Journal articles: 'Ramp constraints'

1

Oren, Shmuel S., and Andrew M. Ross. "Can we prevent the gaming of ramp constraints?" Decision Support Systems 40, no. 3-4 (October 2005): 461–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2004.05.008.

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Frangioni, Antonio, Claudio Gentile, and Fabrizio Lacalandra. "Solving unit commitment problems with general ramp constraints." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 30, no. 5 (June 2008): 316–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2007.10.003.

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Park, Yong-Gi, Jong-Bae Park, Jae-Hyung Roh, Hyeong-Jung Kim, and Jung-Rin Shin. "Multi-Stage Generation Allocation Game Considering Ramp-rate Constraints." Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers 60, no. 3 (March 1, 2011): 509–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5370/kiee.2011.60.3.509.

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Li, Xin, Jingang Lai, and Ruoli Tang. "A Hybrid Constraints Handling Strategy for Multiconstrained Multiobjective Optimization Problem of Microgrid Economical/Environmental Dispatch." Complexity 2017 (2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6249432.

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Microgrid (MG) economical/environmental dispatch (MGEED) problem is a complex multiobjective optimization topic. Since the generators are diversified and the operation mode changes frequently, the MGEEED problem always has different types of constraints, such as the load balance constraints and the ramp rates constraints, which make it a nonlinear, nonconvex optimization problem. In this paper, the mathematical model of a typical MG system applied in northwest China is established. Then, a hybrid constraints handling strategy (HCHS) based on nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGAII) is proposed to deal with the typical constraints, by which the constraints violations can be removed in several steps during the evolutionary process. A dimensionality reduction method is introduced to simplify the optimization model. And an individual repair approach is designed for the violations of ramp rates constraints. In order to balance the weights of various types of constraints, the process of constraints handling in standard NSGAII is revised. Thereafter, HCHS-NSGAII is applied to some typical MGEED problems, considering all kinds of typical constraints. The results show that HCHS-NSGAII can obtain feasible Pareto sets with satisfactory convergence and distribution, which is efficient in handling complex practical industrial MGEED problems with the change of constraints combinations.

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Vincenzi, P., R. Ambrosino, J. F. Artaud, T. Bolzonella, L. Garzotti, G. Giruzzi, G. Granucci, et al. "EU DEMO transient phases: Main constraints and heating mix studies for ramp-up and ramp-down." Fusion Engineering and Design 123 (November 2017): 473–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2017.02.064.

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Shi, Ming, Xiaojun Lin, and Sonia Fahmy. "Competitive Online Convex Optimization With Switching Costs and Ramp Constraints." IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking 29, no. 2 (April 2021): 876–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tnet.2021.3053910.

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7

Khoo, Hooi Ling. "Dynamic penalty function approach for ramp metering with equity constraints." Journal of King Saud University - Science 23, no. 3 (July 2011): 273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2010.12.004.

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8

Svoboda, A. J., Chung-Li Tseng, Chao-An Li, and R. B. Johnson. "Short-term resource scheduling with ramp constraints [power generation scheduling]." IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 12, no. 1 (1997): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/59.574926.

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Patra, S., S. K. Goswami, and B. Goswami. "Differential Evolution Algorithm for Solving Unit Commitment with Ramp Constraints." Electric Power Components and Systems 36, no. 8 (June 17, 2008): 771–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15325000801911377.

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10

Zhang, Lei, and Jun Liu. "Dynamic Economic Emission Dispatch Using Multi-Objective Hybrid Evolutionary Algorithm." Applied Mechanics and Materials 291-294 (February 2013): 2154–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.291-294.2154.

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Dynamic economic emission dispatch (DEED) is an important optimization task for power plants. The problem is a highly constrained multi-objective optimization problem involving conflicting objectives with both equality and inequality constraints. This paper introduces two objective functions of DEED model: the lowest generation cost and the smallest carbon emissions with power balance constraints, unit output constraints and unit ramp rate limits. Then the paper presents a multi-objective hybrid evolutionary algorithm (MHEA) to solve the DEED model. The MHEA is a hybrid optimization algorithm based on orthogonal initialization, improved differential operation with migration strategy, parameter adaptive control, multi-objective selection strategy and analytic hierarchy process based fuzzy technique (AFT). Numerical results of one test system demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed approach. Compared with other classical methods, the proposed approach gets better result.

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Abdullah, Mohd Noor, A. H. A. Bakar, Hazlie Mokhlis, and Jasrul Jamani Jamian. "An Efficient Constraint Handling Approach for Economic Load Dispatch Problem with Non-Smooth Cost Function." Applied Mechanics and Materials 785 (August 2015): 490–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.785.490.

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Increasing of the power demand and fuel cost in power generation required an advanced algorithm for scheduling the output of generating unit in economical manner. The economic load dispatch problem (ELD) problem consists several operational and system constraints such as prohibited operating zones (POZs) and ramp-rate limit that need to handle wisely by optimization algorithm. Previously, the penalty function is widely used to satisfy the power balance and other constraints by augmenting the objective function with the penalized function. However, it required a proper penalty factor tuning and depends on the size of problem. This paper proposes an efficient constraint handling based on the repairing or adjusting infeasible solution into feasible solution in every iterative process. The simulation results show that the proposed constraints handling approach is better than penalty function approach in term of convergence characteristic and robustness.

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Elaiw, A. M., X. Xia, and A. M. Shehata. "Combined Heat and Power Dynamic Economic Dispatch with Emission Limitations Using Hybrid DE-SQP Method." Abstract and Applied Analysis 2013 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/120849.

