Journal articles: 'Raman SERS spectroscopy'

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Ankamwar, Balaprasad, Ujjal Kumar Sur, and Pulak Das. "SERS study of bacteria using biosynthesized silver nanoparticles as the SERS substrate." Analytical Methods 8, no. 11 (2016): 2335–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ay03014e.

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Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy has great advantages as a spectroscopic analytical tool due to the large enhancement of the weak Raman signal and thereby facilitates suitable identification of chemical and biological systems.

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Frosch, Timea, Andreas Knebl, and Torsten Frosch. "Recent advances in nano-photonic techniques for pharmaceutical drug monitoring with emphasis on Raman spectroscopy." Nanophotonics 9, no. 1 (December 9, 2019): 19–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2019-0401.

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AbstractInnovations in Raman spectroscopic techniques provide a potential solution to current problems in pharmaceutical drug monitoring. This review aims to summarize the recent advances in the field. The developments of novel plasmonic nanoparticles continuously push the limits of Raman spectroscopic detection. In surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), these particles are used for the strong local enhancement of Raman signals from pharmaceutical drugs. SERS is increasingly applied for forensic trace detection and for therapeutic drug monitoring. In combination with spatially offset Raman spectroscopy, further application fields could be addressed, e.g. in situ pharmaceutical quality testing through the packaging. Raman optical activity, which enables the thorough analysis of specific chiral properties of drugs, can also be combined with SERS for signal enhancement. Besides SERS, micro- and nano-structured optical hollow fibers enable a versatile approach for Raman signal enhancement of pharmaceuticals. Within the fiber, the volume of interaction between drug molecules and laser light is increased compared with conventional methods. Advances in fiber-enhanced Raman spectroscopy point at the high potential for continuous online drug monitoring in clinical therapeutic diagnosis. Furthermore, fiber-array based non-invasive Raman spectroscopic chemical imaging of tablets might find application in the detection of substandard and counterfeit drugs. The discussed techniques are promising and might soon find widespread application for the detection and monitoring of drugs in various fields.

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Serebrennikova, Kseniya V., Anna N. Berlina, Dmitriy V. Sotnikov, Anatoly V. Zherdev, and Boris B. Dzantiev. "Raman Scattering-Based Biosensing: New Prospects and Opportunities." Biosensors 11, no. 12 (December 13, 2021): 512. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios11120512.

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The growing interest in the development of new platforms for the application of Raman spectroscopy techniques in biosensor technologies is driven by the potential of these techniques in identifying chemical compounds, as well as structural and functional features of biomolecules. The effect of Raman scattering is a result of inelastic light scattering processes, which lead to the emission of scattered light with a different frequency associated with molecular vibrations of the identified molecule. Spontaneous Raman scattering is usually weak, resulting in complexities with the separation of weak inelastically scattered light and intense Rayleigh scattering. These limitations have led to the development of various techniques for enhancing Raman scattering, including resonance Raman spectroscopy (RRS) and nonlinear Raman spectroscopy (coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy and stimulated Raman spectroscopy). Furthermore, the discovery of the phenomenon of enhanced Raman scattering near metallic nanostructures gave impetus to the development of the surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) as well as its combination with resonance Raman spectroscopy and nonlinear Raman spectroscopic techniques. The combination of nonlinear and resonant optical effects with metal substrates or nanoparticles can be used to increase speed, spatial resolution, and signal amplification in Raman spectroscopy, making these techniques promising for the analysis and characterization of biological samples. This review provides the main provisions of the listed Raman techniques and the advantages and limitations present when applied to life sciences research. The recent advances in SERS and SERS-combined techniques are summarized, such as SERRS, SE-CARS, and SE-SRS for bioimaging and the biosensing of molecules, which form the basis for potential future applications of these techniques in biosensor technology. In addition, an overview is given of the main tools for success in the development of biosensors based on Raman spectroscopy techniques, which can be achieved by choosing one or a combination of the following approaches: (i) fabrication of a reproducible SERS substrate, (ii) synthesis of the SERS nanotag, and (iii) implementation of new platforms for on-site testing.

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Scott, B. L., and K. T. Carron. "Dynamic Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS): Extracting SERS from Normal Raman Scattering." Analytical Chemistry 84, no. 20 (September 26, 2012): 8448–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac301914a.

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Chen, Chuanpin, Wenfang Liu, Sanping Tian, and Tingting Hong. "Novel Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Techniques for DNA, Protein and Drug Detection." Sensors 19, no. 7 (April 10, 2019): 1712. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19071712.

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Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a vibrational spectroscopic technique in which the Raman scattering signal strength of molecules, absorbed by rough metals or the surface of nanoparticles, experiences an exponential growth (103–106 times and even 1014–1015 times) because of electromagnetic or chemical enhancements. Nowadays, SERS has attracted tremendous attention in the field of analytical chemistry due to its specific advantages, including high selectivity, rich informative spectral properties, nondestructive testing, and the prominent multiplexing capabilities of Raman spectroscopy. In this review, we present the applications of state-of-the-art SERS for the detection of DNA, proteins and drugs. Moreover, we focus on highlighting the merits and mechanisms of achieving enhanced SERS signals for food safety and clinical treatment. The machine learning techniques, combined with SERS detection, are also indicated herein. This review concludes with recommendations for future studies on the development of SERS.

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Goeller, Lindsay J., and Mark R. Riley. "Discrimination of Bacteria and Bacteriophages by Raman Spectroscopy and Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy." Applied Spectroscopy 61, no. 7 (July 2007): 679–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/000370207781393217.

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Detection of pathogenic organisms in the environment presents several challenges due to the high cost and long times typically required for identification and quantification. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based methods are often hindered by the presence of polymerase inhibiting compounds and so direct methods of quantification that do not require enrichment or amplification are being sought. This work presents an analysis of pathogen detection using Raman spectroscopy to identify and quantify microorganisms without drying. Confocal Raman measurements of the bacterium Escherichia coli and of two bacteriophages, MS2 and PRD1, were analyzed for characteristic peaks and to estimate detection limits using traditional Raman and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). MS2, PRD1, and E. coli produced differentiable Raman spectra with approximate detection limits for PRD1 and E. coli of 109 pfu/mL and 106 cells/mL, respectively. These high detection concentration limits are partly due to the small sampling volume of the confocal system but translate to quantification of as little as 100 bacteriophages to generate a reliable spectral signal. SERS increased signal intensity 103 fold and presented peaks that were visible using 2-second acquisitions; however, peak locations and intensities were variable, as typical with SERS. These results demonstrate that Raman spectroscopy and SERS have potential as a pathogen monitoring platform.

