Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Raisonnement basé sur les cas'
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Dedun, Isabelle. "Propositions d'un sytème d'objets de capitalisation d'expériences basé sur les cas pour la prise de décisions complexes." Lyon 3, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO33005.
Full textAbou, Assali Amjad. "Acquisition des connaissances d'adaptation et traitement de l'hétérogénéité dans un système de RàPC basé sur une ontologie." Compiègne, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010COMP1876.
Full textThis thesis is about the design of a case-based reasoning (CBR) system for classification problems. Our work is currently applied to the diagnosis of the failure of gas sensors set up at industrial sites. We are mainly interested in two CBR aspects: the first concerns the adaptation, which is a key phase in the CBR cycle. This phase aims at producing solutions to new problems by reusing solutions to problems already solved. Adaptation is considered as the bottleneck of CBR systems because it requires domain-specific knowledge which is generally difficult to acquire. The second aspect concerns the treatment of cases heterogeneity that leads to problems at different levels, especially during the acquisition of adaptation knowledge and the retrieval phase. In this thesis, we present our semi-automatic approach to acquire adaptation knowledge from a case base. This approach relies on the techniques of Formai Concept Analysis (FCA). The acquired knowledge can then be refined by users during problem solving sessions. We present also our case alignment approach to treat the problems related to heterogeneity. Case alignment aims to identify the mappings between the attributes of compared cases. We distinguish an alignment based on the similarity between attributes, and an alignment based on the yoles of attributes. Our work has led to the development of COBRA, a platform allowing to construct ontology-based CBR systems
Mille, Alain. "Raisonnement basé sur l'expérience pour coopérer à la prise de décision : un nouveau paradigme en supervision industrielle." Saint-Etienne, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995STET4016.
Full textDhouib, Diala. "Aide multicritère au pilotage d'un processus basée sur le raisonnement à partir de cas." Paris 8, 2009. http://octaviana.fr/document/149146086#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0f.
Full textThis thesis proposes tools of multicriteria decision aid for process piloting based on the knowledge capitalization via the Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) technique. Two models have been developed. The first model, using past similar cases, helps the pilot of a process to resolve a new problem. This is done by taking into account causalities relations which exist between performance inductors and indicators as well as dependence relations between criteria. The second model is based on hybridization between the CBR and the clustering. It tries to improve the phases: cases representation, similar cases retrieval and case base maintenance of the CBR cycle. The application of a clustering method represents a way of arranging the case base to facilitate the piloting aid. These two models can be executed in a complementarity relation. Indeed, the second model based on clustering allows, at first, to form homogeneous groups including the new case to look for its solution. Then, after obtaining the cluster containing the new case with its similar cases, the first model will be activated to find the closest. However, criteria used by these two models are quantitative. For that purpose, a linguistic approach was used to apply non homogeneous data which can be numeric or linguistic. These two models were applied in a real industrial case of cardboard packagings manufacturing. They were also implemented in a computer prototype in the form of an Interactive System of Process Piloting Aid (ISPPA) via interfaces to better validate their applications
Fuchs, Béatrice. "Représentation des connaissances pour le raisonnement à partir de cas : le système ROCADE." Saint-Etienne, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997STET4017.
Full textDhouib, Diala. "Aide multicritère au pilotage d'un processus basée sur le raisonnement à partir de cas." Phd thesis, Université Paris VIII Vincennes-Saint Denis, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00638186.
Full textArmaghan, Negar. "Contribution à un système de retour d'expérience basé sur le raisonnement à partir de cas conversationnel : application à la gestion des pannes de machines industrielles." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009INPL026N/document.
