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Thapa, Bibek, Anusha Danegulu, Naresh Suwal, Surabhi Upadhyay, Bikesh Manandhar, and Rajaram Prajapati. "Rainfall-Runoff Modelling of the West Rapti Basin, Nepal." Technical Journal 2, no. 1 (November 11, 2020): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/tj.v2i1.32846.
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A hydrological model helps in understanding, predicting, and managing water resources. The HEC-HMS (Centre for Hydrological Engineering - Hydrological Modelling Systems, US Army Corps of Engineers) is one of the hydrological models used to simulate rainfall-runoff and routing processes in diverse geographical areas. In this study, a semi-distributed hydrological model was developed using HEC-HMS for the West-Rapti river basin. The model was calibrated and validated at each outlet of sub-basins and used to simulate the outflow of each sub-basins of the West Rapti river basin. A total of eight rain gauge stations, five meteorological stations, and three hydrological stations, within the basin, were used. The simulated results closely matched the observed flows at the three gauging stations. The Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency indicated the good model performance of the simulated streamflow with the observed flow at two stations and satisfactory model fit at one station. The performance based on percentage bias and root mean square error was good. This model provides a reference to study water balance, water resource management, and flooding control of the West Rapti basin and can be replicated in other basins.
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Singh, Chander Kumar, Anand Kumar, and Sonal Bindal. "Arsenic contamination in Rapti River Basin, Terai region of India." Journal of Geochemical Exploration 192 (September 2018): 120–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2018.06.010.
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Shilpakar, Rajendra Lal, Wim G. M. Bastiaanssen, and David J. Molden. "A remote sensing-based approach for water accounting in the East Rapti River Basin, Nepal." Himalayan Journal of Sciences 7, no. 9 (December 1, 2011): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hjs.v7i9.5785.
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Accurate estimates of evapotranspiration across different land uses are a major challenge in the process of understanding water availability and uses in a river basin. This study demonstrated a remote sensing-based procedure for accurately generating evaporative depletion and runoff in mountainous areas using Landsat ETM+ images combined with standard hydro-meteorological data. The data was used as a key input into the International Water Management Institute (IWMI)’s water accounting procedure to understand how water is now used, and opportunities for improvements in the future. We found a higher annual actual evapotranspiration from the riparian forest than from irrigated agriculture in the East Rapti River basin of Nepal. Another important finding of our study is that simple rainfall surplus can be a good predictor of river flow at an ungagged site of the East Rapti River basin. The water accounting analysis revealed that there is the potential for further development of water resources in the East Rapti River basin as only 59% of the total available water is depleted. A critical analysis of social and ecological flow requirements downstream is necessary before any development of water resources upstream. This study successfully demonstrated that the key inputs required for evaluating and monitoring the overall water resources conditions in a mountainous river basin can be computed from satellite data with a minimal support from ground information.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hjs.v7i9.5785 Himalayan Journal of Sciences Vol.7 Issue 9 2011 pp.15-30
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Regmi, H. P., P. P. Regmi, J. P. Dutta, and D. R. Dangol. "Farmers’ perception on climate change and ecological hazards in Riu and Rapti waterbasin, Chitwan, Nepal." Journal of Agriculture and Environment 18 (May 12, 2018): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/aej.v18i0.19890.
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A survey research was done to study the farmers’ perception on climate change and ecological hazards in Riu and Rapti water basin, Chitwan, Nepal. Altogether 120 households, 60 from each water basin in Riu and Rapti were selected randomly for the study. Pre-tested interview, direct observation, focus group discussion as well as secondary data from Department of Hydrology and Meteorology (DHM), Kathmandu were used to collect the required information. Majority of the farmers’ perceived the change in climatic condition in their locality in terms of increase in hotter days, decrease in colder days, variability in the number of rainy days, decrease in rainfall duration, increase in amount and intensity of rainfall, late onset and shift of usual monsoon pattern, prolonged occurrences of dry spells, decrease water level in the river as compared to the past decades. Farmers prioritized the floods/riverbank cutting (61.7%) and drought (63.4%) hazards for obtaining immediate solution/adaptation strategies in Riu water basin; and for drought (60%) and loss of wetland and declining water source (45%) in Rapti water basin. Analysis of the climatic data (last 42 years for rainfall and last 30 years for temperature) showed the increasing trend of annual rainfall (6.83 mm per year) and those of both maximum and minimum temperature (0.019°C per year and 0.069°C per year, respectively). These analyses strongly support the farmers’ perception about the climate change and for which immediately effective adaptation mechanism is required.
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Talchabhadel, Rocky, and Rajendra Sharma. "Real Time Data Analysis of West Rapti River Basin of Nepal." Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 02, no. 05 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/gep.2014.25001.
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Kumari, Sonali, Vikram Singh, Shakti Suryavanshi, and Mukesh Kumar. "Application of SWAT Model for Hydrological Simulation of Rapti River Basin." Journal of Experimental Agriculture International 46, no. 6 (April 27, 2024): 140–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i62466.
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This study aimed at application of SWAT model for hydrological simulations of Rapti River Basin (RRB) water systems. The Rapti River originates from Nepal and then it comes in India. SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model was used for hydrological simulation of the RRB surface and sub surface water systems. SWAT is a comprehensive, semi-distributed river basin model that requires a large number of input parameters, which complicates model parameterization and calibration. The RRB was discretised into 4 sub-basins and 630 hydrological response units (HRUs) and calibration and validation was carried out at Bagasoti using monthly flow data of 11 years, respectively. We first calibrated the model in SWAT-CUP which is a decision-making framework that incorporates a semi-automated approach (SUFI2) using manual calibration and incorporating sensitivity and uncertainty analysis. Parameter sensitivity analysis helps focus the calibration and uncertainty analysis and is used to provide statistics for goodness-of-fit. In this study Calibration has been done between simulated and observed discharge data (1974-1985) for 50 simulations with 6 parameters that is Curve number (CN2 = 0.945), Groundwater delay (GW_DELAY = 50), Baseflow alpha factor (ALPHA_BF = 0.58), Manning's "n" value for the main channel (CH_N2 = 0.15), Effective hydraulic conductivity in main channel alluvium (CH_K2 = 10.20) and Available water capacity of the soil layer (SOL_AWC = 0.28). The results were analysed and compared with the observational data. The model performance evaluation showed acceptable ranges of values (i.e., Nash Sutcliff was 0.75 and R2 was 0.71). After model calibration, in order to predict water balance, the model was validated by using the best parameter.
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Bhattarai, Tek Narayan, and Swastik Ghimire. "Flood Susceptibility Analysis in West Rapti River Basin Using Frequency Ratio Model." Jalawaayu 3, no. 1 (February 14, 2023): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jalawaayu.v3i1.52053.
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Floods are recognized as lethal natural events, which result in devastating natural and human losses. So, identifying flood susceptible zones is crucial to adopt necessary mitigation strategies beforehand. With the advent of GIS tools and modelling techniques, mapping of such zones has become easier and more precise; yet, flood prone countries like Nepal have not been able to embrace such tools for flood risk management. With a compelling need to address this situation, this paper employs Frequency Ratio model to analyze flood susceptibility in the West Rapti River Basin. The model, created with the help of 77 flood points and tested with 30 points to obtain 80.7% accuracy, maps the flood hazard zones in the area and identifies the lower Terai and settlement regions as high-risk areas. With the increasing threat of changing climate in the future, this study also propounds better preparation of flood inventory maps in the future for more precise susceptibility analysis models and better flood risk management.
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1, Meemansa, and Manish Kumar Saini. "A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF MODE OF ACTION OF DRAKSHADI YOGA IN MANAGEMENT OF ASRIGDARA." International Ayurvedic Medical Journal 8, no. 9 (September 23, 2020): 4516–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.46607/iamj3508092020.
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Asrigdara or dysfunctional uterine bleeding is a menstrual disorder causing the excessive or prolonged bleeding hence deteriorating the health of female. As per Ayurveda classics, according to its pathogenesis Pittashamaka, Vatanulomana, Rakta-Sthapaka, Rakta-Samgrahi, Agni-deepana and Garbhashaya-balya Chikitsa is beneficial in Asrigdara. Because the main motive in its management is to stop bleeding and achieve the normal menstrual cycle in terms of bleeding, duration and frequency, Acharaya Charaka also said its treatment to accomplish on the principles of management of Raktatisara, Raktapitta and Rakta ar-sha. Thus, Drakshadi yoga was taken in this review article from Sushruta Samhita Uttar Tantra 45/34 in reference to Raktapitta Chikitsa. Present study is concerning illumination on the basic mode of action of Drakshadi Yoga in treating the Asrigdara.
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Mohanty, Bishnupriya, Divya Naik, and Sangram Keshari Das. "JALAUKA ANUSHASTRANAM-AN INTEGRATED UNDERSTANDING." International Ayurvedic Medical Journal 11, no. 6 (June 21, 2023): 1285–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.46607/iamj1111062023.
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The basic Ayurvedic treatment is based on two principles viz. Shodhan Chikitsa (Elimination Therapy) and Shaman Chikitsa (Internal medicine). Shodhana Chikitsa deals with five purificatory procedures popularly known as Panchakarma. Acharya Susruta included Rakta Mokshana in Panchakarma and described it as the best procedure because it eliminates all three vitiated Doshas viz. Vata, Pitta & Kapha. Jalaukavacharana is a type of Raktamokshana where leeches are used for bloodletting. This is considered the most effective and unique method of Raktamokshana as vitiated Doshas are removed from the body without using any cutting instruments, so, Raktamokshana by means of ‘Leech’ comes under the Ashastra category. The following paper deals with the basic concepts of leeches therapy and the method of using leeches for Rakta Mokshana.