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Qiu, Yuxuan, Cuifang Kuang, Xu Liu, and Longhua Tang. "Single-Molecule Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy." Sensors 22, no. 13 (June 29, 2022): 4889. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22134889.

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Single-molecule surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SM-SERS) has the potential to detect single molecules in a non-invasive, label-free manner with high-throughput. SM-SERS can detect chemical information of single molecules without statistical averaging and has wide application in chemical analysis, nanoelectronics, biochemical sensing, etc. Recently, a series of unprecedented advances have been realized in science and application by SM-SERS, which has attracted the interest of various fields. In this review, we first elucidate the key concepts of SM-SERS, including enhancement factor (EF), spectral fluctuation, and experimental evidence of single-molecule events. Next, we systematically discuss advanced implementations of SM-SERS, including substrates with ultra-high EF and reproducibility, strategies to improve the probability of molecules being localized in hotspots, and nonmetallic and hybrid substrates. Then, several examples for the application of SM-SERS are proposed, including catalysis, nanoelectronics, and sensing. Finally, we summarize the challenges and future of SM-SERS. We hope this literature review will inspire the interest of researchers in more fields.

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Abu-Hatab, Nahla A., Joshy F. John, Jenny M. Oran, and Michael J. Sepaniak. "Multiplexed Microfluidic Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy." Applied Spectroscopy 61, no. 10 (October 2007): 1116–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/000370207782217842.

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Over the past few decades, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has garnered respect as an analytical technique with significant chemical and biological applications. SERS is important for the life sciences because it can provide trace level detection, a high level of structural information, and enhanced chemical detection. However, creating and successfully implementing a sensitive, reproducible, and robust SERS active substrate continues to be a challenging task. Herein, we report a novel method for SERS that is based upon using multiplexed microfluidics (MMFs) in a polydimethylsiloxane platform to perform parallel, high throughput, and sensitive detection/identification of single or various analytes under easily manipulated conditions. A facile passive pumping method is used to deliver Ag colloids and analytes into the channels where SERS measurements are done under nondestructive flowing conditions. With this approach, SERS signal reproducibility is found to be better than 7%. Utilizing a very high numerical aperture microscope objective with a confocal-based Raman spectrometer, high sensitivity is achieved. Moreover, the long working distance of this objective coupled with an appreciable channel depth obviates normal alignment issues expected with translational multiplexing. Rapid evaluation of the effects of anion activators and the type of colloid employed on SERS performance are used to demonstrate the efficiency and applicability of the MMF approach. SERS spectra of various pesticides were also obtained. Calibration curves of crystal violet (non-resonant enhanced) and Mitoxantrone (resonant enhanced) were generated, and the major SERS bands of these analytes were observable down to concentrations in the low nM and sub-pM ranges, respectively. While conventional random morphology colloids were used in most of these studies, unique cubic nanoparticles of silver were synthesized with different sizes and studied using visible wavelength optical extinction spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy, and the MMF-SERS approach.

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Canetta, Elisabetta. "Current and Future Advancements of Raman Spectroscopy Techniques in Cancer Nanomedicine." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 23 (December 5, 2021): 13141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222313141.

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Raman scattering is one of the most used spectroscopy and imaging techniques in cancer nanomedicine due to its high spatial resolution, high chemical specificity, and multiplexity modalities. The flexibility of Raman techniques has led, in the past few years, to the rapid development of Raman spectroscopy and imaging for nanodiagnostics, nanotherapy, and nanotheranostics. This review focuses on the applications of spontaneous Raman spectroscopy and bioimaging to cancer nanotheranostics and their coupling to a variety of diagnostic/therapy methods to create nanoparticle-free theranostic systems for cancer diagnostics and therapy. Recent implementations of confocal Raman spectroscopy that led to the development of platforms for monitoring the therapeutic effects of anticancer drugs in vitro and in vivo are also reviewed. Another Raman technique that is largely employed in cancer nanomedicine, due to its ability to enhance the Raman signal, is surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). This review also explores the applications of the different types of SERS, such as SERRS and SORS, to cancer diagnosis through SERS nanoprobes and the detection of small-size biomarkers, such as exosomes. SERS cancer immunotherapy and immuno-SERS (iSERS) microscopy are reviewed.

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Tian, Z. Q., W. H. Li, B. W. Mao, S. Z. Zou, and J. S. Gao. "Potential-Averaged Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy." Applied Spectroscopy 50, no. 12 (December 1996): 1569–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702963904575.

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This paper describes a novel technique called potential-averaged surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (PASERS) which has several advantages over SERS. A PASERS spectrum is acquired when the electrode is rapidly modulated between two potentials by applying a square-wave voltage. The potential-averaged SERS spectrum contains all the information on the surface species at the two modulated potentials, and each individual SERS spectrum can then be extracted by deconvolution. By properly choosing the two modulating potentials, one can obtain SERS spectra of surface species at electrode potentials where SERS-active sites are normally unstable. PASERS also leads to a unique way of studying complex interfacial kinetic processes by controlling the voltage pulse height, frequency, and shape. Moreover, the measurement of time-resolved spectra in the very low vibrational frequency region can be achieved by PASERS with the use of a conventional scanning spectrometer with a single-channel detector. In this paper, the main advantages of PASERS are illustrated by studying two typical SERS systems, i.e., thiocyanate ion and thiourea adsorbed at silver electrodes, respectively. It is shown that the potential-averaging method can be applied as a common method to many other existing spectroelectrochemical techniques.

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Loyola-Leyva, Alejandra, Karen Hernández-Vidales, Juan Pablo Loyola-Rodríguez, and Francisco Javier González. "Raman spectroscopy applications for the diagnosis and follow-up of type 2 diabetes mellitus. A brief review." Biomedical Spectroscopy and Imaging 9, no. 3-4 (December 28, 2020): 119–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/bsi-200207.

