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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Rammed Earth Structures

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Academic literature on the topic 'Rammed Earth Structures'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Rammed Earth Structures"

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Niroumand, Hamed, M. F. M. Zain, and Maslina Jamil. "Modern Rammed Earth in Earth Architecture." Advanced Materials Research 457-458 (January 2012): 399–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.457-458.399.

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Rammed earth is a technique for building walls using the raw materials of earth, chalk, lime and gravel. Rammed earth is a structural wall system built of natural mineral soils compacted in thin layers within sturdy formwork. People have been using various forms of earth to build structures for centuries. The ancient „rammed earth‟ building technique has been used in Neolithic architecture sites and modern buildings alike. From underground green homes to other futuristic green houses. Modern architecture is a new architectural style that emerged in many countries in the decade after World War I. It was based on the “rational” use of modern materials, the principles of functionalist planning, and the rejection of historical precedent and ornament. This paper is included many examples of structures made from rammed earth using modern architecture. The result has shown the earthen buildings create safer, more people-friendly buildings. The earthen buildings are very low in embodied energy, and extremely comfortable to live in based on modern architecture.

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ALİBEYOĞLU, ROJDA NAZ, and MEHMET SELİM ÖKTEN. "AN INVESTIGATION ON RAMMED EARTH STRUCTURES." TURKISH ONLINE JOURNAL OF DESIGN ART AND COMMUNICATION 11, no. 3 (July 1, 2021): 1036–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.7456/11103100/017.

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Kianfar, Ehsan, and Vahab Toufigh. "Reliability analysis of rammed earth structures." Construction and Building Materials 127 (November 2016): 884–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.10.052.

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Zhou, Tie Gang, Dao Qiang Peng, and Jing Hua Cheng. "Research and Application of Green Rammed Earth Wall Construction Technology." Advanced Materials Research 512-515 (May 2012): 2780–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.512-515.2780.

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The traditional rammed earth building refers theses structures which uses tools such as pestle or hammer etc to fill undisturbed soil materials after a simple processing by the method of compacting layer by layer. construction technology of the modern rammed earth mainly makes improvements in terms of rammed earth materials、ramming tools and construction technology which can effectively improve the durability and safety performance of rammed earth building. This article is focusing on how to select scientifically which one is the best rammed earth material and introducing improvement situation about construction technology of rammed earth wall, which combined with researching and practicing of pilot project, under the guidance of the International centre for research and application of earth construction.

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Liu, Kai, Ya An Wang, and Ming Wang. "Experimental and Numerical Study of Enhancing the Seismic Behavior of Rammed Earth Buildings." Advanced Materials Research 919-921 (April 2014): 925–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.919-921.925.

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Rammed earth structures are widely used as farmers dwellings in the southwest of China, however, they are extremely vulnerable to earthquake loadings. An economic, environmental-friendly and less-intervention seismic retrofitting technique is required to reinforce these dwellings so as to increase regional seismic capability. A preliminary laboratory testing was conducted to investigate the enhancement of the seismic behavior of the rammed earth wall with externally bonded fibers. Different retrofitting materials and adhesives were tested to characterize their mechanical properties and bonding performance when externally glued on rammed earth blocks. The most suitable and practical retrofitting material and adhesive were chosen based on the experimental results. Furthermore, a numerical analysis was performed to investigate the improvement of the shear capacity of the rammed earth wall with the proposed technique. It was verified that the proposed retrofitting technique is a promising option for seismic retrofitting of rammed earth walls.

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Romanazzi, Antonio, Michiel Van Gorp, Daniel V. Oliveira, Rui A. Silva, and Els Verstrynge. "Experimental Shear Behaviour of Rammed Earth Strengthened with a TRM-Based Compatible Technique." Key Engineering Materials 817 (August 2019): 544–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.817.544.

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Earthen constructions are spread worldwide, not only as architectural heritage but also as new buildings, in which a total of around one fourth of the global population is estimated to live in. Among the different raw earth techniques, rammed earth was widely used to build vernacular dwellings in different regions. Despite the raising awareness for the high seismic hazard, recognized seismic vulnerability and high seismic exposure associated with earthen structures, the reduction of their seismic risk has been a topic insufficiently addressed. In general, the seismic vulnerability of rammed earth structures is due to poor connections between structural elements (walls and floors), high self-weight and low strength of the material. Hence, a TRM-based strengthening technique is proposed to improve their seismic capacity. To estimate the enhancement of the in-plane performance achieved with the TRM, an experimental program was conducted. Rammed earth wallets were tested under diagonal compression considering their unstrengthened and strengthened condition. The TRM strengthening was performed by embedding a glass fibre mesh (GRE) or a nylon mesh (NRE) in a compatible earth-based mortar. In general, the proposed TRM-based strengthening seems to improve the shear behaviour of rammed earth by enhancing the shear strength and promoting stress distribution after cracking, while no significant influence on the shear modulus of rammed earth seems to occur.