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Combined heat and power dynamic economic emission dispatch (CHPDEED) problem is a complicated nonlinear constrained multiobjective optimization problem with nonconvex characteristics. CHPDEED determines the optimal heat and power schedule of committed generating units by minimizing both fuel cost and emission simultaneously under ramp rate constraints and other constraints. This paper proposes hybrid differential evolution (DE) and sequential quadratic programming (SQP) to solve the CHPDEED problem with nonsmooth and nonconvex cost function due to valve point effects. DE is used as a global optimizer, and SQP is used as a fine tuning to determine the optimal solution at the final. The proposed hybrid DE-SQP method has been tested and compared to demonstrate its effectiveness.

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Qiu, Fu Sheng, Wu Qiang Ji, and Hou Chao Xu. "Vertical Tail Topology Optimization Design Based on the Variable Density Method with Constraint Factor." Applied Mechanics and Materials 300-301 (February 2013): 280–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.300-301.280.

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The topology optimization design problem with multiple constraints for the complex vertical tail structure is studied in this paper. The variable density structural topology optimization method is improved by introducing a constraint factor. According to the different structural constraints and design requirements, variable factors and element pseudo density are initialized via finite element method. This method is controlled by the constraint factors, and the improved method combining with Rational Approximation of Material Properties (RAMP) density-stiffness interpolation model with optimality criteria methods (OC), the vertical tail’s stiffness optimization has been finished. The density-stiffness interpolation model, the mathematical model of variable density method with constraint factor, the structural optimization model, the solution model of the OC method, the design variables iterative format, are given in this paper and the algorithm with Matlab program is realized. Lastly, a sample vertical tail case is introduced to validate the feasibility of the algorithm by operating the results and analyzing the data.

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14

Ko, Jun Seog, Surender Reddy Salkuti, and Chan Mook Jung. "Solving non-convex economic dispatch with prohibited zones using artificial fish swarm optimization." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.18 (April 16, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.18.11200.

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In this paper, a novel approach is proposed to solve the non-convex and discontinuous economic dispatch (ED) problem of power system with thermal power plants. All the practical constraints (loss constraint, generators ramp rate constraints and network constraints) are considered for solving the ED problem. Here, the proposed ED problem is solved by considering the generators with valve point loading (VPL) effects and prohibited operating zones (POZs) effects. In this paper, to solve this practical ED problem, an evolutionary based Artificial Fish Swarm Optimization Algorithm (AFSOA) is utilized. The AFSOA is a global search algorithm based on the characteristics of fish swarm and its autonomous model. The detailed algorithm with its flow chart is presented in this paper. To show the effectiveness of the proposed ED approach, 3 test systems (3, 6 and 20 generating unit systems) are considered. The obtained results are compared with other algorithms reported in the literature.

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15

Kumar, Vineet, and R. Naresh. "Application of BARON Solver for Solution of Cost Based Unit Commitment Problem." International Journal on Electrical Engineering and Informatics 12, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 807–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15676/ijeei.2020.12.4.7.

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This paper presents the solution to cost-based unit commitment (CBUC) problem with and without ramp rate limits of thermal power plants using general algebraic modelling system (GAMS) with BARON solver. The BARON solver in GAMS environment takes care of different units and system constraints to find an optimal solution. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed GAMS solution, simulations have been performed on six different systems consisting of 10-units, 20-units, 40-units, 60-units, 80-units and 100-units, respectively. The analysis also includes the valve-point loading along with the ramp rate limits of thermal units. Results obtained with BARON solver in GAMS have been compared with other approaches available in literature. Comparative analysis shows that the performance of GAMS is better as compared to other existing techniques in terms of operating cost obtained and satisfaction level of constraints.

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16

Kolchugin, Anton N., Giovanna Della Porta, Vladimir P. Morozov, Eduard A. Korolev, Natalya V. Temnaya, and Bulat I. Gareev. "Facies variability of pennsylvanian oil-saturated carbonate rocks (constraints from Bashkirian reservoirs of the south-east Tatarstan)." Georesursy 22, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18599/grs.2020.2.29-36.

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One of the strategic ways of the old oil-producing regions is to further prospecting for potentially promising areas for hydrocarbon. One of these exploration areas is the Volga-Ural region. These reservoirs consist of Carboniferous carbonate rocks, which contain high viscous hydrocarbons and are characterized by complex facies architecture and reservoir properties influenced by diagenesis. The high degree of facies variability in the studied area does not allow reliable distribution of potential reservoir rocks not only between different areas but even within the same oil field. Based on textural and compositional features of carbonate facies, 5 main facies associations were identified and characterized with respect to the depositional settings in the Bashkirian basin. The facies associations correspond to: distal middle ramp facies, open marine proximal middle ramp facies, high-energy innershoal facies, inner ramp facies of restricted lagoons, facies of affected by subaerial exposures. From west to east in the study the following trends in facies characterare identified: 1) a decrease open marine middle ramp facies and in the total thickness of the Bashkirian sections; 2) an increase in evidences of sub aerial exposures; 3) a decrease in the proportion of potential reservoir rocks. A general shallowing of the depositional setting was identified in an eastward direction, where potentially promising reservoir facies of shallow high-energy environments were replaced by facies of restricted lagoon and facies affected by subaerial exposures and meteoric diagenesis (palaeosols, dissolution). The applied approach based on detailed carbonate facies analysis allows predicting the distribution of potentially promising cross-sections within the region.

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17

HAN, X. S., H. B. GOOI, and B. VENKATESH. "Dispatch Problems Due to Ramp Rate Constraints: Bottleneck Analysis and Solutions." Electric Power Components and Systems 31, no. 10 (October 2003): 995–1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15325000390234463.