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Background: There is considerable interest in developing faster, less invasive, and more objective techniques to diagnose type 2 diabetes mellits (T2DM). Optical techniques like Raman spectroscopy and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) are efficient, precise, low-cost, portable, and easy to handle, which seem to overcome most of the present difficulties of actual tests for T2DM diagnosis. However, the use of both Raman spectroscopy and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has been limited for T2DM diagnosis or follow-up. Objective: To gather information regarding the use of Raman spectroscopy and SERS to evaluate the spectra of biofluids (blood components, saliva, and urine) and tissues (skin) as an early diagnostic tool or follow-up for T2DM. Results: Skin and biofluids provide a great amount of information that can be analyzed by Raman spectroscopy and SERS. These optical techniques are excellent for clinical applications and can differentiate people with T2DM from healthy individuals, predict complications arising from T2DM (chronic kidney disease), and might be used to monitor glucose (glycemic control). Conclusion: Raman spectroscopy and SERS are good optical techniques for the diagnosis of T2DM in which sample preparation is not necessary or very simple, non-destructive, non-invasive, relatively fast to acquire, and low-cost.

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D’Acunto, Mario. "Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy and Intracellular Components." Proceedings 27, no. 1 (September 20, 2019): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019027014.

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In the last decade, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) met increasing interest in the detection of chemical and biological agents due to its rapid performance and ultra-sensitive features. SERS is a combination of Raman spectroscopy and nanotechnology; it includes the advantages of Raman spectroscopy, providing rapid spectra collection, small sample sizes, and characteristic spectral fingerprints for specific analytes. In this paper, we detected label-free SERS signals for arbitrarily configurations of dimers, trimers, etc., composed of gold nanoshells (AuNSs) and applied to the mapping of osteosarcoma intracellular components.

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Ding, Song-Yuan, En-Ming You, Zhong-Qun Tian, and Martin Moskovits. "Electromagnetic theories of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy." Chemical Society Reviews 46, no. 13 (2017): 4042–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cs00238f.

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Henry, Anne-Isabelle, Tyler W. Ueltschi, Michael O. McAnally, and Richard P. Van Duyne. "Spiers Memorial Lecture : Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy: from single particle/molecule spectroscopy to ångstrom-scale spatial resolution and femtosecond time resolution." Faraday Discussions 205 (2017): 9–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7fd00181a.

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Four decades on, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) continues to be a vibrant field of research that is growing (approximately) exponentially in scope and applicability while pushing at the ultimate limits of sensitivity, spatial resolution, and time resolution. This introductory paper discusses some aspects related to all four of the themes for this Faraday Discussion. First, the wavelength-scanned SERS excitation spectroscopy (WS-SERES) of single nanosphere oligomers (viz., dimers, trimers, etc.), the distance dependence of SERS, the magnitude of the chemical enhancement mechanism, and the progress toward developing surface-enhanced femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy (SE-FSRS) are discussed. Second, our efforts to develop a continuous, minimally invasive, in vivo glucose sensor based on SERS are highlighted. Third, some aspects of our recent work in single molecule SERS and the translation of that effort to ångstrom-scale spatial resolution in ultrahigh vacuum tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (UHV-TERS) and single molecule electrochemistry using electrochemical (EC)-TERS will be presented. Finally, we provide an overview of analytical SERS with our viewpoints on SERS substrates, approaches to address the analyte generality problem (i.e. target molecules that do not spontaneously adsorb and/or have Raman cross sections <10⁻²⁹ cm² sr⁻¹), SERS for catalysis, and deep UV-SERS.

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Bilgin, Buse, Cenk Yanik, Hulya Torun, and Mehmet Cengiz Onbasli. "Genetic Algorithm-Driven Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Substrate Optimization." Nanomaterials 11, no. 11 (October 29, 2021): 2905. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11112905.

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Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a highly sensitive and molecule-specific detection technique that uses surface plasmon resonances to enhance Raman scattering from analytes. In SERS system design, the substrates must have minimal or no background at the incident laser wavelength and large Raman signal enhancement via plasmonic confinement and grating modes over large areas (i.e., squared millimeters). These requirements impose many competing design constraints that make exhaustive parametric computational optimization of SERS substrates prohibitively time consuming. Here, we demonstrate a genetic-algorithm (GA)-based optimization method for SERS substrates to achieve strong electric field localization over wide areas for reconfigurable and programmable photonic SERS sensors. We analyzed the GA parameters and tuned them for SERS substrate optimization in detail. We experimentally validated the model results by fabricating the predicted nanostructures using electron beam lithography. The experimental Raman spectrum signal enhancements of the optimized SERS substrates validated the model predictions and enabled the generation of a detailed Raman profile of methylene blue fluorescence dye. The GA and its optimization shown here could pave the way for photonic chips and components with arbitrary design constraints, wavelength bands, and performance targets.

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Duffield, Chloe, Nana Lyu, and Yuling Wang. "Synthesis and characterization of reporter molecules embedded core-shell nanoparticles as SERS nanotags." Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences 14, no. 04 (July 2021): 2141007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793545821410078.

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Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy is presented as a sensitive and specific molecular tool for clinical diagnosis and prognosis monitoring of various diseases including cancer. In order for clinical application of SERS technique, an ideal method of bulk synthesis of SERS nanoparticles is necessary to obtain sensitive, stable and highly reproducible Raman signals. In this contribution, we determined the ideal conditions for bulk synthesis of Raman reporter (Ra) molecules embedded silver-gold core-shell nanoparticles (Au@Ra@ AgNPs) using hydroquinone as reducing agent of silver nitrate. By using UV-Vis spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we found that a 2:1 ratio of silver nitrate to hydroquinone is ideal for a uniform silver coating with a strong and stable Raman signal. Through stability testing of the optimized Au@Ra@AgNPs over a two-week period, these SERS nanotags were found to be stable with minimal signal change occurred. The stability of antibody linked SERS nanotags is also crucial for cancer and disease diagnosis, thus, we further conjugated the as-prepared SERS nanotags with anti-EpCAM antibody, in which the stability of bioconjugated SERS nanotags was tested over eight days. Both UV-Vis and SERS spectroscopy showed stable absorption and Raman signals on the anti-EpCAM conjugated SERS nanotags, indicating the great potential of the synthesized SERS nanotags for future applications which require large, reproducible and uniform quantities in order for cancer biomarker diagnosis and monitoring.

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Wen, Bao-Ying, Qing-Qi Chen, Petar M. Radjenovic, Jin-Chao Dong, Zhong-Qun Tian, and Jian-Feng Li. "In Situ Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Characterization of Electrocatalysis with Different Nanostructures." Annual Review of Physical Chemistry 72, no. 1 (April 20, 2021): 331–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-physchem-090519-034645.