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Gautam, Dilip K., and Anup G. Phaiju. "Community Based Approach to Flood Early Warning in West Rapti River Basin of Nepal." Journal of Integrated Disaster Risk Management 3, no. 1 (June 1, 2013): 155–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5595/idrim.2013.0060.
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Rijal, Krishna Prasad. "Comparative Study of Flood Calculation Approaches, a Case Study of East Rapti River Basin, Nepal." Hydro Nepal: Journal of Water, Energy and Environment 15 (October 22, 2014): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v15i0.11296.
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Various approaches to high flood calculation have been used to inform the design of hydraulic structures and flood protection works in Nepal. To assess potential flood volumes, a variety of methods and calculations are employed and the highest figure is adopted as correct so as to err on the side of safety. This approach, while safe, can result in excessively uneconomic design. As well, this approach erodes the designer’s confidence in the process to determine the potential flood volume and perpetuates such sub-optimal approaches. Through the case study of East Rapti River, this paper tries to shed light on various ungauged basin approaches of flood prediction currently in practice. It also compares the relative performance of those approaches using statistical methods and observed data. From the study, Jha PCJ method (1996) yielded a comparable result with the gauged basin methods. A remarkably notable fact obtained is that all the ungauged basin methods except rational method underestimated the flood discharge as compared to that obtained from the frequency analysis based on measured data sets. Overall, our study concludes that flood forecasting on ungauged basins cannot be recommended because a number of assumptions and personal judgments influence each of the prediction methods. Therefore, a more radical shift to basin specific intensive research is desirableDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v15i0.11296HYDRO Nepal JournalJournal of Water, Energy and EnvironmentVolume: 15, 2014, JulyPage: 60-64
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Chandra, S., E. Rhodes, and K. Richards. "Luminescence dating of late Quaternary fluvial sediments in the Rapti Basin, north-central Gangetic plains." Quaternary International 159, no. 1 (January 2007): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2006.08.011.
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Pangali Sharma, Til Prasad, Jiahua Zhang, Narendra Raj Khanal, Foyez Ahmed Prodhan, Lkhagvadorj Nanzad, Da Zhang, and Pashupati Nepal. "A Geomorphic Approach for Identifying Flash Flood Potential Areas in the East Rapti River Basin of Nepal." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 4 (April 8, 2021): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10040247.
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Basin geomorphology is a complete system of landforms and topographic features that play a crucial role in the basin-scale flood risk evaluation. Nepal is a country characterized by several rivers and under the influence of frequent floods. Therefore, identifying flood risk areas is of paramount importance. The East Rapti River, a tributary of the Ganga River, is one of the flood-affected basins, where two major cities are located, making it crucial to assess and mitigate flood risk in this river basin. A morphometric calculation was made based on the Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) 30-m Digital Elevation Model (DEM) in the Geographic Information System (GIS) environment. The watershed, covering 3037.29 km2 of the area has 14 sub-basins (named as basin A up to N), where twenty morphometric parameters were used to identify flash flood potential sub-basins. The resulting flash flood potential maps were categorized into five classes ranging from very low to very high-risk. The result shows that the drainage density, topographic relief, and rainfall intensity have mainly contributed to flash floods in the study area. Hence, flood risk was analyzed pixel-wise based on slope, drainage density, and precipitation. Existing landcover types extracted from the potential risk area indicated that flash flood is more frequent along the major Tribhuvan Rajpath highway. The landcover data shows that human activities are highly concentrated along the west (Eastern part of Bharatpur) and the east (Hetauda) sections. The study concludes that the high human concentrated sub-basin “B” has been categorized as a high flood risk sub-basin; hence, a flood-resilient city planning should be prioritized in the basin.
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Shrestha, Hari Man. "Naumore Storage Project Should be the Last Resort of Development on the Main Course of Rapti (West), Nepal." Hydro Nepal: Journal of Water, Energy and Environment 18 (March 15, 2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v18i0.14634.
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Water, food and energy are three essential elements of life and, therefore, they need to be made internally secured in a long lasting manner. In the case of Nepal, river waters are the basic sources of all these elements and are the only resources available indigenously in Nepal for these purposes. Rapti (West), being medium size river of rain-fed nature, the dry spell continues long from December up to the end of May; at the same time the flood waters available particularly in July, August and September create havoc by flooding in the downstream reaches. The Kapilvastu area which can be commanded by the Rapti (West) river does not have other dependable sources for fulfilling its requirements. The only way to fulfill its requirements without affecting downstream users is, thus, to capture a portion of flood water of Rapti behind a storage dam aimed at diversion to Kapilvastu for use during dry season. An appropriate site for such purpose is located at Bhalubang. Hence, this site needs to be developed first to ensure the diversion to Kapilvastu and then a much higher storage dam site at Naumore could, later at appropriate time but within 25 to 30 years after development of Bhalubang site, be developed for increasing the flow regulation potential of the Rapti River so that the hydropower generation, flood control and intensification of irrigated agriculture at its commendable areas, could be maximized. HYDRO Nepal Journal of Water Energy and EnvironmentVolume- 18, 2016, JanuaryPage -1 to 5
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Hanif, Muhammad, Malcolm B. Hart, Stephen T. Grimes, and Melanie J. Leng. "Integrated stratigraphy and palaeoenvironment of the P/E boundary interval, Rakhi Nala section, Indus Basin (Pakistan)." Arabian Journal of Geosciences 7, no. 1 (December 29, 2012): 323–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12517-012-0812-2.
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PERERA, Edangodage D. P., Akiko HIROE, Kazuhiko FUKAMI, Toshiya UENOYAMA, and Shigenobu TANAKA. "CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT STUDY ON FLOOD RISK IN LOWER WEST RAPTI RIVER BASIN USING MRI-AGCM OUTPUTS." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B1 (Hydraulic Engineering) 69, no. 4 (2013): I_451—I_456. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejhe.69.i_451.
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Singh, Dhruv Sen, Shailendra Kumar Prajapati, Prashant Singh, Kailash Singh, and Dhirendra Kumar. "Climatically induced levee break and flood risk management of the Gorakhpur region, Rapti River basin, Ganga Plain, India." Journal of the Geological Society of India 85, no. 1 (January 2015): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12594-015-0195-6.
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Joshi, Naina, and Srikanta Kumar Panda. "An Ancient Overview of Dhatus with Special Emphasis on Rakta." International Journal of Health Sciences and Research 14, no. 4 (April 15, 2024): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijhsr.20240428.
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One of the oldest traditional medical systems that is widely accepted today is Ayurveda. Ancient knowledge underlying this medical system is still not fully comprehended. The main obstacle to the convergence between the theoretical doctrines of this and other contemporary systems is a lack of knowledge of the distinctions and parallels among them. The fundamentals of this systems are the dosha dhatu mala, the understanding of which is crucial for the ultimate goal of this science of preventing as well as treating ailments. Dhatus are the building blocks of the body corresponding to the tissues. They form the basic framework of the body and support its regular functioning. Rakta which is corelated with blood is one amongst the seven dhatus. It is also considered as prana because its presence is vital for maintenance of a healthy living status. It is formed by the Ranjana-karma of rasa dhatu in presence of ranjaka pitta or raktagni in yakrita, pleeha and amashaya and helps in formation of the succeeding dhatus. It is also mentioned under the dash pranayatanas or the dwellings of prana that are the places where prana or vital force resides. Any injury or loss in these pranayatanas can pose as a threat to the continuity of life or cause a temporary or permanent disability. This overview tries to highlight the long history and fundamental ideas of dhatus with special emphasis given to the rakta dhatu. This would aid emerging academics, researchers, and practitioners in developing a deeper understanding of the subject. Key words: Ayurveda, Dosha-Dhatu-Mala, Dhatu, Rakta Dhatu, Ranjaka Pitta, Raktagni
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TALCHABHADEL, Rocky, Hajime NAKAGAWA, Kenji KAWAIKE, Kazuki YAMANOI, and Anil ARYAL. "FUTURE ASSESSMENT OF RAINFALL EROSIVITY (R-FACTOR) IN WEST RAPTI BASIN, NEPAL BASED ON RUSLE AND CMIP5 CLIMATE MODELS." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B1 (Hydraulic Engineering) 75, no. 2 (2019): I_1141—I_1146. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejhe.75.2_i_1141.
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Kumar, Rajesh. "Flood Frequency Analysis of the Rapti River Basin using Log Pearson Type-III and Gumbel Extreme Value-1 Methods." Journal of the Geological Society of India 94, no. 5 (November 2019): 480–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12594-019-1344-0.
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Kutu, Jeevan, Sher Bahadur Gurung, Narendra Raj Khanal, Hridaya Lal Koirala, Puspa Sharma, Moti Lal Ghimire, Liangqi Zhu, and Lal Bahadur Oli. "Socio-economic Impact and Adapting Strategies of Inter Basin Transfer by Kulekhani Hydro-electricity Project Nepal." NUTA Journal 9, no. 1-2 (December 31, 2022): 44–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nutaj.v9i1-2.53840.
