Academic literature on the topic 'Rank one generated'
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Journal articles on the topic "Rank one generated"
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Barile, Margherita. "On Ideals Generated by Monomials and One Binomial." Algebra Colloquium 14, no. 04 (December 2007): 631–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1005386707000582.
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Hobson, Natalie L. F. "Quantum Kostka and the rank one problem for 𝔰𝔩2m." Advances in Geometry 19, no. 1 (January 28, 2019): 71–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/advgeom-2017-0037.
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Abstract We give necessary and sufficient conditions to specify vector bundles of conformal blocks for 𝔰𝔩2m with rectangular weights which have ranks 0, 1, and larger than 1. We show that the first Chern classes of such rank one bundles determine a finitely generated subcone of the nef cone.
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Wang, Yu, Zhihua Wang, and Libin Li. "Ideals of Finite-Dimensional Pointed Hopf Algebras of Rank One." Algebra Colloquium 28, no. 02 (May 11, 2021): 351–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1005386721000274.
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Let [Formula: see text] be a finite-dimensional pointed Hopf algebra of rank one over an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero. In this paper we show that any finite-dimensional indecomposable [Formula: see text]-module is generated by one element. In particular, any indecomposable submodule of [Formula: see text] under the adjoint action is generated by a special element of [Formula: see text]. Using this result, we show that the Hopf algebra [Formula: see text] is a principal ideal ring, i.e., any two-sided ideal of [Formula: see text] is generated by one element. As an application, we give explicitly the generators of ideals, primitive ideals, maximal ideals and completely prime ideals of the Taft algebras.
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Conn, A. R., N. I. M. Gould, and Ph L. Toint. "Convergence of quasi-Newton matrices generated by the symmetric rank one update." Mathematical Programming 50, no. 1-3 (March 1991): 177–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01594934.
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Dudkin, M. E., and O. Yu Dyuzhenkova. "Singularly perturbed rank one linear operators." Matematychni Studii 56, no. 2 (December 26, 2021): 162–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/ms.56.2.162-175.
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The basic principles of the theory of singularly perturbed self-adjoint operatorsare generalized to the case of closed linear operators with non-symmetric perturbation of rank one.Namely, firstly linear closed operators are considered that coincide with each other on a dense set in a Hilbert space.The theory of singularly perturbed self-adjoint operators arose from the need to consider differential expressions in such terms as the Dirac $\delta$-function.Since it is important to consider expressions given not only by symmetric operators, the generalization (transfer) of the basic principles of the theory of singularly perturbed self-adjoint operators in the case of non-symmetric ones is important problem. The main facts of the theory include the definition of a singularly perturbed linear operator and the resolvent formula in the cases of ${\mathcal H}_{-1}$-class and ${\mathcal H}_{-2}$-class.The paper additionally describes the possibility of the appearance a point of the point spectrum and the construction of a perturbation with a predetermined point.In comparison with self-adjoint perturbations, the description of perturbations by non-symmetric terms is unexpected.Namely, in some cases, when the perturbed by a vectors from ${\mathcal H}_{-2}$ operator can be conveniently described by methods of class ${\mathcal H}_{-1}$, that is impossible in the case of symmetric perturbations of a self-adjoint operator. The perturbation of self-adjoint operators in a non-symmetric manner fully fits into the proposed studies.Such operators, for example, generalize models with nonlocal interactions, perturbations of the harmonic oscillator by the $\delta$-potentials, and can be used to study perturbations generated by a delay or an anticipation.
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BISCHI, GIAN-ITALO, LAURA GARDINI, and CHRISTIAN MIRA. "BASIN FRACTALIZATIONS GENERATED BY A TWO-DIMENSIONAL FAMILY OF (Z1–Z3–Z1) MAPS." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 16, no. 03 (March 2006): 647–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127406015039.
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Two-dimensional (Z1–Z3–Z1) maps are such that the plane is divided into three unbounded open regions: a region Z3, whose points generate three real rank-one preimages, bordered by two regions Z1, whose points generate only one real rank-one preimage. This paper is essentially devoted to the study of the structures, and the global bifurcations, of the basins of attraction generated by such maps. In particular, the cases of fractal structure of such basins are considered. For the class of maps considered in this paper, a large variety of dynamic situations is shown, and the bifurcations leading to their occurrence are explained.
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Shusterman, Mark. "Groups with positive rank gradient and their actions." Mathematica Slovaca 68, no. 2 (April 25, 2018): 353–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ms-2017-0106.
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Abstract We show that given a finitely generated LERF group G with positive rank gradient, and finitely generated subgroups A, B ≤ G of infinite index, one can find a finite index subgroup B0 of B such that [G : 〈A ∪ B0〉] = ∞. This generalizes a theorem of Olshanskii on free groups. We conclude that a finite product of finitely generated subgroups of infinite index does not cover G. We construct a transitive virtually faithful action of G such that the orbits of finitely generated subgroups of infinite index are finite. Some of the results extend to profinite groups with positive rank gradient.
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LIN, HUAXIN. "UNITARIES IN A SIMPLE C*-ALGEBRA OF TRACIAL RANK ONE." International Journal of Mathematics 21, no. 10 (October 2010): 1267–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129167x10006446.
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Let A be a unital separable simple infinite dimensional C*-algebra with tracial rank not more than one and with the tracial state space T(A) and let U(A) be the unitary group of A. Suppose that u ∈ U0(A), the connected component of U(A) containing the identity. We show that, for any ϵ > 0, there exists a self-adjoint element h ∈ As.a such that [Formula: see text] We also study the problem when u can be approximated by unitaries in A with finite spectrum. Denote by CU(A) the closure of the subgroup of unitary group of U(A) generated by its commutators. It is known that CU(A) ⊂ U0(A). Denote by [Formula: see text] the affine function on T(A) defined by [Formula: see text]. We show that u can be approximated by unitaries in A with finite spectrum if and only if u ∈ CU(A) and [Formula: see text] for all n ≥ 1. Examples are given for which there are unitaries in CU(A) which cannot be approximated by unitaries with finite spectrum. Significantly these results are obtained in the absence of amenability.
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Wang, Zhihua. "The corepresentation ring of a pointed Hopf algebra of rank one." Journal of Algebra and Its Applications 17, no. 12 (December 2018): 1850236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219498818502365.