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As energy demands increase, electrocatalysis serves as a vital tool in energy conversion. Elucidating electrocatalytic mechanisms using in situ spectroscopic characterization techniques can provide experimental guidance for preparing high-efficiency electrocatalysts. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) can provide rich spectral information for ultratrace surface species and is extremely well suited to studying their activity. To improve the material and morphological universalities, researchers have employed different kinds of nanostructures that have played important roles in the development of SERS technologies. Different strategies, such as so-called borrowing enhancement from shell-isolated modes and shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SHINERS)-satellite structures, have been proposed to obtain highly effective Raman enhancement, and these methods make it possible to apply SERS to various electrocatalytic systems. Here, we discuss the development of SERS technology, focusing on its applications in different electrocatalytic reactions (such as oxygen reduction reactions) and at different nanostructure surfaces, and give a brief outlook on its development.

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Chakaja, Chaiwat, Saksorn Limwichean, Noppadon Nuntawong, Pitak Eiamchai, Sukon Kalasung, On-Uma Nimittrakoolchai, and Nongluck Houngkamhang. "Study on Detection of Carbaryl Pesticides by Using Surface-Enhance Raman Spectroscopy." Key Engineering Materials 853 (July 2020): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.853.97.

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In this research, the Ag nanorod structure was used as surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) chip which provides a sensitive detection signal for trace analysis of carbaryl pesticide. Carbaryl in solid form was measured by using the standard Raman spectroscopy to investigate the spectrum. Carbaryl at various concentrations was prepared in acetonitrile and dropped on the SERS chip for measuring Raman spectrum by a portable Raman spectrometer. The measurement condition including laser power and exposure time were studied to test the performance of SERS chip for carbaryl detection. From the results, the SERS chip useful for enhancing the Raman scattering signal which was increased depending on the laser power and exposure time. Carbaryl can be detected on SERS chip couple with the portable Raman spectrometer with the limit of detection of 10-5 M.

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Lin, Ting, Ya-Li Song, Juan Liao, Fang Liu, and Ting-Ting Zeng. "Applications of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy in detection fields." Nanomedicine 15, no. 30 (December 2020): 2971–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/nnm-2020-0361.

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Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a Raman spectroscopy technique that has been widely used in food safety, environmental monitoring, medical diagnosis and treatment and drug monitoring because of its high selectivity, sensitivity, rapidness, simplicity and specificity in identifying molecular structures. This review introduces the detection mechanism of SERS and summarizes the most recent progress concerning the use of SERS for the detection and characterization of molecules, providing references for the later research of SERS in detection fields.

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D’Acunto, Mario. "In Situ Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy of Cellular Components: Theory and Experimental Results." Materials 12, no. 9 (May 13, 2019): 1564. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12091564.

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In the last decade, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) met increasing interest in the detection of chemical and biological agents due to its rapid performance and ultra-sensitive features. Being SERS a combination of Raman spectroscopy and nanotechnology, it includes the advantages of Raman spectroscopy, providing rapid spectra collection, small sample sizes, characteristic spectral fingerprints for specific analytes. In addition, SERS overcomes low sensitivity or fluorescence interference that represents two major drawbacks of traditional Raman spectroscopy. Nanoscale roughened metal surfaces tremendously enhance the weak Raman signal due to electromagnetic field enhancement generated by localized surface plasmon resonances. In this paper, we detected label-free SERS signals for arbitrarily configurations of dimers, trimers, etc., composed of gold nanoshells (AuNSs) and applied to the mapping of osteosarcoma intracellular components. The experimental results combined to a theoretical model computation of SERS signal of specific AuNSs configurations, based on open cavity plasmonics, give the possibility to quantify SERS enhancement for overcoming spectral fluctuations. The results show that the Raman signal is locally enhanced inside the cell by AuNSs uptake and correspondent geometrical configuration generating dimers are able to enhance locally electromagnetic fields. The SERS signals inside such regions permit the unequivocal identification of cancer-specific biochemical components such as hydroxyapatite, phenylalanine, and protein denaturation due to disulfide bonds breaking between cysteine links or proline.

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Alarie, J. P., D. L. Stokes, W. S. Sutherland, A. C. Edwards, and T. Vo-Dinh. "Intensified Charge Coupled Device-Based Fiber-Optic Monitor for Rapid Remote Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Sensing." Applied Spectroscopy 46, no. 11 (November 1992): 1608–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702924926736.

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This paper describes the development of an intensified charge coupled device (ICCD)-based fiber-optic monitor for remote Raman and surface-enhanced Raman (SERS) sensing. Both Raman and SERS data were obtained with the use of a fiber-optic probe design incorporating 20-m optical fibers carrying the Raman signal. Spectra were obtained in 5 milliseconds for Raman and 9 ms for SERS. The proposed system could be used for a highly sensitive portable Raman system for rapid and remote chemical sensing.

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Israelsen, Nathan D., Cynthia Hanson, and Elizabeth Vargis. "Nanoparticle Properties and Synthesis Effects on Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Enhancement Factor: An Introduction." Scientific World Journal 2015 (2015): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/124582.

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Raman spectroscopy has enabled researchers to map the specific chemical makeup of surfaces, solutions, and even cells. However, the inherent insensitivity of the technique makes it difficult to use and statistically complicated. When Raman active molecules are near gold or silver nanoparticles, the Raman intensity is significantly amplified. This phenomenon is referred to as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The extent of SERS enhancement is due to a variety of factors such as nanoparticle size, shape, material, and configuration. The choice of Raman reporters and protective coatings will also influence SERS enhancement. This review provides an introduction to how these factors influence signal enhancement and how to optimize them during synthesis of SERS nanoparticles.

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Mosier-Boss, P. A., and S. H. Lieberman. "Detection of Nitrate and Sulfate Anions by Normal Raman Spectroscopy and SERS of Cationic-Coated, Silver Substrates." Applied Spectroscopy 54, no. 8 (August 2000): 1126–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702001950922.

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The use of normal Raman spectroscopy and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) of cationic-coated, silver substrates to detect nitrate and sulfate ions in aqueous environments is examined. For normal Raman spectroscopy using near-infrared excitation, a linear concentration response was observed with detection limits of 260 and 440 ppm for nitrate and sulfate, respectively. Detection limits in the low parts-per-million concentration range for these anions are achieved by using cationic-coated, silver SERS substrates. Adsorption of the anions on the cationic-coated SERS substrates is described by a Frumkin isotherm.

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Cialla, Dana, Sibyll Pollok, Carolin Steinbrücker, Karina Weber, and Jürgen Popp. "SERS-based detection of biomolecules." Nanophotonics 3, no. 6 (December 1, 2014): 383–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2013-0024.

