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Journal articles on the topic 'Raman Laser Spectrometer (RLS)'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Lopez‐Reyes, Guillermo, Marco Veneranda, Jose Antonio Manrique, Álvaro González Martín, Andoni Moral, Carlos Perez‐Canora, Jose Antonio Rodríguez Prieto, et al. "The Raman laser spectrometer ExoMars simulator (RLS Sim): A heavy‐duty Raman tool for ground testing on ExoMars." Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 53, no. 3 (November 21, 2021): 382–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jrs.6281.

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2

Lopez‐Reyes, Guillermo, Cedric Pilorget, Andoni G. Moral, Jose Antonio Manrique, Aurelio Sanz, Alicia Berrocal, Marco Veneranda, et al. "Raman Laser Spectrometer (RLS) calibration target design to allow onboard combined science between the RLS and MicrOmega instruments on the ExoMars rover." Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 51, no. 9 (January 23, 2020): 1718–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jrs.5832.

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3

Ramos, Gonzalo, Miguel Sanz‐Palomino, Andoni G. Moral, Carlos Pérez, Tomás Belenguer, Rosario Canchal, José A. R. Prieto, et al. "RLS iOH: ExoMars Raman laser spectrometer optical head bread board to flight model design and performance evolutions." Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 51, no. 9 (November 26, 2019): 1761–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jrs.5765.

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4

Bandyopadhyay, A. K., Nita Dilawar, Arun Vijayakumar, Deepak Varandani, and Dharambir Singh. "A low cost laser-raman spectrometer." Bulletin of Materials Science 21, no. 5 (October 1998): 433–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02744931.

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5

Sirleto, Luigi. "Micro and Nano Raman Lasers." Micromachines 12, no. 1 (December 25, 2020): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12010015.

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Raman lasers (RLs) are a class of optically pumped laser, offering coherent lights at any desired wavelength by a proper choice of the pump wavelength, when both wavelengths are within the transparency region of the gain material and an adequately high nonlinearity and/or optical intensity are provided [...]

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6

Fu, Yao, Jincheng Cao, Kaoru Yamanouchi, and Huailiang Xu. "Air-Laser-Based Standoff Coherent Raman Spectrometer." Ultrafast Science 2022 (August 3, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2022/9867028.

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Among currently available optical spectroscopic methods, Raman spectroscopy has versatile application to investigation of dynamical processes of molecules leading to chemical changes in the gas and liquid phases. However, it is still a challenge to realize an ideal standoff coherent Raman spectrometer with which both high temporal resolution and high-frequency resolution can be achieved, so that one can remotely probe chemical species in real time with high temporal resolution while monitoring the populations in their respective rovibronic levels in the frequency domain with sufficiently high spectral resolution. In the present study, we construct an air-laser-based Raman spectrometer, in which near-infrared femtosecond (fs) laser pulses at 800 nm and cavity-free picosecond N2+ air-laser pulses at 391 nm generated by the filamentation induced by the fs laser pulses are simultaneously used, enabling us to generate a hybrid ps/fs laser source at a desired standoff position for standoff surveillance of chemical and biochemical species. With this prototype Raman spectrometer, we demonstrate that the temporal evolution of the electronic, vibrational, and rotational states of N2+ and the coupling processes of the rovibrational wave packet of N2 molecules can be probed.

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7

Kato, Ryoei, and Kun'ichi Miyazawa. "Raman Laser Polymerization ofC60Nanowhiskers." Journal of Nanotechnology 2012 (2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/101243.

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Photopolymerization ofC60nanowhiskers (C60NWs) was investigated by using a Raman spectrometer in air at room temperature, since the polymerizedC60NWs are expected to exhibit a high mechanical strength and a thermal stability. ShortC60NWs with a mean length of 4.4 μm were synthesized by LLIP method (liquid-liquid interfacial precipitation method). TheAg(2) peak ofC60NWs shifted to the lower wavenumbers with increasing the laser beam energy dose, and an energy dose more than about 1520 J/mm2was found necessary to obtain the photopolymerizedC60NWs. However, excessive energy doses at high-power densities increased the sample temperature and lead to the thermal decomposition of polymerizedC60molecules.

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8

TAKEDA, Shigeto, Hisako URABE, Ryosuke SHIMIZU, Motowo TSUKAKOSHI, and Takahiro KASUYA. "Development of a UV-Laser Excited Micro-Raman Spectrometer." Review of Laser Engineering 20, no. 6 (1992): 406–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2184/lsj.20.6_406.

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9

Sparrow, Mark C., John F. Jackovitz, Calum H. Munro, William F. Hug, and Sanford A. Asher. "New 224 nm Hollow Cathode Laser-UV Raman Spectrometer." Applied Spectroscopy 55, no. 1 (January 2001): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702011951263.