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This paper tries to assess the changes in socio-economic conditions in downstream dewatered area from Kulekhani dam after inter-basin transfer of river water from Kulekhani basin to Rapti basin since 1982. After decline in crop productivity because of decline in irrigation particularly during winter season, livelihood options are affected. Downstream people are depending for water on different resources such as natural springs; tap etc. Traditional water mills are either non-functioning or its efficiency is declined due to decline in water availability. Out of 16, 9 water mills have been closed, remaining are hardly conducting. Almost 90% fishes have decreased and some species of fishes have disappeared from the river therefore, Fishermen who were economically dependent on fishing activities have forced to replace their traditional fishing occupation. People have felt new experiences such as temperature increased and appearance of mosquitoes. Upper reach has almost completely dried but lower reach has little water available in the river because of its tributaries thus upper reach is more effected than lower reach. The risk of artificial uncertain flood due to high dam may burst by natural or unnatural forces and during the period of opening dam gates due to overflow, as there are no enough early warning systems developed particularly at the time of opening the dam gates, the unexpected risk has increased in downstream area.
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Perera, E. D. P., A. Hiroe, D. Shrestha, K. Fukami, D. B. Basnyat, S. Gautam, A. Hasegawa, T. Uenoyama, and S. Tanaka. "Community-based flood damage assessment approach for lower West Rapti River basin in Nepal under the impact of climate change." Natural Hazards 75, no. 1 (August 8, 2014): 669–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-014-1339-5.
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Bista, Sunil, Umesh Singh, Nagendra Kayastha, Bhola NS Ghimire, and Rocky Talchabhadel. "Effects of source digital elevation models in assessment of gross runoff-river hydropower potential: A case study of West Rapti Basin, Nepal." Journal of Engineering Issues and Solutions 1, no. 1 (May 1, 2021): 106–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/joeis.v1i1.36822.
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Advancements in Geographical Information System (GIS), Remote Sensing (RS) technology, hydrologic modeling and availability of wider coverage hydrometeorological data have facilitated the use of GIS and hydrological modelling tools in studies related to hydropower potential. Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is the primary data required for these tools. They have become more accessible and many are freely available. These DEMs have different resolution and their errors vary due to their primary data acquisition techniques and processing methods. However, their effects on the hydropower potential assessment are less investigated. This study evaluates the effects of 6 freely available DEMs: ALOS 12.5 m, SRTM 90 m, SRTM 30 m, ASTER G-DEM version-3 30 m, AW3D 30 m and Cartosat-1 version-3 30 m on the Gross Run-off-River Hydropower Potential (GRHP) assessment, using GIS and hydrological modelling tools. West Rapti River (WRR) basin in Nepal was chosen for the case study.
Soil and Water Tool (SWAT) hydrological model, coupled with GIS was used to discretize the WRR basin into several sub-basins/streams. Flow at the inlet and outlet of streams were estimated from the SWAT model whereas the topographic head was extracted from the DEMs. The GRHP of the streams were computed using the estimated stream flow and the topographic head for flows at 40% to 60% Probability of Exceedance (PoE). The total potential of the basin was computed by summing up the potential of all streams. The GRHP of WRR basin for flows at 40% PoE was estimated as 512 MW for ALOS 12.5 m resolution DEM, referred as a base case in this study. The GRHP estimated from the remaining DEMs showed the variation of less than 6% compared to the base case. The topographic head was found to be sensitive with respect to the DEM resolution and the highest variations were observed in the main river channels.
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Korchenko, Oleksandr, Yevhen Vasiliu, and Sergiy Gnatyuk. "MODERN QUANTUM TECHNOLOGIES OF INFORMATION SECURITY AGAINST CYBER‐TERRORIST ATTACKS." Aviation 14, no. 2 (June 30, 2010): 58–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/aviation.2010.10.
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In this paper, the systematisation and classification of modern quantum technologies of information security against cyber‐terrorist attack are carried out. The characteristic of the basic directions of quantum cryptography from the viewpoint of the quantum technologies used is given. A qualitative analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of concrete quantum protocols is made. The current status of the problem of practical quantum cryptography use in telecommunication networks is considered. In particular, a short review of existing commercial systems of quantum key distribution is given. Santrauka Šiame darbe susistemintos ir suklasifikuotos informacijos sauguma užtikrinančios moderniosios kvantines technologijos, skirtos apsisaugoti nuo kompiuteriu teroristu ataku. Remiantis kvantinemis technologijomis, aprašyta pagrindiniu kvantines kriptografijos krypčiu charakteristika. Pateikti konkrečiu kvantiniu protokolu kokybines analizes privalumai ir trūkumai. Taip pat aptartas telekomunikaciniuose tinkluose naudojamos dabartines kvantines kriptografijos problemos statusas. Pateikta trumpa kvantiniu raktu pasiskirstymo dabartinese komercinese sistemose apžvalga.
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Devkota, Rohini P., and Tek Maraseni. "Flood risk management under climate change: a hydro-economic perspective." Water Supply 18, no. 5 (January 3, 2018): 1832–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2018.003.
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Abstract Most developing countries, like Nepal, are expected to experience the greatest impact of climate change (CC) sooner and on a greater magnitude than other developed countries. Increase in the magnitude and frequency of extreme rainfall events is likely to increase the risk of flooding in rivers. The West Rapti River basin is one of the most flood prone and also one of the most dynamic and economically important basins of Nepal. This study elicits the willingness to pay (WTP) from the local people in the basin to reduce risks from possible floods due to CC. The WTP for flood mitigation in different flood hazard zones and flood scenarios were determined using referendum method and a face to face questionnaire survey. From a total of 720 households across all flood zones, a stratified randomly selected sample of 210 households was surveyed. The sample included households from a range of socio-economic backgrounds. The average WTP varied by flood hazard zone and within each zone, by CC-induced flood scenarios. The average WTP of respondents was highest for the critical flood prone zone, followed by moderate and low flood prone zones. Similarly, within each zone, the average WTP increased with increasing flood magnitudes due to CC. The variation of average WTP of respondents in different flood prone zones and scenarios indicate different levels of perceived severity. Moreover, the introduction of the concept of ‘man-day’ or ‘labour-day’ in WTP research is a novel and applicable methodological approach, particularly in the South Asian region. The findings of this study are useful for policy implications for the design of participatory flood management plans in the river basin.
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Della, Della Rati Saputri, Lily Widjaja Lily, Laela Indawati Laela, and Nanda Aula Rumana Nanda. "Della Rati Saputri Tinjauan Lama Waktu Ketersediaan Rekam Medis Rawat Jalan Di RSUD Kota Depok." COMSERVA Indonesian Jurnal of Community Services and Development 2, no. 5 (September 10, 2022): 477–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.59141/comserva.v2i5.235.
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Medical records are files in which there are documents about the patient's identity and records of the results of examinations, actions, treatment, and other services that have been provided to patients. Medical records are very useful in providing services to patients because they contain written evidence in paper form for the services provided by doctors and other health workers. Therefore, medical records must be stored in appropriate storage places so that they can be obtained and made available quickly when needed again. Minimum Service Standards are the quality of basic services used in providing medical records with a minimum service standard time of providing outpatient medical records, which is ≤10 minutes. This research was conducted at the Depok City Hospital, West Java. This study aims to determine the length of time the availability of outpatient medical records at the Depok City Hospital. This study uses a descriptive method with a quantitative approach by conducting interviews and observations. The population in this study was outpatient visits for 1 month in March 2022. The sample in this study was 106 requests for outpatient medical records using incidental sampling technique. The results of the study showed that ≤10 minutes was 51 (48%), and the retrieval time of medical records >10 minutes was 55 (52%) divided into categories for retrieval time of 11 - 20 minutes by 25 (23,6%), 21 - 30 minutes by 8 (7,6%), and > 30 minutes by 22 (20,8%). With an average availability time of 17,42 minutes.
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Yusmiono, Boby Agus, Maharani Oktavianti, and Neta Dian Lestari. "Etnography Myth of Tourism Place in the River Batanghari Nine South Sumatra Province." IJEBD (International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Business Development) 4, no. 2 (March 29, 2021): 183–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.29138/ijebd.v4i2.1307.
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There are many myths in South Sumatra, especially in isolated areas because communication and transportation are not going well. For example, infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and water and land transportation has been damaged, making it difficult to access the area so that the myth has increased. Myths are also increased because of broken communication, for example the transmitter is tower error (broken). The tower transmitter is difficult to repair because there is no access to the area. The problem in this study is How Ethnography Myths of Tourism Places in the Batang Hari Sembilan River, South Sumatra Province. The research objectives are to find out the myths of tourism places in the Batanghari nine river basin (Watershed) and to make ethnography of the similarities of myths in the watershed (watershed area) of South Sumatra Province. Current photos to visit, such as in the city of Palembang. Apart from the Musi River and Jempatan Ampera there are Kemarau Island, Kuto Besak Fortress, Kapitan Village, Munawar Village, Rakit House and other places. In Muara Duo district, there is the Komereng River, which is a tourist attraction, namely the Teluk Rasau Lake and the Varaam Village tourist attraction. Lahat Regency has potential tourism objects such as Ayek Lematang Park, Benteng Bridge and Pelancung Ulak Pandan / Gunung Jempol.