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AbstractIn order to detect biomolecules, different approaches using for instance biological, spectroscopic or imaging techniques are established. Due to the broad variety of these methods, this review is focused on surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) as an analytical tool in biomolecule detection. Here, the molecular specificity of Raman spectroscopy is combined with metallic nanoparticles as sensor platform, which enhances the signal intensity by several orders of magnitude. Within this article, the characterization of diverse biomolecules by means of SERS is explained and moreover current application fields are presented. The SERS intensity and as a consequence thereof the reliable detection of the biomolecule of interest is effected by distance, orientation and affinity of the molecule towards the metal surface. Furthermore, the great capability of the SERS technique for cutting-edge applications like pathogen detection and cancer diagnosis is highlighted. We wish to motivate by this comprehensive and critical summary researchers from various scientific background to create their own ideas and schemes for a SERS-based detection and analysis of biomolecules.

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Li, Rui, Jia Lei, Yi Zhou, and Hong Li. "Hybrid 3D SERS substrate for Raman spectroscopy." Chemical Physics Letters 754 (September 2020): 137733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2020.137733.

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Zhang, Wending, Tianyang Xue, Lu Zhang, Fanfan Lu, Min Liu, Chao Meng, Dong Mao, and Ting Mei. "Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Based on a Silver-Film Semi-Coated Nanosphere Array." Sensors 19, no. 18 (September 14, 2019): 3966. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19183966.

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In this paper, we present a convenient and economical method to fabricate a silver (Ag)-film semi-coated polystyrene (PS) nanosphere array substrate for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The SERS substrate was fabricated using the modified self-assembled method combined with the vacuum thermal evaporation method. By changing the thickness of the Ag film, the surface morphology of the Ag film coated on the PS nanospheres can be adjusted to obtain the optimized localized surface plasmonic resonance (LSPR) effect. The 3D-finite-difference time-domain simulation results show that the SERS substrate with an Ag film thickness of 10 nm has tens of times the electric field intensity enhancement. The Raman examination results show that the SERS substrate has excellent reliability and sensitivity using rhodamine-6G (R6G) and rhodamine-B (RB) as target analytes, and the Raman sensitivity can reach 10−10 M. Meanwhile, the SERS substrate has excellent uniformity based on the Raman mapping result. The Raman enhancement factor of the SERS substrate was estimated to be 5.1 × 106. This kind of fabrication method for the SERS substrate may be used in some applications of Raman examination.

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Matsukovich, A. S., E. V. Shabunya-Klyachkovskaya, M. Sawczak, K. Grochowska, D. Maskowicz, and G. Śliwiński. "Gold Nanoparticles for Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy." International Journal of Nanoscience 18, no. 03n04 (June 2019): 1940069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x19400696.

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This work shows comparative analysis of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) activity of gold nanoparticles fabricated by chemical synthesis and laser ablation methods. The gold nanoparticles prepared by laser ablation (Au-LA) are more effective for SERS than those prepared chemically (Au-citr). The “analyte on Au film” configuration allows obtaining enhancement of Raman scattering up to 104 in case of Au-LA nanoparticles and up to 102 in case of Au-citr. Also the “sandwich” configuration for Au-LA gives additional enhancement of SERS up to two times, and for Au-citr up to one order, that is consistent with theoretical calculations.

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Adewumi, Blessing, Martin Feldman, Debsmita Biswas, Dongmei Cao, Li Jiang, and Naga Korivi. "Low-Cost Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering for Bio-Probes." Solids 3, no. 2 (April 7, 2022): 188–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/solids3020013.

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Raman Spectroscopy is a well-known method for identifying molecules by their spectroscopic “fingerprint”. In Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS), the presence of nanometallic surfaces in contact with the molecules enormously enhances the spectroscopic signal. Raman enhancing surfaces are often fabricated lithographically or chemically, but the throughput is low and the equipment is expensive. In this work a SERS layer was formed by the self-assembly of silver nanospheres from a hexane suspension onto an imprinted thermoplastic sheet (PET). In addition, the SERS layer was transferred and securely bonded to other surfaces. This is an important attribute for probes into solid specimen. Raman spectra were obtained with Rhodamine 6G (R6G) solution concentrations ranging from 1 mm to 1 nm. The methods described here produced robust and sensitive SERS surfaces with inexpensive equipment, readily available materials, and with no chemical or lithographic steps. These may be critical concerns to laboratories faced with diminishing funding resources.

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Jain, Priyanka, Robi Sankar Patra, Sridhar Rajaram, and Chandrabhas Narayana. "Designing dendronic-Raman markers for sensitive detection using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy." RSC Advances 9, no. 48 (2019): 28222–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra05359j.

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A new approach of tuning SERS enhancement with the aid of coupling chemistry for trace detection. A greater number of Raman-active molecules are constrained in a dendronic framework as an improved SERS analyte.

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Keller, Emily L., Nathaniel C. Brandt, Alyssa A. Cassabaum, and Renee R. Frontiera. "Ultrafast surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy." Analyst 140, no. 15 (2015): 4922–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5an00869g.

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Gao, Ying, Nan Gao, Hongdong Li, Xiaoxi Yuan, Qiliang Wang, Shaoheng Cheng, and Junsong Liu. "Semiconductor SERS of diamond." Nanoscale 10, no. 33 (2018): 15788–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nr04465a.

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In this work, we report a favorable diamond substrate to realize semiconductor surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) for trace molecular probes with high sensitivity, stability, reproducibility, recyclability and universality.

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Zhang, Xian, Qin Zhou, Yu Huang, Zhengcao Li, and Zhengjun Zhang. "The Nanofabrication and Application of Substrates for Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering." International Journal of Spectroscopy 2012 (December 19, 2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/350684.

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Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) was discovered in 1974 and impacted Raman spectroscopy and surface science. Although SERS has not been developed to be an applicable detection tool so far, nanotechnology has promoted its development in recent decades. The traditional SERS substrates, such as silver electrode, metal island film, and silver colloid, cannot be applied because of their enhancement factor or stability, but newly developed substrates, such as electrochemical deposition surface, Ag porous film, and surface-confined colloids, have better sensitivity and stability. Surface enhanced Raman scattering is applied in other fields such as detection of chemical pollutant, biomolecules, DNA, bacteria, and so forth. In this paper, the development of nanofabrication and application of surface-enhanced Ramans scattering substrate are discussed.

