and variations of asbuton used are 0%, 3%, 6% and 9% of the mixture weight. Based on laboratory results, it was found that the addition of RAP material and granular asbuton to the AC-WC mixture could affect the volumetric properties of the mix. The value of voids in the mixture (VIM) and voids in mineral aggregates (VMA) will increase as the proportion of asbuton increases. On the other hand, the void filled with asphalt (VFB) will decrease with the increasing number of asbuton. So it can be said that the AC-WC mixture containing RAP with the addition of granular asbuton, will experience volumetric changes compared to the mix without RAP and granular asbuton.
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Chen, J. S., P. Y. Chu, Y. Y. Lin, and K. Y. Lin. "Characterization of binder and mix properties to detect reclaimed asphalt pavement content in bituminous mixtures." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 34, no. 5 (May 1, 2007): 581–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l06-150.
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Abstract: The purpose of this study was to recommend a testing procedure to detect the content of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) used in hot-mix asphalt mixtures. Asphalt was extracted from RAP for use in blending with new binder and aggregate. The recovered binders were blended with virgin asphalt (AC-10) at 10 different concentrations. A concept called relative energy loss was proposed to determine the engineering properties of recycled asphalt concrete (RAC). The relative energy loss was found to be directly related to the resistance of RAC to moisture-induced damage. A noticeable increase in relative energy loss with as much as 50% RAP was observed. At 20% RAP, there was not enough RAP to change binder or mixture properties. The predicted performance of mixtures containing up to 40% RAP by weight was shown to be similar to that of virgin material mixtures. A model was developed to estimate the RAP content in terms of penetration, viscosity, and relative energy loss. Key words: reclaimed asphalt pavement, relative energy loss, moisture sensitivity.
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Suwarto, Fardzanela, Bagus Hario Setiadji, and Supriyono Supriyono. "PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN DAN PERLAKUAN PENYIAPAN RECLAIMED ASPHALT PAVEMENT (RAP) TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK." Jurnal Proyek Teknik Sipil 1, no. 1 (November 2, 2018): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/potensi.2018.3489.
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Abstract: The addition of the Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) is done by stripping the asphalt mixture on the pavement structure and destroying it into a grained material. The percentage of RAP material addition and treatment of RAP material prior to use as a Job Mix Formula will affect the final result of the asphalt mixture so that the relationship between the asphalt mixture characteristics with the RAP material and the relationship between the asphalt mixture characteristics between the two treatments against RAP with or without the granulator need to be studied. The results of this study show that the addition of RAP material can improve the stability of the asphalt mixture, the optimal value of RAP material addition is between 20% and 30%. In addition, the use of RAP by granulisation process in aggregate mixtures can help to improve stability and mixed stiffness.Keyword: RAP, Asphalt mixture, granulator
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Puppala, Anand J., Aravind Pedarla, Bhaskar Chittoori, Vijay Krishna Ganne, and Soheil Nazarian. "Long-Term Durability Studies on Chemically Treated Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Material as a Base Layer for Pavements." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2657, no. 1 (January 2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2657-01.
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For several years reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) material has been used as a construction material in hot-mix asphalt (HMA) to reduce material costs and stabilize pavements. Of the 45 million tons of RAP produced every year in the United States, only 33% is being used in HMA. Recent studies have demonstrated that RAP can be used effectively in base layers when it is blended with aggregate base materials and stabilized with cement or fly ash additives. This adoption in the pavement base layer helps maximize the reutilization of RAP material and minimize its disposal in landfills, thereby making it an environmentally friendly practice. However, studies reported so far addressed only the strength and stiffness characteristics of stabilized RAP in base layers in the short term, and not many studies have addressed its long-term behavior. In this study the long-term durability of untreated as well as stabilized specimens was tested by conducting standard durability testing to replicate the moisture fluctuations in the field from seasonal variations. In addition, leachate studies were conducted to examine the effect of rainfall infiltration on the leachability of the cement or fly ash stabilizer from stabilized RAP mixtures. Durability studies revealed a very low volumetric change and good retaining strength at the end of three, seven, and 14 cycles for RAP material from the El Paso, Texas, area, and leachate tests proved that the leaching of cement or fly ash stabilizer from RAP mixes cannot be considered to be a concern for long-term performance. However, approximately 2 years of field infiltration were replicated in the laboratory in this study. Of the several RAP mixtures studied, the mixture composed of 60% RAP and 40% base material with 2% cement was identified as an effective long-term-performing mixture.
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Wei, Wenwu, Chao Ji, Honggang Song, Zhigang Li, Zhen Liu, Lijun Sun, and Zhou Zhou. "Effect of Fractionation Process and Addition of Composite Crumb Rubber-Modified Asphalt on Road Performance Variability of Recycled Asphalt Mixtures with High Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) Content." Buildings 13, no. 11 (October 29, 2023): 2729. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13112729.
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The application of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) can help reduce resource waste and environmental pollution in road construction. However, so far, only a small percentage of RAP materials can be used in road construction. The key obstacles to the application of a recycled asphalt mixture (RAM) with high RAP content are the variability of RAP materials and the difficulty of fully rejuvenating aged asphalt. However, there is still a lack of research on the effect of the variability of RAP materials and recycled asphalt on the quality control of a RAM. Therefore, this study investigates the effects of sieve pretreatment of RAP material using 4.75 mm sieve mesh and the use of composite crumb rubber-modified asphalt (CCRMA) to reclaim aged asphalt on the road performance and frame variability of reclaimed asphalt mixtures. Therefore, this study investigates the effects of the fractionation process of RAP material using 4.75 mm sieve mesh and the use of CCRMA to reclaim aged asphalt on the road performance of a RAM. The results show that the fractionation process can effectively reduce the mitigation of RAP agglomeration and reduce the variability of gradation, which in turn reduces the variability of road performance. The incorporation of CCRMA can effectively improve the high-temperature stability performance and low-temperature cracking resistance. The dynamic stability and the fracture energy of the CRAM (RAM prepared using CCRMA) were four and one and a half times as large as that of the NAM (RAM prepared using base asphalt), respectively. The fractionation process of RAP material and the utilization of CCRMA could help reduce the variability of the RAM while improving the road performance of the RAM.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "RAP material"
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O'Brien, William John. "Characterisation and material removal properties of the RAP™ process." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2011. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/6560.
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The Reactive Atom Plasma® (RAP) process is a plasma chemical etching process. RAP was developed at RAPT Industries as a process for removing subsurface damage from silicon carbide optics. The process is being investigated at Cranfield University as a novel method for the fine surface correction of large optics, with the aim of shortening the manufacturing period of the next generation of large telescopes. RAP offers material removal rates that are up to 10 times higher than those of ion beam figuring, the current state-of-the-art technique and the convenience in that it can be operated at atmospheric pressure. Cont/d.
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Penny, Julie Elizabeth. "An evaluation of heated reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) material and wax modified asphalt for use in recycled hot mix asphalt (HMA)." Worcester, Mass. : Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 2007. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-010807-113145/.
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Forton, Andrei-Roman. "Thermomechanical behaviour of bituminous materials including RAP and rejuvenator and environmental impact of their fabrication process." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LYSET005.