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18

Peterson, W. L., and S. R. Brammer. "A capacity based Lagrangian relaxation unit commitment with ramp rate constraints." IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 10, no. 2 (May 1995): 1077–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/59.387954.

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19

Kemaluddin, Rifky Pajar, and Endang Prasetyaningsih. "Perbaikan Stasiun Kerja Bottleneck melalui Penerapan Theory of Constraint di PT. Pindad (Persero)." Bandung Conference Series: Industrial Engineering Science 2, no. 2 (July 28, 2022): 262–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.29313/bcsies.v2i2.3562.

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Abstract. PT. Pindad, Kendaraan Khusus Division is a company-owned business in the manufacture of the Anoa 6x6 motor vehicle. The company has a strategy response market “make to order” so that if there is a delay in fulfilling the demand, the company will get a penalty cost. In 2019, there was a delay in delivery which caused the company to get a penalty cost and reduce profits. The thing that affects the delay is the production flow of the ramp door, which is one of the components that make the Anoa 6x6, not yet due to the ability of each machine to produce products. Based on this phenomenon, the problems in this study are: (1) What causes the workstation to become jammed? (2) What is being done to eliminate bottlenecks that occur in the ramp door production flow. The application used is Theory of Constraint (TOC) which consists of 4 stages, namely knowing the constraints using the Current Reality Diagram (CRT), exploiting constraints using Linear Programming, subordination of constraints using Drum-Buffer-Rope and scheduling Campbell-Dudek-Smith (CDS), and provide improvement proposals at the last stage, namely the elevation constraint. After processing and repairing, it was found a decrease in machine utility from 168.72% to 84.36% with the previous profit of Rp 189,669,000,000 to Rp 336,000,000,000. The results of this study are: The special vehicle division needs to add work shifts at the Welding & Mig Workstation so that production capacity can meet customer demands and schedule component work to get the shortest time in producing ramp door components. Abstrak. PT. Pindad divisi kendaraan khusus merupakan usaha milik perusahaan dalam pembuatan kendaraan bermotor Anoa 6x6. Perusahaan memiliki respon pasar make to order sehingga jika terjadi keterlambatan dalam memenuhi permintaan akan mendapatkan penalty cost. Tahun 2019, terjadi keterlembatan pengiriman yang menyebabkan perusahaan mendapatkan penalty cost dan mengurangi keuntungan. Hal yang mempengaruhi keterlambatan adalah aliran produksi rampdoor yang merupakan salah satu komponen penyusun Anoa 6x6 belum seimbang dikarenakan kemampuan setiap mesin dalam menghasilkan produk berbeda, sehingga menimbulkan stasiun kerja bottleneck. Berdasarkan fenomena tersebut maka permasalahan dalam penelitian ini yaitu: (1) Apa yang menyebabkan stasiun kerja menjadi bottleneck? (2) Apa yang dilakukan untuk menghilangkan bottleneck yang terjadi pada aliran produksi rampdoor. Penerapan yang digunakan yaitu Theory of Constraint (TOC) yang terdiri dari 4 tahapan yaitu identifikasi constraint menggunakan Current Reality Diagram (CRT), eksploitasi constraint menggunakan Linear Programming, subordinasi constraint menggunakan Drum-Buffer-Rope serta penjadwalan Campbell-Dudek-Smith (CDS), dan memberikan usulan perbaikan pada tahapan terakhir yaitu elevasi constraint. Setelah dilakukannya pengolahan dan melakukan perbaikan didapatkan penurunan beban mesin untuk SK Pengelasan & Mig dari 168,72% menjadi 84,36% hal ini menyebabkan beban kerja yang sebelumnya berlebih menjadi berkurang. Keuntungan yang diperoleh sebelumnya Rp 189.669.000.000 menjadi Rp 336.000.000.000 dikarenakan permintaan yang dapat terpenuhi. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah: Divisi kendaraan khusus perlu menambahkan shift kerja pada Stasiun Kerja Pengelasan & Mig agar kapasitas produksi dapat memenuhi permintaan pelanggan dan menjadwalkan job komponen agar mendapatkan waktu tependek dalam menghasilkan komponen rampdoor.

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Hilts, Derron, Kristi Kratsa, Matthew Joseph, Jered B. Kolbert, Laura M. Crothers, and Matthew L. Nice. "School Counselors’ Perceptions of Barriers to Implementing a RAMP-Designated School Counseling Program." Professional School Counseling 23, no. 1 (January 2019): 2156759X1988264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2156759x19882646.

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This study examined what school counselors perceive to be consistent barriers to implementing a program that adheres to the ASCA National Model. The Recognized ASCA Model Program (RAMP) designates such implementation. Principal component analysis revealed six common barriers: lack of confidence, lack of administrative support, time spent on clerical and office work, lack of teacher and parent support to implement aspects of the ASCA National Model, time spent on testing and monitoring, and time constraints. Logistic regression indicated three of the six barriers were significant predictors of RAMP status. We discuss implications for the school counseling profession.

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21

Zheng, Zhanghua, Fengxia Han, Furong Li, and Jiahui Zhu. "Assessment of marginal emissions factor in power systems under ramp-rate constraints." CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems 1, no. 4 (December 2015): 37–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17775/cseejpes.2015.00049.

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22

Patra, S., S. K. Goswami, and B. Goswami. "Fuzzy based fast dynamic programming solution of unit commitment with ramp constraints." Expert Systems 26, no. 4 (September 2009): 307–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.2009.00495.x.

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23

ZHANG, GUOLI, GENGYIN LI, HONG XIE, and JIANWEI MA. "ECONOMIC LOAD DISPATCH BASED ON HYBRID EVOLUTIONARY ALGORITHM AND FUZZY NUMBER RANKING METHOD." International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems 14, no. 02 (April 2006): 199–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218488506003947.