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Hari Shankar Paliwal, Milan Patel, Harish Daga,. "A Case Study of Yuvanpidika (Acne Vulgaris) Treated by Jalaukavacharan." Tuijin Jishu/Journal of Propulsion Technology 44, no. 3 (September 13, 2023): 130–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.52783/tjjpt.v44.i3.250.
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According to Ayurveda, among the 56 Upangas face is at the top, so everyone and mostly youngsters are most cautions and careful about the beauty of face. In Ayurveda, acne has been elaborated as one of the Kshudra Rogas (minor ailments). According to Ayurveda, vitiation of Kaphadosha, Vata dosha and Rakta dhatu lead to acne development. Acne vulgarish is a chonic inflammatory disease of the pilo sebaceous follicles characterized by comedones, papules pustules and often scars, chiefly on cheeks, chin, nose, forehead, and upper trunk. Hence the present study was conducted to observe the efficacy of jalaukavacharan in the management of yuvanpidika. The diagnostic parameters were assessed on the basic of Ayurveda’s well as modern aspects like pidika on face including medogarbhatva, ruju, daha, srava etc.a special proforma was prepared and patients were examined on the basis of available sign and symptoms. Patients were treated according to principles of yuvanpidika chikitsa with jalaukavacharan. Remarkable results were observed in the form of improvement in the chief complaints of the patient. Acharya Vijayrakshita, commentator of Madhava Nidana had used the term Yuvana Pidika as for Mukh-Dushika for the first time.
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Samofalov, Michail, Artur Kazakov, and Roman M. Pavlovsky. "THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF THE ALGORITHM RECALCULATING DATA ON EXPERIMENTAL AERODYNAMIC TESTS INTO WIND AFFECTED LOAD STRAINS / AERODINAMINIO BANDYMO DUOMENŲ PERSKAIČIAVIMO ŠIŲ VĖJO POVEIKIO APKROVŲ ATMAINAS ALGORITMO ESMĖ." Journal of Civil Engineering and Management 17, no. 2 (July 12, 2011): 296–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2011.583676.
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The article examines an algorithm used for processing the results of laboratory tests when experimental data was obtained in the aerodynamic tunnel. The paper deals with information when data about pressure distribution on the surfaces of a designed building are recalculated into wind loads required for calculating a virtual model for the finite element method. Due to differences in methodology between experimental airflow testing in the aerodynamic tunnel and the simulation of wind loads for a complex facility referring to the finite element method, the proposed investigations are actual while taking into account the current design codes and climatology conditions for an individual site. A review of similar problems, design conditions, the principles of the conducted experiment, a concept of the algorithm, basic assumptions and some results are briefly described in the paper. The final conclusions and recommendations can help with choosing the right solution during such calculations. Santrauka Straipsnyje nagrinėjamas laboratorinio bandymo rezultatų apdorojimo algoritmas, kai aerodinaminiame tunelyje gauti eksperimentiniai duomenys apie oro slėgio pasiskirstymą ant pastato maketo paviršių perskaičiuojami šio vėjo apkrovas, reikalingas baigtinių elementų metodo virtualiajam modeliui skaičiuoti. Duomenu perkėlimo uždavinys yra aktualus, nes laboratorinių tyrimų metodika ir priemonės iš esmės skiriasi nuo skaitinio modeliavimo baigtiniais elementais eigos ir principų, kai atsižvelgiama šių realiai projektuojamo statinio vietovės klimatologines sąlygas ir galiojančių projektavimo normų reikalavimus. Straipsnyje apžvelgta eksperimento duomenų apdorojimo problematika, nagrinejama konkretaus statinio konstrukcijų skaičiavimo situacija, aptarti pagrindiniai laboratorinio aerodinaminio bandymo principai, paaiškintas duomenų perkėlimo inžinerinis algoritmas bei esmines prielaidos, pasirinktinai pateikti rezultatai uždavinio sprendimui vaizduoti. Baigiamosios išvados ir siūlymai pades rasti tinkamiausius sprendinius kuriant panašaus pobūdžio algoritmus.
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Bathe, Anupama M., Harsha Thanvi, Digambar Dipankar, Leena Jungade, Jibi Varghese, and Pallavi Mane. "Understanding of Post Covid Mucormycosis through the Lens of Ayurveda." International Journal of Ayurvedic Medicine 13, no. 2 (July 8, 2022): 268–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.47552/ijam.v13i2.2659.
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Mucormycosis is fungal disease caused by fungus Mucor. It has been seen as a life-threatening complication of disease Covid-19. It has 70 times higher prevalence rate in India as compared to the world, having only few but expensive treatment options. The triggers of Mucor infection in Covid-19 patients are immune deficiency and hyperglycaemia caused by the use of corticosteroid, which favours Mucorales tissue Penetration. Mucormycosis has mainly six different types viz pulmonary, rhino-orbital-cerebral, gastrointestinal, widely disseminated, cutaneous, & miscellaneous infection, the commonest clinical presentation is rhino-orbito-cerebral in Covid-19 pandemic.
Ayurveda though an ancient science of healing, has strength to treat newer diseases from several decades. Mucormycosis disease is not mentioned in Ayurveda text directly, it is Un uttered disease (Anukta Vyadhi) but it can be treated with help of basic principles of Ayurveda. By understanding the pathogenesis, it can be stated that, it is an Abhishangaja Vyadhi (diseased caused by Virus/ Bacteria/ Parasite) and categorised as Raktapitta Pradhan Tridoshaja Vyadhi (disease caused by vitiation of all three humors with rakta pitta predominance).
Prevention of Mucormycosis can be achieved by following daily (Dincharya) and seasonal (Ritucharya) regimens. The treatment protocol include Krimighna (Antimicrobial), Tridoshashamak (normalise all three humors) and Raktashodhaka /Pittashamak (blood purifier), Agnideepak (improve digestion) & Aampachak (improve metabolism), Pramehhar (treatment of diabetes/hyperglycaemia) and Rasayana (Rejuvenation) drugs.
Key words- Abhishangaj vyadhi, Anukta Vyadhi, Mucormycosis , RaktaPitta Pradhan Tridoshaj Vyadhi
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Talchabhadel, Rocky, Saroj Karki, and Mahendra B. Baniya. "Streamflow Variations across Nepal during 1986-2015." Technical Journal 2, no. 1 (November 11, 2020): 126–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/tj.v2i1.32849.
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This paper presents a picture of the streamflow variation in major hydrologic stations across Nepal during 1986-2015 in two periods; before and after 2000. Our study selected 27 high-quality hydrologic monitoring stations maintained by the Department of Hydrology and Meteorology (DHM), Government of Nepal distributed across the country, representing a wide range of basin size, from ~308 to ~54100 km2. We compare the flow duration curves (FDCs) for two periods, T1: 1986-1999 and T2: 2000-2015. The study quantifies the changes of different streamflow indices including minimum, maximum, average daily streamflow, different percentiles and top 10, 20 and 50 maximum daily streamflow. Many studies reported that the climate (such as temperature and precipitation) showed an abrupt variation during the late 90s in the central Himalayas. This study explores whether similar effects are observed in the streamflow of the Himalayan catchments. The results of the study show a mixed pattern of positive and negative changes for different streamflow indices. However, about 60% of analyzed station (i.e. 17 out of 27) showed the positive deviation of the maximum daily streamflow meaning more extremes were observed in the latter period compared to the former period. Seven stations revealed > +20% shift in the maximum daily streamflow from period T1 to T2. In particular, East Rapti at Rajaiya showed more than 80% increase with respect to T1 which deviated from an average of 304 (ranging from 123 to 682) m3/s to an average of 555 (ranging from 171 to 1260) m3/s. Overall, about 10% of increment could be found on time-sliced averaged maximum daily discharge between two periods. Most importantly, the inter- and intra- annual variation of extreme streamflow show a clear tendency of the elevated peak streamflow recurrently over time.
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Soni, Savitri. "Vatarakta : An Ayurvedic classical literature review." Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences 8, no. 6 (July 29, 2023): 215–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21760/jaims.8.6.34.
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The statement “The inequalities of basic constituents in the body are the root cause for different diseases” is the fundamental principle of the Ayurveda, which indicate the control of different fundamental elements in the body (Sharira) is the sign of good health and free from diseases. Ayurvedic remedies and therapies are found very effective and useful to sustain the equilibrium of these fundamental elements in the body. Vatarakta is a chronic joint and body pain disease accompanied by pain, stiffness, swelling over joints which involve vitiated Vatadosha as well as Raktadhatu. Aggravated Vata is blocked by vitiated Rakta, which leads to further aggravation of Vata Dosha. Vatarakta have two Avasthas i.e., Uttana and Gambhira. Uttana Vatrakta affects Twacha and Mansadhatu whereas Gambhira mainly affects Asthi, Majjadi Gambhira Dhatu. Nidan Panchak is one of the finest and important method of diagnosing disease, its causes & prognosis. Nidan Panchak consists of 5 components viz. Nidan, Purvarupa, Rupa, Upshaya & Samprapti. Every component of Nidan Panchak helps the physician for better understanding of disease growth & treating the disease at an earliest possible stage. Nidana Panchak is the main and important diagnostic tools in Ayurveda. The present life style not only disturb the healthy Aahar but Vihara also. Sedentary lifestyle along with mental stress, consumption of nonveg and highly protein diet, excessive alcohol intake are some of the causing factors which origins acute exacerbation of Vatarakta. The etiological factors responsible for Gouty arthritis, pathology and clinical features are quite similar to Vatarakta.