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L'étude présentée dans cette thèse a été réalisée dans le cadre d'une collaboration entre l'Université Polytechnique de Timisoara (UPT, Universitatea Politehnica Timisoara) de Roumanie et l'Université de Lyon / ENTPE en France. Les objectifs sont, i) la caractérisation des performances thermomécaniques des mélanges de liants et des enrobés bitumineux produits à partir d’agrégats d’enrobés (RAP) et de réjuvénant et, ii) l'étude de l'impact environnemental lié à la production d'un mélange contenant différentes quantités de matériaux RAP et de réjuvénant. Des études expérimentales poussées ont été réalisées sur les liants d’une part, et sur les enrobés, d’autre part. Tous les essais sur les liants et les enrobés ainsi que l'évaluation de l'impact environnemental ont été réalisés à l'UPT. Les analyses et la modélisation de la plupart des paramètres / caractéristiques des liants et des enrobés ont été effectuées au laboratoire LTDS de l'ENTPE. L'étude sur les liants s'est concentrée sur les propriétés de liants produits en mélangeant un liant pur (50/70 pen.), un liant extrait du RAP, et un réjuvénant d'origine végétale. L'étude sur les enrobés s'est concentrée sur l'investigation de 13 enrobés bitumineux produits avec différentes quantités de matériau RAP, et avec ou sans réjuvénant. Le liant pur, le liant du RAP et le réjuvénant utilisés dans les enrobés, ainsi que leurs proportions, sont les mêmes que celles utilisées pour la campagne expérimentale sur les mélanges de liants. Une analyse de l'impact environnemental (EIA) a été réalisée afin d'estimer l'impact environnemental potentiel lié au processus de fabrication des enrobés bitumineux considérésThe study presented in this thesis has been carried out within a collaboration between Politehnica University Timisoara (UPT) from Romania and Université de Lyon/École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État (ENTPE), laboratory LTDS from France. The objectives are, i) the characterization of the thermomechanical performances of binder blends and bituminous mixtures produced with Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) and rejuvenator and, ii) the investigation of the potential environmental impact related to the production of a mixture containing different amounts of RAP material and rejuvenator. Therefore, comprehensive experimental investigations were performed on binders and mixtures. All tests on binders and mixtures were performed in the Road Laboratory from UPT, together with the environmental impact assessment. On the other hand, the analyses, estimations and predictions of most parameters/characteristics of binders and mixtures were performed at ENTPE. The study on binders focused on the properties of different binder blends produced by mixing one type of fresh binder (a straight run 50/70 pen. grade), a RAP-extracted binder and a rejuvenator of vegetal origin. The study on mixtures focused on the investigation on 13 bituminous mixtures
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Tanski, Mateus Camargo. "COMPORTAMENTO MECÂNICO DE MATERIAL RECICLADO A FRIO COM EMULSÃO E CIMENTO." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2016. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/7934.
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The recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) extracted from recovery distresses in highways does not receive the attention and importance it deserves in Brazil. The reuse of this material, which presents as good properties as the virgin aggregate, when applied correctly in the composition of new pavement layers or rehabilitations, is a widely used in European and United States. Besides solving the environmental liabilities of pavement, the reuse of milled material in asphalt mixtures is a sustainable alternative, which decreases consumption of asphalt and virgin aggregate, milled material transportation and allocation costs. This study seeks an alternative to the use of RAP as the base layer in the implementation of new pavements.For this paper, cold recycled mixtures were studied, wich are composed of RAP (granulometrically stabilized with fine aggregate) and RL-1C asphalt emulsion, a bituminous binder that contains added Portland Cement (CP V ARI) in the proportions of 2% to 5% for emulsion and from 0% to 1% of cement, in weight. The proposed mixtures were evaluate through mechanical resistance to single compression (RCS), indirect tensile strength (RT), resilient modulus tests (RM), Complex Modulus (E* and Ф) and Flow Number (FN). After performing these tests, it was observed that the values obtained reveal that the mixtures with proportions varying from 50% to 75% of emulsion, compared to the cement used in the mixtures, show better results. Moreover, the mixtures present resilient modulus results ranging from 1500 MPa to 3000 MPa (excellent values for base layers). The FN test shows that by adding cement to the mixture, the results improved in the form of an increment in the number of cycles, which performed at its best with samples that had 2% and 3% of emulsion. The uniaxial Complex Modulus test allowed access the viscoelastic behavior and the 2S2P1D modeling was used too. It´s possible to confirm that this technique is viable pavement maintenance.O material fresado extraído de trechos em recuperação não recebe a atenção e importância que merece no Brasil. O reaproveitamento desse material, que apresenta comportamento tão bom quanto os agregados virgens, quando empregado de maneira correta na composição de camadas de pavimentos novos ou restaurações, é uma prática largamente utilizada em países europeus e nos Estados Unidos. Além de resolver o passivo ambiental das empresas, o reemprego do fresado em misturas asfálticas, é uma alternativa sustentável que diminui o consumo de agregados virgens e custos com transporte de fresado e alocação do mesmo. Este trabalho busca uma alternativa para emprego do material fresado como camada de base na execução de pavimentos novos. Foram estudadas misturas recicladas a frio compostas de fresado estabilizado granulometricamente com pó-de-pedra e tendo como ligante betuminoso emulsão asfáltica RL-1C nas proporções de 2% a 5% e de ligante hidráulico CP V ARI de 0% a 1% de cimento. As misturas propostas foram avaliadas por meio de ensaios de resistência à compressão simples (RCS), ruptura por tração por compressão diametral (RT), módulo de resiliência (MR), módulo complexo (IE*I) e FlowNumber (FN). Após a realização dos ensaios, observou-se que os valores obtidos demonstram que as misturas com proporção variando de 50% a 75% de emulsão, em relação ao cimento empregado nas misturas, apresentam melhores resultados. Além disso, as mesmas misturas apresentam valores de módulo resiliente variando entre 1500 MPa e 3000 MPa (valores excelentes para camadas de base). O ensaio de FN mostrou que a adição de cimento na mistura melhora os resultados aumentando o número de ciclos, apresentando como melhores as amostras com 2% e 3% de emulsão. Através do ensaio de módulo dinâmico obteve-se a curva mestra das misturas utilizando a modelo 2S2P1D. Acredita-se que esta será uma alternativa técnica e economicamente viável para destinação do material fresado gerado em abundância pelas obras rodoviárias.
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Centofante, Roberta. "ESTUDO LABORATORIAL DA UTILIZAÇÃO DE MATERIAL FRESADO EM MISTURAS ASFÁLTICAS RECICLADAS A QUENTE." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2016. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/7915.
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Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa no Estado do Rio Grande do SulThe use of recycled materials can become a constructive application with good acceptance in the road sector, and is a great contribution to the sustainability policy. In this scenario, the study of economic and sustainable techniques for execution, construction and maintenance of highways, forces a survey in which they can find alternatives to the use of materials that reduce energy consumption, taking into account also the environmental appeal. Therefore, this is an objective research on the study of a way to use, reuse, and improve the use of the recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) in hot asphalt mixtures. This is possible due to the RAP's recycling process being a viable option to replace conventional pavement materials. Then, the RAP becomes an alternative when someone wishes to improve the properties of a material, called particle size stabilization, aiming at a correct particle size and obtain a material with greater strength, efficiency and lower cost. To achieve the purpose of this study, laboratory tests were made to evaluate the mechanical properties and adhesiveness of mixtures containing 10% addition of RAP, 20% and 30%, compared to a reference mix without the RAP addition. Additionally, the initial use of the Bailey method was an important factor to the formation of the mixtures and selection of the aggregates used to Superpave methodology to design dosage strength and preparing of the samples. For mechanical evaluation were used resilient modulus tests (RM) and to review viscoelastic were used uniaxial dynamic modulus test. In addition, the indirect tensile strength tests were performed (RT) and Flow Number (FN) and damage tests induced moisture through the Modified Lottman test and wear a Cantabro abrasion, for evaluation of the properties of adhesion and cohesion of the mixtures, respectively. So after obtained these results, it was possible to make an analysis of the use of these hot mix asphalt recycling hot pavements, as well as assess how much conventional mixtures can be improved with the inclusion of recycled material, replacing virgin aggregate. Then, it was possible to infer that the mechanical evaluation showed positive results with the addition of RAP compared to a reference blend. It´s possible to reduce the new binder content between 13 and 37%. The results showed that RM stiffness and indirect tensile strength increases with RAP amount. Furthermore, the FN test results showed reductions on permanent deformation and rutting of the RAP´s mixtures. Through the master curve obtained by dynamic module, along with modeling 2S2P1D, it was found that the CAF10 mixture unexpectedly had stiffness greater than the CAF20 mixture, which has 20% more RAP than the previous.