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In this paper we propose a new economic load dispatch model considered the cost function coefficients with uncertainties and the constraints of ramp rate. The uncertain parameters are represented by fuzzy numbers, with the model called fuzzy dynamic economic load dispatch model (FDELD). A novel hybrid evolutionary algorithm and fuzzy number ranking method is proposed to solve FDELD problem. Hybrid evolutionary algorithm combines evolutionary algorithm of very strong global search ability with quasi-simplex technique of better local search capability. The fuzzy number ranking method is used to compare the fuzzy cost function values when optimizing fuzzy cost function. In addition, this paper gives a novel method dealing with directly constrained conditions, and it is not necessary to construct penalty function, as a common disposal constraints method. The experimental study shows that FDELD is practical and the algorithm and techniques proposed are very efficient to solve FDELD problem.

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Jiang, Zhu, and Shubin Li. "Research on Optimized Control Model of Freeway Based on Dynamic Traffic Demand Estimation." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 6 (January 1, 2014): 797293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/797293.

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According to the estimation information of dynamic traffic demands, a novel optimal control model of freeway was established on the basis of the hierarchical concept. There are four control modules in this model. The OD prediction module predicts the total traffic demands in a long time and determines the upper bound of the future queuing length in advance; the global optimal control module predicts the future traffic state and establishes the coordination constraints for each ramp in the network; the traffic demand estimation module estimates the real-time traffic conditions for each ramp; the local adaptive control module regulates ramp metering rate according to the estimated information of the real-time traffic conditions and the results optimized by the global optimal control module. The simulation results show that this control system is of a good dynamic performance. It coordinates the benefits of various ramps and optimizes the overall performance of the freeway network.

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Hazarika, Devajit, Somak Hajra, Abhishek Kundu, Meena Bankhwal, Naresh Kumar, and C. C. Pant. "Imaging the Moho and Main Himalayan Thrust beneath the Kumaon Himalaya: constraints from receiver function analysis." Geophysical Journal International 224, no. 2 (October 5, 2020): 858–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa478.

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SUMMARY We analyse P-wave receiver functions across the Kumaon Himalaya and adjoining area to constrain crustal thickness, intracrustal structures and seismic velocity characteristics to address the role of the underlying structure on seismogenesis and geodynamic evolution of the region. The three-component waveforms of teleseismic earthquakes recorded by a seismological network consisting of 18 broad-band seismological stations have been used for receiver function analysis. The common conversion point (CCP) depth migrated receiver function image and shear wave velocity models obtained through inversion show a variation of crustal thickness from ∼38 km in the Indo-Gangetic Plain to ∼42 km near the Vaikrita Thrust. A ramp (∼20°) structure on the Main Himalayan Thrust (MHT) is revealed beneath the Chiplakot Crystalline Belt (CCB) that facilitates the exhumation of the CCB. The geometry of the MHT observed from the receiver function image is consistent with the geometry revealed by a geological balanced cross-section. A cluster of seismicity at shallow to mid-crustal depths is detected near the MHT ramp. The spatial and depth distribution of seismicity pattern beneath the CCB and presence of steep dipping imbricate faults inferred from focal mechanism solutions suggest a Lesser Himalayan Duplex structure in the CCB above the MHT ramp. The study reveals a low-velocity zone (LVZ) with a high Poisson's ratio (σ ∼0.28–0.30) at lower crustal depth beneath the CCB. The high value of Poisson's ratio in the lower crust suggests the presence of fluid/partial melt. The shear heating in the ductile regime and/or decompression and cooling associated with the exhumation of the CCB plausibly created favorable conditions for partial melting in the lower crustal LVZ.

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26

Letzow, Max, Giulio Lorenzini, Dante Vinícius Eloy Barbosa, Ricardo Gabriel Hübner, Luiz Alberto Oliveira Rocha, Mateus das Neves Gomes, Liércio André Isoldi, and Elizaldo Domingues dos Santos. "Numerical Analysis of the Influence of Geometry on a Large Scale Onshore Oscillating Water Column Device with Associated Seabed Ramp." International Journal of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics 15, no. 6 (December 26, 2020): 873–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijdne.150613.

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The current study aims to perform a geometrical investigation of an onshore Oscillating Water Column (OWC) on a large scale. The Constructal Design method is employed, aiming to maximize its available power. The OWC is subjected to two constraints (areas of the chamber and ramp below the chamber); and three degrees of freedom: height/length ratio of the chamber (H1/L1), height/length ratio of the ramp (H2/L2), and submersion of the frontal wall of the chamber (H3). A laminar, unsteady, incompressible, and two-phase flow was adopted, solving conservation equations of mass, momentum, and transport of water-air volume fraction using Finite Volume Method (FVM) and Volume of Fluid (VOF) model. The global optimal geometry led to a twice maximized available power 37.3% higher than the best case without the seabed ramp below the chamber and seven times better than the worst case. Concerning the sensibility of geometry, results indicated that the chamber geometry, given by ratio H1/L1, over the available power (P) was strongly affected by the ramp ratio H2/L2. Moreover, the behavior of the effect of H2/L2 over the once maximized available power (Pm) and corresponding optimal shape of the chamber, (H1/L1)o, changed dramatically for two different magnitudes of H3 investigated.

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Soleh, Muhammad, Dedy Pradigdo, and Budi Harijanto. "The RAMPDOOR HYDRAULIC SYSTEM MODIFICATION OF ANOA PANZER COMBAT VEHICLE." Jurnal Otoranpur 2, Oktober (October 27, 2021): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.54317/oto.v2ioktober.188.