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Yu, Shenwei, Shimeng Hao, Jun Mu, Dongwei Tian, and Mosha Zhao. "Research on Optimization of the Thermal Performance of Composite Rammed Earth Construction." Energies 15, no. 4 (February 18, 2022): 1519. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15041519.

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Rammed earth (RE) is a low-tech recyclable building material with good heat storage and moisture absorption performance that can better maintain the stability of the indoor thermal environment and improve indoor comfort. With innovations in and the development of new technology, the field of rammed earth construction technology is gradually expanding. However, deficiencies in the thermal insulation of traditional rammed earth structures make it impossible for them to meet China’s building energy codes in cold regions. This study constructs a comprehensive evaluation index of the thermal performance of rammed earth walls that is based on the heat transfer mechanism, optimizing the thickness of the boundary conditions of the building interior’s design temperature, as well as the energy demand and economic efficiency. This research also offers a new design for the thermal insulation of rammed earth construction by combining the building energy savings design code with WUFI Pro software. This study demonstrates that the optimum thickness of rammed earth construction in Beijing is about 360 mm, the thickness of extruded polystyrene board (XPS) is 50 mm (for public buildings) and 70 mm (for residential buildings), and the structural form of external insulation offers the highest performance benefit. In addition, this work also evaluates the risk of condensation inside composite rammed earth construction, finding that there is a risk of condensation on the exterior side of the wall and at the interface between the insulation panels and rammed earth wall, thus requiring an additional moisture-proof layer. In this study, thermal mass and insulation are fully considered and a design strategy for rammed earth construction given quantitatively, providing a theoretical basis for the application of rammed earth materials in cold regions.

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Liang, Ruifeng, Gangarao Hota, Ying Lei, Yanhao Li, Daniel Stanislawski, and Yongqiang Jiang. "Nondestructive Evaluation of Historic Hakka Rammed Earth Structures." Sustainability 5, no. 1 (January 21, 2013): 298–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su5010298.

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Shrestha, Kshitij C., Takayoshi Aoki, Mitsuhiro Miyamoto, Phuntsho Wangmo, Pema, Jingyao Zhang, and Noriyuki Takahashi. "Strengthening of rammed earth structures with simple interventions." Journal of Building Engineering 29 (May 2020): 101179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101179.

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Lovec, Vesna, Milica Jovanovic-Popovic, and Branislav Zivkovic. "Analysis of heat transfer coefficient of rammed earth wall in traditional houses in Vojvodina." Thermal Science 21, no. 6 Part B (2017): 2919–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci160714027l.

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Traditional Vojvodina house represents an important part of the building stock of the northern Serbian province of Vojvodina. The research examines the thermal transmittance of the walls of rammed earth, which is the basic structural and fa?ade element of traditional Vojvodina house, in two ways: by calculations in accordance with Serbian regulations and by measuring in situ. Parameters obtained from the measurements are compared with the calculated values for the three typical traditional Vojvodina rammed earth single family residential houses. The comparison between the values of the heat transfer coefficient, obtained by the calculation, and the results determined by in situ measurements show significant differences. It indicates that the thermal characteristics are better than calculated ones according to national regulations, but at the same time that, due to the complexity of the rammed earth walls and differences in the rammed earth structures, the results differ from case to case and can not be standardized.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Rammed Earth Structures"

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Loccarini, Federica Verfasser], and Harald [Akademischer Betreuer] [Kloft. "Behaviour of rammed earth structures : Sustainable materials and strengthening techniques / Federica Loccarini ; Betreuer: Harald Kloft." Braunschweig : Technische Universität Braunschweig, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1175815772/34.

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Al-Hout, Julie. "Etudes expérimentales et numériques du comportement des structures en Pisé et en maçonnerie : Apport de la MED." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEI079/document.

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Cette contribution, en s’appuyant sur un travail expérimental et de modélisation numérique à l’aide de la méthode des éléments distincts, vise l’étude de structures en maçonnerie et de structures en pisé. Pour la partie maçonnerie, notre étude traite tout d’abord de modèles réduits testés sur table inclinable, puis dans un second temps nous avons testé des murs en briques à une échelle représentative. Dans la deuxième partie, nous avons mené des essais sur des murs en pisé sous un chargement en cisaillement, avec ou sans précontrainte axiale de confinement qui correspond à une descente de charge. Une modélisation numérique par la méthode des éléments discrets a été réalisée pour ces différents cas d’étude. La comparaison entre les résultats expérimentaux et numériques, nous a permis, d’évaluer les pertinences et limites de la modélisation via la méthode des éléments discrets (DEM)
This contribution, based on experimental work and numerical modeling using the distinct elements method, aims to study masonry structures and rammed earth structures. For the masonry part, our study first deals with reduced models tested on tilting table, then in a second time we tested brick walls on a representative scale. In the second part, we conducted tests on rammed earth walls under a shear loading, with or without axial prestressing of the containment which corresponds to a descent of load. Numerical modeling using the discrete element method has been carried out for these different case studies. The comparison between the experimental and numerical results, allowed us to evaluate the relevance and limits of modeling via the discrete element method (DEM)

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Mayon, Isaac Dompo. "Exploring Earth-Building Technology for Liberia." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2009. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1896.