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Let [Formula: see text] be an arbitrary pointed Hopf algebra of rank one and [Formula: see text] the group of group-like elements of [Formula: see text]. In this paper, we give the decomposition of a tensor product of finite dimensional indecomposable right [Formula: see text]-comodules into a direct sum of indecomposables. This enables us to describe the corepresentation ring of [Formula: see text] in terms of generators and relations. Such a ring is not commutative if [Formula: see text] is not abelian. We describe all nilpotent elements of the corepresentation ring of [Formula: see text] if [Formula: see text] is a finite abelian group or a particular Hamiltonian group. In this case, all nilpotent elements of the corepresentation ring form a principal ideal which is either zero or generated by a nilpotent element of degree 2.
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Ferenczi, Sébastien. "Rank and symbolic complexity." Ergodic Theory and Dynamical Systems 16, no. 4 (August 1996): 663–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143385700009032.
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AbstractWe investigate the relation between the complexity function of a sequence, that is the number p(n) of its factors of length n, and the rank of the associated dynamical system, that is the number of Rokhlin towers required to approximate it. We prove that if the rank is one, then lim , but give examples with lim for any prescribed function G with G (n) = 0(an) for every a > 1. We give exact computations for examples of the ‘staircase’ type, which are strongly mixing systems with quadratic complexity. Conversely, for minimal sequences, if p(n) < an + b for some a ≥ 1, the rank is at most 2[a], with bounded strings of spacers, and the system is generated by a finite number of substitutions.
Books on the topic "Rank one generated"
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Janssen, Ted, Gervais Chapuis, and Marc de Boissieu. Other topics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824442.003.0007.
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The law of rational indices to describe crystal faces was one of the most fundamental law of crystallography and is strongly linked to the three-dimensional periodicity of solids. This chapter describes how this fundamental law has to be revised and generalized in order to include the structures of aperiodic crystals. The generalization consists in using for each face a number of integers, with the number corresponding to the rank of the structure, that is, the number of integer indices necessary to characterize each of the diffracted intensities generated by the aperiodic system. A series of examples including incommensurate multiferroics, icosahedral crystals, and decagonal quaiscrystals illustrates this topic. Aperiodicity is also encountered in surfaces where the same generalization can be applied. The chapter discusses aperiodic crystal morphology, including icosahedral quasicrystal morphology, decagonal quasicrystal morphology, and aperiodic crystal surfaces; magnetic quasiperiodic systems; aperiodic photonic crystals; mesoscopic quasicrystals, and the mineral calaverite.
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Farb, Benson, and Dan Margalit. Dehn Twists. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691147949.003.0004.
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This chapter deals with Dehn twists, the simplest infinite-order elements of Mod(S). It first defines Dehn twists and proves that they are nontrivial elements of the mapping class group. In particular, it considers the action of Dehn twists on simple closed curves. As one application of this study, the chapter proves that if two simple closed curves in Sɡ have geometric intersection number greater than 1, then the associated Dehn twists generate a free group of rank 2 in Mod(S). It also proves some fundamental facts about Dehn twists and describes the center of the mapping class group, along with algebraic relations that can occur between two Dehn twists. Finally, it explores three geometric operations on a surface that each induces an algebraic operation on the corresponding mapping class group: the inclusion homomorphism, the capping homomorphism, and the cutting homomorphism.
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Trollope, Anthony. The Prime Minister. Edited by Nicholas Shrimpton. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199587193.001.0001.
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‘Though a great many men and not a few women knew Ferdinand Lopez very well, none of them knew whence he had come.’ Despite his mysterious antecedents, Ferdinand Lopez aspires to join the ranks of British society. An unscrupulous financial speculator, he determines to marry into respectability and wealth, much against the wishes of his prospective father-in-law. One of the nineteenth century’s most memorable outsiders, Lopez’s story is set against that of the ultimate insider, Plantagenet Palliser, Duke of Omnium. Omnium reluctantly accepts the highest office of state; now, at last, he is ‘the greatest man in the greatest country in the world’. But his government is a fragile coalition and his wife’s enthusiastic assumption of the role of political hostess becomes a source of embarrassment. Their troubled relationship and that of Lopez and Emily Wharton is a conjunction that generates one of Trollope’s most complex and substantial novels. Part of the Palliser series, The Prime Minister’s tale of personal and political life in the 1870s has acquired a new topicality in the early twenty-first century.
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Holmes, Sean P. The Sock and Buskin or the Artisan’s Biretta. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037481.003.0003.
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This chapter focuses on the problems that organizing in defense of their collective interests posed for the men and women of the American stage and, indeed, for many other occupational groups on the margins of the American middle class. Beginning with an analysis of the work culture of actors, it argues that while the shared experiences of a life on the boards generated a powerful sense of group identity, individual ambition, the fuel that powered the star system, proved difficult to reconcile with the principles of collective action. It goes on to highlight how actors' leaders deployed the vocabulary of high culture and the larger language of class of which it was a part not simply to define their position in relation to the major theatrical employers but also to draw a line between those performers they deemed worthy of the label artist and those they did not. It concludes with a detailed analysis of the debate that raged within the ranks of the Actors' Equity Association over the question of affiliation with the organized labor movement. Paying careful attention to the language that the competing parties employed to articulate their respective positions, it documents the development of a schism within the theatrical community that sprang from two markedly different ways of conceptualizing the process of cultural production.
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Offner, Amy C. Sorting Out the Mixed Economy. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691190938.001.0001.
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In the years after 1945, a flood of U.S. advisors swept into Latin America with dreams of building a new economic order and lifting the Third World out of poverty. These businessmen, economists, community workers, and architects went south with the gospel of the New Deal on their lips, but Latin American realities soon revealed unexpected possibilities within the New Deal itself. In Colombia, Latin Americans and U.S. advisors ended up decentralizing the state, privatizing public functions, and launching austere social welfare programs. By the 1960s, they had remade the country's housing projects, river valleys, and universities. They had also generated new lessons for the United States itself. When the Johnson administration launched the War on Poverty, U.S. social movements, business associations, and government agencies all promised to repatriate the lessons of development, and they did so by multiplying the uses of austerity and for-profit contracting within their own welfare state. A decade later, ascendant right-wing movements seeking to dismantle the midcentury state did not need to reach for entirely new ideas: they redeployed policies already at hand. This book brings readers to Colombia and back, showing the entanglement of American societies and the contradictory promises of midcentury statebuilding. The untold story of how the road from the New Deal to the Great Society ran through Latin America, the book also offers a surprising new account of the origins of neoliberalism.