A utilização de materiais provenientes da reciclagem pode se tornar uma aplicação construtiva com boa aceitação no setor rodoviário, além de contribuir na política de sustentabilidade. Com isso, torna-se viável o estudo de técnicas econômicas e sustentáveis para execução, construção e manutenção de rodovias, forçando uma pesquisa em que se possa encontrar alternativas para o uso de materiais que diminuam o consumo de energia, levando em conta, ainda, o apelo ambiental. Por isso, essa pesquisa se objetiva no estudo de uma maneira de utilizar, reutilizar e melhor aproveitar o material fresado em misturas asfálticas a quente. Isto se dá devido ao processo de reciclagem deste material ser uma alternativa de possível substituição aos materiais convencionais naturais de pavimentação como, por exemplo, a pedra britada. Então, o material asfáltico do pavimento deteriorado (fresado) torna-se uma das alternativas quando se deseja melhorar as propriedades de um material, denominada estabilização granulométrica, visando corrigir sua granulometria e obter um material com maior resistência, eficiência e menor custo. Para atingir o objetivo desta pesquisa, foram realizados ensaios laboratoriais que pudessem avaliar as propriedades mecânicas e de adesividade das misturas contendo 10% de adição de fresado, 20% e 30%, comparadas a uma mistura de referência sem adição de agregado reciclado. Além disso, a utilização inicial do Método Bailey foi um fator importante para a formação das misturas e seleção dos agregados, sendo utilizada a metodologia Superpave para dosagem do teor de projeto e moldagem das amostras. Para avaliação mecânica, foram usados ensaios de módulo de resiliência (MR) e, ainda, para avaliação viscoelástica, ensaio de módulo dinâmico uniaxial. Além destes, foram realizados ensaios de resistência à tração indireta (RT) e Flow Number (FN) e, também, ensaios de dano por umidade induzida, através do ensaio de Lottman Modificado, e desgaste por abrasão Cântabro, para avaliação das propriedades de adesividade e coesão das misturas, respectivamente. Assim, após obtidos estes resultados, foi possível efetuar uma análise da utilização destas misturas asfálticas na reciclagem a quente de pavimentos, bem como avaliar o quanto as misturas convencionais podem ser melhoradas com a inserção de material reciclado, em substituição ao agregado virgem. Então, foi possível concluir que a avaliação mecânica apresentou resultados positivos com a adição de fresado, quando comparados a uma mistura de referência. Os resultados de MR mostraram que a rigidez aumenta ao passo que a quantidade de fresado é maior na composição das misturas, o mesmo foi possível verificar através dos ensaios de RT, os quais apresentaram valores crescentes. Além disso, o ensaio de FN comprovou que o fresado aumenta a rigidez das misturas. Através da curva mestra obtida pelo módulo dinâmico, juntamente com a modelagem 2S2P1D, foi possível constatar que a mistura CAF10, inesperadamente, apresentou rigidez maior que a mistura CAF20, a qual tem 20% a mais de fresado que a anterior.
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Pasche, Eduardo. "Estudo da resistência e da rigidez de uma mistura de material fresado asfáltico e pó-de-pedra com a adição de cimento." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/149836.
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A malha rodoviária brasileira é elemento fundamental para as cadeias produtivas, pois promove a integração de regiões, estados, portos, ferrovias, hidrovias e aeroportos. A qualidade do pavimento é um dos principais determinantes do desempenho dos usuários durante suas viagens. Uma das formas para a correção dos defeitos nos pavimentos é a restauração, sendo bastante empregada atualmente a fresagem do revestimento asfáltico, que consiste na operação de um corte do revestimento asfáltico, esta atividade produz uma grande quantidade de resíduo nas obras de restauração de rodovias, denominado de material fresado asfáltico ou somente fresado, que é constituído por agregados (graúdos e miúdos) e Cimento Asfáltico de Petróleo (CAP). Esta pesquisa objetivou avaliar, através de ensaios laboratoriais, a viabilidade da utilização de uma mistura de material fresado e pó-de-pedra estabilizados quimicamente com cimento Portland em camadas de pavimentos flexíveis, correlacionando o índice porosidade/teor volumétrico de cimento (η/Civ) com parâmetros de rigidez e resistência das misturas. O material fresado é oriundo da BR-290. Foi realizada estabilização granulométrica, sendo determinado o teor de 70% de material fresado e 30% de pó-de-pedra e a estabilização química, com os teores de 3%, 5% e 7%. Foram moldados corpos-de-prova de 10 x 20 cm para ensaios de resistência à compressão e resistência à tração. Para o módulo de resiliência, foram moldados corpos-de-prova de 6,5 x 10 cm e para o módulo complexo foram moldados corpos-de-prova de 10 x 15 cm, todos com 28 dias de cura. A análise dos resultados mostrou que ambas as resistências e módulos estudados aumentam linearmente com o aumento da quantidade de cimento e exponencialmente com a redução da porosidade. Os resultados também mostraram que o material apresenta características viscoelásticas oriundas do material fresado. A relação porosidade/teor volumétrico de cimento ajustado por um coeficiente [η/(Civ)0,41] mostrou-se adequada na previsão das resistências e módulos para todas as misturas estudadas. O desempenho satisfatório colabora com a possibilidade de abranger os estudos destes materiais.The Brazilian highways are fundamental to the productive chain once promote the integration of regions, states, ports, railways, waterways and airports. The quality of the surface is a major determinant of the performance of travelers during their travels. One way to correct the defects in the pavements is the restoration currently being used through milling of the asphalt coating and its reuse. In the operation of a drilling asphalt coating, such activity produces a lot of waste in highway restoration works, called Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP), which is composed of aggregates (coarse and fine) and asphalt binder. The use of such material is the main objective of present research, targeting the grain size and chemical stabilization, the latter adding Portland cement. This research aims to evaluate, through laboratory testing, the viability of using a mixture of RAP and powdered rock chemically stabilized with Portland cement for layers in flexible pavements, correlating the porosity/cement ratio (η/Civ) with stiffness and resistance parameters of the mixtures. The RAP used in present research comes from restoration of the BR-290. The grain size stabilization was performed; RAP content being determined as 70% and 30% of powdered rock. The chemical stabilization was carried out with early strength Portland cement contents of 3%, 5% e 7%. Specimens’10x20 cm were manufactured for the unconfined compressive and splitting tensile tests. For the resilient modulus, specimens had 6.5x10cm and for the dynamic modulus specimens had10x15 cm. All ests were cured for 28 days. The results showed that both, resistance and modules increase linearly with increasing amount of cement and exponentially with decreasing of the porosity. The results also show that the material has viscoelastic characteristics originating from the RAP. The relationship between the porosity/cement ratio adjusted by a coefficient [η/(Civ)0.41] proved adequate in predicting resistance and modules for all studied mixtures. Satisfactory performance corroborates the possibility of covering of the studies of this material.