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This paper discusses earth as a building material and the extent to which earth building technology has evolved over the years. In particular it addresses the adobe, compressed and rammed earth techniques of earth building as suitable techniques for Liberia consumption. In addition, the paper investigates the suitability of the Latosols soils of Liberia for earth building construction purposes using standardized earth building principles and requirements. A local Johnson City, Tennessee, earth sample found to have the same physical characteristics of the Latosols of Liberia was used to simulate Liberia soils to produce specimen blocks at different configurations of moisture content and stabilizers (Bentonite and cement). Following 14 days of cure, the blocks were tested for compressive strength. It was found that blocks produced from the natural soil with no stabilizer added were structurally adequate for building construction purposes. A cost-benefit analysis involving blocks with and without stabilizer (cement) added was also performed.

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Sato, Márcia Helena Yamamoto. "Análise de estruturas em taipa de pilão." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3144/tde-26082011-140706/.

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Este trabalho pretende estabelecer bases para a análise de estruturas correntes feitas em taipa de pilão. Esse material, constituído quase que somente por terra obtida no local da obra, tem todas as propriedades do que se chama uma construção sustentável, incluindo um mínimo de consumo de energia, se comparado as estruturas convencionais em aço e concreto. O texto é dividido em três temas principais. O primeiro trata de revisão da pouca literatura técnica existente sobre o assunto, incluindo a descrição das técnicas de construção e de seleção e preparo dos materiais. O segundo abrange a pesquisa feita pela autora no preparo e ensaio de corpos de prova do material, com a intenção de obter parâmetros que são o insumo para a análise propriamente dita de estruturas desse tipo. Esta análise é a terceira parte do trabalho, a qual consiste no processamento de modelos tridimensionais de elementos finitos de estruturas de construções hipotéticas em taipa de pilão.
This work intends to provide basis for the analysis of common structures built of rammed earth. This material, constituted almost entirely of earth obtained in the place where the building will stand, has all the properties of what is known as sustainable construction, including a minimal consume of energy, as compared to conventional steel or concrete structures. The text is divided in three main themes. The first reports the review the little existing technical literature on the subject, including the description of the building procedures and the selection and preparation of the materials. The second reports research conducted by the author on the preparation and testing of samples of the material, in order to obtain the parameters needed in the analysis of structures of this type. This is the third part of the work, consisting in the numerical analysis of three dimensional finite element models of hypothetical buildings made of rammed earth.

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LOCCARINI, FEDERICA. "Behaviour of rammed earth structures: sustainable materials and strengthening techniques." Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/1087522.

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In this thesis, a natural reinforcement method for earth structures is proposed. In particular, this research focused on the possibility of building and modeling a structural system made with rammed earth strengthened with jute fabric. In recent years, research has turned the attention towards the materials obtained from renewable sources, biodegradable and easily recoverable at the end of use. Earth is a natural traditional building material used all over the world and, as such, it has always been used in accordance with local traditions that are based on empirical knowledge. However, the preservation and enhancement of traditional earthen masonry, as well as the practice of construction with raw earth material for new buildings, needs a deep scientific knowledge of constructive techniques and of physical and mechanical properties of the material. The possibility of proposing earth material for new constructions is based on the use of reinforcement systems to yield appropriate renovations. Acting with suitable corrections and devices, earthen buildings can be used even in areas subject to seismic risk, guaranteeing acceptable safety. The aim of the reinforcement intervention is to increase resistance against the seismic actions and improve the ductility, both for the individual structural elements and for the construction. Artificial fiber composites are commonly used as reinforcement of masonry structures both in view of the seismic retrofitting of historical buildings and of the realization of new constructions which structural performances are adequate also in seismic areas. Correspondingly, biocomposites are being used as a reinforcement of earth buildings, being compatible with earth architecture from the point of view of environmental sustainability. This research work fits in the research field of FRCs (Fiber Reinforced Composites) as reinforcement method for masonry structures with the aim to extend and adapt to natural fibers, test methods and procedures of data treatment, useful to interpret the parameters that rule the materials behaviour and the interaction between parts. In order to design a reliable experimental technique to determine the necessary properties for the successive step of designing a reinforcement system, preliminary tests were necessary to assess the materials characteristics. Mineralogical, geotechnical and mechanical earth's characteristics were investigated, even with the use of eco-friendly additive. Tensile tests on jute yarns and jute strips were carried out. Test results were organized and statistically analyzed in order to interpret the basic laws of scale effects which influence is necessary to account for in the successive use of mechanical parameters. After materials characterization, the adhesion capacity of the reinforcement package composed by jute fabric and earth-gypsum matrix was investigated. Since the composite material strips, externally bonded to rammed earth supports, are generally subjected to peel and tangential loads on the bonding surface, the determination of the adhesion properties ii was considered a fundamental issue to produce specific rules that adequately support designers. In particular, an experimental campaign of peeling tests of jute fabric strips applied on prismatic earth specimens was carried out to evaluate the adhesion properties of the strengthening system. The results are compared with those obtained from single lap joint tests and interpreted with existing analytical models. In order to improve the knowledge concerning this reinforcing technique, necessary to assess appropriate interventions on existing buildings, an experimental program was carried out concerning the analysis of the mechanical behaviour of this type of reinforcements applied to rammed earth arches loaded asymmetrically. The arches were subjected to asymmetric load condition increasing up to incipient collapse characterized by the opening of four hinges. To verify the results obtained from the experimental tests the ultimate loads of the arches were calculated by limit analysis. Subsequently the arches were strengthened with jute fabric and tested again in order to verify the reinforcing ability of the fabric. The biocompatible reinforcement made with jute fabric and earthen matrix showed that it is possible to significantly increase the bearing capacity and the kinematical ductility of structural elements made with rammed earth.