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Benestad, Rasmus. Climate in the Barents Region. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.655.
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The Barents Sea is a region of the Arctic Ocean named after one of its first known explorers (1594–1597), Willem Barentsz from the Netherlands, although there are accounts of earlier explorations: the Norwegian seafarer Ottar rounded the northern tip of Europe and explored the Barents and White Seas between 870 and 890 ce, a journey followed by a number of Norsemen; Pomors hunted seals and walruses in the region; and Novgorodian merchants engaged in the fur trade. These seafarers were probably the first to accumulate knowledge about the nature of sea ice in the Barents region; however, scientific expeditions and the exploration of the climate of the region had to wait until the invention and employment of scientific instruments such as the thermometer and barometer. Most of the early exploration involved mapping the land and the sea ice and making geographical observations. There were also many unsuccessful attempts to use the Northeast Passage to reach the Bering Strait. The first scientific expeditions involved F. P. Litke (1821±1824), P. K. Pakhtusov (1834±1835), A. K. Tsivol’ka (1837±1839), and Henrik Mohn (1876–1878), who recorded oceanographic, ice, and meteorological conditions.The scientific study of the Barents region and its climate has been spearheaded by a number of campaigns. There were four generations of the International Polar Year (IPY): 1882–1883, 1932–1933, 1957–1958, and 2007–2008. A British polar campaign was launched in July 1945 with Antarctic operations administered by the Colonial Office, renamed as the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS); it included a scientific bureau by 1950. It was rebranded as the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) in 1962 (British Antarctic Survey History leaflet). While BAS had its initial emphasis on the Antarctic, it has also been involved in science projects in the Barents region. The most dedicated mission to the Arctic and the Barents region has been the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), which has commissioned a series of reports on the Arctic climate: the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA) report, the Snow Water Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA) report, and the Adaptive Actions in a Changing Arctic (AACA) report.The climate of the Barents Sea is strongly influenced by the warm waters from the Norwegian current bringing heat from the subtropical North Atlantic. The region is 10°C–15°C warmer than the average temperature on the same latitude, and a large part of the Barents Sea is open water even in winter. It is roughly bounded by the Svalbard archipelago, northern Fennoscandia, the Kanin Peninsula, Kolguyev Island, Novaya Zemlya, and Franz Josef Land, and is a shallow ocean basin which constrains physical processes such as currents and convection. To the west, the Greenland Sea forms a buffer region with some of the strongest temperature gradients on earth between Iceland and Greenland. The combination of a strong temperature gradient and westerlies influences air pressure, wind patterns, and storm tracks. The strong temperature contrast between sea ice and open water in the northern part sets the stage for polar lows, as well as heat and moisture exchange between ocean and atmosphere. Glaciers on the Arctic islands generate icebergs, which may drift in the Barents Sea subject to wind and ocean currents.The land encircling the Barents Sea includes regions with permafrost and tundra. Precipitation comes mainly from synoptic storms and weather fronts; it falls as snow in the winter and rain in the summer. The land area is snow-covered in winter, and rivers in the region drain the rainwater and meltwater into the Barents Sea. Pronounced natural variations in the seasonal weather statistics can be linked to variations in the polar jet stream and Rossby waves, which result in a clustering of storm activity, blocking high-pressure systems. The Barents region is subject to rapid climate change due to a “polar amplification,” and observations from Svalbard suggest that the past warming trend ranks among the strongest recorded on earth. The regional change is reinforced by a number of feedback effects, such as receding sea-ice cover and influx of mild moist air from the south.
Book chapters on the topic "Rank one generated"
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Havlena, Vojtěch, Ondřej Lengál, and Barbora Šmahlíková. "Sky Is Not the Limit." In Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems, 118–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99527-0_7.
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AbstractWe propose several heuristics for mitigating one of the main causes of combinatorial explosion in rank-based complementation of Büchi automata (BAs): unnecessarily high bounds on the ranks of states. First, we identify elevator automata, which is a large class of BAs (generalizing semi-deterministic BAs), occurring often in practice, where ranks of states are bounded according to the structure of strongly connected components. The bounds for elevator automata also carry over to general BAs that contain elevator automata as a sub-structure. Second, we introduce two techniques for refining bounds on the ranks of BA states using data-flow analysis of the automaton. We implement out techniques as an extension of the tool Ranker for BA complementation and show that they indeed greatly prune the generated state space, obtaining significantly better results and outperforming other state-of-the-art tools on a large set of benchmarks.
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Reuß, Silvia, Axel Probst, Tobias Knopp, and Katharina P. Wawrzinek. "Hybrid RANS/LES Study of the Development of an Airfoil-Generated Vortex." In Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Multidisciplinary Design, 41–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21127-5_3.
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Green, Mark, Phillip Griffiths, and Matt Kerr. "Classification of Mumford-Tate Subdomains." In Mumford-Tate Groups and Domains. Princeton University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691154244.003.0008.
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This chapter develops an algorithm for determining all Mumford-Tate subdomains of a given period domain. The result is applied to the classification of all complex multiplication Hodge structures (CM Hodge structures) of rank 4 and when the weight n = 1 and n = 3, to an analysis of their Hodge tensors and endomorphism algebras, and the number of components of the Noether-Lefschetz locus. The result is that one has a complex but very rich arithmetic story. Of particular note is the intricate structure of the components of the Noether-Lefschetz loci in D and in its compact dual, and the two interesting cases where the Hodge tensors are generated in degrees 2 and 4. One application is that a particular class of period maps appearing in mirror symmetry never has image in a proper subdomain of D.
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Tanasa, Adrian. "Random tensor models—the multi-orientable (MO) model." In Combinatorial Physics, 209–33. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192895493.003.0013.