Full textFaced with the fast technological development of products, incremental innovation of new products, and the mobility of their most experienced staff, companies are seeking to formalize and capitalize on the experiences and know-how of their personnel in order to reuse them later. To deal with these problems, the conversational case based reasoning (CCBR) approach is a potential answer to the question of capitalization and reuse of knowledge. Our research focuses on methods to manage experience feedback (EF). We are placed in the field of experience feedback applied to technical problem solving. Our methodology for creating aided failure diagnosis systems is divided into four phases: the events description, the development of all solutions to failures, the arrangement of a diagnostic aid through fault trees and setting up a computer system. We based our work on the fault tree approach in order to extract tacit knowledge and its formalization. Our objective was to create decision protocols in order to assist the expert in solving an industrial problem. Therefore, we have proposed a formulation and development of conversational cases in diagnosis. These cases must be memorised in a database of cases. To validate our proposal methodology, we have carried out the experimental phase in an industrial company in eastern France. This experiment allowed us to validate our work and highlight its advantages and limitations. Finally, we propose a computer model designed for the company. This model enables failure diagnosis by creating the case in a case base for later utilization
Steichen, Olivier. "Raisonnement par règles et raisonnement par cas pour la résolution des problèmes en médecine." Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010691.
Full textPhysicians try to solve health problems of individual patients. Customized solutions take into account the uniqueness of the patient. Is the individualization of medical decisions possible and desirable'? If so, how can I tor should it be performed? The first part of the thesis shows: that the question arises since the first conceptualizations of medical reasoning (Hippocrates); that is was much debated in the early nineteenth century, when statistical studies were first performed to guide medical decisions; and that the medical observation and its evolution materialize how case documentation and management interact. The second part addresses the issue in the current context, from the birth of evidence-based medicine, its cri tics and its evolution. The third part shows that linking rule-based and case-based reasoning adequately pictures the process of customizing medical decisions. This simple model can account for the movement between two kinds of customization and leads to a balanced approach, tested in the field of practice evaluation and medical literature
Bourget, Annick. "De la formation préclinique à la formation clinique : explicitation du développement du raisonnement clinique chez des étudiantes et des étudiants en médecine ayant suivi un programme basé sur l'apprentissage par problèmes." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6383.
Full textBenmimoune, Lamine. "Une approche pour la conception de systèmes d'aide à la décision médicale basés sur un raisonnement mixte à base de connaissance." Thesis, Belfort-Montbéliard, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BELF0307/document.
Full textTo support health professionals in their clinical processes, several monitoring and medical care systems have beenbuilt and deployed in the hospital setting. These systems are mainly used to collect medical data on patients,analyze and present the outcomes in different ways. They represent support and assistance to health professionalsin their decision making regarding the evolution in the health status of the patients followed. The use of suchsystems always requires an adaptation to both the medical field and the mode of intervention. It is necessary, in ahospital setting, to adapt and evolve these systems in a simple manner, limiting any corrective or evolutionarymaintenance. Moreover, these systems should be able to consider dynamically the domain knowledge from medicalexperts.To meet these requirements, we proposed an approach for the construction of a medical decision support system(MDSS). This MDSS can adapt to the medical field and to the appropriate mode of intervention to assist healthprofessionals in their clinical processes. This approach allows especially the organization of the medical datacollection by taking into account the patient¿s context, the ontology-based knowledge representation of the domainand permits the exploitation of the medical guidelines and the clinical experience.In continuity of our research team¿s previous work, we chose to expand with our approach, the E-care platformwhich is dedicated to monitoring and early detection of any abnormality of the health status of patients with chronicdiseases. We were able to adapt easily the E-care platform for the various experiments that have been conducted,including EPHAD of the Mutualité Française in Anjou-Mayenne, Hautepierre hospital and Lausanne hospital(CHUV).The outcomes of these experiments have shown the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Where, the adaptationof the platform regarding to the domain and mode of intervention of each of these experiments is limited to thesimple configuration. Furthermore, the proposed approach has attracted the interest of the medical staff regardingthe organization of the medical data collection, and the exploitation of the medical knowledge which bringsassistance to the health professionals for better decision making
Rasovska, Ivana. "Contribution à une méthodologie de capitalisation des connaissances basée sur le raisonnement à partir de cas : Application au diagnostic dans une plateforme d'e-maintenance." Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00257893.
Full textRasovska, Ivana. "Contribution à une méthodologie de capitalisation des connaissance basée sur le raisonnement à partir de cas : application au diagnostic dans une plateforme d'e-maintenance." Besançon, 2006. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00257893.