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Pires, Gustavo Menegusso. "ESTUDO DA ESTABILIZAÇÃO GRANULOMÉTRICA E QUÍMICA DE MATERIAL FRESADO COM ADIÇÃO DE CIMENTO PORTLAND E CINZA DE CASCA DE ARROZ PARA APLICAÇÃO EM CAMADAS DE PAVIMENTOS." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2014. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/7865.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorRoad transport is of great importance for many countries, in Brazil it can be even more extreme, due to the concentration of cargo through this modal. We also know that maintenance costs are elevated, forcing managers and researchers to find new alternatives to increase the utilization of materials, reduce energy consumption, speed up restoration interventions, among others. Besides the high costs, another important factor that stands out is the environmental issue, which is directly affected in the construction and maintenance of highways, whether using natural materials, movements of soils, in the fuel used by the equipment, etc. Thus, it becomes feasible to study reuse of old materials in the execution of highways recycling of deteriorated pavement, because all the material can be used for construction of a new layer, and with little addition of new materials for stabilization, reducing the consumption. Therefore, the material deteriorated asphalt pavement, the Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP), is the objective of this research, aiming to stabilize pavement layers in two ways, the particle size and chemical stabilization, the latter with the addition of Portland cement and rice husk ash. This research aims to evaluate, through laboratory testing, the feasibility of using pure and stabilized milled material (mechanical, chemical and particle size) in layers of flexible pavements. The milled materials are from BR-290 and ERS-509. Particle size stabilization was performed and determined the level of 70% of milled material and 30% of natural aggregate. For testing of compressive strength were molded into test specimens of 10x20 cm with different levels of Portland cement (CP IV-32), and determine the content of 4,86% (BR-290) and 5,37% (ERS-569) from the compressive strength of 2.1 MPa at 28 days. From the results obtained, specimens were molded for testing the Axial compressive strength, tensile strength by diametrical compression and resilient modulus; in these specimens, the cement was replaced by Rice Husk Ash (mesh #325 and #500) in ratios of 15, 30 and 50% by weight of cement content, and put into moist chamber for 7, 28 and 160 curing days. The results showed that the amount of 15% of CCA reached values very close to the reference mixtures. The satisfactory performance confirms the possibility to cover studies of these materials.
O transporte rodoviário é de grande importância para muitos países, no Brasil isso pode ser ainda mais extremo devido à concentração da movimentação das cargas através deste modal. Sabemos também que os custos de manutenção são elevados, forçando os gestores e pesquisadores a encontrar sempre novas alternativas para melhorar o aproveitamento dos materiais, diminuir o consumo de energia, agilizar as intervenções de restauração, entre outros. Outro fator importante que se destaca é a questão ambiental, onde é diretamente afetada nas construções e manutenções de rodovias, seja no consumo de materiais naturais, nas movimentações de terras, nos combustíveis utilizados, etc. Assim, torna-se viável o estudo de reaproveitamento dos materiais antigos das rodovias, na execução da reciclagem do pavimento deteriorado, pois todo o material poderá ser utilizado para construção de uma nova camada. Portanto, o material asfáltico do pavimento deteriorado, o fresado, é o objetivo de estudo desta pesquisa, visando a estabilização granulométrica e química, esta última com adição de cimento Portland e cinza de casca de arroz. Esta pesquisa objetivou avaliar, através de ensaios laboratoriais, a viabilidade da utilização de material fresado puro e estabilizado (mecânica, granulométrica e quimicamente) em camadas de pavimentos flexíveis. Os materiais fresados são oriundos da BR-290 e da ERS-509. Foi realizada estabilização granulométrica, sendo determinado o teor de 70% de material fresado e 30% de agregado natural. Para ensaio de resistência à compressão simples foram moldados em corpos-de-prova de 10x20 cm com diferentes teores de cimento Portland (CP-IV 32), sendo determinados os teores de 4,86% (BR-290) e 5,37% (ERS-569) a partir da resistência à compressão de 2,1 MPa aos 28 dias. A partir dos resultados obtidos foram moldados corpos de prova para ensaios de resistência à compressão, resistência à tração e módulo de resiliência; sendo nestes substituído em massa o CP-IV 32 em 15, 30 e 50% por cinza de casca de arroz moída (CCA #325 e CCA #500), colocados em câmara úmida por 7, 28 e 160 dias. A análise dos resultados mostrou que o teor de 15% de CCA alcançou valores muito próximos das misturas de referência. O desempenho satisfatório corrobora com a possibilidade de abranger os estudos destes materiais.
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Roper, Matthew B. "Evaluation of Laboratory Durability Tests for Stabilized Aggregate Base Materials." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2007. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/902.
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The Portland Cement Association commissioned a research project at Brigham Young University to compare selected laboratory durability tests available for assessing stabilized aggregate base materials. The laboratory research associated with this project involved two granular base materials, three stabilizers at three concentration levels each, and three durability tests in a full-factorial experimental design. The granular base materials consisted of an aggregate-reclaimed asphalt pavement blend obtained from Interstate 84 (I-84) and a crushed limestone obtained from U.S. Highway 91 (US-91), while the three stabilizer types included Class C fly ash, lime-fly ash, and Type I/II Portland cement. Specimens were tested for durability using the freeze-thaw test, the vacuum saturation test, and the tube suction test. Analyses of the test results indicated that the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and retained UCS were higher for specimens tested in freeze-thaw cycling than the corresponding values associated with vacuum saturation testing. This observation suggests that the vacuum saturation test is more severe than the freeze-thaw test for materials similar to those evaluated in this research. The analyses also indicated that the I-84 material retained more strength during freeze-thaw cycling and vacuum saturation and exhibited lower final dielectric values during tube suction testing than the US-91 material. Although the I-84 material performed better than the US-91 material, the I-84 material required higher stabilizer concentrations to reach the target 7-day UCS values specified in this research. After freeze-thaw testing, the Class C fly-treated specimens were significantly stronger than both lime-fly ash- and cement-treated specimens. In the vacuum saturation test, none of the three stabilizer types were significantly different from each other with respect to either UCS or retained UCS. Dielectric values measured during tube suction testing were lowest for cement-treated specimens, indicating that cement performed better than other stabilizers in reducing the moisture/frost susceptibility of the treated materials. The results also show that, as the stabilizer concentration level increased from low to high, specimens performed better in nearly all cases. A strong correlation was identified between UCS after the freeze-thaw test and UCS after the vacuum saturation test, while very weak correlations were observed between the final dielectric value after tube suction testing and all other response variables. Differences in variability between test results were determined to be statistically insignificant. Engineers interested in specifying a comparatively severe laboratory durability test should consider vacuum saturation testing for specimens treated with stabilizers similar to those evaluated in this research. The vacuum saturation test is superior to both the freeze-thaw and tube suction tests because of the shorter duration and lack of a need for daily specimen monitoring. Although the Class C fly ash used in this research performed well, further investigation of various sources of Class C fly ash is recommended because of the variability inherent in that material. Similar research should be performed on subgrade soils, which are also routinely stabilized in pavement construction. Research related to long-term field performance of stabilized materials should be conducted to develop appropriate thresholds for laboratory UCS values in conjunction with vacuum saturation testing.
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Al, khasawneh Mohammad. "Evaluation of Novel Construction Technologies and Materials for Roadway Unpaved Shoulders." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1595848023340553.
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MAZZONI, GIORGIA. "Self-healing potential and RAP inclusion as sustainable strategies for never-ending bituminous materials." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/252978.