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In its first section, this chapter presents the definition of the multi-orientable tensor model. The 1/N expansion and the large N limit of this model are exposed in the second section of the chapter. In the third section, a thorough enumerative combinatorial analysis of the general term of the 1/N expansion is presented. The implementation of the double scaling mechanism is then exhibited in the fourth section. This chapter presents the multi-orientable (MO) tensor model and it follows the review article. This rank three model, having O(N) U(N) O(N) symetry, can be seen as an intermediate step between the U(N) invariant model presented in the previous chapter, and the O(N) invariant model presented in the following chapter. The class of Feynman graph generated by perturbative expansion of MO model is strictly larger than the class of Feynman graphs of the U(N) invariant model and strictly smaller than the one of the O(N) invariant model.
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Bhattacharya, Abhishek, Arijit Ghosal, Ahmed J. Obaid, Salahddine Krit, Vinod Kumar Shukla, Krishnasis Mandal, and Sabyasachi Pramanik. "Unsupervised Summarization Approach With Computational Statistics of Microblog Data." In Methodologies and Applications of Computational Statistics for Machine Intelligence, 23–37. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7701-1.ch002.
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Microblogging, where millions of users exchange messages to share their opinions on different trending and non-trending topics, is one of the popular communication media in recent times. Several researchers are concentrating on these data due to a huge source of information exchanges in online social media. In platforms such as Twitter, dataset-generated lacks coherence, and manually extracting meaning or knowledge from them proves to be painstakingly difficult. It opens up the challenges to the researchers for knowledge extraction driven by a summarization approach. Therefore, automated summary generation tools are recommended to get a meaningful summary out of a given topic becomes crucial in the age of big data. In this work, an unsupervised, extractive summarization model has been proposed. For categorization of data, k-means algorithm has been used, and based on scoring of each document in the corpus, summarization model is designed. The proposed methodology achieves an improved outcome over existing methods, such as lexical rank, sum basic, LSA, etc. evaluated by rouge tool.
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"Mitigating Impacts of Natural Hazards on Fishery Ecosystems." In Mitigating Impacts of Natural Hazards on Fishery Ecosystems, edited by Christian E. Zimmerman, Christina A. Neal, and Peter J. Haeussler. American Fisheries Society, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874011.ch29.
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<em>Abstract.</em>—Fish and fishing communities are iconic symbols of Alaska. Volcanoes, earthquakes, and tsunamis also stand out as processes that define or shape the Alaska landscape. Alaska has numerous fishing ports that regularly rank in the top 10 ports for commercial landings by weight and value in the United States. In addition to commercial fisheries, subsistence fisheries and sport fishing play an important role in the economy and culture of Alaska. Alaska is home to one of the most active plate boundaries on the planet, where the Pacific Plate is subducting the North American Plate at rates greater than 5 cm/year. This process brings to Alaska earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions. Active plate boundaries around the Pacific basin also make Alaska vulnerable to transoceanic tsunamis generated by earthquakes thousands of miles away. Alaska is the most seismically active state in the United States by a large margin and one of the most active areas in the world. In this paper, we examine the distribution of fishing communities and fish habitat with respect to volcanic and earthquake hazards and discuss the possible implications of these natural hazards to fisheries. Because natural hazards cannot be prevented, communities must prepare for and minimize risk associated with such events. Understanding the nature and distribution of natural hazards is the first step in preparing for future events and limiting the impacts of those events.
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Seastedt, Timothy R. "Soils." In Structure and Function of an Alpine Ecosystem. Oxford University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195117288.003.0014.
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This chapter examines alpine soils from a traditional soil science and ecological perspective, with a bias toward the latter. Soil physical and chemical properties are presented, but the soils as a resource for the biota as well as the feedbacks between abiotic and biotic processes are emphasized. Over half a century ago, Hans Jenny (1941) developed a conceptual model of the factors responsible for soil development. Jenny recognized that parent material, climate, topography, and geological and ecological disturbance factors could be viewed as independent phenomena that interact to produce soils. Jenny (1980) subsequently expanded this model to one that was also useful to describe entire ecosystems. To date, I've found no better framework with which to explain soils as true ecosystem characteristics—an entity generated by the interaction of biota with the abiotic environment. Accordingly, the roles that parent materials, topography, climate, biota, and disturbance frequencies have in controlling the structural and functional aspects of alpine soils are discussed. Because each of these five factors of soil formation has the potential to interact with various combinations of the other four factors, the number of possible combinations—and soil types—is surprisingly large, especially when one or more of the five factors exhibits tremendous within-site variability. Certainly the alpine must rank “most heterogeneous” among terrestrial ecosystem types in terms of topography, making this variable particularly important in any discussion of soil characteristics. As will be demonstrated, however, the other four factors also exhibit significant variation that contributes to the complexity of the alpine soil landscape. Soil characteristics emphasized here include those variables that affect and are affected by biotic processes over time scales ranging from a single growing season to decades to centuries. Hence, cation exchange capacity (CEC), soil acidity (pH), soil water content, nutrient content and flux, and carbon storage and flux, are of primary concern. Detailed information about the soils of this region comes primarily from two sources, Scott Burns’s 1980 dissertation on soil distribution and development in the Niwot Ridge-Green Lakes region, and an extensive series of publications by M. I. Litaor. Burns provided classical soil descriptions based on the analysis of 97 extensive soil pit excavations.
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Érdi, Péter. "The ignorant, the manipulative, and the difficulties of measuring society." In Ranking, 99–126. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190935467.003.0005.
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While making objective rankings sounds like an appealing goal, there are at least two reasons why we may not have objectivity: ignorance and manipulation. Persons with less knowledge suffer from illusory superiority due to their cognitive bias, a phenomenon called the Dunning–Kruger effect. Omnipresent in society is not only ignorance but also manipulation. Manipulators have the intention of gaining personal advantage by adopting different tricks, and the chapter summarizes these tricks. Then the importance and the difficulties of measuring society are discussed. According to Campbell’s law, use of quantitative indicators will distort and corrupt the social processes they are intended to monitor. “Rank and yank” refers to an annual performance review process by which a company ranks its employees against one another, and it looks as though CEOs have the difficult problem of avoiding unhealthy dog-eat-dog situations in the workplace. The chapter then discusses how a particular social metric, the credit score, is calculated and how objective the result is. It argues that social scientists and computer scientists should cooperate to generate “ethical algorithms” to avoid social prejudice. Further, it is argued that quantification is an indispensable part of an evaluation process. Metrics are not a silver bullet, because they might be manipulated, but careful measurement is better than purely subjective opinion.