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Peleckis, Kęstutis. "BUSINESS NEGOTIATION STRATEGIES: THE CONCEPT, DEFINITIONS AND PROCESS / VERSLO DERYBŲ STRATEGIJOS: SAMPRATA, SĄVOKOS, PROCESAS." Mokslas - Lietuvos ateitis 5, no. 1 (April 5, 2013): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2013.03.
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The modern business is developing in the context of rapid social and political changes, which contributes to the changes in economic and cultural priorities as well as mindset and behaviour of people. This puts new requirements on development and implementation of business negotiation strategies, aiming to ensure that during bargaining, everything is done to understand the other party and related contexts, to achieve mutual understanding, to reach common agreement and eventually find the optimal negotiating decision. The author of this article researched and analysed negotiation process concepts in the global scientific literature and practice. The article examines negotiation and bargaining concepts. Also, the global analysis of the scientific literature revealed that there is no single negotiation planning concept. The author defines the basic conceptual negotiation planning concepts. The paper deals with negotiation strategy conceptions used by scientists around the world. Conclusions present the proposals for further business negotiation research. Article in Lithuanian. Santrauka Šiuolaikinis verslas vystosi sparčių socialinių politinių ir technologinių pokyčių kontekste, darančiame įtaką ekonomikos ir kultūros prioritetų kaitai, mąstymo ir elgesio pokyčiams. Tai kelia naujus reikalavimus verslo derybų strategijų parengimui ir įgyvendinimui užtikrinti, kad būtų suplanuota ir realizuota derybinių veiksmų visuma, leidžianti suprasti kitą derybų pusę įvairiose situacijose, pasiekti tarpusavio supratimą, pasiekti bendrą susitarimą ir galiausiai rasti optimalų derybinį sprendimą. Autorius šiame straipsnyje pateikia derybų ciklo ir derybų procesų pasaulinės mokslinės literatūros bei praktikos analizę. Straipsnyje yra analizuojamos derybų ir derėjimosi sąvokos. Taip pat iš pasaulinės mokslinės literatūros analizės yra daroma išvada, jog nėra vieno bendro derybų sąvokų traktavimo. Autorius apibrėžia pagrindines koncepcines derybų sąvokas. Darbe yra nagrinėjami įvairių pasaulio mokslininkų požiūriai apie derybų strategijos sampratą. Darbo išvadose yra pateikiamos tolesnių verslo derybų tyrimų kryptys.
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Upadhyay, Surabhi, Priya Silwal, Rajaram Prajapati, Rocky Talchabhadel, Sandesh Shrestha, Sudeep Duwal, and Hanik Lakhe. "Evaluating Magnitude Agreement and Occurrence Consistency of CHIRPS Product with Ground-Based Observations over Medium-Sized River Basins in Nepal." Hydrology 9, no. 8 (August 16, 2022): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology9080146.
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High spatio-temporal resolution and accurate long-term rainfall estimates are critical in sustainable water resource planning and management, assessment of climate variability and extremes, and hydro-meteorology-related water system decisions. The recent advent of improved higher-resolution open-access satellite-based rainfall products has emerged as a viable complementary to ground-based observations that can often not capture the rainfall variability on a spatial scale. In a developing country such as Nepal, where the rain-gauge monitoring network is sparse and unevenly distributed, satellite rainfall estimates are crucial. However, substantial errors associated with such satellite rainfall estimates pose a challenge to their application, particularly in complex orographic regions such as Nepal. Therefore, these precipitation products must be validated before practical usage to check their accuracy and occurrence consistency. This study aims to assess the reliability of the Climate Hazards Group Infrared Precipitation with Stations (CHIRPS) product against ground-based observations from 1986 to 2015 in five medium-sized river basins in Nepal, namely, Babai, Bagmati, Kamala, Kankai, and the West Rapti river basin. A set of continuous evaluation metrics (correlation coefficient, root mean square error, relative bias, and Kling-Gupta efficiency) were used in analyzing the accuracy of CHIRPS and categorical metrics (probability of detection, critical success index, false alarm ratio, and frequency bias index). The Probability of Detection and Critical Success Index values were found to be considerably low (<0.4 on average), while the false alarm ratio was significant (>0.4 on average). It was found that CHIRPS showed better performance in seasonal and monthly time scales with high correlation and indicated greater consistency in non-monsoon seasons. Rainfall amount (less than 10 mm and greater than 150 mm) and rainfall frequency was underestimated by CHIRPS in all basins, while the overestimated rainfall was between 10 and 100 mm in all basins except Kamala. Additionally, CHIRPS overestimated dry days and maximum consecutive dry days in the study area. Our study suggests that CHIRPS rainfall products cannot supplant the ground-based observations but complement rain-gauge networks. However, the reliability of this product in capturing local extreme events (such as floods and droughts) seems less prominent. A high-quality rain gauge network is essential to enhance the accuracy of satellite estimations.
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Devkota, Rohini. "Conceptualising Flooding Systems Globally and Preferred Adaptation Strategies Locally under Climate Change." Jalawaayu 1, no. 1 (April 21, 2021): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jalawaayu.v1i1.36449.
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Climate induced natural disasters and extreme events are escalating with the increased variability of climatic parameters due to climate change. This study assesses the flood adaptation strategies that are applicable at the community level in two Terai districts of Nepal. This research aimed to analyse existing and preferred future flood adaptation strategies in a flood prone West Rapti River (WRR) Basin of Nepal, and a social survey of 240 households (HHs) and focus group discussions (FGDs). The specific objectives were to identify flood adaptation strategies based on people’s perception. Flood inundation maps are generated for four scenarios based on return periods: Scenario I; Scenario II; Scenario III; and Scenario IV. Peoples’ choice of flood mitigation strategies mainly depends on the current needs of the people and their knowledge of harm. Current needs govern current choices while the basis of future choice is generally made on the degree of the impact or perceived risk of the hazard. This can be clearly seen from the ranking made by the people for Scenarios I and IV. “Household level preparation /management” was ranked first for Scenario I while in Scenario IV “Watershed management” was ranked highest. “Watershed management” was felt to be an important strategy, as it was second ranked even in Scenarios II and III. People may have realised that the mounting flood risk is increasing with time and that such risk can be reduced only through catchment management. When the risk is considered as of low level, people try first to adapt to it at the personal and household level. However, when the risk level increases, people look for alternatives or higher levels of adaptation. The perceptions of people in the study were found to be in agreement with these findings: as the flood risk increases from Scenario I to Scenario IV, the movement in choice of strategies changed accordingly. It can be concluded that when people are well-informed, they will do long term planning and formulate appropriate strategies. This research provides an overall framework for deriving potential mitigation and adaptation strategies to flood for Nepal in particular and other developing countries in general.
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Choudhary, Prakash, Rajesh Kumar Sharma, Dinesh Chandra Sharma, and Mukesh Saini. "A PHYSIOLOGICAL STUDY OF SHUKRA DHATU W.S.R. SEXUAL HORMONES." International Ayurvedic Medical Journal 9, no. 9 (October 16, 2021): 2165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.46607/iamj3809092021.
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Ayurveda has described three basic physiological constituents of the human body, viz., Dosha, Dhatu and Mala. In Ayurvedic Science, the one who has balanced Doshas, balanced Agni, properly formed Dhatus, proper elimina- tion of Malas, well-functioning of bodily processes and whose mind, soul, senses are full of bliss is called a healthy person1. So, the formation of Dhatu is also a good indicator of good health there are seven Dhatus ex- plained in Samhitas, those are Rasa, Rakta, Mamsa, Meda, Ashti, Majja and Shukra among all Dhatus, Shukra is considered as the sara of all other Dhatus2. Shukra Dhatu is one of the seven Dhatus in the body and Shukra is white, pure, excellent Dhatu, which is considered as best among all seven Dhatus. According to many Acharyas of Ayurveda, Garbhotpadana (reproduction) is the chief function of Shukra Dhatu, and the important fact is Shukra Dhatu also shows its effect all over the body in the form of Shukradhatusarata because Shukradhatuis located in the entire body. Sperm along with spermatic fluid and male sex hormones are also one part of Shukra Dhatu. Anu Shukra Dhatu (primordial germ cell) is essential for the Shukra Dhatu (Testosterone, Estrogen). Vi- tiation of Shukra dhatu shows Shukra dhatudusti (pathology) in the form of Vriddhi (hyper state) or Kshaya (wan- ing). This vitiation may lead to main infertility and many other physical as well as psychological disorders. All Dhatus have their definite locations in the body; they are present in every cell in subtle form. Every cell possesses the capacity to divide or reproduce itself. Thus, one has to interpret the Garbhotpadana (reproduction) function of Shukra Dhatu. In future, it may be achievable that with the development of the facts; we will discover any content in the cell whichpossesses a definite role in cell division.Sperms along with spermatic fluid and male sex hor- mones are also one Partofshukra, parallel to which females possess Artava. Stri-Shukra excreted during coitus is nothing but the secretions of bartholins, cervical and endometrial glands emergence at theendoforgasm. Keywords:Ayurveda, Stree-Shukra, Shukra Dhatu, Artava, hormones.