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10

Wang, Mingchang, Zaitong Lu, Lifen Zhang, Jizhong Chen, Bibo Feng, and Zhijiang Wang. "A grating spectrometer for Raman free electron laser diagnostics." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 331, no. 1-3 (July 1993): 667–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(93)90133-3.

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11

DeGraff, Benjamin A., Mandy Hennip, Julie M. Jones, Carl Salter, and Stephanie A. Schaertel. "An Inexpensive Laser Raman Spectrometer Based on CCD Detection." Chemical Educator 7, no. 1 (February 2002): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00897020531a.

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12

Dzsaber, S., M. Negyedi, B. Bernáth, B. Gyüre, T. Fehér, C. Kramberger, T. Pichler, and F. Simon. "A Fourier transform Raman spectrometer with visible laser excitation." Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 46, no. 3 (January 14, 2015): 327–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jrs.4641.

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13

Brenan, Colin J. H., and Ian W. Hunter. "Design and Characterization of a Visible-Light Fourier Transform Raman Spectrometer." Applied Spectroscopy 49, no. 8 (August 1995): 1086–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702953965074.

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We demonstrate the feasibility of Fourier transform (FT) Raman spectroscopy with visible wavelength excitation through design, construction, and characterization of a visible-light FT-Raman spectrometer. Our motivation to explore this approach stemmed from the need for a versatile Raman spectrometer for use in a confocal scanning laser Raman microscope we built. We discuss the spectrometer design features which contribute to efficient and reliable microscope operation and evaluate the spectrometer performance on the basis of a series of measurements chosen because of their impact on confocal microscope function. The measurements include the acquisition of representative Raman spectra from both solids and liquids, a demonstration of the independence of resolving power from input aperture diameter, the measurement of the absolute spectrometer optical efficiency curve, and an evaluation of the short- and long-term spectrometer noise processes.

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14

Mann, Charles K., and Thomas J. Vickers. "Chemical Analysis with a Low-Resolution Raman Spectrometer." Applied Spectroscopy 54, no. 5 (May 2000): 742–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702001950012.

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The performance of a very compact and low-cost Raman system has been examined in detail. We have attempted to use it for both qualitative identifications and quantitative analyses of mixtures. As a part of the evaluation, we have attempted to devise compensation routines when these were needed. We conclude that this system can be used for a limited range of qualitative applications, but that the quantitative performance is inadequate. The principal problems originated in laser fluctuations and in the appearance of spectral artifacts when the laser was operated.

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15

Vitkin, Vladimir, Anton Polishchuk, Ian Chubchenko, Evgeniy Popov, Konstantin Grigorenko, Artem Kharitonov, Arsen Davtian, et al. "Raman Laser Spectrometer: Application to 12C/13C Isotope Identification in CH4 and CO2 Greenhouse Gases." Applied Sciences 10, no. 21 (October 24, 2020): 7473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10217473.

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A compact Raman laser gas spectrometer is developed. It comprises a high-power green laser at 532.123 nm as an excitation source and a specially designed gas cell with an internal volume of less than 0.6 cm3 that can withstand gas pressures up to 100 atm. The resolution of the spectrometer is ~1 cm−1. The Raman spectra of chemically pure isotopically enriched carbon dioxide (12CO2, 13CO2) and methane (12CH4, 13CH4) gases are studied. The expected limit of detection (LOD) is less than 100 ppm for the isotopologues of CO2 and less than 25 ppm for those of CH4 (at a gas pressure of 50 atm.), making the developed spectrometer promising for studying the sources of emissions of greenhouse gases by resolving their isotopologue composition. We also show the suitability of the spectrometer for Raman spectroscopy of human exhalation.

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16

Lewis, E. Neil, Patrick J. Treado, and Ira W. Levin. "A Miniaturized, No-Moving-Parts Raman Spectrometer." Applied Spectroscopy 47, no. 5 (May 1993): 539–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702934067144.

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A solid-state acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) is combined with krypton laser excitation (647 nm), holographic Raman filters, and photon-counting silicon avalanche photodiode (APD) detection to construct a miniaturized Raman spectrometer with no moving parts. The physically compact AOTF and the highly integrated APD provide a rugged, digitally controlled spectrometer of moderate spectral resolution and with a footprint comparable in size to a laboratory notebook. Instrument design details are considered and representative spectra are reported. Potential areas of application for this prototype Raman spectrometer are also discussed.

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17

Tsuda, H., and J. Arends. "Raman Spectroscopy in Dental Research: A Short Review of Recent Studies." Advances in Dental Research 11, no. 4 (November 1997): 539–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08959374970110042301.