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Palla, Mirkó, Filippo G. Bosco, Jaeyoung Yang, Tomas Rindzevicius, Tommy S. Alstrom, Michael S. Schmidt, Qiao Lin, Jingyue Ju, and Anja Boisen. "Mathematical model for biomolecular quantification using large-area surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy mapping." RSC Advances 5, no. 104 (2015): 85845–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra16108h.

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Based on single molecule surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) intensity distribution theory, a mathematical model is developed for highly sensitive biomolecular quantification using Raman mapping on SERS substrates with planar geometries.

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Francioso, O., S. Sánchez-Cortés, V. Tugnoli, C. Ciavatta, and C. Gessa. "Characterization of Peat Fulvic Acid Fractions by Means of FT-IR, SERS, and 1H, 13C NMR Spectroscopy." Applied Spectroscopy 52, no. 2 (February 1998): 270–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702981943347.

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Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) (1H and 13C) have been applied to the characterization of un fractionated and fractionated fulvic acids extracted from an Irish peat. Raman study of these compounds is possible on rough metallic surfaces, which enhance the Raman signal and quench the high fluorescence. The application of these spectroscopic techniques has provided important structural information concerning the aromaticity and the carboxylate and carbohydrate group contents in each fraction. In addition, a SERS study at different pH levels has revealed interesting interfacial behavior of these components based on electric charge and conformational changes.

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Lu, Zhang, Jiao, and Guan. "Large-Scale Fabrication of Nanostructure on Bio-Metallic Substrate for Surface Enhanced Raman and Fluorescence Scattering." Nanomaterials 9, no. 7 (June 26, 2019): 916. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9070916.

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The integration of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and surface-enhanced fluorescence (SEF) has attracted increasing interest and is highly probable to improve the sensitivity and reproducibility of spectroscopic investigations in biomedical fields. In this work, dual-mode SERS and SEF hierarchical structures have been developed on a single bio-metallic substrate. The hierarchical structure was composed of micro-grooves, nano-particles, and nano-ripples. The crystal violet was selected as reporter molecule and both the intensity of Raman and fluorescence signals were enhanced because of the dual-mode SERS−SEF phenomena with enhancement factors (EFs) of 7.85 × 105 and 14.32, respectively. The Raman and fluorescence signals also exhibited good uniformity with the relative standard deviation value of 2.46% and 5.15%, respectively. Moreover, the substrate exhibited high sensitivity with the limits of detection (LOD) as low as 1 × 10−11 mol/L using Raman spectroscopy and 1 × 10−10 mol/L by fluorescence spectroscopy. The combined effect of surface plasmon resonance and “hot spots” induced by the hierarchical laser induced periodical surface structures (LIPSS) was mainly contributed to the enhancement of Raman and fluorescence signal. We propose that the integration of SERS and SEF in a single bio-metallic substrate is promising to improve the sensitivity and reproducibility of detection in biomedical investigations.

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Calderon, Irene, Luca Guerrini, and Ramon A. Alvarez-Puebla. "Targets and Tools: Nucleic Acids for Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy." Biosensors 11, no. 7 (July 9, 2021): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios11070230.

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Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) merges nanotechnology with conventional Raman spectroscopy to produce an ultrasensitive and highly specific analytical tool that has been exploited as the optical signal read-out in a variety of advanced applications. In this feature article, we delineate the main features of the intertwined relationship between SERS and nucleic acids (NAs). In particular, we report representative examples of the implementation of SERS in biosensing platforms for NA detection, the integration of DNA as the biorecognition element onto plasmonic materials for SERS analysis of different classes of analytes (from metal ions to microorgniasms) and, finally, the use of structural DNA nanotechnology for the precise engineering of SERS-active nanomaterials.

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Altunina, A. V., A. V. Zalygin, and V. A. Oleinikov. "Comparative analysis of SERS-active colloidal silver solutions of various type and prospects of their applications." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2058, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2058/1/012023.

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Abstract Raman spectroscopy is a promising method for optical vibrational spectroscopy. Nowadays, Raman spectroscopy finds many applications, in particular, in biological and medical diagnostics. However, the Raman scattering can be enhanced using the Surface-enhanced Raman scattering method. Colloidal solutions of noble metals are used as SERS-active systems. In this work, the enhancing factors were estimated for colloidal silver solutions of three different types (citrate, borohydride, chloride) with two substances (phenylalanine, cytochrome C). Phenylalanine is a widely used model substance for Raman and Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Cytochrome C is one of the most researched proteins. It involves in the electron transport chain of the mitochondrial inner membrane and provides cellular respiration. Borohydride, citrate and chloride sols with phenylalanine gave an enhancement about 50, 200 and 30 times, respectively, and with cytochrome C about 30, 160 and 20, respectively. A comparative analysis of active and inactive sols by SERS and absorption spectroscopy was also performed. The absorption spectra of active sols have characteristic maxima in the region of 400 nm. Both the SERS method of model substances and absorption spectroscopy can be used to assess the enhancing properties.

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Wei, Qingmin, Jianjuan Lin, Fa Liu, Changchun Wen, Na Li, Guobao Huang, and Zhihui Luo. "Synthesis of MBA-Encoded Silver/Silica Core-Shell Nanoparticles as Novel SERS Tags for Biosensing Gibberellin A3 Based on Au@Fe3O4 as Substrate." Sensors 19, no. 23 (November 25, 2019): 5152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19235152.

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A surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) tag is proposed for high-sensitivity detection of gibberellin A3 (GA3). Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using citrate reduction. 4-Mercaptobenzoic acid (MBA) was used for the Raman-labeled molecules, which were coupled to the surface of the AgNPs using sulfydryls. MBA was coated with silica using the Stöber method to prevent leakage. GA3 antibodies were attached via the active functional groups N-Hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) and N-Ethyl-N’-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) to construct a novel immuno-AgNPs@SiO2 SERS tags. The captured SERS substrates were fabricated through Fe3O4 nanoparticles and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using chemical methods. These nanoparticles were characterized using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), dynamic light scattering, Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscope (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). This immuno-AgNPs@SiO2 SERS tags has a strong SERS signal based on characterizations via Raman spectroscopy. Based on antigen-antibody reaction, the immuno-Au@Fe3O4 nanoparticles can capture the GA3 and AgNPs@SiO2 SERS tags. Due to the increasing number of captured nanoprobes, the SERS signal from MBA was greatly enhanced, which favored the sensitive detection of GA3. The linear equation for the SERS signal was y = −13635x + 202211 (R2 = 0.9867), and the limit of detection (LOD) was 10−10 M. The proposed SERS tags are also applicable for the detection of other food risk factors.