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Matkevičienė, Renata. "Tapatybės ir tarpkultūrinė komunikacija: 14-osios Šiaurės šalių tarpkultūrinės komunikacijos tinklo konferencijos tematinis žemėlapis." Informacijos mokslai 45 (January 1, 2008): 60–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/im.2008.0.3386.
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Pastaraisiais dešimtmečiais vis labiau kyla susidomėjimas skirtingų kultūrų komunikacija. Tą iš dalies verčia daryti kintanti visuomenė, rinka, pasaulis. Šios tendencijos suveda skirtingą kultūrinį pagrindą turinčius žmones, verčia pavienius individus įsigyventi į jiems nepažįstamą kalbos, papročių ir elgsenos terpę. Ši kaita skatina mokslininkus peržiūrėti šių dienų kultūrų komunikacijos specifiką ir problematiką: multikultūrinės visuomenės tapatumo paieškas, kultūrų komunikacijos ir nacionalinio tapatumo sankirčius, globalios ir lokalios komunikacijos ypatumus, multikultūrinės visuomenės vertybes, tarpkultūrinius konfliktus, kultūrų komunikaciją internete, kultūrų komunikacijos mokymo (-si), skirtingų kultūrų ir lyčių komunikacijos ypatumus ir kt.Tapatybės klausimai tarpkultūrinės komunikacijos kontekste gana reti, – galima rasti tik keletą diskusinių darbų. Šio straipsnio tikslas – pristatyti tematinio tarpkultūrinės komunikacijos diskurso analizę, remiantis mokslininkų pranešimų, rengtų 14-ajam moksliniam Šiaurės šalių tarpkultūrinės komunikacijos tinklo kongresui, vykusiam 2007 m. lapkričio 29–gruodžio 1 dienomis Vilniuje, pagrindu. Straipsnio autorė siekia pristatyti egzistuojančias temas tarpkultūrinės komunikacijos mokslininkų diskurse, taip pat išryškinti tematinius žemėlapius, atskleidžiančius mokslininkų tyrinėjimų, konferencijos temos koreliacijas.Tyrimas atskleidė, kad konferencijai pristatytuose pranešimuose vyrauja tradicinės tarpkultūrinės komunikacijos temos, tokios kaip kultūros suvokimas ir interpretavimas, kultūrų skirtumai ir konfliktai, tarpkultūrinė kompetencija ir švietimas, tarpasmeniniai santykiai tarpkultūrinės komunikacijos kontekste, tarptautinė bendrovių komunikacija ir kt.Straipsnyje taip pat keliamos prielaidos galimiems tyrimams, jungiantiems mokslinės komunikacijos, socialinių tinklų ir tarpkultūrinės komunikacijos temas.Identities and intercultural communication: Thematic map of the 14th Congress of Nordic Network for Intercultural CommunicationRenata Matkevičienė SummaryThe issue of identity in the context of intercultural communication is quite rare in scientific researches. There could be found only several discussions in the field. The aim of the paper is an analysis of a thematic discourse in intercultural communication on the basis of the scientific presentation of the 14th Congress of Nordic Network for Intercultural Communication “Changing Identities in Globalized World” organized in 29 November – 1 December 2007 in Vilnius. The author tries to present the items that are articulated in the analysis of intercultural communication, and lays focuses on the thematic map of the conference, based on the content analysis of abstracts of the presentations made by participants of the conference. The study has showns that the thematic spectrum of intercultural communication is quite stable and reflects the basic aspects of intercultural communication: interpretation of culture, questions of cultural differences and conflicts, intercultural competence in interpersonal communication, international corporate communication, etc. Also, presuppositions are made regarding a qualitative correlation between the topic of the conference and the main items presented in the abstracts. The present investigation could serve as a start-line for a deeper analysis of scientific communication as part of intercultural communication.
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Sokolov, B. G. "Modern Historicism: the Universal History of E. Toffler." Discourse 8, no. 1 (February 25, 2022): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32603/2412-8562-2022-8-1-5-18.
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Introduction. The article proposed to the reader aims at fixing universal historicity in the reconstruction of history by one of the most sought-after and well-known American futurists, Alvin Toffler. An analysis of his concept from such a perspective allows us to identify in modern concepts and, accordingly, in postmodernity (post-industrial era) genetic links with the previous tradition associated with the industrial era, which allows us to explore modern cultural trends, which seems to be an extremely urgent task for humanitarian knowledge. Such an approach to the study of modern futurological concepts in general, and E. Toffler's futurology in particular, has not been applied, and therefore the author's approach has both extreme relevance and theoretical novelty.Methodology and sources. The obtained research results were based on a comparative and textual analysis of the texts of the American thinker (Toffler E. “The Third Wave”, “Shock of the Future”), as well as texts of authors who thematized the universal historical model of understanding the historical process (G. Hegel). In carrying out the genetic and comparative analysis of E. Toffler, the author uses the results of his own research on the genesis of the historical consciousness of the New European culture. The analysis of the texts of E. Toffler and post-industrial society was carried out using modern critical studies (E.I. Furs, K. Ratti, M. Claudel).Results and discussion. The model of universal history, which has its origin in the Sacred History of Christianity, has the following basic essential characteristics: 1) the presence of the figure of the so-called transcendental signified, i.e. the mental topos that controls the historical process (in Christian history, God is such, in Hegel's system – the dialectical unfolding of the concept, in Marxist philosophy – the struggle of productive forces and production relations; 2) the understanding of the historical process as totality; 3) the presence of a common telos of historical development; 4) a special status of a real actor of a historical event (disenfranchised, “puppet”); 5) a universal homogeneous environment for the unfolding of the historical process; 6) the stages of the historical process.The comparative analysis of the reconstruction of Alvin Toffler's views and the main characteristics of universal history, as well as the use of critical sources on the subject of the article, shows that for all the essential points listed above, history, as it is built by the American futurist, is undoubtedly a universal history.Conclusion. The use of such an outdated point of view of modern mentality, the vision of the historical process actually fulfills two important tasks, which the author of the article focuses on. 1. The opportunity to see and evaluate rapid changes from the point of view of the future (as stated by Toffler himself). 2. Infection of the future with the models and approaches of the previous industrial society, which clarifies the processes of building the modern cultural situation, allowing you to understand current development trends.
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Kavaliauskas, Paulius. "SUSTAINABLE AND BALANCED DEVELOPMENT OF LITHUANIAN CURONIAN SPIT AND NERINGA MUNICIPALITY: PLANNING AND POLITICAL ASPECTS / TAUSOJAMASIS IR DARNUS LIETUVOS KURŠIŲ NERIJOS IR NERINGOS SAVIVALDYBĖS VYSTYMAS: PLANAVIMO IR POLITINIAI ASPEKTAI." Technological and Economic Development of Economy 16, no. 1 (March 31, 2010): 58–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/tede.2010.04.
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There are some significant positive accents in the history of Curonian spit land use management as well as important negative factors, including political, professional and specific. The new Master plan for Neringa municipality was prepared trying to take a more modern path adopted to the unique territory, ensuring balance of social, economical and ecological development and preservation of its valuables. The general development strategy is formed harmonizing the following development trends basic for this kind of territory: 1) natural conservation, 2) cultural conservation and 3) recreation. Based on the existing or planned priorities, the following generalized sectors, reflecting the different structure of development strategy, were distinguished in the longitudinal profile of Curonian spit: strict natural and partly cultural conservation strategy, limited natural or natural–cultural conservation strategy, limited natural–cultural conservation and sustainable recreation and urban development strategy, limited cultural–natural conservation, sustainable recreation and limited urban development strategy, limited cultural–natural conservation, intensive recreation and limited urban development strategy. The ambitious political war between the State Service for Protected Areas and the Neringa Municipality cannot be regarded as the best way of finding solutions of ideological, legal or planning inconsistencies whereas the current countering to Master Plan and incorrect chicanery regarding its solutions is an expression of ambitions and “revenge” on the Neringa Municipality. Rational solution in the existing perverted situation is to go back to integrated planning of Curonian spit. This would offer a possibility to merge together in one planning document of the Curonian spit national park management plan and Master plans of Neringa and Klaipeda (Smiltyne zone) municipalities. Santrauka Kuršių nerijos raidoje išsiskiria tiek teigiami, tiek neigiami jos žemenaudos ir planavimo aspektai, įskaitant politinius, profesinius bei specifinius vietinius. Naujasis Neringos savivaldybės bendrasis planas buvo parengtas bandant pasirinkti modernesni planavimo būdą, pritaikyta šiai unikaliai teritorijai ir darninanti socialinį, ekonominį ir ekologinį jos vystymą bei vertybių išsaugojimą. Generaline teritorijos naudojimo strategija buvo formuojama derinant tris svarbiausias jos vystymo kryptis: 1) gamtosaugą, 2) kultūros paveldo išsaugojimą, 3) rekreaciją. Pagal susiformavusius arba numatomus šiu krypčių prioritetus Kuršių nerijos išilginiame profilyje buvo išskirti tokie apibendrinti skirtinga vystymo strategijos struktūra išreiškiantys Neringos ruožai: griežtos gamtinės, iš dalies kultūrinės, konservacijos; ribotos gamtinės arba gamtinės‐kultūrinės konservacijos; ribotos gamtinės‐kultūrinės konservacijos ir tausojamosios rekreacijos be urbanistinio vystymo; ribotos kultūrinės‐gamtinės konservacijos, tausojamosios rekreacijos ir riboto urbanistinio vystymo; ribotos kultūrinės‐gamtinės konservacijos; intensyvios rekreacijos ir riboto urbanistinio vystymo. Politinė prieštara tarp Valstybinės saugomu teritorijų tarnybos ir Neringos savivaldybės esmingai trukdo rasti geriausius ideologinius, teisinius bei kraštotvarkos sprendimus, sudaro prielaidas pasireikšti savotiškam “kerštui” Bendrojo plano ir Neringos savivaldybės institucijų adresų. Todel racionaliausias sprendimas dabartinėje beviltiškai iškreiptoje situacijoje – grįžti prie integralaus Kuršių nerijos planavimo. Tai reikštų politinės valios pastangomis sujungti viename planavimo dokumente Kuršių nerijos nacionalinio parko planą bei Neringos ir Klaipėdos (Smiltynės zona) savivaldybių bendruosius planus. Antra vertus, būtina ieškoti glaudesnio bendradarbiavimo su pietinės Kuršiu nerijos dalies valdymo institucijomis ir parengti bendrą visos nerijos pletotes vizija.