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Benefici economico-ambientali incoraggiano l’uso di fresato (RAP), proveniente dalla demolizione di vecchie pavimentazioni stradali, da introdurre nella produzione di nuove miscele. In particolare, riciclare a caldo il RAP permette una riduzione dei costi di produzione e dei problemi di smaltimento, oltre a un risparmio delle risorse naturali, grazie allo sfruttamento della fase sia bituminosa sia litica. Tuttavia, i regolamenti delle agenzie stradali e pubbliche amministrazioni impongono restrizioni sulle percentuali di RAP implementabili (10÷30%) per la scarsa conoscenza dei meccanismi di interazione tra bitume riattivato da RAP e bitume vergine. Assunzioni inaccurate possono causare ammaloramenti prematuri della miscela, come fessurazioni da fatica, data la più severa ossidazione, e conseguente rigidezza, del bitume da RAP rispetto a quello vergine.
In questo contesto, l’attività di dottorato si è posta l’obiettivo di valutare gli effetti causati dal riciclaggio a caldo di alti quantitativi di RAP. Poiché la prestazione in sito di miscele bituminose è strettamente legata alla fase legante e ai suoi costituenti (filler e bitume), la sperimentazione è stata indirizzata all’analisi delle interazioni tra diverse tipologie e dosaggi di bitumi da RAP, rigeneranti e filler. Accanto alla “classica” caratterizzazione reologica, protocolli di prova innovativi sono stati applicati per ottenere un quadro globale del comportamento dei materiali e comprensivo di risposta a fatica, self-healing e tixotropia.
Sulla base delle evidenze sperimentali, l’impiego di un maggior contenuto di RAP è possibile, senza l’insorgenza di effetti dannosi sulla miscela finale, con una corretta progettazione. La tecnica di produzione, stesa e compattazione, la provenienza e le proprietà del RAP e dell’eventuale rigenerante devono essere selezionate opportunamente per migliorare le proprietà della miscela alle basse e intermedie temperature senza comprometterne le prestazioni alle alte temperature.Economic and environmental advantages encourage the use of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP), coming from the milling of old pavements, to be introduced in new bituminous mixture. In particular, hot recycling of RAP allows a reduction of production costs and disposal issues as well as natural resources conservation thanks to the exploitation of both bituminous and lytic component. However, regulations of road agencies and public administrations usually impose restrictions on RAP percentages (from 10 to 30%) due to uncertainties concerning the interaction between bitumen released from RAP and virgin bitumen. Inaccurate assumptions on the related effects could lead to mixtures subjected to premature distresses, such as fatigue failure, considering the higher oxidation, and consequently viscosity (stiffness), of aged bitumens if compared to that of virgin bitumens. In this context, the Ph.D research aimed at evaluating the effects caused by hot recycling of high RAP contents. Since it is expected that field performance of bituminous mixtures is mainly led by mastic phase and its components (i.e. filler and bitumen), the experimental study focused on analysing interactions among different types and dosages of RAP bitumens, rejuvenators and fillers. Besides the “classical” rheological characterisation, more innovative tests and analyses were performed in order to get an overall picture of the mechanical behaviour of the materials investigated in terms of fatigue, self-healing and thixotropy. Based on the overall findings, the inclusion of higher RAP contents appears possible, without negatively affecting the final mixture performance, when an appropriate design is considered. Production process, paving technology, source, properties and dosage of RAP and, eventually, rejuvenator need to be properly selected so as to improve low and intermediate temperature properties of the mixture without penalising its high temperature performance.
Books on the topic "RAP material"
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Wagner, Lorie A. Materials in the economy, material flows, scarcity, and the environment. Denver, CO: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2002.
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Wagner, Lorie A. Materials in the economy, material flows, scarcity, and the environment. Denver, CO: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2002.
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Krulik, Nancy E. Bad rap. New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 2005.
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Krulik, Nancy E. Bad Rap. New York: Penguin USA, Inc., 2009.
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Stilton, Gerónimo. El rap del miedo. [Barcelona]: Destino, 2013.
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Gary, Thompson. Determining asphalt content for recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) materials. Salem, OR: Oregon Dept. of Transportation, Research Group, 2003.
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Ibrahim, Hamid. Malaysia rape & incest: Cases & materials. Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia: Gavel Publications, 2008.
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Ibrahim, Hamid. Malaysia rape & incest: Cases & materials. Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia: Gavel Publications, 2008.
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Ibrahim, Hamid. Malaysia rape & incest: Cases & materials. Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia: Gavel Publications, 2008.
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Nepal. Dept. of Industries. Material consumption norms. Kathmandu: Govt. of Nepal, Ministry of Industry, Commerce, and Supplies, Dept. of Industries, 2006.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "RAP material"
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Herkersdorf, Andreas, Michael Engel, Michael Glaß, Jörg Henkel, Veit B. Kleeberger, Johannes M. Kühn, Peter Marwedel, et al. "RAP Model—Enabling Cross-Layer Analysis and Optimization for System-on-Chip Resilience." In Dependable Embedded Systems, 1–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52017-5_1.
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AbstractThe Resilience Articulation Point (RAP) model aims to provision a probabilistic fault abstraction and error propagation concept for various forms of variability related faults in deep sub-micron CMOS technologies at the semiconductor material or device levels. RAP assumes that each of such physical faults will eventually manifest as a single- or multi-bit binary signal inversion or out-of-specification delay in a signal transition between bit values. When probabilistic error functions for specific fault origins are known at the bit or signal level, knowledge about the unit of design and its environment allow the transformation of the bit-related error functions into characteristic higher layer representations, such as error functions for data words, finite state machine (FSM) states, IP macro-interfaces, or software variables. Thus, design concerns can be investigated at higher abstraction layers without the necessity to further consider the full details of lower levels of design. This chapter introduces the ideas of RAP based on examples of particle strike, noise and voltage drop induced bit errors in SRAM cells. Furthermore, we show by different examples how probabilistic bit flips are systematically abstracted and propagated towards instruction and data vulnerability at MPSoC architecture level, and how RAP can be applied for dynamic testing and application-level optimizations in an autonomous robot scenario.
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Guduru, Gurunath, and Kranthi Kuna. "An Attempt to Characterize the RAP Material for Hot Recycled Mix Design Purposes." In RILEM Bookseries, 199–205. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46455-4_25.
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Mullapudi, Ramya Sri, Gottumukkala Bharath, and and Narala Gangadhara Reddy. "Utilization of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) Material as a Part of Bituminous Mixtures." In Urban Mining for Waste Management and Resource Recovery, 111–27. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003201076-7.
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Pradhan, Sujit Kumar, and Umesh Chandra Sahoo. "Effect of Softer Binder on Bituminous Mixture Containing Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) Material." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 61–71. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7509-6_6.
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Mullapudi, Ramya Sri, Venkata Joga Rao Bulusu, and Sudhakar Reddy Kusam. "Influence of Binder Chemical Properties on the Elastic Properties of Asphalt Mixes Containing RAP Material." In Advances in Sustainable Materials and Resilient Infrastructure, 89–102. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9744-9_6.
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Edil, Tuncer B. "A Review of Recycled Aggregates (RAP and RCA) as Unbound Base Course Material for Sustainable Highway Construction." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 3–14. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6713-6_1.
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Perraton, D., G. Tebaldi, E. Dave, F. Bilodeau, G. Giacomello, A. Grilli, A. Graziani, et al. "Tests Campaign Analysis to Evaluate the Capability of Fragmentation Test to Characterize Recycled Asphalt Pavement (RAP) Material." In RILEM Bookseries, 965–76. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7342-3_77.