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Wentrup-Byrne, E., S. Sarinas, and P. M. Fredericks. "Analytical Potential of Surface-Enhanced Fourier Transform Raman Spectroscopy on Silver Colloids." Applied Spectroscopy 47, no. 8 (August 1993): 1192–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702934067955.

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Although FT-Raman is becoming an increasingly popular analytical tool, it has proved to be relatively insensitive for the analysis of solutions. This is a serious problem, particularly for studies in the biochemical area. Because resonance Raman is not available for near-infrared excitation, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) provides an important pathway to improved sensitivity. This study is concerned with assessing the potential of SERS with FT-Raman as an analytical tool for aqueous solutions. The SERS effect was investigated for a variety of organic molecules, both nitrogen and non-nitrogen containing, with silver colloids prepared by different literature methods. Various factors were studied: the effect of colloid preparative method, age of the colloid, addition of potassium chloride, time after addition of analyte, and concentration of analyte. In some cases, an analyte gave no SERS effect with a particular colloid, but exhibited a large SERS effect with a colloid prepared by a different method.

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Tahir, Muhammad Ali, Nicoleta E. Dina, Hanyun Cheng, Ventsislav K. Valev, and Liwu Zhang. "Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for bioanalysis and diagnosis." Nanoscale 13, no. 27 (2021): 11593–634. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1nr00708d.

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In recent years, bioanalytical surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has blossomed into a fast-growing research area. We present here a review on SERS-based assays with focus on early bacterial infection detection and chronic disease diagnosis.

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Li, Hao, Yongbing Cao, and Feng Lu. "Differentiation of different antifungals with various mechanisms using dynamic surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy combined with machine learning." Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences 14, no. 04 (March 25, 2021): 2141002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793545821410029.

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With the increase in mortality caused by pathogens worldwide and the subsequent serious drug resistance owing to the abuse of antibiotics, there is an urgent need to develop versatile analytical techniques to address this public issue. Vibrational spectroscopy, such as infrared (IR) or Raman spectroscopy, is a rapid, noninvasive, nondestructive, real-time, low-cost, and user-friendly technique that has recently gained considerable attention. In particular, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) can provide a highly sensitive readout for bio-detection with ultralow or even trace content. Nevertheless, extra attachment cost, nonaqueous acquisition, and low reproducibility require the conventional SERS (C-SERS) to further optimize the conditions. The emergence of dynamic SERS (D-SERS) sheds light on C-SERS because of the dispensable substrate design, superior enhancement and stability of Raman signals, and solvent protection. The powerful sensitivity enables D-SERS to perform only with a portable Raman spectrometer with moderate spatial resolution and precision. Moreover, the assistance of machine learning methods, such as principal component analysis (PCA), further broadens its research depth through data mining of the information within the spectra. Therefore, in this study, D-SERS, a portable Raman spectrometer, and PCA were used to determine the phenotypic variations of fungal cells Candida albicans (C. albicans) under the influence of different antifungals with various mechanisms, and unknown antifungals were predicted using the established PCA model. We hope that the proposed technique will become a promising candidate for finding and screening new drugs in the future.

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Barbillon, Grégory. "Applications of Shell-Isolated Nanoparticle-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy." Photonics 8, no. 2 (February 12, 2021): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics8020046.

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The surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is mainly used as an analysis or detection tool of biological and chemical molecules. Since the last decade, an alternative branch of the SERS effect has been explored, and named shell-isolated nanoparticle Raman spectroscopy (SHINERS) which was discovered in 2010. In SHINERS, plasmonic cores are used for enhancing the Raman signal of molecules, and a very thin shell of silica is generally employed for improving the thermal and chemical stability of plasmonic cores that is of great interest in the specific case of catalytic reactions under difficult conditions. Moreover, thanks to its great surface sensitivity, SHINERS can enable the investigation at liquid–solid interfaces. In last two years (2019–2020), recent insights in this alternative SERS field were reported. Thus, this mini-review is centered on the applications of shell-isolated nanoparticle Raman spectroscopy to the reactions with CO molecules, other surface catalytic reactions, and the detection of molecules and ions.

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Panneerselvam, Rajapandiyan, Guo-Kun Liu, Yao-Hui Wang, Jun-Yang Liu, Song-Yuan Ding, Jian-Feng Li, De-Yin Wu, and Zhong-Qun Tian. "Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy: bottlenecks and future directions." Chemical Communications 54, no. 1 (2018): 10–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cc05979e.

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This feature article discusses developmental bottleneck issues in surface Raman spectroscopy in its early stages and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) in the past four decades and future perspectives.

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Shin, Jae Hee, Hyun Gu Kim, Gwang Min Baek, Reehyang Kim, Suwan Jeon, Jeong Ho Mun, Han-Bo-Ram Lee, et al. "Fabrication of 50 nm scale Pt nanostructures by block copolymer (BCP) and its characteristics of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)." RSC Advances 6, no. 75 (2016): 70756–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra08608j.

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Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) represents an important phenomenon that can solve the low signal intensity of Raman spectroscopy. In this study, we investigated the effect of various Pt nanostructures on the sensitivity of SERS.

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45

Yang, Yong, and Masayuki Nogami. "Self-Assembled Monolayer of Silver Nanorods for Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering." Key Engineering Materials 336-338 (April 2007): 2146–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.336-338.2146.

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Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) integrates high levels of sensitivity with spectroscopic precision and thus has tremendous potential for chemical and biomolecular sensing. The key to the wider application of Raman spectroscopy using roughened metallic surfaces is the development of highly enhancing substrates for analytical purposes, i.e., for better detection sensitivity of tracing contaminants and pollutants. Controlled methods for preparing nano-structured metals may provide more useful correlations between surface structure and signal enhancement. Here, we self-assembled silver nanorods on glass substrates for sensitive SERS substrates. The enhanced surface Raman scattering signals were observed and mainly attributed to the local field enhancement.

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Islam, Ahatashamul, Fariha Tasneem, Zulfiqar Hasan Khan, Asif Rakib, Syed Farid Uddin Farhad, Aminul I. Talukder, AFM Yusuf Haider, and Md Wahadoszamen. "Economically reproducible surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of different compounds in thin film." Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences 45, no. 1 (July 15, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbas.v45i1.54255.