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CRUCES, FERNANDO JOSE AVILA, RAFAEL GALLEGO, MARIO FAGONE, and GIOVANNA RANOCCHIAI. "Mechanical, structural and seismic behavior of rammed earth constructions." Doctoral thesis, 2023. https://hdl.handle.net/2158/1299399.

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This doctoral thesis presents a thorough analysis of the mechanical, structural and seismic behavior of rammed earth structures, aimed at encouraging the use of this technique in modern construction. Rammed earth is a traditional construction technique that has been used all over the world since antiquity, but today it is attracting renewed interest as an environmentally sustainable building solution. However, the lack of national and international standards based on the structural knowledge of this kind of constructions, makes it difficult for designers and builders to adopt this technique in new constructions. In this regard, as a first step, this thesis presents a detailed compilation of the most relevant results obtained by several researchers about the mechanical and physical properties of rammed earth, including the laboratory tests used to measure these properties and the additives and reinforcements that can be used to improve the material behavior. An experimental testing campaign is carried out to evaluate the mechanical properties of rammed earth stabilized with one of the most relevant additives, lime, focusing on the effect of increasing lime contents and the strength development process, two factors that are essential to build constructions with this technique and that have not been thoroughly studied yet. Compression tests and nondestructive ultrasonic pulse velocity tests are performed. For unstabilized rammed earth, the uniaxial compression tests are combined with diagonal compression test in order to assess also the shear behavior of the material, essential to understand its failure mechanisms (particularly under extreme loads such as a seism). This data is used to develop a numerical model of the material based on the concrete damage plasticity model in the FEM software Abaqus. The proposed behavioral model is evaluated by replicating with finite elements the diagonal tests carried out in laboratory. Considering the vulnerability of rammed earth structures under the action of an earthquake and the numerous areas of earth construction with a significant seismic hazard, in the last part of this study the seismic behavior of this kind of structures is evaluated. The state of the art about this topic is presented and analyzed, including the scientific research about the structural behavior of rammed earth walls subjected to horizontal loads, potential seismic reinforcements, and requirements and recommendations indicated in the existing standards and guidelines about earth construction in seismic areas.

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Kumar, Prasanna P. "Stabilised Rammed Earth For Walls : Materials, Compressive Strength And Elastic Properties." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2005/987.