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Soldatov, Alexander V., and Kirill A. Lomachenko. "Nanostructured Materials." In X-Ray Absorption and X-Ray Emission Spectroscopy, 809–27. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118844243.ch27.
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Vinoy, K. J., and R. M. Jha. "Trends in RAM." In Radar Absorbing Materials, 169–73. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0473-9_7.
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Wassholm, Johanna, and Anna Sundelin. "Rag Collectors: Mobility and Barter in a Circular Flow of Goods." In Encounters and Practices of Petty Trade in Northern Europe, 1820–1960, 69–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98080-1_4.
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AbstractThis chapter traces a forgotten, yet important itinerant means of livelihood, namely rag collecting. Rags played an essential role as raw material for the paper and textile industries in the nineteenth century. The chapter identifies a business logic based on the idea that material perceived by one individual as worthless could be turned into something of economic value. As rags were commodified, they acquired new value in a different context. By analyzing newspapers, periodical articles and responses to ethnographic questionnaires, the authors follow a group of rag collectors from the Karelian Isthmus, who utilized their favorable geographic location to gain a livelihood from a circular flow of goods. The chapter demonstrates how an earthenware pot could be bartered for a discarded garment, which in turn became a piece of the puzzle in the process that kept industry and economic growth going.
Conference papers on the topic "RAP material"
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Prifti, Dritan, Kozeta Tushe, Elida Bylyku, and Brunilda Daci. "RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL TRANSPORT – SAFETY AND SECURITY UPGRADE IN ALBANIA." In RAP Conference. Sievert Association, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37392/rapproc.2022.06.
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Zulu, Mailes C., Erhan Budak, and Ercan Yilmaz. "FREQUENCY RESPONSE ON THE ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SiNWS BASED MOS CAPACITOR WITH HIGH-K MATERIAL." In RAP Conference. Sievert Association, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37392/rapproc.2022.09.
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Sabol, Jozef. "RESEARCH ACTIVITIES AT THE POLICE ACADEMY OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC IN PRAGUE ASSOCIATED WITH THE DETECTION AND ELIMINATION OF CBRN AND OTHER DANGEROUS MATERIAL THREATS." In RAP Conference. Sievert Association, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37392/rapproc.2023.20.
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Jagad, Gargi P., Ambika Behl, and Sanjay M. Dave. "Performance Characteristics of Asphalt Mixes Containing High Percentage of RAP Material." In International Airfield and Highway Pavements Conference 2021. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784483503.019.
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Sugeng Subagio, Bambang, Edwin Nirwan, and Harmein Rahman. "Comparison Between Resilient Modulus and Dynamic Modulus of AC-BC Mixture Using RAP Material." In Eighth International Conference on Maintenance and Rehabilitation of Pavements. Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-11-0449-7-064-cd.
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Pacheco, Stefany R. S., Dayane K. Lages, Priscila A. S. Machado, and Juscelina R. Ferreira. "Estudo preliminar da viabilidade do uso de resíduos de construção e demolição (RCD) como material de construção para Rip-Rap." In VIII ENCONTRO NACIONAL DE APROVEITAMENTO DE RESÍDUOS NA CONSTRUÇÃO. ANTAC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46421/enarc.v8i00.3022.
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O Rip-Rap é uma técnica construtiva empregada para estabilização de encosta e taludes que utiliza sacos preenchidos de solo e cimento. Os Resíduos de Construção e Demolição (RCD) são materiais provenientes de obras de construções, reformas, reparos e demolições, que se tornou um grande problema nos últimos anos devido ao seu acúmulo e falta de destinação. Nesse sentido, este trabalho visa apresentar áreas suscetíveis a processos vulneráveis e a caracterização dos RCDs beneficiados provenientes do município para a utilização do RCD como material de construção de muros de contenções do tipo Rip-Rap. Com o grande risco de deslizamento de encostas em moradias dispostas de maneira desordenada, a prevenção se torna necessária. Com a escassez de recursos a técnica de solo-cimento ou Rip-Rap se torna uma alternativa atraente com baixo custo. Devido ao crescimento de obras e reformas, os RCDs acabam sendo descartados no meio ambiente, contribuindo para diversos tipos de poluição. Através de cartas topográficas foi possível identificar áreas vulneráveis à processos erosivos e caracterizar o RCD após processo de beneficiamento. Além da presença de diversas construções irregulares, a topografia da região onde se localiza o município de João Monlevade-Minas Gerais contribui diretamente para a ocorrência de movimentos de terra, ocasionando deslizamentos. Em relação a caracterização do RCD foi possível identificar um Diâmetro máximo característico de 2,6, Limite de Liquidez 32% e Limite de Plasticidade 5,39%.
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Gutierrez Klinsky, Luis Miguel, Mario Alexander Castañeda López, William Fedrigo, Thaís Radünz Kleinert, Washington Peres Núñez, Jorge Augusto Pereira Ceratti, and Valeria Cristina De Faria. "Estudio de fatiga en mezclas asfálticas recicladas con cemento a través de ensayo en viga cuatro puntos." In CIT2016. Congreso de Ingeniería del Transporte. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/cit2016.2016.3486.
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El reciclaje profundo de pavimentos flexibles con cemento Portland es una técnica de recuperación estructural y funcional recurrente en la práctica vial Brasilera, ya que la reutilización de capas degradadas de revestimiento asfáltico o RAP (reclaimed asphalt pavement) y de base, permite reducir costos y tiempo de ejecución. Sin embargo, en Brasil no existe un criterio de dimensionamiento de pavimentos que considere este tipo de materiales. En este sentido, es aceptado que la capacidad estructural de capas cementadas es limitada por la deformación de tracción en su base. Con el objetivo de establecer esta relación, a través de modelos de fatiga, fue desarrollado un programa experimental basado en la experiencia australiana, buscando verificar su aplicabilidad a materiales reciclados de origen brasilero. Conforme al protocolo adoptado, el programa consistió de ensayos de flexión estáticos y dinámicos del tipo cuatro puntos en vigas, con edades de cura mayores a 28 días, moldadas en laboratorio usando energía de compactación modificada brasilera. Las mezclas consideradas están constituidas 4 % de cemento Portland, y por brita granular y RAP en proporciones 80:20, 50:50 y 30:70. El comportamiento mecánico fue evaluado a través de la Resistencia a la Tracción a la Flexión (RTF) y el Módulo Flexural Estático y Resiliente (MFE y MFR, respectivamente). Entre otras conclusiones, el comportamiento estático indica que el incremento de RAP reduce el MFE, incrementando la deformación de tracción de ruptura, mientras que la influencia del RAP en la RTF no fue notoria. De otra parte, la relación entre el exponente de daño y el porcentaje de RAP apunta a una dependencia del fenómeno de fatiga y el contenido de material reciclado. En general, puede concluirse que el protocolo australiano puede ser usado como modelo para el desarrollo de un método brasilero para este tipo de mezclas, con algunas modificaciones.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.3486
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Dyogteva, Ya. "INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF VERBALAGGRESSIONINRAPBATTLES." In EXPONENTS OF SOCIAL AGGRESSION: GENERAL HUMANITARIAN DISCOURSES. FSBE Institution of Higher Education Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/esaghd2022_109-114.
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The article is devoted to the study of the institutionalization of verbal aggression in rap battling as common social practices that have their own social institutions. Verbal aggression is considered from the point of view of the Sociocultural approach as one of the tools of personality adaptation, contributing to the development of communication skills and helping to satisfy the self-actualization need. The material of the study is videos of rap battles that took place on national sites and gained from 3 million views.