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Hope, Debra A., Richard G. Heimberg, and Cynthia L. Turk. "The Fear and Avoidance Hierarchy." In Managing Social Anxiety, Therapist Guide, 35–48. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190247591.003.0004.
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In this chapter, the therapist and client continue to refine their understanding of the client’s three components of anxiety and develop a Fear and Avoidance Hierarchy. A Fear and Avoidance Hierarchy is a “top 10” list of situations in which the client experiences social anxiety. The greatest fear is in the number 1 position. Once the items are generated, each is rated for the level of anxiety it evokes and the likelihood that the person would avoid the situation if it were to occur in his or her life. There are four steps in constructing a Fear and Avoidance Hierarchy: (a) brainstorming, (b) discovering what makes a situation easier or harder and refining the client’s list of situations, (c) making ratings of fear and avoidance for each situation, and (d) rank ordering the situations. A hierarchy is meant to provide a good representation of situations that cause the client anxiety.
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Li, Dawei, and Mooi Choo Chuah. "Accurate Image Retrieval With Unsupervised 2-Stage k-NN Re-Ranking." In Computer Vision, 1726–45. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5204-8.ch072.
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Many state-of-the-art image retrieval systems include a re-ranking step to refine the suggested initial ranking list so as to improve the retrieval accuracy. In this paper, we present a novel 2-stage k-NN re-ranking algorithm. In stage one, we generate an expanded list of candidate database images for re-ranking so that lower ranked ground truth images will be included and re-ranked. In stage two, we re-rank the list of candidate images using a confidence score which is calculated based on, rRBO, a new proposed ranking list similarity measure. In addition, we propose the rLoCATe image feature, which captures robust color and texture information on salient image patches, and shows superior performance in the image retrieval task. We evaluate the proposed re-ranking algorithm on various initial ranking lists created using both SIFT and rLoCATe on two popular benchmark datasets along with a large-scale one million distraction dataset. The results show that our proposed algorithm is not sensitive for different parameter configurations and it outperforms existing k-NN re-ranking methods.
Conference papers on the topic "Rank one generated"
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Cole, Tyler, Adam Warrillow, and Keith Drover. "Development of a Novel Concept for Evacuation in Dynamic Ice Conditions." In SNAME 8th International Conference and Exhibition on Performance of Ships and Structures in Ice. SNAME, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/icetech-2008-173.
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With robust oil prices and a belief in the Arctic’s potential, the oil and gas industry is, once again, taking interest in the extreme northern regions. While offshore platform evacuation vehicles have been improved for open water conditions, the development of evacuation systems for ice-infested waters has lagged. This study investigated the operational requirements for evacuation vehicles in the Canadian Beaufort Sea. Following the generation of novel concepts through a series of brainstorming sessions, a three-tier vessel performance evaluation was created to rank and compare the performance of existing and novel concepts during a platform evacuation scenario. One of the novel concepts generated through this exercise is outlined in further detail.
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Nordland, Kate, and Edward Hensel. "A Design Tool for Distributed Concept Development." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-67751.
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This paper provides an overview of a database tool to support collaborative concept development in an asynchronous, distributed design environment. This paper will illustrate how an ideation method, such as as brainstorming, can be applied to a desired set of functions for a new design. The result of the brain-storming session for each articulated function can then be used in conjunction with a collaborative weighted voting tool to develop a rank-ordered morphological chart of the design space. A case study will be presented to illustrate how the information and knowledge generated in a prior working session by a design group can be introduced into a subsequent design session. The case study will illustrate how knowledge can be effectively transferred from one design project to the next, and preserve design intent over time.
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Talpasanu, Ilie, and Stephen Chomyszak. "Kinematic Analysis of 3D Printing Mechanisms." In ASME 2015 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2015-48071.
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The paper presents a novel technique for the kinematic analysis of a geared mechanism manufactured through 3D printing technology. In the syllabus of the undergraduate 3D Printing course, one of the student projects is to manufacture a spur Norton type gear box which includes a planetary mechanism for engaging its three planets, thus three output velocities for the gear box are obtained. The connected elements (carriers, gears, planets) are fabricated without any involvement of assembly operation. At the prototype stage, a CAD model of the mechanism is created and a search for abilities and limitations of the mechanism are required. The analysis of abilities of motion includes determination of mechanism mobility (DOF). A step by step simple technique is presented for determination of the rank for the matrix of coefficients from the kinematic equations. Thus, the DOF is the difference between the number columns and the rank previously determined. The steps required in the analysis are: numbering of links and joints, graph attached to mechanism, matrix of incidence cycles-nodes in graph, and determination of its rank by using Mathematica commands. For the set of base cycles are automatically generated independent scalar equations. The matrix, denoted velocity matroidal, has the coefficients for the mechanism’s unknown absolute angular velocities-determined based on an analogy to a system of parallel forces from static equilibrium, angular velocities being considered analog to the “forces“. The relations between the input-output links’ absolute angular velocities are determined. The coefficients in the kinematic equations for velocities are written as function of gear ratios. The number of gear teeth can be selected also for the desired input-output speed ratios.
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Christiansen, Niels Hørbye, Per Erlend Torbergsen Voie, Jan Høgsberg, and Nils Sødahl. "Optimized Mooring Line Simulation Using a Hybrid Method Time Domain Scheme." In ASME 2014 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2014-23939.
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Dynamic analyses of slender marine structures are computationally expensive. Recently it has been shown how a hybrid method which combines FEM models and artificial neural networks (ANN) can be used to reduce the computation time spend on the time domain simulations associated with fatigue analysis of mooring lines by two orders of magnitude. The present study shows how an ANN trained to perform nonlinear dynamic response simulation can be optimized using a method known as optimal brain damage (OBD) and thereby be used to rank the importance of all analysis input. Both the training and the optimization of the ANN are based on one short time domain simulation sequence generated by a FEM model of the structure. This means that it is possible to evaluate the importance of input parameters based on this single simulation only. The method is tested on a numerical model of mooring lines on a floating off-shore installation. It is shown that it is possible to estimate the cost of ignoring one or more input variables in an analysis.