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Panzer Anoa 6x6 is a combat vehicle on tires where the first generation of it is made by PT Pindad (Persero). It can mobility, protection and carrying capacity. The ramp door on the Anoa 6x6 APC armored vehicle is driven by a hydraulic system to support the mobility of personnel when exiting or entering the vehicle. The components of the hydraulic system driving the Panzer Anoa 6x6 APC ram door include batteries, power packs, solenoid valves, hydraulic hoses, and hydraulic cylinders. These problems include the ramp door often not functioning, the ramp door moving too slowly and often experiencing congestion when the ramp door is working. These constraints often occur because the pump in the hydraulic system is driven by an electric motor that gets its power source from the battery. The fluid is pressed and flowed through a hydraulic pipe, then the flow of the pressurized fluid is regulated by a solenoid valve to the hydraulic cylinder to move the ramp door. This study uses a pure experimental quantitative method with empirical calculations to obtain a tool with the desired specifications. To move the ramp door weighing 200 kg with a maximum opening angle of 100 degrees in 8 seconds, the heaviest load received by the cylinder is 23557.44 N, the working pressure that occurs in the cylinder is 87.49 bar, where the fluid discharge will flow to the pump. of 2164.77 liters/minute, with a pump power of 394570 Watt and to continue the rotation of the engine with a rotation of 2814.13 rpm (idle) to the hydraulic pump using a pulley mechanism with a ratio of 1: 0.15.

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NAGORNYAK, EKATERINA M., GERALD H. POLLACK, and FELIX A. BLYAKHMAN. "STEP SIZE IN ACTIVATED RABBIT SARCOMERES IS INDEPENDENT OF FILAMENT OVERLAP." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 04, no. 04 (December 2004): 485–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519404001181.

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Investigations carried out on single cardiac and bumblebee myofibrils have shown stepwise sarcomere-length change of ~2.7 nm.1 We have carried out parallel measurements on single myofibrils from rabbit psoas muscle. Activated specimens were released or stretched using a motor-imposed ramp. With a high-resolution algorithm, we found that step sizes were always integer multiples of 2.7 nm, whether the length change was positive or negative, and independent of ramp velocity. Also, the influence of initial sarcomere length was studied, and found to be negligible. The value 2.7 nm, seen consistently, is equal to the linear repeat of actin monomers along the thin filament, a result that ties dynamical events to molecular structure, and places narrow constraints on any proposed molecular mechanism.

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Arif, S., R. D. Mohammedi, A. Hellal, and A. Choucha. "A Memory Simulated Annealing Method to the Unit Commitment Problem with Ramp Constraints." Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering 37, no. 4 (April 20, 2012): 1021–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13369-012-0217-2.

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Shaari, Gad, Neyre Tekbiyik-Ersoy, and Mustafa Dagbasi. "The State of Art in Particle Swarm Optimization Based Unit Commitment: A Review." Processes 7, no. 10 (October 14, 2019): 733. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7100733.

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Unit Commitment (UC) requires the optimization of the operation of generation units with varying loads, at every hour, under different technical and environmental constraints. Many solution techniques were developed for the UC problem, and the researchers are still working on improving the efficiency of these techniques. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is an effective and efficient technique used for solving the UC problems, and it has gotten a considerable amount of attention in recent years. This study provides a state-of-the-art literature review on UC studies utilizing PSO or PSO-variant algorithms, by focusing on research articles published in the last decade. In this study, these algorithms/methods, objectives, constraints are reviewed, with focus on the UC problems that include at least one of the wind and solar technologies, along with thermal unit(s). Although, conventional PSO is one of the most effective techniques used in solving UC problem, other methods were also developed in literature to improve the convergence. In this study, these methods are grouped as extended PSO, modified PSO, and PSO with other techniques. This study shows that PSO with other techniques are utilized more than any other methods. In terms of constraints, it was observed that there are only few studies that considered Transmission Line (TL), Fuel (F), Emission (E), Storage (St) and Crew (Cr) constraints, while Power Balance (PB), Generation limit (GL), Unit minimum Up or Down Time (U/DT), Ramp Up or Ramp Down Time (R-U/DT) and system Spinning Reserve (SR) were the most utilized constraints in UC problems considering wind/solar as a renewable source. In addition, most of the studies are based on a single objective function (cost minimization) and, few of them are multi-objective (cost and emission minimization) based studies.

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Soleymani, Hamid, Steven Kidder, Greg Hirth, and Gordana Garapić. "The effect of cooling during deformation on recrystallized grain-size piezometry." Geology 48, no. 6 (March 18, 2020): 531–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g46972.1.

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Abstract Most exposed middle- and lower-crustal shear zones experienced deformation while cooling. We investigated the effect of the strengthening associated with such cooling on differential stress estimates based on recrystallized grain size. Typical geologic ratios of temperature change per strain unit were applied in Griggs Rig (high pressure-temperature deformation apparatus) general shear experiments on quartzite with cooling rates of 2–10 °C/h from 900 °C to 800 °C, and a shear strain rate of ∼2 × 10−5 s−1. Comparisons between these “cooling-ramp” experiments and control experiments at constant temperatures of 800 °C and 900 °C indicated that recrystallized grain size did not keep pace with evolving stress. Mean recrystallized grain sizes of the cooling-ramp experiments were twice as large as expected from the final stresses of the experiments. The traditional approach to piezometry involves a routine assumption of a steady-state microstructure, and this would underestimate the final stress during the cooling-ramp experiments by ∼40%. Recrystallized grain size in the cooling-ramp experiments is a better indicator of the average stress of the experiments (shear strains ≥3). Due to the temperature sensitivity of recrystallization processes and rock strength, the results may underrepresent the effect of cooling in natural samples. Cooling-ramp experiments produced wider and more skewed grain-size distributions than control experiments, suggesting that analyses of grain-size distributions might be used to quantify the degree to which grain size departs from steady-state values due to cooling, and thereby provide more accurate constraints on final stress.