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The Raman spectroscopic technique enables us to obtain vibrational (IR and far-IR) spectra of minerals by analyzing scattered light caused by (visible or near-visible) monochromatic laser excitation. The method possesses several advantages over IR absorption, including simple sample preparation, easy spectral/band analysis, and linear-response to mineral/chemical concentrations. In micro-Raman spectrometer systems, samples are positioned under an optical microscope, and specimens can be scanned with a lateral resolution (- 1 mm). In this paper, recent applications of micro-Raman spectroscopy and near-infrared Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy in the study of dental hard tissues and of calculus are reviewed. Special attention is given to mineral components in enamel, dentin, and calculus, and to calcium fluoride formed in/on enamel. The results from the use of an Ar+-laser/grating-based micro-Raman spectrometer show that: CaF2 formed in/on enamel by APF treatment is detectable and different from pure CaF2; and with the technique, the crystallite orientation in enamel can be determined. A Raman spectrometer based on Fourier transform and a diode-laser-pumped Nd:YAG laser (1.06 mm) can be used to obtain fluorescence-free Raman signals from biological materials, and identification of mineral components present in dental calculus is possible.

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18

Bazalgette Courrèges-Lacoste, Grégory, Berit Ahlers, and Fernando Rull Pérez. "Combined Raman spectrometer/laser-induced breakdown spectrometer for the next ESA mission to Mars." Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 68, no. 4 (December 2007): 1023–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2007.03.026.

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19

Brewer, Peter G., George Malby, Jill D. Pasteris, Sheri N. White, Edward T. Peltzer, B. Wopenka, J. Freeman, and Mark O. Brown. "Development of a laser Raman spectrometer for deep-ocean science." Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 51, no. 5 (May 2004): 739–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2003.11.005.

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20

He, Wencai, Bolan Li, and Shan Yang. "High-Frequency Raman Analysis in Biological Tissues Using Dual-Wavelength Excitation Raman Spectroscopy." Applied Spectroscopy 74, no. 2 (November 7, 2019): 241–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003702819881762.

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A dual-wavelength excitation Raman probe with laser inputs at 866 nm or 1064 nm is customized and integrated into a compact Raman spectrometer that is based on an InGaAs detector. Under 1064 nm illumination, the spectrometer detects fingerprint Raman signals below 2000 cm–1. While under 866 nm illumination, the spectral range is extended to cover high-frequency region (2400–4000 cm–1) that includes major C–H and O–H Raman vibrations. We demonstrate that the dual excitation InGaAs Raman is beneficial in detecting high-frequency Raman signals, especially water contents in high-fluorescent biological samples such as human dental tissues, grape skin, and plum skin due to the suppressed fluorescence interference.

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21

Zoladek, A., F. Pascut, P. Patel, and I. Notingher. "Development of Raman Imaging System for time-course imaging of single living cells." Spectroscopy 24, no. 1-2 (2010): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/521962.

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Development of novel inverted Raman micro-spectrometer with the ability to perform multi-hours spectral measurements on living cells is presented. Our system combines a Confocal Raman Micro-Spectrometer and Fluorescence Microscope with cell incubator enclosure allowing measurement of cells in extended time period. To illustrate the feasibility of this Raman micro-spectroscopy system forin vitrotime-course studies of cells we performed an experiment where the same group of cells were scanned with the laser at 2 hours intervals between the scans over 8 hours to build Raman spectral images and ensure that no changes occur due to laser damage or environmental conditions. Cell viability test was performed with fluorescence microscopy on exactly the same cells at the end of the time-course Raman measurements.

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22

Chakaja, Chaiwat, Saksorn Limwichean, Noppadon Nuntawong, Pitak Eiamchai, Sukon Kalasung, On-Uma Nimittrakoolchai, and Nongluck Houngkamhang. "Study on Detection of Carbaryl Pesticides by Using Surface-Enhance Raman Spectroscopy." Key Engineering Materials 853 (July 2020): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.853.97.

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In this research, the Ag nanorod structure was used as surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) chip which provides a sensitive detection signal for trace analysis of carbaryl pesticide. Carbaryl in solid form was measured by using the standard Raman spectroscopy to investigate the spectrum. Carbaryl at various concentrations was prepared in acetonitrile and dropped on the SERS chip for measuring Raman spectrum by a portable Raman spectrometer. The measurement condition including laser power and exposure time were studied to test the performance of SERS chip for carbaryl detection. From the results, the SERS chip useful for enhancing the Raman scattering signal which was increased depending on the laser power and exposure time. Carbaryl can be detected on SERS chip couple with the portable Raman spectrometer with the limit of detection of 10-5 M.