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We report herein an economically cheap and functionally stable surfaceenhanced Raman scattering (SERS) protocol of two photoactive pigments Rhodamine 6G (R6G) and Kiton Red (KR), implemented in thin films of silver (Ag) and gold (Au) nanoparticles (AgNPs and AuNPs). Both commercially available and chemically synthesized nanoparticles were used. The suitability of the nanoparticles toward SERS activity was tested through UV-visible absorption spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The AgNPs and AuNPs based SERS substrates in the form of films were fabricated onto square-sized aluminum(Al) plates by simple drop deposition of colloidal nanoparticles solution onto their polished surfaces. The prepared nanoparticle films were sufficiently dried and coated further with the probe (R6G and KR) molecules by employing the identical deposition technique. The enhanced Raman signals of R6G and KR in such composite film structures were then recorded through a custom-built dispersive Raman spectrometer with He-Ne laser excitation at 632.8 nm. Our AgNPsfilm-based SERS protocol could yield the magnitude of the Raman signal enhancement up to 104 times for both R6G and KR. Moreover, AuNPs-based film was found to be less efficient toward the Raman enhancement of both compounds. Our SERS substrates can be easily fabricated, and SERS spectra are reproducible and stable, allowing one to consistently get a reproducible result even after 6 months. J. Bangladesh Acad. Sci. 45(1); 1-11: June 2021

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McAnally, G. D., N. J. Everall, J. M. Chalmers, and W. E. Smith. "Analysis of Thin Film Coatings on Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) by Confocal Raman Microscopy and Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering." Applied Spectroscopy 57, no. 1 (January 2003): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/000370203321165197.

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The characterization of thin coatings on polymers such as poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is required in order to study chemical composition and coating continuity. Two different methods of applying Raman spectroscopy for this purpose are compared in this paper. Using confocal Raman microscopy, thick coatings (>10 μm) are relatively easily identified; however, the Raman scattering from the acrylic coatings commonly used is much weaker than that of PET and consequently, there is a background due to the substrate. Thin acrylic coatings (<1 μm) usually cannot be detected. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) of uncoated PET gives intense signals and if the spectra are taken from the metal-coated side, there is no evidence of the underlying Raman scattering from the bulk. Acrylic coatings do not give sufficiently strong or reproducible SERS to be reliably identified, but even thin (20 nm) coatings completely block the SERS from the substrate. Only where gaps appear in the coating is the SERS of the underlying PET seen. To detect a positive signal from the coating, SERS active labels were incorporated into the acrylic at low concentrations either as a physical mixture or as reactive co-monomers. This uniquely labels the coating and allows detection and, in principle, mapping of the coverage. Thus, for thick (≥1 μm) coatings, normal Raman spectroscopy is an effective technique for detecting the presence of the surface coating. However, it is ineffective with thin (<1 μm) coatings, and SERS alone only indicates where the coating is incomplete or defective. However, when a SERS label is added, spectra can be detected from very thin coatings (20 nm). The concentration of the labels is sufficiently low for the coating to remain colorless.

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Markina, Natalia E., Dana Cialla-May, and Alexey V. Markin. "Cyclodextrin-assisted surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy: a critical review." Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 414, no. 2 (October 11, 2021): 923–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-021-03704-x.

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AbstractNumerous approaches have been proposed to overcome the intrinsically low selectivity of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), and the modification of SERS substrates with diverse recognition molecules is one of such approaches. In contrast to the use of antibodies, aptamers, and molecularly imprinted polymers, application of cyclodextrins (CDs) is still developing with less than 100 papers since 1993. Therefore, the main goal of this review is the critical analysis of all available papers on the use of CDs in SERS analysis, including physicochemical studies of CD complexation and the effect of CD presence on the Raman enhancement. The results of the review reveal that there is controversial information about CD efficiency and further experimental investigations have to be done in order to estimate the real potential of CDs in SERS-based analysis. Graphical abstract

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Mayerhöfer, Thomas G., and Jürgen Popp. "Periodic array-based substrates for surface-enhanced infrared spectroscopy." Nanophotonics 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 39–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2017-0005.

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AbstractAt the beginning of the 1980s, the first reports of surface-enhanced infrared spectroscopy (SEIRS) surfaced. Probably due to signal-enhancement factors of only 101 to 103, which are modest compared to those of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), SEIRS did not reach the same significance up to date. However, taking the compared to Raman scattering much larger cross-sections of infrared absorptions and the enhancement factors together, SEIRS reaches about the same sensitivity for molecular species on a surface in terms of the cross-sections as SERS and, due to the complementary nature of both techniques, can valuably augment information gained by SERS. For the first 20 years since its discovery, SEIRS relied completely on metal island films, fabricated by either vapor or electrochemical deposition. The resulting films showed a strong variance concerning their structure, which was essentially random. Therefore, the increase in the corresponding signal-enhancement factors of these structures stagnated in the last years. In the very same years, however, the development of periodic array-based substrates helped SEIRS to gather momentum. This development was supported by technological progress concerning electromagnetic field solvers, which help to understand plasmonic properties and allow targeted design. In addition, the strong progress concerning modern fabrication methods allowed to implement these designs into practice. The aim of this contribution is to critically review the development of these engineered surfaces for SEIRS, to compare the different approaches with regard to their performance where possible, and report further gain of knowledge around and in relation to these structures.

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Petersen, Marlen, Zhilong Yu, and Xiaonan Lu. "Application of Raman Spectroscopic Methods in Food Safety: A Review." Biosensors 11, no. 6 (June 8, 2021): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios11060187.

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Food detection technologies play a vital role in ensuring food safety in the supply chains. Conventional food detection methods for biological, chemical, and physical contaminants are labor-intensive, expensive, time-consuming, and often alter the food samples. These limitations drive the need of the food industry for developing more practical food detection tools that can detect contaminants of all three classes. Raman spectroscopy can offer widespread food safety assessment in a non-destructive, ease-to-operate, sensitive, and rapid manner. Recent advances of Raman spectroscopic methods further improve the detection capabilities of food contaminants, which largely boosts its applications in food safety. In this review, we introduce the basic principles of Raman spectroscopy, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), and micro-Raman spectroscopy and imaging; summarize the recent progress to detect biological, chemical, and physical hazards in foods; and discuss the limitations and future perspectives of Raman spectroscopic methods for food safety surveillance. This review is aimed to emphasize potential opportunities for applying Raman spectroscopic methods as a promising technique for food safety detection.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Raman SERS spectroscopy'

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