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Maulida, L., S. Zulaikah, F. A. Zahroh, R. Pujiastuti, E. Y. Agustin, and A. Juliansyah. "Analysis of magnetic susceptibility of weathering basalt and basaltic andesite rock in rip rap of Lahor Dam, Malang Regency." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTROMAGNETISM, ROCK MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC MATERIAL (ICE-R3M) 2019. AIP Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0016522.
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Hasan, Md Mehedi, Hasan M. Faisal, Biswajit K. Bairgi, A. S. M. Rahman, and Rafiqul Tarefder. "Evaluation of Fatigue Life of Asphalt Concrete From Dynamic Modulus Test." In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-71813.
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Asphalt concrete’s dynamic modulus (|E*|) is one of the key input parameters for structural design of flexible pavement according to the Mechanistic Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG). Till this day, pavement industry uses |E*| to predict pavement performance whether the material is hot mix asphalt (HMA) or warm mx asphalt or Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) mixed HMA. However, it is necessary to investigate the correlation of |E*| with laboratory performance testing. In this study, laboratory dynamic modulus test was conducted on four different asphalt concrete mixtures collected from different construction sites in the state of New Mexico and mastercurves were obtained to evaluate dynamic modulus (|E*|) for a wide range of frequency. In addition, fatigue performance of these mixtures was predicted from the mastercurves and compared with the laboratory fatigue performance testing. Fatigue performance of these mixtures was evaluated from the four point beam fatigue test. The laboratory results show a good agreement with the predicted value from mastercurves. It is also observed from this study that the fatigue life of the asphalt concrete materials decreases with increase in |E*| value.
Reports on the topic "RAP material"
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Thembeka Ncube, Ayanda, and Antonio Bobet. Use of Recycled Asphalt. Purdue University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317316.
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The term Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) is used to designate a material obtained from the removal of pavement materials. RAP is used across the US in multiple applications, largely on asphalt pavement layers. RAP can be described as a uniform granular non-plastic material, with a very low percentage of fines. It is formed by aggregate coated with a thin layer of asphalt. It is often used mixed with other granular materials. The addition of RAP to aggregates decreases the maximum dry unit weight of the mixture and decreases the optimum water content. It also increases the Resilient Modulus of the blend but decreases permeability. RAP can be used safely, as it does not pose any environmental concerns. The most important disadvantage of RAP is that it displays significant creep. It seems that this is caused by the presence of the asphaltic layer coating the aggregate. Creep increases with pressure and with temperature and decreases with the degree of compaction. Creep can be mitigated by either blending RAP with aggregate or by stabilization with chemical compounds. Fly ash and cement have shown to decrease, albeit not eliminate, the amount of creep. Mechanical stabilizing agents such as geotextiles may also be used.
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Saadeh, Shadi, and Pritam Katawał. Performance Testing of Hot Mix Asphalt Modified with Recycled Waste Plastic. Mineta Transportation Institute, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.2045.
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Plastic pollution has become one of the major concerns in the world. Plastic waste is not biodegradable, which makes it difficult to manage waste plastic pollution. Recycling and reusing waste plastic is an effective way to manage plastic pollution. Because of the huge quantity of waste plastic released into the world, industries requiring a large amount of material, like the pavement industry, can reuse some of this mammoth volume of waste plastics. Similarly, the use of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) has also become common practice to ensure sustainability. The use of recycled waste plastics and RAP in HMA mix can save material costs and conserve many pavement industries’ resources. To successfully modify HMA with RAP and waste plastic, the modified HMA should exhibit similar or better performance compared to conventional HMA. In this study, recycled waste plastic, linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), and RAP were added to conventional HMA, separately and together. The mechanical properties of conventional and modified HMA were examined and compared. The fatigue cracking resistance was measured with the IDEAL Cracking (IDEAL CT) test, and the Hamburg Wheel Tracking (HWT) test was conducted to investigate the rutting resistance of compacted HMA samples. The IDEAL CT test results showed that the cracking resistance was similar across plastic modified HMA and conventional HMA containing virgin aggregates. However, when 20% RAP aggregates were used in the HMA mix, the fatigue cracking resistance was found to be significantly lower in plastic modified HMA compared to conventional HMA. The rutting resistance from the HWT test at 20,000 passes was found to be similar in all conventional and modified HMA.
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Холошин, Ігор Віталійович, Наталя Борисівна Пантелєєва, Олександр Миколайович Трунін, Людмила Володимирівна Бурман, and Ольга Олександрівна Калініченко. Infrared Spectroscopy as the Method for Evaluating Technological Properties of Minerals and Their Behavior in Technological Processes. E3S Web of Conferences, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/3929.
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Infrared spectroscopy (IR) is a highly effective method for the analysis of minerals, rocks and ores, capable of solving a whole range of problems when choosing innovative solutions for the technological processing of various types of mineral raw materials. The article considers the main directions of using the infrared spectroscopy method in assessing the technological properties of minerals and their behavior in technological processes: evaluation of the grade (quality) of mineral raw materials; analysis of the behavior of minerals in the technological process with prediction of their technological properties; analysis of changes in the structure and properties of minerals in technological processes; operational analysis of mineral substances at various stages of technological processing. The article illustrates all aspects of the use of infrared spectroscopy at various stages of studying the material composition of mineral raw materials in its enrichment assessment by specific examples of solving problems arising from the technological redistribution of various types of ore and non-metallic minerals.
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Maupin, Julie, and Dr Michael Mamoun. DTPH56-06-T-0004 Plastic Pipe Failure, Risk, and Threat Analysis. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), March 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0012119.
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Reports, publications, papers, and databases were reviewed to better define risks and threats to plastic gas distribution piping. Failure modes were described for plastic PE piping with the most significant being slow crack growth (SCG). Short-term mechanical tests such as tensile, quick burst, melt index, and density tests did not show a correlation with a material's susceptibility to SCG failure. The bend-back test was able to visually identify 1971 low-ductile inner wall materials. PENT test failure times were reported for materials manufactured during the period1972-1985. The PENT test did not show correlations with the material's susceptibility to SCG failure for these materials. Life expectancy was determined to be a key measure of the susceptibility of PE gas pipe materials to SCG field failures. Long-term hydrostatic stress-rupture data combined with the Rate Process Method or with the Bi-Directional Shift Functions predicted the remaining life expectancy of several PE materials at 60�F average field temperature under varying loading conditions. Data showed rock impingement loads and pipe squeeze-offs can result in the greatest reduction in remaining life expectancy. Lower operating field temperatures and pressures significantly increased the predicted remaining life expectancy of PE materials. Fifty-five PE pipe samples that failed in field service were examined in the laboratory to identify the root cause of the failures. Eight of the samples underwent in-depth analysis, which included density and melts index tests and differential scanning calorimetry, infrared spectroscopy, and microscopic examination of the fracture surfaces. The samples were combined with another set of additional data resulting in 45 material, 36 procedural, 12 quality control, and 7 miscellaneous failures. A separate categorization method attributed a total of 321 failures to their respective pipe/component, with most occurring at joints. RCP in large diameter PE materials was investigated through laboratory testing. Critical pressure was determined for 6 pipe materials. The critical temperature was determined for 3 materials.
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Бабець, Євген Костянтинович, Ірина Петрівна Антонік, Ірина Євгенівна Мельникова, and Антон Всеволодович Петрухін. nfluence of Mining and Concentration Works Activity on Land Resources. Petroșani, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/3120.