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23

Parker, S. F., K. P. J. Williams, P. J. Hendra, and A. J. Turner. "Fourier Transform Raman Spectroscopy Using a Bench-Top FT-IR Spectrometer." Applied Spectroscopy 42, no. 5 (July 1988): 796–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702884428860.

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Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy has been performed with an inexpensive bench-top FT-IR spectrometer optimized for the near-infrared. The laser excitation source was from a continuous-wave Nd: YAG laser with an output at 1.064 μm. Spectra from solid samples, ground as powders, have been obtained. Many of these are well known to fluoresce in the visible region and are thus intrinsically difficult to study by the Raman method. The FT-Raman method is described, and improvements in the technique are considered.

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24

Young, Matthew A., Douglas A. Stuart, Olga Lyandres, Matthew R. Glucksberg, and Richard P. Van Duyne. "Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy with a laser pointer light source and miniature spectrometer." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 82, no. 10 (October 1, 2004): 1435–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v04-098.

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The initial steps toward a miniature, field portable sensor based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) are presented. It is demonstrated that a low-cost miniaturized Raman system can be used in place of a larger, higher-cost conventional Raman system. This system was developed by sequentially replacing components of a laboratory scale Raman spectroscopy system with smaller, lower-cost, commercially available components. For example, a green laser pointer was used as the excitation source, a reflectance probe fiber-optic cable was used for laser delivery and collection, and a compact card-based spectrometer was used for dispersion and detection. Spectra, collected with the laser pointer Raman system, are presented of a resonant (Rhodamine 6G) and a non-resonant (trans-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene) molecule as well as a self-assembled monolayer (1-decanethiol). Small, low-cost sensors are in demand for a variety of applications, and SERS is positioned to contribute significantly with its remarkable sensitivity and molecular specificity.Key words: Raman, SERS, fiber-optics, sensor.

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25

Silva, J. P. B., S. A. S. Rodrigues, Anatoli Khodorov, J. Martín-Sánchez, M. Pereira, E. Alves, M. J. M. Gomes, and Philippe Colomban. "Structural and Electrical Properties of Nanostructured Ba_0.8Sr_0.2TiO₃ Films Deposited by Pulsed Laser Deposition." Journal of Nano Research 18-19 (July 2012): 299–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jnanor.18-19.299.

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Barium Strontium Titanate Ba0.8Sr0.2TiO3 (BST) thin films have been deposited on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrates by pulsed laser deposition technique. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) shows that the films crystallize in a perovskite phase. XRD and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) characterization reveal that the grains are nano-sized. Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS) analysis shows the stoichiometry of the films to be close to the stoichiometry of the target. The Raman spectroscopy shows that the films exhibit the tetragonal structure by the presence of the Raman active modes at 301 cm-1 and 729 cm-1, at room temperature. Leakage current measurements of Au/ Ba0.8Sr0.2TiO3/Pt capacitors have been done, at room temperature, to investigate the conduction mechanisms of the films. We found that there are two different conduction regions in the capacitors, namely, an ohmic behavior at low voltages and a Schottky emission mechanism at high voltages. The Schottky barrier height has been estimated to be 0.99 eV.

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26

Batur, Celal, Mohamad Hanif Vhora, Miko Cakmak, and Toprak Serhatkulu. "On-line crystallinity measurement using laser Raman spectrometer and neural network." ISA Transactions 38, no. 2 (April 1999): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0019-0578(99)00012-9.

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27

Rull, Fernando, Sylvestre Maurice, Ian Hutchinson, Andoni Moral, Carlos Perez, Carlos Diaz, Maria Colombo, et al. "The Raman Laser Spectrometer for the ExoMars Rover Mission to Mars." Astrobiology 17, no. 6-7 (July 2017): 627–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ast.2016.1567.

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28

Fodor, Stephen P. A., Richard P. Rava, Robert A. Copeland, and Thomas G. Spiro. "H2 Raman-shifted YAG laser ultraviolet Raman spectrometer operating at wavelengths down to 184 nm." Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 17, no. 6 (December 1986): 471–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jrs.1250170609.

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29

Tian, Yuchen, Yundong Sun, Yansong Wang, Xiaofang Li, and Dongjie Zhu. "Development of a Handheld System for Liquor Authenticity Detection Based on Laser Spectroscopy Technique." Journal of Spectroscopy 2022 (April 8, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4404749.