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Rammed earth is a technique of forming in-situ structural wall elements using rigid formwork. Advantages of rammed earth walls include flexibility in plan form, scope for adjusting strength and wall thickness, variety of textural finishes, lower embodied carbon and energy, etc. There is a growing interest in the construction of rammed earth buildings in the recent past. Well focused comprehensive studies in understanding the structural performance of rammed earth structures are scanty. Clear-cut guidelines on selecting soil grading and soil characteristics, assessing strength of rammed earth walls, density strength relationships, limits on shrinkage, standardised testing procedures, behaviour of rammed earth walls under in-plane and out of plane loads, etc are the areas needing attention. The thesis attempts to address some of these aspects of cement stabilized rammed earth for structural walls. Brief history and developments in rammed earth construction with illustrations of rammed earth buildings are presented. A review of the literature on rammed earth has been provided under two categories: (a) Unstabilised or pure rammed earth and (b) stabilised rammed earth. Review of the existing codes of practice on rammed earth has also been included. Summary of the literature on rammed earth along with points requiring attention for further R&D are discussed. Objectives and scope of the thesis are listed. The thesis deals with an extensive experimentation on cement stabilised rammed earth (CSRE) specimens and walls. Four varieties of specimens (cylindrical, prisms, wallettes and full scale walls) were used in the experiments. A natural soil and its reconstituted variants were used in the experimental work. Details of the experimental programme, characteristics of raw materials used in the experimental investigations, methods of preparing different types of specimens and their testing procedures are discussed in detail. Influence of soil grading, cement content, moulding water content, density and delayed compaction on compaction characteristics and strength of cement stabilised soil mixes were examined. Five different soil gradings with clay content ranging between 9 and 31.6% and three cement contents (5%, 8% and 12%) were considered. Effect of delayed compaction (time lag) on compaction characteristics and compressive strength of cement stabilised soils was examined by monitoring the results up to 10 hours of time lag. Influence of moulding water content and density on compressive strength and water absorption of cement stabilised soils was examined considering for a range of densities and water contents. The results indicate that (a) there is a considerable difference between dry and wet compressive strength of CSRE prisms, and the strength decreases as the moisture content at the time of testing increases, (b) wet strength is less than that of dry strength and the ratio between wet to dry strength depends upon the clay fraction of soil mix and cement content, (c) saturated moisture content depends upon the cement content and the clay content of the soil mix, (d) optimum clay percentage yielding maximum compressive strength is about 16%, (e) compressive strength of compacted cement stabilised soil increases with increase in density irrespective of cement content and moulding moisture content, and the strength increases by 300% for 20% increase in density from 15.70 kN/m3, (f) compressive strength of rammed earth is one - third higher than that of rammed earth brick masonry and (g) density decreases with increase in time lag and there is 50% decrease in strength with 10 hour time lag. Stress-strain relationships and elastic properties of cement stabilised rammed earth are essential for the analysis of CSRE structural elements and understanding the structural behaviour of CSRE walls. Influence of soil composition, density, cement content and moisture on stress-strain relationships of CSRE was studied. Three different densities (15.7 – 19.62 kN/m3) and three cement percentages (5%, 8% and 12% by weight) were considered for CSRE. Stress-strain characteristics of CSRE and rammed earth brick masonry were compared. The results reveal that (a) in dry condition the post peak response shows considerable deformation (strain hardening type behaviour) beyond the peak stress and ultimate strain values at failure (dry state) are as high as 3.5%, which is unusual for brittle materials, (b) modulus for CSRE increases with increase in density as well as cement content and there is 1 to 3 times increase as the cement content changes from 5% to 12%. Similarly the modulus increases by 2.5 to 5 times as the dry density increases from 15.7 to 19.62 kN/m3 and (c) the modulus of CSRE and masonry in dry state are nearly equal, whereas in wet state masonry has 20% less modulus. Compressive strength and behavior of storey height CSRE walls subjected to concentric compression was studied. The results of the wall strength were compared with those of wallette and prism strengths. The wall strength decreases with increase in slenderness ratio. There is nearly 30% reduction in strength as the height to thickness ratio increases from 4.65 to 19.74. It was attempted to calculate the ultimate compressive strength of CSRE walls using the tangent modulus theory. At higher slenderness ratios, there is a close agreement between the experimental and predicted values. The storey height walls show lateral deflections as the load approaches failure. The walls did not show visible buckling and the shear failure patterns indicate material failure. The shear failures noticed in the storey height walls resemble the shear failures of short height wallette specimens. The thesis ends with a summary of the results with concluding remarks in the last chapter.

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Anitha, M. "Static And Dynamic Behaviour Of Cement Stabilised Rammed Earth Panels And Building Models." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2005/986.

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Rammed earth is one of the earliest building materials used for structural walls. Stabilised rammed earth is a variant of traditional or pure rammed earth that involves addition of a small amount of cement to improve strength and durability. Rammed earth buildings experience in-plane shear forces as well as flexural stresses due to out-of-plane bending especially during earthquakes. The thesis attempts to examine the behaviour of cement stabilised rammed earth wall elements and building models subjected to lateral loads. A brief introduction to rammed earth construction followed by a review of literature on rammed earth and details of the existing codes of practice on rammed earth is provided in Chapter 1. Chapter 2 deals with the flexural strength, modulus of rupture, stress-strain relationships and free vibration characteristics of cement stabilised rammed earth (CSRE) in greater detail. Properties of raw materials used in the experimental investigations followed by a detailed description of the experimental programme, method of preparation of various types of specimens and their testing procedures are provided. Flexure strength and modulus of rupture were determined in both the orthogonal directions. Influence of (a) thickness of the specimen, (b) direction of compacted layers with respect to the flexural tension developed and (c) effect of cement slurry coating between the compacted layers on the flexural strength of CSRE were examined. The investigations show that flexure strength increases with the increase in the specimen thickness and a coat cement slurry on the compacted layers leads to improvement in flexure strength. The flexural strength parallel to compacted layers is higher when compared to flexure strength perpendicular to compacted layers. Stress-strain relationships show that the initial tangent modulus of CSRE in saturated condition is about 60% of that in dry condition. Damping ratio as obtained from the free vibration studies is found to be 0.022 in the two orthogonal directions. Dynamic characteristics of CSRE building models are presented in Chapter 3. A simple alternative to shake table called as “Shock Table” was used in the present investigation for providing base motion to the building model. A half-scale CSRE building model with R.C lintels only above door and window openings (with no earthquake resistant features) was constructed on the Shock Table. The wall thickness of the building model was 100 mm. Procedure for construction, instrumentation and testing of the CSRE building model is presented. Responses measured and damages observed are discussed in detail. Finite element (FE) analyses were performed on six different building models with different earthquake resistant features using commercially available FE software (NISA V17). Both free vibration and forced vibration analyses were performed. Natural frequencies and forced vibration responses (acceleration) of building model (BM1) obtained from experiment and FE analysis were compared. Responses (free vibration and forced vibration) of other five building models were predicted using FE analysis. Crack patterns of the building models with roof and without roof are compared. The thesis ends with a summary of the results and concluding remarks in Chapter 4.