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Vaidogas, Egidijus Rytas, and Jurgita Šakėnaitė. "A BRIEF LOOK AT DATA ON THE RELIABILITY OF SPRINKLERS USED IN CONVENTIONAL BUILDINGS / TRUMPA DUOMENŲ APIE ĮPRASTINIUOSE PASTATUOSE ĮRENGTŲ SPRINKLERIŲ PATIKIMUMĄ APŽVALGA." Journal of Civil Engineering and Management 17, no. 1 (April 13, 2011): 115–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2011.559908.
Full textAbstract:
Failures of sprinklers to extinguish fires generate a basic need for the assessment and increase of reliability of these crucial safety systems. This in turn creates a demand for input data used for reliability assessment. Broadly speaking, data on sprinkler failures are available in large amounts and some countries have well-established systems of data collection and reporting. Data are accumulated in the sprinklered environments of conventional buildings and some industrial facilities. The compilation of data sets necessary for reliability assessment may face several problems: differences in definition and naming failure modes; differences in the failure of data reporting; the prevalence of a human factor among the causes of sprinkler failures in a conventional building; the influence of ageing, modifications and repairs on sprinkler reliability. The size of data sets can be limited by such factors as limited relevance of data collected in different sprinklered environments, differences in operation conditions and components, ageing of data collected in the past, the concealment of data and/or a high cost of data, poor documentation and explanation of data in available databases. Data on sprinkler component failure rates necessary for fault tree models can be extracted from generic databases. However, databases containing information on the failure rates of sprinkler-specific components do not seem to exist in literature or on the Internet. Scarce data on sprinkler failures can be utilised within the Bayesian format. The potentially critical issue of reliability dependence on sprinkler aging and other changes in time remains unsolved from the standpoint of both theoretical modelling and data collection. Santrauka Nereti sprinklerių atsakai, gesinant gaisrus, verčia vertinti šių kritinių saugos sistemų patikimumą. Dėl to reikia kaupti ir apdoroti duomenis, kurių reikia vertinant patikimumą. Duomenų apie sprinklerių atsakus yra daug. Kai kurios šalys turi gerai sudarytas sprinklerių patikimumo duomenų rinkimo ir skelbimo sistemas. Duomenys renkami apie sprinklerius, įrengtus tiek įprastiniuose pastatuose, tiek pramoniniuose objektuose. Tačiau duomenų patikimumui vertinti rinkimas susiduria ir su kai kuriais sunkumais. Nėra sutartinės sprinklerių atsakų apibrėžimo ir įvardijimo praktikos, ataskaitos apie atsakus dažnai labai skiriasi, patikimumo vertinimą sunkina ir tai, kad vyraujanti įprastinių pastatų sprinklerių atsakų priežastis yra žmonių klaidos. Patikimumo vertinimą apsunkina ir sprinklerių senėjimo reiškinys, sistemų modifikavimai ir remontai. Patikimumo duomenų kiekį riboja ir tai, kad duomenys, gauti skirtingose eksploatavimo aplinkose, tinka tik toms aplinkoms. Sprinklerių eksploatacija ir aplinkos sąlygos gali būti skirtingos. Duomenų kiekį riboja ir jų kaina, senėjimas bei slėpimas. Duomenys, kaupiami kai kuriose bazėse, būna nepakankamai paaiškinti ir netinkamai dokumentuoti. Kai sprinklerių sistemos patikimumas vertinamas taikant atsakų medžio analizę, įvesties duomenys gali būti gauti ir iš bendrųjų patikimumo duomenų bazių. Tačiau literatūroje ir internete negalima rasti duomenų bazės, kurioje būtų sukaupti duomenys būtent apie sprinklerių sistemų komponentų patikimumą. Kai patikimumo duomenų trūksta, jį galima vertinti taikant Bajeso metodus. Tiek teorinis modeliavimas, tiek duomenų rinkimas šiandien dar neleidžia atsižvelgti į fizinį sprinklerių senėjimą bei modifikacijas, kurios gali labai paveikti šių sistemų patikimumą.
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Samsonov, V. A., and Yu F. Lachuga. "Calculation of the maximum energy saturation of an agri-cultural tractor." Traktory i sel hozmashiny 84, no. 10 (October 15, 2017): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/0321-4443-66336.
Full textAbstract:
The efficiency -f the machine-tract-r unit increases with the increase -f the energy saturati-n -f the tract-r. There-f-re, it is -f interest t- determine the maximum energy saturati-n and the c-rresp-nding tracti-n characteristics -f the tract-r with an estimate -f its efficiency in terms -f pr-ductivity and fuel c-nsumpti-n when c-mpared with the anal-g. With increasing energy saturati-n, the w-rking speed -f the tract-r and the tracti-n resistance -f the w-rking element -f the unit increase, hence the fuel c-nsumpti-n is increased. This circumstance must be taken int- acc-unt in the calculati-n. Determinati-n -f the maximum energy saturati-n -f the tract-r, taking int- acc-unt speed limits and skidding, is an actual task -f the tract-r the-ry. The purp-se -f the study is t- devel-p a meth-d-l-gy and al-g-rithms f-r calculating the maximum energy saturati-n -f the tract-r and its c-rresp-nding tracti-n perf-rmance when the engine speed is changed. The -bject -f investigati-n is a general purp-se wheeled tract-r. S-urce material: engine and tract-r perf-rmance characteristics; c-efficients that characterize the tracti-n and c-upling pr-perties -f the tract-r; the tract-r p-wer balance equati-n; slipping functi-n; the functi-n -f fuel c-nsumpti-n -f the engine and its t-rque fr-m the speed -f the crankshaft. The meth-d -f investigati-n is the calculati-n by the basic f-rmulas -f the the-ry -f the tract-r when the r-tati-nal speed -f the crankshaft is changed by -ne turn-ver. Gear rati-s -f the transmissi-n, calculated taking int- acc-unt the set values -f the n-minal engine speed and the c-efficient -f its adaptability f-r t-rque, are used. Main c-nclusi-ns: a criteri-n f-r the -ptimality -f the den-minat-r -f a number -f gears is pr-p-sed, taking int- acc-unt the c-efficient -f adaptability -f the engine f-r the t-rque; in the tracti-n characteristics -f the tract-r intr-duced additi-nal indicat-rs: the c-efficients -f per-hectare fuel c-nsumpti-n, pr-ductivity and h--k c-nsumpti-n -f fuel per unit -f pr-ductivity; the criteri-n f-r calculating the maximum energy saturati-n is the maximum tracti-n efficiency at the maximum tractive p-wer and the efficiency fact-r in the c-rresp-nding gear with the the-retical speed assumed -n it.
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Patel, Dr Mehabub H., and Dr Mrs Madhavi S. Banarase. "IMPORTANCE OF ‘RAKTA DHATU’ IN SHALYATANTRA ACCORDING TO ‘SUSHRUT SAMHITA’." Journal of Bio Innovation, July 30, 2022, 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.46344/jbino.2022.v11i03(b).07.
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Ayurved is an ancient science which is described in eight divisions like kaya, bal, griha, urdhvang (Shalakya )shalya ,Danshtra( agad,) Jara (rasayan) and vrushya (vajikaran). Among brihat-trayi Sushrut Sanhita is basic prime reference book of Shalya Tantra . Dhatus are very important, as they play important functions of Dharana and Poshana.. Sushrut has given due importance to only rakta dhatu in various context .Chief functions of Rakta dhatu is to keep individual alive . It is one of the dash pranayatan which circulates prana . Rakta in various forms like fenbhut, prasadbhut participates in the organogenesis , types of various diseases like vidradhi, visarpa, arsha, vranshoth and many more diseases are described according to rakta vitiations. In various surgical and Para surgical procesures Rakta has given importance. So this study on Importance of Rakta dhatu in Shalya Tantra according to Sushrut Sanhita is designed.
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Nisha Kumari and Soni Kapil. "Role of Mritika Chikitsha and Yoga Basti in Management of Asrigdar: A Case Report." International Journal of Ayurveda and Pharma Research, October 18, 2022, 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.47070/ijapr.v10isuppl2.2510.