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C, Christopher Columbus, and Sishaj P. Simon. "Parallel hybrid enhanced inherited GA based scuc in a distributed cluster." Artificial Intelligence Research 1, no. 1 (August 6, 2012): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/air.v1n1p96.

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In the deregulated electricity market, secure operation is an enduring concern of the independent system operator (ISO). For a secure and economical hourly generation schedule of the day ahead market, ISO executes the security constrained unit commitment (SCUC) problem. In this paper, a new formulation of SCUC problem, considering more practical constraints are presented. The proposed SCUC formulation includes constraints, such as hourly power demand, system reserves, ramp up/down limits, minimum ON/OFF duration limits. Unlike the traditional SCUC techniques the proposed method solves the Security Constrained Economic Dispatch (SCED) from the UC. To solve such SCUC model, a hybrid solution method consists of an enhanced inherited genetic algorithm (EIGA) is used for unit commitment master problem and Lambda relaxation method is used for the economic dispatch sub-problem. The message passing interface (MPI) based technique is used to implement the hybrid EIGA in distributed memory model. The time complexity and the solution quality with respect to the number of processors in a cluster are thoroughly analyzed. The effectiveness of the proposed method to solve the SCUC problem is shown on different test systems.

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Dong, Jia Rui, Chui Yong Zheng, Guang Yuan Kan, Zhi Jia Li, and Min Zhao. "Application of SCE-UA Approach to Economic Load Dispatch of Hydrothermal Generation System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (October 2013): 4296–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.4296.

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The practical hydrothermal system is highly complex and possesses nonlinear relationship of the problem variables, cascading nature of hydraulic network and water transport delay, which make the problem of finding global optimum difficult using standard optimization methods. This paper presents a new approach to the solution of optimal power generation to short-term hydrothermal scheduling problem, using shuffled complex evolution (SCE-UA) method. The proposed method introduces the new concept of competitive evolution and complex shuffling, which ensure that the information on the parameter space gained by each of individual complexes is shared throughout the entire population. This conducts an efficient search of the parameter space. In this study, the hydrothermal scheduling is formulated as an objective problem that maximizes the social welfare. Penalty function is proposed to handle the equality, inequality constraints especially active power balance constraint and ramp rate constraints. The simulation results reveal that SCE-UA effectively overcomes the premature phenomenon and improves the global convergence and optimization searching capability. It is a relatively consistent, effective and efficient optimization method in solving the short-term hydrothermal scheduling problem.

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Dey, Hrishikesh, Rithika Ranadive, and Abhishek Chaudhari. "Real Time Trajectory and Velocity Planning for Autonomous Vehicles." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology 10, no. 5 (June 30, 2021): 439–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.e2880.0610521.

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Path planning algorithm integrated with a velocity profile generation-based navigation system is one of the most important aspects of an autonomous driving system. In this paper, a real-time path planning solution to obtain a feasible and collision-free trajectory is proposed for navigating an autonomous car on a virtual highway. This is achieved by designing the navigation algorithm to incorporate a path planner for finding the optimal path, and a velocity planning algorithm for ensuring a safe and comfortable motion along the obtained path. The navigation algorithm was validated on the Unity 3D Highway-Simulated Environment for practical driving while maintaining velocity and acceleration constraints. The autonomous vehicle drives at the maximum specified velocity until interrupted by vehicular traffic, whereas then, the path planner, based on the various constraints provided by the simulator using µWebSockets, decides to either decelerate the vehicle or shift to a more secure lane. Subsequently, a splinebased trajectory generation for this path results in continuous and smooth trajectories. The velocity planner employs an analytical method based on trapezoidal velocity profile to generate velocities for the vehicle traveling along the precomputed path. To provide smooth control, an s-like trapezoidal profile is considered that uses a cubic spline for generating velocities for the ramp-up and ramp-down portions of the curve. The acceleration and velocity constraints, which are derived from road limitations and physical systems, are explicitly considered. Depending upon these constraints and higher module requirements (e.g., maintaining velocity, and stopping), an appropriate segment of the velocity profile is deployed. The motion profiles for all the use-cases are generated and verified graphically.

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Maharana, Himanshu Shekhar, and Saroj Kumar Dash. "Dual objective multiconstraint swarm optimization based advanced economic load dispatch." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, no. 3 (June 1, 2021): 1924. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i3.pp1924-1932.

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In electric power system, the vital topic to be mooted is economic load dispatch (ELD). It is a non-linear problem with some unavoidable constraints such as valve point loading and ramp rate constraint. For solving ELD problem distint methods were devised and tried for different electric supply systems yielding slow convergence rates. To achieve fast convergence, dual objective multi constraint swarm optimization based advanced economic load dispatch (DOMSOBAELD) algorithm is proposed making use of simulated values of real power outages of a thermal power plant as initial estimates for PSO technique embedded in it and used for optimizing economic dispatch problem in this article. DOMSOBAELD method was developed in the form of amalgamating fluids. Presence of power line losses, multiple valves in steam turbines, droop constraints and inhibited zones were utilized to optimize the ELD problem as genuinely approximate as possible. The results obtained from DOSOBAELD are compared with particle swarm optimization (PSO), PSOIW and differential particle swarm optimization (DPSO) techniques. It is quite conspicuous that DOMSOBAELD yielded minimum cost values with most favourable values of real unit outputs. Thus the proposed method proves to be advantageous over other heuristic methods and yields best solution for ELD by selecting incremental fuel cost as the decision variable and cost function as fitness function.