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In this paper, a handheld liquor authenticity detection system is demonstrated based on the laser spectroscopy technique, which consists of a handheld laser spectrometer and a mobile phone display terminal. In this system, the semiconductor laser is integrated into the spectrometer and the laser beam is further angled to the optical axis of the spectrometer to avoid interference of the fluorescence generated by the bottle wall. During the system operation, the laser excites the tested liquor to generate fluorescence and Raman spectroscopy signals, which are digitized and wirelessly transmitted by Wi-Fi to the Android mobile terminal. After the image processing by the mobile phone APP, the tested liquor spectrum curve is obtained. At the same time, based on the standard liquor spectrum curve stored in the database, the Pearson correlation coefficient is calculated and the matching similarity is given. In addition, this paper proposes a calibration method based on pure water Raman intensity to achieve accurate measurement of fluorescence intensity and minimize the influence of fluorescence intensity saturation on the measurement results. In the experiment, we measured the similarity of 12 brands of Chinese liquor by using our self-developed handheld laser spectrometer. Their authenticity of liquor could be given accurately and effectively.

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30

Bykov, Sergei, Igor Lednev, Anatoli Ianoul, Aleksandr Mikhonin, Calum Munro, and Sanford A. Asher. "Steady-State and Transient Ultraviolet Resonance Raman Spectrometer for the 193–270 nm Spectral Region." Applied Spectroscopy 59, no. 12 (December 2005): 1541–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/000370205775142511.

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We describe a state-of-the-art tunable ultraviolet (UV) Raman spectrometer for the 193–270 nm spectral region. This instrument allows for steady-state and transient UV Raman measurements. We utilize a 5 kHz Ti-sapphire continuously tunable laser (∼20 ns pulse width) between 193 nm and 240 nm for steady-state measurements. For transient Raman measurements we utilize one Coherent Infinity YAG laser to generate nanosecond infrared (IR) pump laser pulses to generate a temperature jump (T-jump) and a second Coherent Infinity YAG laser that is frequency tripled and Raman shifted into the deep UV (204 nm) for transient UV Raman excitation. Numerous other UV excitation frequencies can be utilized for selective excitation of chromophoric groups for transient Raman measurements. We constructed a subtractive dispersion double monochromator to minimize stray light. We utilize a new charge-coupled device (CCD) camera that responds efficiently to UV light, as opposed to the previous CCD and photodiode detectors, which required intensifiers for detecting UV light. For the T-jump measurements we use a second camera to simultaneously acquire the Raman spectra of the water stretching bands (2500–4000 cm−1) whose band-shape and frequency report the sample temperature.

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31

Naeem, Muddasir, Noor-ul-ain Fatima, Mukhtar Hussain, Tayyab Imran, and Arshad Saleem Bhatti. "Design Simulation of Czerny–Turner Configuration-Based Raman Spectrometer Using Physical Optics Propagation Algorithm." Optics 3, no. 1 (January 5, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/opt3010001.

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We report the design simulation of the Raman spectrometer using Zemax optical system design software. The design is based on the Czerny–Turner configuration, which includes an optical system consisting of an entrance slit, two concave mirrors, reflecting type diffraction grating and an image detector. The system’s modeling approach is suggested by introducing the corresponding relationship between detector pixels and wavelength, linear CCD receiving surface length and image surface dimension. The simulations were carried out using the POP (physical optics propagation) algorithm. Spot diagram, relative illumination, irradiance plot, modulation transfer function (MTF), geometric and encircled energy were simulated for designing the Raman spectrometer. The simulation results of the Raman spectrometer using a 527 nm wavelength laser as an excitation light source are presented. The present optical system was designed in sequential mode and a Raman spectrum was observed from 530 nm to 630 nm. The analysis shows that the system’s image efficiency was quite good, predicting that it could build an efficient and cost-effective Raman spectrometer for optical diagnostics.

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32

Allen, Ashley, Abigail Waldron, Joshua M. Ottaway, J. Chance Carter, and S. Michael Angel. "Hyperspectral Raman Imaging Using a Spatial Heterodyne Raman Spectrometer with a Microlens Array." Applied Spectroscopy 74, no. 8 (August 2020): 921–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003702820906222.

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A new hyperspectral Raman imaging technique is described using a spatial heterodyne Raman spectrometer (SHRS) and a microlens array (MLA). The new technique enables the simultaneous acquisition of Raman spectra over a wide spectral range at spatially isolated locations within two spatial dimensions ( x, y) using a single exposure on a charge-coupled device (CCD) or other detector types such as a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) detector. In the SHRS system described here, a 4 × 4 mm MLA with 1600, 100 µm diameter lenslets is used to image the sample, with each lenslet illuminating a different region of the SHRS diffraction gratings and forming independent fringe images on the CCD. The fringe images from each lenslet contain the fully encoded Raman spectrum of the region of the sample “seen” by the lenslet. Since the SHRS requires no moving parts, all fringe images can be measured simultaneously with a single detector exposure, and in principle using a single laser shot, in the case of a pulsed laser. In this proof of concept paper, hyperspectral Raman spectra of a wide variety of heterogeneous samples are used to characterize the technique in terms of spatial and spectral resolution tradeoffs. It is shown that the spatial resolution is a function of the diameter of the MLA lenslets, while the number of spatial elements that can be resolved is equal to the number of MLA lenslets that can be imaged onto the SHRS detector. The spectral resolution depends on the spatial resolution desired, and the number of grooves illuminated on both diffraction gratings by each lenslet, or combination of lenslets in cases where they are grouped.