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Deng, Yang, Wenxuan Zhang, and Wai Lam. "Learning to Rank Question Answer Pairs with Bilateral Contrastive Data Augmentation." In Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text (W-NUT 2021). Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.wnut-1.20.
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Scaletta, Brent, and Richard Green. "Critical Location Identification for Multi-Mechanistic Damage Modes Using Damage Interaction Charts." In ASME Turbo Expo 2020: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2020-14678.
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Abstract Damage in gas turbine engines can accumulate from multiple damage mechanisms including creep, fatigue, and oxidation. Each damage mechanism is influenced by various parameters which typically occur during different portions of engine operation. For instance, fatigue is influenced by large stress/strain ranges that occur during startup and shutdown transient conditions while creep is affected by sustained stress and temperature at dwell conditions. In some cases, the maximum damage location for one mechanism could experience negligible contribution in damage from any other mechanism, but in most cases, there is some degree of influence from two or three mechanisms. In those instances, damage will accumulate at various rates during separate portions of operation under different damage mechanisms. Since some applications require engines to dwell for long periods of time while other applications favor more frequent cycling, every engine will accumulate damage differently at each location. Therefore, it is difficult to estimate which location is critical to durability, rendering it necessary to capture all possible critical locations so that damage can be estimated for each application. This paper suggests a method by which to visualize and select critical locations based on all possible customer use scenarios. Once critical locations are identified, a Reduced Order Model (ROM) can be generated for each point of interest and damage can be estimated and monitored using data collection. Damage mechanisms can be combined if micromechanistic affects are additive, the material response compounds, or the material properties evolve with time. Examples of each case are demonstrated. In addition, the visual representation of damage interaction allows for uncertainty to be visualized and implemented to rank location criticality.
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Gaj, Marko, Nik Bessis, and Lu Liu. "Introducing Auto Generated Certificates to Rank Wireless Home Network Security." In 2015 10th International Conference on P2P, Parallel, Grid, Cloud and Internet Computing (3PGCIC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/3pgcic.2015.17.
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Murthy, P. Narasimha, and S. Vasanthadev Suryakala. "Rank order filter design using maximum magnitude generator." In 2017 International Conference on Wireless Communications, Signal Processing and Networking (WiSPNET). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wispnet.2017.8299842.
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Yerma, Sandhya, and Amit Kumar Majhvar. "Updated page rank of dynamically generated research authors' pages: A new idea." In 2016 IEEE International Conference on Recent Trends in Electronics, Information & Communication Technology (RTEICT). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rteict.2016.7807954.
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Feng, Pin-Hao, Faydor L. Litvin, Dennis P. Townsend, and Robert F. Handschuh. "Determination of Principal Curvatures and Contact Ellipse for Profile Crowned Helical Gears." In ASME 1998 Design Engineering Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc98/ptg-5778.
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Abstract Helical gears with localized bearing contact of tooth surfaces achieved by profile crowning of tooth surfaces are considered. Profile crowning is analyzed through the use of two imaginary rack-cutters with mismatched surfaces. The goal is to determine the dimensions and orientation of the instantaneous contact ellipse from the principle curvatures of the pinion and gear tooth surfaces. A simplified solution to this problem is proposed based on the approach developed for correlation of principal curvatures and directions of generating and generated tooth surfaces. The equations obtained are applied to three cases of profile crowning where the normal profiles of the rack-cutters are: (i) parabolic curves: (ii) circular arcs; and (iii) a combination of a straight line for one of the rack-cutters and a parabolic curve or a circular arc for the mating rack-cutter. The gear drives can be the combination of a pinion generated by a parabolic curve or a circular arc and gear generated by one of three cases mentioned above.
Reports on the topic "Rank one generated"
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Brown, Yolanda, Twonia Goyer, and Maragaret Harvey. Heart Failure 30-Day Readmission Frequency, Rates, and HF Classification. University of Tennessee Health Science Center, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21007/con.dnp.2020.0002.
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30 Day Hospital Readmission Rates, Frequencies, and Heart Failure Classification for Patients with Heart Failure Background Congestive heart failure (CHF) is the leading cause of mortality, morbidity, and disability worldwide among patients. Both the incidence and the prevalence of heart failure are age dependent and are relatively common in individuals 40 years of age and older. CHF is one of the leading causes of inpatient hospitalization readmission in the United States, with readmission rates remaining above the 20% goal within 30 days. The Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services imposes a 3% reimbursement penalty for excessive readmissions including those who are readmitted within 30 days from prior hospitalization for heart failure. Hospitals risk losing millions of dollars due to poor performance. A reduction in CHF readmission rates not only improves healthcare system expenditures, but also patients’ mortality, morbidity, and quality of life. Purpose The purpose of this DNP project is to determine the 30-day hospital readmission rates, frequencies, and heart failure classification for patients with heart failure. Specific aims include comparing computed annual re-admission rates with national average, determine the number of multiple 30-day re-admissions, provide descriptive data for demographic variables, and correlate age and heart failure classification with the number of multiple re-admissions. Methods A retrospective chart review was used to collect hospital admission and study data. The setting occurred in an urban hospital in Memphis, TN. The study was reviewed by the UTHSC Internal Review Board and deemed exempt. The electronic medical records were queried from July 1, 2019 through December 31, 2019 for heart failure ICD-10 codes beginning with the prefix 150 and a report was generated. Data was cleaned such that each patient admitted had only one heart failure ICD-10 code. The total number of heart failure admissions was computed and compared to national average. Using age ranges 40-80, the number of patients re-admitted withing 30 days was computed and descriptive and inferential statistics were computed using Microsoft Excel and R. Results A total of 3524 patients were admitted for heart failure within the six-month time frame. Of those, 297 were re-admitted within 30 days for heart failure exacerbation (8.39%). An annual estimate was computed (16.86%), well below the national average (21%). Of those re-admitted within 30 days, 50 were re-admitted on multiple occasions sequentially, ranging from 2-8 re-admissions. The median age was 60 and 60% male. Due to the skewed distribution (most re-admitted twice), nonparametric statistics were used for correlation. While graphic display of charts suggested a trend for most multiple re-admissions due to diastolic dysfunction and least number due to systolic heart failure, there was no statistically significant correlation between age and number or multiple re-admissions (Spearman rank, p = 0.6208) or number of multiple re-admissions and heart failure classification (Kruskal Wallis, p =0.2553).