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Geroliminis, Nikolas, Anupam Srivastava, and Panos Michalopoulos. "A Dynamic-Zone-Based Coordinated Ramp-Metering Algorithm With Queue Constraints for Minnesota's Freeways." IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems 12, no. 4 (December 2011): 1576–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tits.2011.2164792.

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Rong, Aiying, and Risto Lahdelma. "An effective heuristic for combined heat-and-power production planning with power ramp constraints." Applied Energy 84, no. 3 (March 2007): 307–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2006.07.005.

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Aubet, Natalie R., Ernesto Pecoits, Andrey Bekker, Murray K. Gingras, Horst Zwingmann, Gerardo Veroslavsky, Héctor de Santa Ana, and Kurt O. Konhauser. "Chemostratigraphic constraints on early Ediacaran carbonate ramp dynamics, Río de la Plata craton, Uruguay." Gondwana Research 22, no. 3-4 (November 2012): 1073–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2012.03.011.

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Fang, Xin, Qinran Hu, Rui Bo, and Fangxing Li. "Redesigning capacity market to include flexibility via ramp constraints in high-renewable penetrated system." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 128 (June 2021): 106677. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2020.106677.

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Lv, Zheng, Jinglei Xu, Yang Yu, and Jianwei Mo. "A new design method of single expansion ramp nozzles under geometric constraints for scramjets." Aerospace Science and Technology 66 (July 2017): 129–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2017.03.013.

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Kashyap, Manish, Dr Achala Jain, and Vinita Swarnakar. "Economic Load Dispatch by Improved Drone Optimization Technique." International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) 11, no. 2 (July 30, 2022): 149–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.b7180.0711222.

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In this paper, the ELD problem is resolved via ABC (Artificial BEE Colony) technique. The major goal of this study is to use the IDO method to present very efficient & reliable approach for solving ED problem in Power system. The suggested approach is used to solve a variety of non-convex ED issues, including banned operating zones with ramp rate constraints. This problem is described as an optimization of the objective function and minimization of the overall operating cost while gratifying all allied constraints, accompanied by the lowest down & up time limitations, startup cost, and spinning reserve. A six generators scheduling problem is discussed, along with its formulation, representation, and simulation result.

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Ahern, Justin P., and Christopher R. Fielding. "Onset of the Late Paleozoic Glacioeustatic Signal: A Stratigraphic Record from the Paleotropical, Oil-Shale-Bearing Big Snowy Trough of Central Montana, U.S.A." Journal of Sedimentary Research 89, no. 8 (August 27, 2019): 761–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2019.44.

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Abstract In the Big Snowy Mountains of central Montana, USA, late Visean to Bashkirian strata preserve a nearly complete, but poorly documented, paleotropical stratigraphic succession that straddles the range of current estimates of the onset of the Late Paleozoic Ice Age (LPIA). Sedimentologic and stratigraphic investigation of the Otter (late Visean to Serpukhovian) and Heath (Serpukhovian) formations, with secondary focus on the overlying Tyler (late Serpukhovian to Bashkirian) and Alaska Bench (Bashkirian) formations, facilitated an appraisal of paleotropical environmental change preserved in this succession. Three facies associations reminiscent of environments currently forming in Shark Bay, Australia, were identified in the Otter Formation: shallow semi-restricted littoral platform, intertidal platform, and supratidal plain. Five facies associations broadly comparable to modern environments present in the Sunda Shelf and southern coast of the Persian Gulf were identified in the Heath Formation: offshore outer ramp, mid- to outer ramp, inner ramp, coastal plain, and sabkha. Facies associations preserved in the Heath Formation are here explained in the context of a protected, homoclinal carbonate ramp situated in a partially silled epicontinental embayment. A shift from low-magnitude relative sea-level oscillations preserved in the Otter Formation to a cyclothemic stratigraphic pattern entailing ≥ 6 fourth-order, high-frequency and high-magnitude relative sea-level fluctuations in the Heath Formation is here interpreted to record the main eustatic signal of the LPIA in central Montana. Current published biostratigraphic constraints for the observed stratigraphy estimate the main eustatic signal of the LPIA to have occurred approximately between 331 (base Serpukhovian) and 327 Ma in central Montana. A distinct upward transition from coal and paleosol-bearing depositional sequences in the lower Heath to evaporite and limestone-bearing depositional sequences in the upper Heath preserves a broad humid to arid paleoclimate shift during deposition of this unit, which influenced hydrographic circulation patterns and the resultant distribution of anoxic environments in the Big Snowy Trough during this time interval. Improved depositional and sequence stratigraphic models of the Heath Formation proposed in this study permit new insight into the theoretical distribution of, and water depth necessary to preserve, black, organic-rich claystone and shale in partially silled intracratonic basins, in addition to new temporal constraints on LPIA onset in paleotropical western Laurentia.

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Pang, Ming, Yikai Shi, Wendong Wang, and Shun Pang. "Optimal Sizing of Hybrid Energy Storage System Taking into Account Economic Factors and Power Allocation." Xibei Gongye Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Northwestern Polytechnical University 36, no. 4 (August 2018): 679–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jnwpu/20183640679.