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33

Gilmore, Daniel A., Donald Gurka, and M. Bonner Denton. "Quantitative Detection of Environmentally Important Dyes Using Diode Laser/Fiber-Optic Raman Spectroscopy." Applied Spectroscopy 49, no. 4 (April 1995): 508–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702953964390.

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A compact diode laser/fiber-optic Raman spectrometer is used for quantitative detection of environmentally important dyes. This system is based on diode laser excitation at 782 nm, fiber-optic probe technology, an imaging spectrometer, and a state-of-the-art scientific CCD camera. The dyes studied include trypan blue, acid black 1, acid blue 40, and basic blue 7. Detection sensitivities (at rms S/N = 2) ranged from 0.2 ppm (3.24 × 10−7 M) for acid black 1, to 25 ppm (4.86 × 10−5 M) for basic blue 7.

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34

Kawai, N. T., J. Sawatski, and C. Lehner. "Analysis of microsamples with an FT-Raman microscope." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 50, no. 2 (August 1992): 1504–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100132157.

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Rapid developments in near-IR filter and detector technology have resulted in FT-Raman spectroscopy emerging as a powerful technique in both research and analytical laboratories. The more recent advances in FT-Raman instrumentation now emphasize the optimization of different sampling accessories, including microsampling techniques. Microscopes attached to conventional Raman spectrometers operating at visible wavelengths have already proven to be applicable to many problems of chemical analysis. However, the optimized combination of an optical microscope and a near-IR FT-Raman spectrometer currently enables the analysis of very small samples which would normally fluoresce with visible excitation. Such samples include polymer fibers and thin films, dyes on fabrics, and small biological samples.In FT-Raman microscopy, the microscope is coupled to the near-IR FT-Raman spectrometer via fiber optic cables. These cables transfer the Nd:YAG laser beam from the spectrometer to the microscope, and channel the scattered light back again to be modulated by the interferometer and measured by the high sensitivity near-IR detector.

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35

Zhao, X., X. H. Yuan, J. Zheng, Y. F. Dong, K. Glize, Y. H. Zhang, Z. Zhang, and J. Zhang. "An angular-resolved scattered-light diagnostic for laser-plasma instability studies." Review of Scientific Instruments 93, no. 5 (May 1, 2022): 053505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0090841.

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We developed an angular-resolved scattered-light diagnostic station (ARSDS) to extend the study of laser-plasma instabilities (LPIs) by simultaneously diagnosing their features at different angles in a single shot. The ARSDS angularly samples the scattered light using an array of fibers with flexible setups. The collected light is detected with an imaging spectrometer, a streaked spectrometer, or a fiber-optic spectrometer to provide time-integrated/time-resolved spectral information. The ARSDS was implemented at Shenguang-II Upgrade laser facility for the double-cone ignition campaigns. Preliminary results confirm the importance of an angular-resolved detection due to the angular dependence of LPI processes, such as stimulated Raman scattering.

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Weatherall, James C., Jeffrey Barber, Carolyn S. Brauer, Timothy J. Johnson, Yin-Fong Su, Christopher D. Ball, Barry T. Smith, et al. "Adapting Raman Spectra from Laboratory Spectrometers to Portable Detection Libraries." Applied Spectroscopy 67, no. 2 (February 2013): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/12-06759.

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Raman spectral data collected with high-resolution laboratory spectrometers are processed into a format suitable for importing as a user library on a 1064 nm DeltaNu first generation, field-deployable spectrometer prototype. The two laboratory systems used are a 1064 nm Bruker Fourier transform (FT)-Raman spectrometer and a 785 nm Kaiser dispersive spectrometer. The steps taken to adapt for device-dependent spectral resolution, wavenumber shifts between instruments, and relative intensity response are described. Effects due to the differing excitation laser wavelengths were found to be minimal, indicating—at least for the near-infrared (NIR)—that data can be ported between different systems, so long as certain measures are taken with regard to the reference and field spectra.