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Costa, Maria Eduarda Stocco Dalla. "Desempenho de paredes de taipa reforçadas com rebocos armados compatíveis." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/76192.

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Dissertação de mestrado em Construção e Reabilitação Sustentáveis
Estima-se que cerca de um terço da população mundial habita em construções em terra e que uma parcela este tipo de construção constitui o Património Mundial da UNESCO. Estas construções têm sido foco recente de investigadores e profissionais, devido a uma percentagem significativa situar-se em zonas de perigosidade sísmica moderada a elevada, e constituírem um tipo de construção sustentável. As edificações em taipa e adobe assumem grande predominância na construção em terra a nível Mundial, que visa dar resposta à vulnerabilidade sísmica elevada destas construções. O reforço com TRM (“textile reinforced mortar”) é uma técnica promissora para o melhoramento do desempenho estrutural das edificações em taipa, nomeadamente pelo aumento da capacidade de carga, ductilidade e, consequentemente, durabilidade da construção. O aumento do desempenho estrutural proporcionada pelo TRM é decorrente da dissipação de energia ocasionada pela malha (têxtil), envolvida por uma argamassa compatível com o sistema. Desta forma, este trabalho pretende contribuir para a avaliação da capacidade do reforço TRM com argamassa à base de terra para melhorar o desempenho estrutural das paredes de taipa da região do Alentejo em Portugal. A metodologia aplicada inicia-se pela caracterização dos materiais separadamente e depois em conjunto através de ensaios realizados no Laboratório de Estruturas - LEST da Universidade do Minho. Os materiais foram caracterizados em três fases, estas sendo a caracterização geotécnica e mecânica do solo; caracterização físico-mecânica da argamassa de reforço; caracterização mecânica da malha de reforço. Já a caraterização do sistema de reforço foi realizada por ensaios de caracterização mecânica da interação argamassa e malhas de reforço (ensaios de tração), e posteriormente da interação taipa, argamassa e malhas de reforço (ensaios de compressão diagonal). No que diz respeito aos resultados, não ocorreu o aumento significativo da resistência ao corte com o reforço TRM, consequência da não dissipação dos esforços do substrato ao têxtil, necessitando de novas investigações com método de aplicação diferenciado e/ou com outras malhas de reforços.
It is estimated that one third of the world’s population lives in earth constructions and a portion of the UNESCO’s World Heritage is built with earthen materials. Recently, researchers and practitioners have been focusing on earth constructions. Firstly, due to the fact that a significant percentage of such constructions are located in zones of moderate to high seismic hazard. Secondly, because earth constructions are considered a type of sustainable construction. Worldwide, adobe and rammed earth buildings are predominant in earth construction, which justifies the need to address the high seismic vulnerability of such constructions. Textile-reinforced mortar (TRM) is a promising technique for improving the performance of rammed earth buildings, due to the increase in loading capacity, ductility, and consequently, durability. The increase of the structural performance provided by the TRM is due to the energy dissipation caused by the mesh (textile), embedded by a compatible mortar. Thus, this study aims to contribute to the evaluation of the capacity of a TRM strengthening composed of earth mortar, endeavouring to improve the structural performance of rammed earth buildings in the Alentejo Portuguese region. The applied methodology started with the characterization of materials through laboratory tests carried out at the Structures Laboratory - LEST at the University of Minho. Initially, each material was separately characterized and after two or more materials were characterized in combination. Materials’ characterization followed three stages: geotechnical and soil mechanics characterization; physical-mechanical characterization of the mortar; and mechanical characterization of the reinforcement mesh. The characterization of the strengthening system was carried out by the mechanical characterization of the interaction mortar and mesh (tensile tests on coupons) and, subsequently, the mechanical characterization of the interaction rammed earth, mortar, and mesh (diagonal compression tests on wallets). The results showed no significant increase in shear strength of the rammed earth wallets with the application of the TRM, meaning that there was no dissipation of efforts from the substrate to the textile mesh. It is possible to conclude that further investigation with different application methods and/or alternative reinforcement meshes is needed.

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Books on the topic "Rammed Earth Structures"

1

Reddy, B. V. Venkatarama. Compressed Earth Block & Rammed Earth Structures. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7877-6.

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King, Bruce. Buildings of earth and straw: Structural design for rammed earth and straw-bale architecture. Sausalito, Calif: Ecological Design Press, 1996.