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The sizing of hybrid energy storage system (HESS) for smoothing wind power fluctuations was studied in this paper. The goal of the proposed method is to find the optimal sizing of the battery and supercapacitor, and its meet the constraints of the power ramp rate constraint and the economic cost. Therefore, a power allocation strategy which based on the operating period of battery and the cutoff frequency of battery absorption power was proposed. The sizing optimization model, which considered the cost structure of HESS, the ESS characteristics and cycle life in different operating modes, is established by using minimum daily cost as objective function. The results of numerical example shows that the cycle life of ESS can be effectively extended with reasonable operating period of battery and the cutoff frequency of battery absorption power, the cost of HESS can be reduced.

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Alshammari, Motaeb Eid, Makbul A. M. Ramli, and Ibrahim M. Mehedi. "Hybrid Chaotic Maps-Based Artificial Bee Colony for Solving Wind Energy-Integrated Power Dispatch Problem." Energies 15, no. 13 (June 23, 2022): 4578. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15134578.

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A chance-constrained programming-based optimization model for the dynamic economic emission dispatch problem (DEED), consisting of both thermal units and wind turbines, is developed. In the proposed model, the probability of scheduled wind power (WP) is included in the set of problem-decision variables and it is determined based on the system spinning reserve and the system load at each hour of the horizon time. This new strategy avoids, on the one hand, the risk of insufficient WP at high system load demand and low spinning reserve and, on the other hand, the failure of the opportunity to properly exploit the WP at low power demand and high spinning reserve. The objective functions of the problem, which are the total production cost and emissions, are minimized using a new hybrid chaotic maps-based artificial bee colony (HCABC) under several operational constraints, such as generation capacity, system loss, ramp rate limits, and spinning reserve constraints. The effectiveness and feasibility of the suggested framework are validated on the 10-unit and 40-unit systems. Moreover, to test the robustness of the suggested HCABC algorithm, a comparative study is performed with various existing techniques.

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Gachhayat, Susanta Kumar, and Saroja Kumar Dash. "Modified sub-gradient based combined objective technique and evolutionary programming approach for economic dispatch involving valve-point loading, enhanced prohibited zones and ramp rate constraints." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 10, no. 5 (October 1, 2020): 5048. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v10i5.pp5048-5057.

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A security constrained non-convex power dispatch problem with prohibited operation zones and ramp rates is formulated and solved using an iterative solution method based on the feasible modified sub-gradient algorithm (FMSG). Since the cost function, all equality and inequality constraints in the nonlinear optimization model are written in terms of the bus voltage magnitudes, phase angles, off-nominal tap settings, and the Susceptance values of static VAR (SVAR) systems, they can be taken as independent variables. The actual power system loss is included in the current approach and the load flow equations are inserted into the model as the equality constraints. The proposed modified sub gradient based combined objective technique and evolutionary programming approach (MSGBCAEP) with as decision variable and cost function as fitness function is tested on the IEEE 30-bus 6 generator test case system. The absence of crossover operation and adoption of fast judicious modifications in initialization of parent population, offspring generation and normal distribution curve selection in EP enables the proposed MSGBCAEP approach to ascertain global optimal solution for cost of generation and emission level shown in Table 6 and displayed in Figure 2 and Figure 3 respectively.

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Elaiw, A. M., X. Xia, and A. M. Shehata. "Hybrid DE-SQP Method for Solving Combined Heat and Power Dynamic Economic Dispatch Problem." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/982305.

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Combined heat and power dynamic economic dispatch (CHPDED) plays a key role in economic operation of power systems. CHPDED determines the optimal heat and power schedule of committed generating units by minimizing the fuel cost under ramp rate constraints and other constraints. Due to complex characteristics, heuristic and evolutionary based optimization approaches have became effective tools to solve the CHPDED problem. This paper proposes hybrid differential evolution (DE) and sequential quadratic programming (SQP) to solve the CHPDED problem with nonsmooth and nonconvex cost function due to valve point effects. DE is used as a global optimizer and SQP is used as a fine tuning to determine the optimal solution at the final. The proposed hybrid DE-SQP method has been tested and compared to demonstrate its effectiveness.

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Zhang, Zhan’an, and Xingguo Cai. "Energy-Saving Generation Dispatch Using Minimum Cost Flow." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/562462.

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This study uses a minimum cost flow method to solve a dispatch problem in order to minimize the consumption of coal in the dispatching of a thermal power system. Low-carbon generation dispatching is also considered here since the scheduling results are consistent with energy-saving generation dispatch. Additionally, this study employs minimum coal consumption as an objective function in considering the output constraints, load balance constraints, line loss, ramp rate limits, spinning reverse needs, prohibited operating zone requirements, security constraints, and other common constraints. The minimum cost flow problem, considering the loss of network flow, is known as a generalized network flow problem, which can be expressed as a quadratic programming problem in mathematics. Accordingly, the objective function was solved by LINGO11, which was used to calculate a network in a single time; a continuous period dispatch plan was obtained by accumulating each period network flow together. This analysis proves it feasible to solve a minimal cost flow problem with LINGO11. Theoretical analysis and numerical results prove the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed method.

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Elsayed, Abdullah M., Ahmed M. Maklad, and Sobhy M. Farrag. "Three-Stage Priority List Unit Commitment for Large-Scale Power Systems Considering Ramp Rate Constraints." IEEE Canadian Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 44, no. 3 (2021): 329–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icjece.2021.3069411.

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Sravanthi, Kommoju C., and Mercy Rosalina Kotapuri. "Probabilistic Defense and Impact of Generator Ramp Constraints Induced Load Redistribution Attacks in Power Systems." Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review 14, no. 3 (2021): 124–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.25103/jestr.143.15.

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Zhou, Xiaoqian, Qian Ai, and Hao Wang. "Consensus-based distributed economic dispatch incorporating storage optimization and generator ramp-rate constraints in microgrids." Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy 10, no. 4 (July 2018): 045501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5043187.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Ramp constraints'

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