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Razzell Hollis, Joseph, David Rheingold, Rohit Bhartia, and Luther W. Beegle. "An Optical Model for Quantitative Raman Microspectroscopy." Applied Spectroscopy 74, no. 6 (April 1, 2020): 684–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003702819895299.

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Raman spectroscopy is an invaluable technique for identifying compounds by the unique pattern of their molecular vibrations and is capable of quantifying the individual concentrations of those compounds provided that certain parameters about the sample and instrument are known. We demonstrate the development of an optical model to describe the intensity distribution of incident laser photons as they pass through the sample volume, determine the limitations of that volume that may be detected by the spectrometer optics, and account for light absorption by molecules within the sample in order to predict the total Raman intensity that would be obtained from a given, uniform sample such as an aqueous solution. We show that the interplay between the shape and divergence of the laser beam, the position of the focal plane, and the dimensions of the spectrometer slit are essential to explaining experimentally observed trends in deep ultraviolet Raman intensities obtained from both planar and volumetric samples, including highly oriented pyrolytic graphite and binary mixtures of organic nucleotides. This model offers the capability to predict detection limits for organic compounds in different matrices based on the parameters of the spectrometer, and to define the upper/lower limits within which concentration can be reliably determined from Raman intensity for such samples. We discuss the potential to quantify more complex samples, including as solid phase mixtures of organics and minerals, that are investigated by the unique instrument parameters of the Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman and Luminescence for Organics and Chemicals (SHERLOC) investigation on the upcoming Mars 2020 rover mission.

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Imperio, Eleonora, Gabriele Giancane, and Ludovico Valli. "Spectral characterization of postage stamp printing inks by means of Raman spectroscopy." Analyst 140, no. 5 (2015): 1702–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4an01616e.

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Biednov, Mykola, Günter Brenner, Benjamin Dicke, Holger Weigelt, Barbara Keitel, Michael Rübhausen, and Siarhei Dziarzhytski. "Alignment of the aberration-free XUV Raman spectrometer at FLASH." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 26, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s160057751801576x.

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An extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) double-stage Raman spectrometer is permanently installed as an experimental end-station at the PG1 beamline of the soft X-ray/XUV free-electron laser in Hamburg, FLASH. The monochromator stages are designed according to the Czerny–Turner optical scheme, adapted for the XUV photon energy range, with optical elements installed at grazing-incidence angles. Such an optical scheme along with the usage of off-axis parabolic mirrors for light collimation and focusing allows for aberration-free spectral imaging on the optical axis. Combining the two monochromators in additive dispersion mode allows for reaching high resolution and superior stray light rejection, but puts high demands on the quality of the optical alignment. In order to align the instrument with the highest precision and to quantitatively characterize the instrument performance and thus the quality of the alignment, optical laser interferometry, Hartmann–Shack wavefront-sensing measurements as well as off-line soft X-ray measurements and extensive optical simulations were conducted. In this paper the concept of the alignment scheme and the procedure of the internal optical alignment are presented. Furthermore, results on the imaging quality and resolution of the first monochromator stage are shown.

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Perez Canora, Carlos, Jose Antonio Rodriguez, Fabio Musso, Andoni Moral, Laura Seoane, Jesus Zafra, Pablo Rodriguez Rodriguez, et al. "The Raman Laser Spectrometer: A performance study using ExoMars representative crushed samples." Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 53, no. 3 (December 28, 2021): 396–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jrs.6284.

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Claps, R., M. Fink, P. Varghese, and D. Young. "Thermodynamic Studies in Subsonic Gas Flows Using a Laser Diode Raman Spectrometer." Applied Spectroscopy 54, no. 9 (September 2000): 1391–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702001951084.

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Lopez-Reyes, Guillermo, Fernando Rull, Gloria Venegas, Frances Westall, Frédéric Foucher, Nicolas Bost, Aurelio Sanz, et al. "Analysis of the scientific capabilities of the ExoMars Raman Laser Spectrometer instrument." European Journal of Mineralogy 25, no. 5 (January 16, 2014): 721–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0935-1221/2013/0025-2317.

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Lin, Changgui, Zhuobin Li, Shaoxuan Gu, Haizheng Tao, Shixun Dai, and Qiuhua Nie. "Laser-induced phase transformation in chalcogenide glasses investigated by micro-Raman spectrometer." Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Mater. Sci. Ed. 29, no. 1 (February 2014): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11595-014-0858-y.

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Fábián, Gábor, Christian Kramberger, Alexander Friedrich, Ferenc Simon, and Thomas Pichler. "Adaptation of a commercial Raman spectrometer for multiline and broadband laser operation." physica status solidi (b) 248, no. 11 (October 5, 2011): 2581–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssb.201100168.