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Reddy, B. V. Venkatarama. Compressed Earth Block and Rammed Earth Structures. Springer Singapore Pte. Limited, 2022.

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Keable, Rowland, and Julian Keable. Rammed Earth Structures: A Code of Practice. Practical Action Publishing, 1996.

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Keable, Rowland, and Julian Keable. Rammed Earth Structures: A Code of Practice. Practical Action Publishing, 2011.

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Rammed Earth Structures: A Code of Practice. Practical Action, 1996.

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Ciancio, Daniela, William Smalley, and Danielle Rosman. Rammed Earth: A Structural Engineering Approach. Taylor & Francis Group, 2021.

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Kapfinger, Otto, and Marko Sauer. Martin Rauch : Refined Earth: Construction and Design with Rammed Earth. Detail Business Information GmbH, The, 2015.

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Kapfinger, Otto, and Marko Sauer. Martin Rauch Refined Earth: Construction and Design of Rammed Earth. Detail Business Information GmbH, The, 2022.

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Martin Rauch - Refined Earth: Construction and Design of Rammed Earth. Detail Business Information GmbH, The, 2015.

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Book chapters on the topic "Rammed Earth Structures"

1

Keable, Julian, and Rowland Keable. "Prelims - Rammed Earth Structures." In Rammed Earth Structures, i—xi. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780440668.000.

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Keable, Julian, and Rowland Keable. "Introduction: Rammed Earth Structures." In Rammed Earth Structures, 2–15. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780440668.001.

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Keable, Julian, and Rowland Keable. "Back Matter - Rammed Earth Structures." In Rammed Earth Structures, 112–17. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780440668.009.

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Keable, Julian, and Rowland Keable. "Materials." In Rammed Earth Structures, 16–41. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780440668.002.

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Keable, Julian, and Rowland Keable. "Formwork." In Rammed Earth Structures, 42–55. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780440668.003.

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Keable, Julian, and Rowland Keable. "Groundworks." In Rammed Earth Structures, 56–71. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780440668.004.

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Keable, Julian, and Rowland Keable. "Superstructure." In Rammed Earth Structures, 72–83. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780440668.005.

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Keable, Julian, and Rowland Keable. "Stability." In Rammed Earth Structures, 84–91. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780440668.006.

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Keable, Julian, and Rowland Keable. "Details and finishes." In Rammed Earth Structures, 92–105. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780440668.007.

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Keable, Julian, and Rowland Keable. "Earthquake areas." In Rammed Earth Structures, 106–11. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780440668.008.

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Conference papers on the topic "Rammed Earth Structures"

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Romanazzi, Antonio, Daniel V. Oliveira, Rui A. Silva, Paulo X. Candeias, A. Campos Costa, and Alexandra Carvalho. "Experimental Out-of-Plane Behaviour of a Rammed Earth Sub-Assemblage Subjected to Seismic Inputs." In 4th International Conference on Bio-Based Building Materials. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/cta.1.346.

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Rammed earth technique is spread worldwide, representing the local identity of many cultures for which they must be preserved. Yet, rammed earth heritage is also well known for its high seismic vulnerability and despite the increasing concern for this aspect, few investigations were conducted on dynamic response of such structures. In this framework, an experimental program was undertaken on a rammed earth mock-up by means of shake table tests carried out at the National Laboratory of Civil Engineering (LNEC) in Lisbon. To investigate the out-of-plane behaviour of rammed earth walls, a mock-up was built in real scale with a U-shape and then subjected to a series of increasing seismic inputs. The results are here discussed in terms of damage, displacements and base shear coefficient. In conclusion, the model behaved as a rigid block to earthquake excitations.

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Chitimbo, Taini, Feras Abdul-Samad, Noémie Prime, and Olivier Plé. "Hydro-Mechanics Coupling on Rammed Earth Material: Drying Experiment at Structural Scale." In 4th International Conference on Bio-Based Building Materials. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/cta.1.698.

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Rammed earth structures are very sensitive to hydric conditions. Experimental studies have been undertaken to understand the link between liquid water transfer and mechanical behavior at structural scale. This study was done on a prismatic rammed earth sample of 15cm x 15cm x 45cm, structured as a wall element with several layers. Samples were subjected to one dimensional drying in an indoor environment. Humidity and temperature sensors were placed on each layer inside the sample. The kinetic of drying was monitored by continuous weighing the sample and humidity measurement at a regular interval. Results of water content evolution suggest that samples dry in two stages; the first stage is associated with relatively high evaporation flux of 13.88 g m-2h-1 while the second stage has very low flux of moisture evaporation. Unconfined compressive strength was performed in drying samples after 0, 2, 6 and 8 weeks of drying. In parallel, digital image correlation was used to determine the stiffness of samples. Results show an increase in compressive strength by the rate of 98 kPa per week in the first two weeks, then this rate reduces to 23 KPa per weeks after 8 weeks. These experimental results will allow to enhance the 3D hydro mechanical numerical model developed in the laboratory.