Full textFaced with the technological developments, the increasing complexity of the industrial plants and the processes dynamics as well as with organisational changes and staff mobility, maintenance managers want to formalise and capitalize the know and know-how of maintenance operators and experts. To deal with these factors, our objective is to provide a service of maintenance assistance that uses and capitalizes knowledge. Our work has been part of European project Proteus which goal was to develop a generic distributed platform of e-maintenance to integrate and to provide a set of different maintenance systems and applications. We specified four levels of maintenance applications associated each one with a set of decision help systems: equipment analysis, diagnosis and expertise, resource management and maintenance strategy management. These tools require an expertise which we propose to capitalize and preserve in a corporate enterprise memory. In order to create this memory and to develop our diagnostic and repair help system, we introduced a methodology based on the association of knowledge capitalization and knowledge intensive case based reasoning. The development of our system is based on knowledge modeling that consists of a representation model (domain ontology) and a problem solving model (case based reasoning). The suggested models use emerging technologies from the semantic Web which make possible the evolution of e-maintenance concept in a new concept of s-maintenance (semantic maintenance)
Ben, marzouka Wided. "Modélisation conjointe des connaissances humaines et machines pour de meilleurs approches d’aide à la décision." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Atlantique Bretagne Pays de la Loire, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024IMTA0452.
Full textThis research introduces a novel approach to modeling human and machine knowledge in the fault identification (FI). It makes three key contributions:(1) the structuring of the Hypothetical Case Base (H-CB), which captures the sequential reasoning of experts and organizes observations to enhance FI; (2) knowledge extraction, incorporating possibilistic reasoning to manage the heterogeneity of observed primitives, introduce a Possibilistic Knowledge Vector (PSK), and improve diagnostic accuracy through possibilistic similarity; and (3) an incremental learning mechanism that enables the continuous integration of new knowledge, allowing the system to evolve with newly encountered cases and refine decision-making. The proposed approach, Possibilistic Hypothetical Case-Based Reasoning (PH-CBR), has been experimentally validated. Results show significant improvements over traditional case-based reasoning methods, reducing the number of primitives required for FI and enhancing industrial machine efficiency by minimizing diagnostic time
Duverlie, Pascal. "Etude et proposition d'une méthode d'estimation du coût de revient technique appliquée à la production mécanique et basée sur le raisonnement à partir de cas." Valenciennes, 1996. https://ged.uphf.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/0c9debb3-533c-4df8-af63-c3b9782a3d9d.
Full textZidi, Amir. "Recherche d'information dirigée par les interfaces utilisateur : approche basée sur l'utilisation des ontologies de domaine." Thesis, Valenciennes, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015VALE0012/document.
Full textThis thesis study the using of ontologies in information retrieval systemdedicated to a specific domain. For that we propose a two-level approach to deal with i) the query formulation that assists the user in selecting concepts and properties of the used ontology ; ii) the query recommendation that uses the case-based reasoning method, where a new query is considered as a new case. Solving a new case consists of reusing similar cases from the history of the previous similar cases already processed. For the validation of the proposed approaches, a system was developed and a set of computational experimentations was made. Finally, research perspectives conclude that this present report
Saade, Mahmoud. "Etude du raisonnement temporel basé sur la résolution de contraintes." Artois, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008ARTO0409.
Full textRepresenting and reasoning about temporal and spatial information is a very important task in many applications of artificial intelligence. In the past two decades, several formalisms have been proposed for representing and reasoning about time and space by using qualitative constraint. In this thesis, we introduce and study a general definition of such formalisms considering qualitative formalisms based on basic relations of arbitrary arity. We also study the algorithms and heuristics proposed in the domain. We introduce two new notions the eligible constraints and the frozen constraints. We propose some new algorithms taking advantage of them. We compare in an empirical way our new algorithms to the previous ones. We describe our solver called QAT (for Qualitative Algebra Toolkit) which is a JAVA constraint programming library allowing to handle qualitative formalisms and constraint networks based on them. This solver is generic and it handles qualitative formalisms of any arity. We have implemented and integrated in QAT a number of specific modules about the notions proposed in this thesis
Chazara, Philippe. "Outils d'élaboration de stratégie de recyclage basée sur la gestion des connaissances : application au domaine du génie des procédés." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015INPT0141/document.