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Asrigdar has been characterised by excessive bleeding per vaginum. Acharya Charaka described Asrigdar as a separate disease along with its treatment in Yoni Vyapada Chikitsha Adhyaya. Acharya Charaka also described it as a Raktaja Vikara. Acharya Sushruta described Asrigdar due to Pitta Samyukt Apana Vayu. It can be correlated with Abnormal Uterine bleeding in modern. Any uterine bleeding other than normal duration, frequency and volume is considered as abnormal uterine bleeding. It affects about 30% of women in reproductive period. It is often associated with backache, pain in lower abdomen and weakness. A 23 years old female patient presented with complaints of Irregular menses with excessive bleeding per vaginum associated with pain lower abdomen. On further enquiry it was found that she had irregular menses since menarche. She took modern treatment but didn’t get significant relief. Due to excessive bleeding she had Anaemia also. Keeping all the aspects in mind a treatment has been planned. Doshas involved in Asrigdar are mainly Pitta and Vata, That is why, for Samprapti vighatan basic treatment divided into three parts i.e. Shaman chikitsha along with Sthanik chkitsha over abdomen with Krishna Mritika and Basti chikitsha. Shaman chikitsha which includes Pitta and Vata shamak, Raktastambhaka and Balya Aushadh. In Bhavprakash Nighantu Krishna Mritika has been kept in Ashtama Dhatwadi Varga and mentioned in Rakta Pradra or Rakt Vikara. The treatment protocol was followed for three cycles with positive outcome as better cycle control and symptomatic improvement in this patient.
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Kulkarni, Prasad V., and Gogate Vishwas. "Understanding Cardiovascular Disorders - An Ayurvedic Approach." Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences (JAIMS) 1, no. 4 (January 1, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.21760/jaims.v1i4.6932.
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The morbidity and mortality due to Cardiovascular disorders is increasing globally. Conventional approaches are efficient in the management of critical conditions like myocardial infarction etc. But the established therapeutic approach of the conditions like, hyperlipedemia, hypertension, Coronary Artery disease etc. is not cost effective. So, need of the hour is to understand the basic pathophysiology of cardiovascular disorders on Ayuvedic parlance. Heart is made of essence of Rakta and Kapha. So, vitiated Rakta and Kapha plays an important role in the pathophysiology of different heart diseases.
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Malani, Urvashi, and Sanjaykumar M. Yadav. "Spatiotemporal assessment of rainfall variability and its characteristics over Rapti River Basin, India." Water Practice & Technology, February 28, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2024.046.
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Abstract The determination of rainfall characteristics of a basin is obligatory for mitigation planning and adaptation. This study presents the spatiotemporal analysis of gridded precipitation to understand the variability, seasonality over the Rapti Basin. This basin is affected by frequent flooding hence it becomes necessary to understand the variability of rainfall. To carry out this analysis, daily precipitation data is extracted for 22 grids for 30 years (1990–2020) of high resolution. Extreme rainfall indices are computed as per the threshold decided by the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD). To determine the trend of the rainfall, Mann Kendall (MK) test, Modified MK test and Innovative Trend Analysis was used and magnitude of trend was determined using slope. Trend of daily rainfall, annual, seasonal rainfall were determined. Annual rainfall has shown significant decreasing trend over the basin. Monsoon season has a noticeable tendency, but other seasons have only seen small shifts. From all the rainfall indices, PRCPTOT and SDII has shown decreasing trend with Sen Slope of −2.56 and 3.00 respectively. While examining the variance in precipitation across the basin, this study will be helpful.
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Verma, Apoorv, Brijesh Kumar Yadav, and N. B. Singh. "Hydrochemical monitoring of groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation use in Rapti Basin." SN Applied Sciences 2, no. 3 (February 21, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-2267-5.
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Haritha V Das, Giri P V, and Mini V G. "Endothelial Dysfunction and Diabetes: An Ayurvedic Concept." International Journal of Ayurveda and Pharma Research, November 13, 2022, 78–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.47070/ijapr.v10i10.2574.
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Diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, even in the presence of intensive glycaemic control. Both diabetes and insulin resistance bring about a amalgam of endothelial dysfunction and it will abate the anti-atherogenic role of the vascular endothelium. In patients with type 2 diabetes both insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction appear to lead up to the development of undisguised hyperglycaemia. Hence, in patients with diabetes, endothelial dysfunction may be a censorious early intention for preventing atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. For the assessment endothelium- dependent vasodilatation Coronary and peripheral circulations are used. In Ayurveda, endothelial dysfunction can be correlated to Rakthavaha srotho dushti. There are several aetiological factors similar in both Prameha and Rakta dushti. The factors which got vitiated (Dooshya) in Prameha are Mamsa, Meda, Rasa, Rakta, Shukra, Lasika, Vasa, Majja & Oja. Amongst all Meda & Mamsa are main vitiated factors (Dooshya) while Rakta is one of the Dooshya initially. During nourishment, Rakta is nourished prior to Meda & Mamsa. Further it nourishes Meda dhatu too. Endothelial dysfunction is reversible in early stages so that many rasayana drugs mentioned in the Ayurveda can be used here. In the present review briefly outlines some basic concepts of endothelial structure and function, and its dysfunction, relation with diabetes and its Ayurvedic concepts and management.
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Maske, Vitthal Ravindra. "MANAGEMENT OF SIRASHAITHILYA AND SIRAJANYA DUSTA VRANA W.S.R. TO VARICOSE VEIN AND VARICOSE ULCER-A CASE STUDY." National Journal of Research in Ayurved Science 7, no. 03 (June 15, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.52482/ayurlog.v7i03.352.
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A vein is called as a varicose vein when it is dilated and tortious.varicose vein mostly occur due to incompetence of their valve .The basic cause of varicose ulcer is abnormal valve hypertension in lower third of legs on its medial side .
According to Ayurveda, the pathology of varicose vein is due to Mans shaithilya and Rakta Dushti which further leads to varicose ulcer.
In this case study, the patient was treated with Panchtikta Ghrit Guggulu Vati orally and Local application of Panchvalkala ointment.
In Panchtikta Ghrit Guggulu Vati, most of the contents are tikta rasa pradhana so it helps to reduce the rakta dushti and mans-sthirikaran ultimately it helps to reduce varicose vein. In Panchvalkala ointment, all the contents are Kashaya Rasa Pradhan which helps in the shodhana and ropana of the varicose ulcer15.
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Marinus, Wytze, Eva S. Thuijsman, Mark T. van Wijk, Katrien Descheemaeker, Gerrie W. J. van de Ven, Bernard Vanlauwe, and Ken E. Giller. "What Farm Size Sustains a Living? Exploring Future Options to Attain a Living Income From Smallholder Farming in the East African Highlands." Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 5 (January 6, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2021.759105.
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Smallholder farming in sub-Saharan Africa keeps many rural households trapped in a cycle of poor productivity and low incomes. Two options to reach a decent income include intensification of production and expansion of farm areas per household. In this study, we explore what is a “viable farm size,” i.e., the farm area that is required to attain a “living income,” which sustains a nutritious diet, housing, education and health care. We used survey data from three contrasting sites in the East African highlands—Nyando (Kenya), Rakai (Uganda), and Lushoto (Tanzania) to explore viable farm sizes in six scenarios. Starting from the baseline cropping system, we built scenarios by incrementally including intensified and re-configured cropping systems, income from livestock and off-farm sources. In the most conservative scenario (baseline cropping patterns and yields, minus basic input costs), viable farm areas were 3.6, 2.4, and 2.1 ha, for Nyando, Rakai, and Lushoto, respectively—whereas current median farm areas were just 0.8, 1.8, and 0.8 ha. Given the skewed distribution of current farm areas, only few of the households in the study sites (0, 27, and 4% for Nyando, Rakai, and Lushoto, respectively) were able to attain a living income. Raising baseline yields to 50% of the water-limited yields strongly reduced the land area needed to achieve a viable farm size, and thereby enabled 92% of the households in Rakai and 70% of the households in Lushoto to attain a living income on their existing farm areas. By contrast, intensification of crop production alone was insufficient in Nyando, although including income from livestock enabled the majority of households (73%) to attain a living income with current farm areas. These scenarios show that increasing farm area and/or intensifying production is required for smallholder farmers to attain a living income from farming. Obviously such changes would require considerable capital and labor investment, as well as land reform and alternative off-farm employment options for those who exit farming.
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Kumar, Dr Mohit, and Dr Sanjay Kumar Agri. "Review Article on Mamsa Dhatu-Ayurveda and Modern view." Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences (JAIMS) 4, no. 1 (March 16, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.21760/jaims.4.1.15.
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In Ayurveda, there are three basic blocks upon which the human body stands, these are Dosha, Dhatu and Mala. Dhatus are the main which perform the function of holding together the bodily elements. There are seven Dhatu in person; these are Rasa, Rakta, Mamsa, Meda, Asthi, Majja and Shukra. As Mamsa Dhatu is very important component of our body and its Moola Sthana are Twacha and Snayu. Mamsa is one of the seven constructive build icons of body namely Dhatus. It is widely accepted by all the Ayurvedic scholars who named it as Pishit, Taras, Palal, Raktateja, Medaskruta, Kravyam, Aamisha and so on. It helps in formation of Mamsa Dhatu in the body with its principle site in body as muscles, tendons and skin. According to Ayurveda, there are seven Dhatu in person; these are Rasa, Rakta, Mamsa, Meda, Asthi, Majja and Shukra. These Dhatu are defined as per their function. These are important for healthy state of the body. Mamsa Dhatu is third one in the sequence of seven Dhatu.