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Tseng, Ching-Hui, Charles K. Mann, and Thomas J. Vickers. "Determination of Organics on Metal Surfaces by Raman Spectroscopy." Applied Spectroscopy 47, no. 11 (November 1993): 1767–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702934066000.

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Detection limits of about 1 g/m2 are demonstrated for the Raman determination of two organic materials, polydimethylsiloxane and dimethyl methylphosphonate, on an aluminum surface. A fiber-optic-based system is used. A large sample area is scanned to overcome heterogeneity in sample coverage. Measurements are made without use of an internal standard. Results are reported for both a Hadamard transform technique with argon-ion laser excitation and a conventional spectrometer with diode laser excitation.

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Williamson, James M., Robert J. Bowling, and Richard L. McCreery. "Near-Infrared Raman Spectroscopy with a 783-nm Diode Laser and CCD Array Detector." Applied Spectroscopy 43, no. 3 (March 1989): 372–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702894203048.

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A GaAlAs diode laser operating at 783 nm was combined with an unintensified charge coupled device (CCD) array detector and single grating spectrograph to obtain near-infrared (NIR) Raman spectra. The spectrometer has no moving parts and retains the high sensitivity expected for multichannel, shot-noise-limited detectors. Diode laser excitation permits high-sensitivity Raman spectroscopy with reduced fluorescence interference, in comparison to that produced with conventional visible lasers. The diode laser/CCD approach should exhibit much higher sensitivity than FT-Raman systems operating at 1064 nm, at much lower laser power. The sensitivity of the system was demonstrated by an S/N ratio of 17 for the 981-cm−1 band of 0.01 M (NH4)2SO4, obtained with 30 mW of 783 nm laser power.

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Lin, Qingyu, Shuai Wang, Guangmeng Guo, Yonghui Tian, and Yixiang Duan. "Novel laser induced breakdown spectroscopy – Raman instrumentation using a single pulsed laser and an echelle spectrometer." Instrumentation Science & Technology 46, no. 2 (July 31, 2017): 163–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10739149.2017.1344702.

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Puppels, Gerwin J., Cees G. de Grauw, Maurice B. J. te Plate, and Jan Greve. "Chevron-Type Dielectric Filter Set for Efficient Narrow-Band Laser Line Rejection in Raman Microspectrometers." Applied Spectroscopy 48, no. 11 (November 1994): 1399–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702944028056.

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A chevron-type dielectric bandpass filter set is described which combines laser line rejection by a factor >108 with a high throughput of Raman scattered light (70%). The rejection bandwidth is 60 cm−1 full width at half-maximum. Stokes and anti-Stokes Raman spectra can be recorded simultaneously from approximately 20 cm−1 from the laser line. The filter set, moreover, takes care of efficient coupling of microscope and spectrometer, replacing an otherwise necessary beamsplitter.

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Bergin, F. J., and H. F. Shurvell. "Applications of Fourier Transform Raman Spectroscopy in an Industrial Laboratory." Applied Spectroscopy 43, no. 3 (March 1989): 516–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702894202913.

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In the past, the usefulness of laser Raman spectroscopy as an analytical technique in industrial laboratories has been greatly reduced by problems of laser-induced fluorescence. One method of circumventing this problem is to use near-infrared excitation coupled with a modified FT-IR spectrometer. In this paper, we report the results of some initial exploratory experiments which indicate that significant fluorescence rejection can be achieved. This fluorescence rejection opens up new areas of application for Raman spectroscopy. The advantages and limitations of FT-Raman spectroscopy are discussed. In addition, some initial experiments are outlined on Fourier transform Raman microscopy using a conventional microscope.

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Горелик, В. С., Dongxue Bi, Ю. П. Войнов, А. И. Водчиц, В. А. Орлович, and А. И. Савельева. "Спонтанное и вынужденное комбинационное рассеяние света в протиевой и дейтериевой воде -=SUP=-*-=/SUP=-." Журнал технической физики 126, no. 6 (2019): 765. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/os.2019.06.47771.51-19.

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Comparison of Raman scattering spectra for different samples of protium and deuterium water has been done. Registration of spectra was held with the help of fiber optics technique and BWS465-785H small sized spectrometer. For excitation of spontaneous Raman scattering spectra the continuously working laser (λ=785 nm) has been used. The essential differences of low frequency Raman scattering spectra for different water samples have been observed. Such differences have been explained by the presence of structural defects and imperfections in analyzed water. Stimulated Raman scattering spectra in protium and deuterium water have been observed with excitation by picosecond laser pulses with wavelength 532 nm. Low frequency Raman satellites in Stimulated Raman scattering spectra have been recorded, related to clusters of several water molecules.

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