Full textIn this work, a study is realised about the creation of a new methodology allowing the generation and the assessment of new waste recovery processes. Three elements are proposed for that. The first one is the creation of a modelling framework permitting a structured and homogeneous representation of each recovery process and the criteria used to asses them. The second one is a system and a tool generating new recovery processes from others known. Finally, the last element is another tool to model, to estimate and to asses the generated processes. The creation of a modelling framework tries to create some categories of elements allowing the structuring of unit operations under different levels of description. Three levels have been identified. In the higher level, the Generic operation which describes global structure of operations. The second one is Generic treatment which is an intermediate level between the two others. It proposes here too categories of operations but more detailed than the higher level. The last one is the Unit operation. A second framework has been created. It is more conceptual and it has two components : blocs and systems. These frameworks are used with a set of selected indicators. In a desire of integrating our work in a sustainable development approach, an indicator has been chosen for each of its components: economical, environmental and social. In our study, the social impact is limited to the number of created jobs. To estimate this indicator, we proposed a new method based on economical values of a company. The tool for the generation of new waste recovery processes used the methodology of case-based reasoning CBR which is based on the knowledge management. Some difficult points are treated here to adapt the CBR to our problem. The structuring of knowledge and generally the source case generation is realised by a system based on connections between data and the use of inference mechanisms. The development of a new method for the similarity measure is designed with the introduction of common definition concept which allows linking states, simply put description of objects, to other states under different levels of conceptualizations and abstractions. This point permits creating many levels of description. Finally, recovery process is decomposed from a main problem to some sub-problems. This decomposition is a part of the adaptation mechanism of the selected source case. The realisation of this system is under logic programming with Prolog. This last one permits the use of rules allowing inferences and the backtracking system allowing the exploration to the different possible solution. The modelling and assessment of recovery processes are done by a tool programmed in Python. It uses the meta-programming to dynamically create model of operations or systems. Constraint rules define the behaviour of these models allowing controlling the flux circulating in each one. In the evaluation step, a parser is used to convert theses rules into a homogeneous system of constraint programming. This system can be solved by the use of solvers with an interface developed for that and added to the tool. Therefore, it is possible for the user to add solvers but also to add plug-ins. This plug-ins can make the assessment of the activity allowing to have different kinds of evaluation for the same criteria. Three plug-ins are developed, one for each selected criterion. These two methods are tested to permit the evaluation of the proposed model and to check the behaviour of them and their limits . For these tests, a case-base on waste has been created Finally, for the modelling and assessment tool, a study case about the recovery process of used tyres in new raw material is done
Künzle, Luis Allan. "Raisonnement temporel basé sur les réseaux de Petri pour les systèmes manipulant des ressources." Toulouse 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOU30150.
Full textBernard, Denys. "Un système de raisonnement temporel basé sur le calcul d'évènements pour l'ordonnancement en maintenance aéronautique." Toulouse 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992TOU30162.
Full textKhelif, Racha. "Estimation du RUL par des approches basées sur l'expérience : de la donnée vers la connaissance." Thesis, Besançon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BESA2019/document.
Full textOur thesis work is concerned with the development of experience based approachesfor criticalcomponent prognostics and Remaining Useful Life (RUL) estimation. This choice allows us to avoidthe problematic issue of setting a failure threshold.Our work was based on Case Based Reasoning (CBR) to track the health status of a new componentand predict its RUL. An Instance Based Learning (IBL) approach was first developed offering twoexperience formalizations. The first is a supervised method that takes into account the status of thecomponent and produces health indicators. The second is an unsupervised method that fuses thesensory data into degradation trajectories.The approach was then evolved by integrating knowledge. Knowledge is extracted from the sensorydata and is of two types: temporal that completes the modeling of instances and frequential that,along with the similarity measure refine the retrieval phase. The latter is based on two similaritymeasures: a weighted one between fixed parallel windows and a weighted similarity with temporalprojection through sliding windows which allow actual health status identification.Another data-driven technique was tested. This one is developed from features extracted from theexperiences that can be either mono or multi-dimensional. These features are modeled by a SupportVector Regression (SVR) algorithm. The developed approaches were assessed on two types ofcritical components: turbofans and ”Li-ion” batteries. The obtained results are interesting but theydepend on the type of the treated data
Tebaa, Gable Myriam. "Proposition d'un modèle de raisonnement expert en situation de résolution de problèmes, basé sur une approche systémique des activités cognitives de raisonnement : application au diagnostic médical." Besançon, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BESA2049.