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Madrzykowski, aniel, Craig Weinschenk, and Joseph Willi. Exposing Fire Service Hose in a Flashover Chamber. UL's Fire Safety Research Institute, April 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/tkog7594.
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At the request of the Fire Department City of New York (FDNY), UL’s Fire Safety Research Institute (FSRI) instrumented and documented a series of 12 thermal exposure hose experiments that were conducted in the burn compartment of an FDNY flashover simulator. The main objective of the experiments was to observe the performance of fire hoses exposed to the heat flux from flaming hot gas layer conditions above the hose. FDNY collected a variety of hose types that represented a cross section of commercially available materials and construction methods. The thermal exposures generated in the burn compartment were measured. The fire experiments were stopped once the hose being examined began to lose water through the wall of the hose. All of the hoses lost water through their wall, although the size of the holes and the amount of water leakage varied. While the burn compartment provided a “fire room environment” and different types of hose failures were demonstrated, the thermal exposure within the compartment was not demonstrated to be repeatable. Therefore it is not possible to develop a comparable rank or rating of the fire resistance of these hoses from this series of experiments.
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Zheng, Wanzheng, and Jason Merret. Aerodynamic Survey of Novel eVTOL Configuration Using SU2. Illinois Center for Transportation, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/22-014.
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This report summarizes computational fluid dynamics (CFD) results of electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) geometries using the SU2 Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) solver. Geometries were generated based on the Smart Transportation Infrastructure Initiative (STII) Rappor 15th iteration with various rotor-installment solutions. It was found that although open rotors installed on an underwing pylon were superior to shrouded rotors installed in a canoe, the canoe configuration would provide more potential for improvement, and using a canoe door to cover the first rotor opening would reduce the drag experienced by the canoe case below that upon the rod case. Rotor doors were found to be most efficient in reducing drag of the canoe case: Average drag reduction with covering the first rotor and all rotors was 66 and 165 counts, respectively. Changing rotor distributions along the chordwise direction had minimal impact on drag reduction, and placing rotors along the spanwise direction was not advised due to the increase of the projected frontal area. Increasing canoe chord length did not have significant impact on drag reduction; and if rotor doors were implemented, increasing canoe size had negative impact on drag. Rounding rotor edges did not change the aerodynamic performance of the canoe case but promotes vertical air intake when running lifting fans. Drag received by the canoe parabolically correlated to rotor diameter, with 126 counts of drag if the rotor diameter was 0 and 377 counts if the rotor diameter was 2.95 ft. Fuselage and tail added an average 179 counts of drag, and thus the aforementioned differences were still significant in the scale of aerodynamic properties of the full configuration.
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Kelly, Luke. What Accountability Means in Somalia. Institute of Development Studies, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.113.
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This rapid literature review finds that accountability programming in Somalia is focused on working effectively with the country’s hybrid governance. A number of programmes have generated findings on the potential of non-state actors to improve accountability, with a focus on contextual analysis and adaptive programming. Accountability is defined as mechanisms to hold people in power to account according to an agreed standard. Improving accountability may be difficult in fragile and conflict-affected states such as Somalia where power is dispersed and informal. Somalia is commonly described as a hybrid political order. Regions in Somalia have more and less robust governments and non-state actors have a number of important but informal roles in governance. Moreover, the prevalence of clan-based politics and patriarchal norms limits the inclusivity of accountability mechanisms, with women and members of minority clans among those commonly excluded. This report is focused on accountability in governance. It surveys both evidence on the status and contours of accountability in Somalia, and on programmes to improve accountability. It is based on evidence from the Implementation and Analysis in Action of Accountability Programme (IAAAP) Somalia programme, as well as other relevant programmes. It describes the findings on the barriers and enablers to greater accountability in Somalia, as well as lessons on implementing programmes. It does not survey every accountability programme, or programme with accountability components, but instead focused on published evaluations and evidence syntheses. Several programmes, such as IAAAP, have sought to research, improve and learn lessons on accountability in Somalia. IAAAP ran from 2013 to 2019 and had a budget of GBP 23 million. It worked as an innovation laboratory to test models for greater accountability through adaptive programming. IAAAP worked on different themes, including civil society-state engagement, financial flows and extractive industries.
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Zhang, Hongbin B., David J. Bonfil, and Shahal Abbo. Genomics Tools for Legume Agronomic Gene Mapping and Cloning, and Genome Analysis: Chickpea as a Model. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586464.bard.