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The research provides assessment of current and longer-term consequences of iron ore open pit mining for land resources of adjacent areas. There are applied methods of analysis of fund materials; comparison of topographic sheets and special maps, visual observation, soil testing, laboratory analyses and statistic processing of data obtained. It is revealed that facilities of iron ore mining and concentration waste accumulation (dumps and tailing ponds) are destructive factors for the local lithosphere, dust chemical contamination being the basic one. The steps aimed at reducing negative impacts of technogenic objects of the mining and raw material complex on the environment are under study.
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Finkelstain, Israel, Steven Buccola, and Ziv Bar-Shira. Pooling and Pricing Schemes for Marketing Agricultural Products. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568099.bard.
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In recent years there has been a growing concern over the performance of Israel and U.S. agricultural marketing organizations. In Israel, poor performance of some marketing institutions has led to radical reforms. Examples are the two leading export industries - citrus and flowers. In the U.S., growth of local market power is eliminating competitive row product prices which served as the basis for farmer cooperative payment plans. This research studies, theoretically, several aspects of the above problem and develops empirical methods to assess their relative importance. The theoretical part deals with two related aspects of the operation of processing and marketing firms. The first is the technological structure of these firms. To this end, we formalize a detailed theory that describes the production process itself and the firm's decision. The model accounts for multiple products and product characteristics. The usefulness of the theory for measurement of productivity and pricing of raw material is demonstrated. The second aspect of the processing and marketing firm that we study is unique to the agricultural sector, where many such firms are cooperatives. In such cooperative an efficient and fair mechanism for purchasing raw materials from members is crucial to successful performances of the firm. We focus on: 1) pricing of raw materials. 2) comparison of employment of quota and price regimes by the cooperative to regulate the quantities, supplied by members. We take into consideration that the cooperative management is subject to pressure from member farmers. 3) Tier pricing for raw materials in order to ensure efficiency and zero profits at the cooperative level. This problem is examined in both closed and open cooperatives. The empirical part focuses in: 1) the development of methodologies for estimating demand for differentiated products; 2) assessing farmers response to component pricing; 3) measurement of potential and actual exploitation of market power by an agricultural marketing firm. The usefulness of the developed methodologies are demonstrated by several application to agricultural sub-sectors, including: U.S. dairy industry, Oregon wine industry, Israeli Cotton industry and Israeli Citrus industry.
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Hammouti, A., S. Larmagnat, C. Rivard, and D. Pham Van Bang. Use of CT-scan images to build geomaterial 3D pore network representation in preparation for numerical simulations of fluid flow and heat transfer, Quebec. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331502.
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Non-intrusive techniques such as medical CT-Scan or micro-CT allow the definition of 3D connected pore networks in porous materials, such as sedimentary rocks or concrete. The definition of these networks is a key step towards the evaluation of fluid flow and heat transfer in energy resource (e.g., hydrocarbon and geothermal reservoirs) and CO2 sequestration research projects. As material heterogeneities play a role at all scales (from micro- to project-scale), numerical models represent a powerful tool for bridging the gap between small-scale measurements provided by X-ray imaging techniques and larger-scale transport properties. This study uses pre-existing medical CT-scan datasets of reference material, namely glass beads and conventional reservoir rocks (Berea sandstone, Boise sandstone, Indiana limestone) to extract the 3D geometry of connected pores using an open-source software (Spam). Pore networks from rock samples were generated from dry and then saturated samples. Binarized datasets were produced for these materials (generated by a thresholding technique) to obtain pore size distribution and tortuosity, as well as preferential paths for fluid flow. Average porosities were also calculated for comparison with those obtained by conventional commercial laboratory techniques. The results obtained show that this approach works well for medium and coarse-grained materials that do not contain a large percentage of fine particles. However, this approach does not allow representative networks to be obtained for fine-grained rocks, due to the fact that small pores (or pore throats) cannot be taken into account in the datasets obtained from the medical CT-Scan. A next step, using datasets produced from a micro- CT scan, is planned in order to be able to generate representative networks in this type of material as well.
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Tao, Yang, Victor Alchanatis, and Yud-Ren Chen. X-ray and stereo imaging method for sensitive detection of bone fragments and hazardous materials in de-boned poultry fillets. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7695872.bard.
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As Americans become increasingly health conscious, they have increased their consumptionof boneless white and skinless poultry meat. To the poultry industry, accurate detection of bonefragments and other hazards in de-boned poultry meat is important to ensure food quality andsafety for consumers. X-ray imaging is widely used for internal material inspection. However,traditional x-ray technology has limited success with high false-detection errors mainly becauseof its inability to consistently recognize bone fragments in meat of uneven thickness. Today’srapid grow-out practices yield chicken bones that are less calcified. Bone fragments under x-rayshave low contrast from meat. In addition, the x-ray energy reaching the image detector varieswith the uneven meat thickness. Differences in x-ray absorption due to the unevenness inevitablyproduce false patterns in x-ray images and make it hard to distinguish between hazardousinclusions and normal meat patterns even by human visual inspection from the images.Consequently, the false patterns become camouflage under x-ray absorptions of variant meatthickness in physics, which remains a major limitation to detecting hazardous materials byprocessing x-ray images alone.Under the support of BARD, USDA, and US Poultry industries, we have aimed todeveloping a new technology that uses combined x-ray and laser imaging to detect bonefragments in de-boned poultry. The technique employs the synergism of sensors of differentprinciples and has overcome the deficiency of x-rays in physics of letting x-rays work alone inbone fragment detection. X-rays in conjunction of laser-based imaging was used to eliminatefalse patterns and provide higher sensitivity and accuracy to detect hazardous objects in the meatfor poultry processing lines.Through intensive research, we have met all the objectives we proposed during the researchperiod. Comprehensive experiments have proved the concept and demonstrated that the methodhas been capable of detecting frequent hard-to-detect bone fragments including fan bones andfractured rib and pulley bone pieces (but not cartilage yet) regardless of their locations anduneven meat thickness without being affected by skin, fat, and blood clots or blood vines.
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Padmanbhan, Veera, Bijan Zakeri, Sudheer Sami, Stefan Minning, Michael DiFore, Jessica Mondia, Nathaniel Fair, et al. Raw Materials strategy. BioPhorum, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46220/2022ds004.
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Melanie, Haupt, and Hellweg Stefanie. Synthesis of the NRP 70 joint project “Waste management to support the energy turnaround (wastEturn)”. Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46446/publication_nrp70_nrp71.2020.2.en.
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A great deal of energy can be sourced both directly and indirectly from waste. For example, municipal waste with an energy content of around 60 petajoules is incinerated in Switzerland every year. The energy recovered directly from this waste covers around 4 % of the Swiss energy demand. However, the greatest potential offered by waste management lies in the recovery of secondary raw materials during the recycling process, thus indirectly avoiding the energy-intensive production of primary raw materials. In order to optimise the contribution to the energy turnaround made by waste management, as a first step, improvements need to be made with respect to the transparent documentation of material and cash flows, in particular. On the basis of this, prioritisation according to the energy efficiency of various recycling and disposal channels is required. Paper and cardboard as well as plastic have been identified as the waste fractions with the greatest potential for improvement. In the case of paper and cardboard, the large quantities involved result in considerable impact. With the exception of PET drinks bottles, plastic waste is often not separately collected and therefore offers substantial improvement potential. Significant optimisation potential has also been identified with regard to the energy efficiency of incineration plants. To allow municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) plants to use the heat they generate more effectively, however, consumers of the recovered steam and heat need to be located close by. A decisive success factor when transitioning towards an energy-efficient waste management system will be the cooperation between the many stakeholders of the federally organised sector. On the one hand, the sector needs to be increasingly organised along the value chains. On the other hand, however, there is also a need to utilise the freedom that comes with federal diversity in order to test different solutions.