Full textBarlatier, Patrick. "Conception et implantation d'un modèle de raisonnement sur les contextes basé sur une théorie des types et utilisant une ontologie de domaine." Chambéry, 2009. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00678447.
Full textThis approach suggests à possible solution for the following issue : how to formalize environments related to a given process and how to exploit the information they provide in order to start appropriate actions? For that purpose, we took an interest in the concepts of ontologies, contexts and actions. We have investigated the constructive type theory and extended it with extensional sub-typing (allowing for type hierarchies) and constants to result in what is called the Dependent Type Framework (DTF). DTF tries to combine a constructive logic with a functional programming language for the representation and reasoning about context and actions. It provides a high expressiveness, decidability of type checking and a powerful sub-typing mechanism. We show how to model both contexts with types in DTF from the given information about à problem and actions to start to solve it. Then, as a test of feasibility with the purpose of sensing the complexity of such a solution, a context prover has been built with à functional language. Finally, a test application called the wumpus world in which a software agent moves across a grid in an unknown environment is implemented
Dion-Routhier, Justine. "L'apprentissage par problème basé sur des questions socialement vives au primaire." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/32269.
Full textTutac, Épouse Branici Adina. "Représentation et raisonnement formels pour le pronostic basé sur l'imagerie médicale microscropique. Application à la graduation du cancer du sein." Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00560215.
Full textMonlon-Borrel, Jean-Louis. "Systèmes interactifs d'aide à la décision en agriculture : de l'intérêt d'un raisonnement basé sur les modèles et d'une approche orientée objets." Toulouse 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992TOU10010.
Full textData processing in agriculture is characterised by a wide range of packages but few of them are really decision support systems. Artificial intelligence and expert systems tried to make up for this lack, especially in the domain of diagnosis which is often the determining key of all decision support system. Knowledge representation with production rules allows declarative way of programming but this approach turns out to be inadequate and restrictive to such an extend that most expert systems weren't operational from then on, several proposals have been made for a new kind of decision support systems including a model-based reasoning method, a high level user interface and object oriented approach. All these proposals were validated by the system Rentagri for financial diagnosis in farm management
Aroua, Anissa. "Conception et réalisation d'un consultant basé sur le contexte : application en histopathologie pour la gradation du cancer du sein." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01062600.
Full textFosse, Pascal. "Une expérience sur le raisonnement en langage naturel : une étude de l'effet de contraintes syntaxico-sémantiques sur un mécanisme bi-directionnel basé sur des règles de production contextuelles." Paris 11, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA112334.
Full textThis thesis presents a natural-language question-answering system. We attempt to establish a link between a question and a knowledge base: taken from an encyclopedia. This link is made of a sequence of elementary steps of inference, each of which is performed by means of a "contextual production rule", acting on surface-level texts. The reasoning module basically operates as an inference engine. We explain here how we improved a previous version of this module, and particularly describe the implementation of two crucial points: first, an efficient pattern¬matching algorithm, especially designed for natural language strings, and second, the evaluation of syntactic and semantic functions. The efficiency of this new version is evaluated through a series of experiments. These experiments allow us: - to justify our choices corresponding to local strategies - to estimate the limits of the method - to measure the improvement we obtained, compared with the level of performance of the version we started with
Aroua, Anissa. "Conception et réalisation d'un consultant basé sur le contexte : application en histopathologie pour la gradation du cancer du sein." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066104.