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The goals of this project were to develop essential genomic tools for modern chickpea genetics and genomics research, map the genes and quantitative traits of importance to chickpea production and generate DNA markers that are well-suited for enhanced chickpea germplasm analysis and breeding. To achieve these research goals, we proposed the following research objectives in this period of the project: 1) Develop an ordered BAC library with an average insert size of 150 - 200 kb (USA); 2) Develop 300 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers with an aid of the BAC library (USA); 3) Develop SSR marker tags for Ascochyta response, flowering date and grain weight (USA); 4) Develop a molecular genetic map consisting of at least 200 SSR markers (Israel and USA); 5) Map genes and QTLs most important to chickpea production in the U.S. and Israel: Ascochyta response, flowering and seed set date, grain weight, and grain yield under extreme dryland conditions (Israel); and 6) Determine the genetic correlation between the above four traits (Israel). Chickpea is the third most important pulse crop in the world and ranks the first in the Middle East. Chickpea seeds are a good source of plant protein (12.4-31.5%) and carbohydrates (52.4-70.9%). Although it has been demonstrated in other major crops that the modern genetics and genomics research is essential to enhance our capacity for crop genetic improvement and breeding, little work was pursued in these research areas for chickpea. It was absent in resources, tools and infrastructure that are essential for chickpea genomics and modern genetics research. For instance, there were no large-insert BAC and BIBAC libraries, no sufficient and user- friendly DNA markers, and no intraspecific genetic map. Grain sizes, flowering time and Ascochyta response are three main constraints to chickpea production in drylands. Combination of large seeds, early flowering time and Ascochyta blight resistance is desirable and of significance for further genetic improvement of chickpea. However, it was unknown how many genes and/or loci contribute to each of the traits and what correlations occur among them, making breeders difficult to combine these desirable traits. In this period of the project, we developed the resources, tools and infrastructure that are essential for chickpea genomics and modern genetics research. In particular, we constructed the proposed large-insert BAC library and an additional plant-transformation-competent BIBAC library from an Israeli advanced chickpea cultivar, Hadas. The BAC library contains 30,720 clones and has an average insert size of 151 kb, equivalent to 6.3 x chickpea haploid genomes. The BIBAC library contains 18,432 clones and has an average insert size of 135 kb, equivalent to 3.4 x chickpea haploid genomes. The combined libraries contain 49,152 clones, equivalent to 10.7 x chickpea haploid genomes. We identified all SSR loci-containing clones from the chickpea BAC library, generated sequences for 536 SSR loci from a part of the SSR-containing BACs and developed 310 new SSR markers. From the new SSR markers and selected existing SSR markers, we developed a SSR marker-based molecular genetic map of the chickpea genome. The BAC and BIBAC libraries, SSR markers and the molecular genetic map have provided essential resources and tools for modern genetic and genomic analyses of the chickpea genome. Using the SSR markers and genetic map, we mapped the genes and loci for flowering time and Ascochyta responses; one major QTL and a few minor QTLs have been identified for Ascochyta response and one major QTL has been identified for flowering time. The genetic correlations between flowering time, grain weight and Ascochyta response have been established. These results have provided essential tools and knowledge for effective manipulation and enhanced breeding of the traits in chickpea.
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Bourrier, Mathilde, Michael Deml, and Farnaz Mahdavian. Comparative report of the COVID-19 Pandemic Responses in Norway, Sweden, Germany, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. University of Stavanger, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.254.
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The purpose of this report is to compare the risk communication strategies and public health mitigation measures implemented by Germany, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom (UK) in 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic based on publicly available documents. The report compares the country responses both in relation to one another and to the recommendations and guidance of the World Health Organization where available. The comparative report is an output of Work Package 1 from the research project PAN-FIGHT (Fighting pandemics with enhanced risk communication: Messages, compliance and vulnerability during the COVID-19 outbreak), which is financially supported by the Norwegian Research Council's extraordinary programme for corona research. PAN-FIGHT adopts a comparative approach which follows a “most different systems” variation as a logic of comparison guiding the research (Przeworski & Teune, 1970). The countries in this study include two EU member States (Sweden, Germany), one which was engaged in an exit process from the EU membership (the UK), and two non-European Union states, but both members of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA): Norway and Switzerland. Furthermore, Germany and Switzerland govern by the Continental European Federal administrative model, with a relatively weak central bureaucracy and strong subnational, decentralised institutions. Norway and Sweden adhere to the Scandinavian model—a unitary but fairly decentralised system with power bestowed to the local authorities. The United Kingdom applies the Anglo-Saxon model, characterized by New Public Management (NPM) and decentralised managerial practices (Einhorn & Logue, 2003; Kuhlmann & Wollmann, 2014; Petridou et al., 2019). In total, PAN-FIGHT is comprised of 5 Work Packages (WPs), which are research-, recommendation-, and practice-oriented. The WPs seek to respond to the following research questions and accomplish the following: WP1: What are the characteristics of governmental and public health authorities’ risk communication strategies in five European countries, both in comparison to each other and in relation to the official strategies proposed by WHO? WP2: To what extent and how does the general public’s understanding, induced by national risk communication, vary across five countries, in relation to factors such as social capital, age, gender, socio-economic status and household composition? WP3: Based on data generated in WP1 and WP2, what is the significance of being male or female in terms of individual susceptibility to risk communication and subsequent vulnerability during the COVID-19 outbreak? WP4: Based on insight and knowledge generated in WPs 1 and 2, what recommendations can we offer national and local governments and health institutions on enhancing their risk communication strategies to curb pandemic outbreaks? WP5: Enhance health risk communication strategies across five European countries based upon the knowledge and recommendations generated by WPs 1-4. Pre-pandemic preparedness characteristics All five countries had pandemic plans developed prior to 2020, which generally were specific to influenza pandemics but not to coronaviruses. All plans had been updated following the H1N1 pandemic (2009-2010). During the SARS (2003) and MERS (2012) outbreaks, both of which are coronaviruses, all five countries experienced few cases, with notably smaller impacts than the H1N1 epidemic (2009-2010). The UK had conducted several exercises (Exercise Cygnet in 2016, Exercise Cygnus in 2016, and Exercise Iris in 2018) to check their preparedness plans; the reports from these exercises concluded that there were gaps in preparedness for epidemic outbreaks. Germany also simulated an influenza pandemic exercise in 2007 called LÜKEX 07, to train cross-state and cross-department crisis management (Bundesanstalt Technisches Hilfswerk, 2007). In 2017 within the context of the G20, Germany ran a health emergency simulation exercise with WHO and World Bank representatives to prepare for potential future pandemics (Federal Ministry of Health et al., 2017). Prior to COVID-19, only the UK had expert groups, notably the Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies (SAGE), that was tasked with providing advice during emergencies. It had been used in previous emergency events (not exclusively limited to health). In contrast, none of the other countries had a similar expert advisory group in place prior to the pandemic. COVID-19 waves in 2020 All five countries experienced two waves of infection in 2020. The first wave occurred during the first half of the year and peaked after March 2020. The second wave arrived during the final quarter. Norway consistently had the lowest number of SARS-CoV-2 infections per million. Germany’s counts were neither the lowest nor the highest. Sweden, Switzerland and the UK alternated in having the highest numbers per million throughout 2020. Implementation of measures to control the spread of infection In Germany, Switzerland and the UK, health policy is the responsibility of regional states, (Länders, cantons and nations, respectively). However, there was a strong initial centralized response in all five countries to mitigate the spread of infection. Later on, country responses varied in the degree to which they were centralized or decentralized. Risk communication In all countries, a large variety of communication channels were used (press briefings, websites, social media, interviews). Digital communication channels were used extensively. Artificial intelligence was used, for example chatbots and decision support systems. Dashboards were used to provide access to and communicate data.