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Miyamoto, M., Pema, T. Aoki, and Y. Tominaga. "Pull-down test of the rammed earth walls at Paga Lhakhang in the Kingdom of Bhutan." In REHAB 2014 - International Conference on Preservation, Maintenance and Rehabilitation of Historical Buildings and Structures. Green Lines Institute for Sustainable Development, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.14575/gl/rehab2014/033.

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Villacreses, Juan P., Bernardo Caicedo, Felipe Poveda, Fabricio Yepez, Laura Ibagón, and Julián Buriticá. "A Study of the Influence of Water Content Profile on the Dynamic Behavior of Rammed Earth Structures." In The 6th World Congress on Civil, Structural, and Environmental Engineering. Avestia Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.11159/icgre21.lx.103.

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Serrano Latorre, María José, Adolfo Alonso Durá, Pedro Enrique Collado Espejo, and Santiago Tormo Esteve. "Castillejo de Monteagudo (Murcia, España). Análisis integral para la conservación de estructuras islámicas en regiones sísmicas." In FORTMED2020 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2020.2020.11430.

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Castillejo of Monteagudo (Murcia, Spain). Comprehensive analysis for Islamic structures conservation in seismic regionsThe Castillejo of Monteagudo, which was built on second half of the twelfth century, is a fortified palace situated on rural suburbs of Murcia. It is 4 km to the northeast from the historic center of the city. This monument was part of a big almunia constitued by several emblematic buildings and some important hydraulic and agricultural infrastructures. It is unique in the Iberian Peninsula so its study and conservation are important to understand a not so well known historical period. The walls of this building were constructed in rammed earth and they contained one of the most important cruised patio of hispanic-muslim architecture. In spite of been listed as a Cultural Interest property its conservation state is awful. Its abandonment hinders its preservation for future generations. The Region of Murcia is an area with seismic activity. So, considering the place where the Castillejo is located, a seismic-structural study from a virtual model is executed to check its behavior in front of an earthquake. The results supply relevant information of both its current structural conservation state and its behavior or damages in case of a seismic event. That allow us to assess how urgent an intervention is and also it assures the correct way of conservation, restoration and maintenance.

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Oyawa, Walter O., Njike Manette, and Timothy Musiomi. "Development of a two-storey model eco-house from rammed earth." In International Conference on Performance-based and Life-cycle Structural Engineering. School of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.14264/uql.2016.802.

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Allahvirdizadeh, Reza, Daniel V. Oliveira, and Rui A. Silva. "In-Plane Seismic Performance of Plain and TRM-Strengthened Rammed Earth Components." In IABSE Symposium, Guimarães 2019: Towards a Resilient Built Environment Risk and Asset Management. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/guimaraes.2019.0924.

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<p>Raw earth is one of the most widely used building materials and is employed in different techniques, among which adobe and rammed earth are the most common. The respective structural systems, like in masonry buildings, acceptably withstand against gravity loads, though they are significantly vulnerable to earthquakes. Moreover, a great percentage of the World’s population is still inhabited in such environments, which are endangered by future earthquakes. The current article investigates the seismic in-plane performance of an I-shaped rammed earth component by means of advanced nonlinear finite element modelling. In this regard, conventional pushover analyses were conducted to evaluate load/displacement capacities and to assess probable failure modes. It was observed that the component fails mainly due to detachment of the wing walls from the web wall and due to occurrence of diagonal shear cracks at the web. Subsequently, the application of Textile Reinforced Mortar (TRM) strengthening solution to the component was studied and shown to be able to maintain the integrity of the component for larger lateral load levels. Finally, the reliability of the pushover analyses to predict the seismic response was evaluated by comparison with outcomes from incremental nonlinear dynamic analysis.</p>

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Zhao, Xiang, Yao Zhang, Tiegang Zhou, and Wanqin Li. "Experimental study on mechanical properties of weak interface of rammed earth structure." In 2021 7th International Conference on Hydraulic and Civil Engineering & Smart Water Conservancy and Intelligent Disaster Reduction Forum (ICHCE & SWIDR). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ichceswidr54323.2021.9656288.

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Shrestha, K., T. Aoki, M. Miyamoto, N. Takahashi, J. Zhang, P. Wangmo, N. Yuasa, S. Shin, P. Pema, and K. Tenzin. "Static Test on Full Scale Rammed Earth Building with Mesh-Wrap Retrofitting Strategy." In 12th International Conference on Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions. CIMNE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23967/sahc.2021.254.

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Miccoli, Lorenzo, Rui A. Silva, Angelo Garofano, and Daniel V. Oliveira. "IN-PLANE BEHAVIOUR OF EARTHEN MATERIALS: A NUMERICAL COMPARISON BETWEEN ADOBE MASONRY, RAMMED EARTH AND COB." In 6th International Conference on Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering. Athens: Institute of Structural Analysis and Antiseismic Research School of Civil Engineering National Technical University of Athens (NTUA) Greece, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7712/120117.5583.17606.

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