Full textBreast cancer diagnosis is a human activity that is context-dependent. The context contains a large number of elements that limits strongly any possibility de complete automation. Recently, digitization of slides (reasoning support) prompted pathologists to migrate from slide analysis under microscope to slide image analysis on the screen. This migration offers a possibility of partial proceduralization of their analysis methods. In this thesis, we are interested on the activity of slide image analysis by a pathologist that is modeled in the Contextual-Graphs formalism with the goal to propose a solution to support pathologists in their diagnosis. Our Consultant belongs to the class of Context based Intelligent Assistant Systems. The main tool of the consultant is based on the simulation of expert practices described in a contextual graph. Starting from an image to analyze, the simulator will develop a practice that is the most adapted to the working context. The output of the simulation is the resulting practice and ll information about its development. The consultant proposes to the user a visualization of the different results for analysis and comparison
Tsopra, Tahiraly Rosy. "Conception et évaluation d'un système décisionnel informatisé basé sur le raisonnement des experts élaborant les guides de bonnes pratiques en antibiothérapie empirique." Thesis, Paris 13, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA132034/document.
Full textContext: CDSS (Clinical Decision Support System) for the empiric prescription of antibiotics present many limits: (i) recommendations are only given for clinical situations that are described in CPGs (Clinical Practice Guidelines); (ii) updating is infrequent; (iii) poor ergonomics is an impediment to clinical adoption. To overcome these limits, we propose an approach leading to a CDSS that is able to generate ecommendations as in CPGs, and to display recommendations in an interface supporting knowledge. Methods: Our approach consists in (i) extracting from CPGs the deep medical reasoning used by experts to establish recommendations, (ii) using the decision process in empiric antibiotherapy and the usability principles to design a pleasant interface. Results: The implementation of the medical reasoning of the experts as an algorithm using 12 properties of antibiotics, allows to retrieve automatically the recommended antibiotics for all clinical situations, without the intervention of the experts. These properties could be updated automatically thanks to others resources like drugs data bases. The design of an interface supporting knowledge according to the decision process in empiric antibiotherapy and the usability principles, improve significantly the perceived usability and the confidence in the system. Conclusion: The extrapolation of our approach to the chronic diseases should be assessed
Gomez, Dario. "Le prototypage basé sur des méta données phase 1 du cycle de développement." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30416/30416.pdf.
Full textDesigning information systems is a lengthy and complex process that leads to numerous failures. Prototyping has been proposed as a solution to improve the specifications' quality in the beginning of an information system's life cycle. Every information system (IS) is based upon the information architecture ; it is, before all, a content about the perceived reality. A "domain" is a formalization of the perceived reality in which the IS users identify the representations of facts (the data) by means of semantic keys. IS designers have to transform this model using their knowledge about the abstract functioning of computers. The objective of our research is to guide the action of requirements specification in the initial design phase of "Communication Customer - Designer" and in the beginning of the development phase "Communication Designer - Developer" using prototyping artifacts. Our work actually opens the way where it becomes possible to envisage that every modification during the information system's life cycle could be done from within the domain model, which is an input for the "prototyper" and becomes then itself an information system. Keywords : information system ; design method ; conceptual data model ; déclarative specification; executables pecification; prototype ; méta-data ; application architecture
Leclerc, Frédéric. "Effet de sélection du mode de rémunération basé sur l'aversion au risque : une expérience sur le terrain." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24422/24422.pdf.
Full textFavrel, José. "Impact de la représentation mentale des informations sur les processus déductifs : le cas des inférences transitives." Dijon, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002DIJOL006.
Full textThoumy, Andrée. "Effets d'une formation sur les obstacles à la pratique du raisonnement expérimental chez des enseignants de biologie au Liban." Paris 7, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA070029.
Full textThis research is an attempt to detect the obstacles met by preservice biology teachers, and to understand their strategies and procedures while practicing experimental reasoning that underlies an activity of sciences production, activity previously unknown by the examinees. It shows that many obstacles of different natures and at the different levels of this activity, i. E. , formulation of hypothesis, testing hypothesis and concluding, may interfere in the activity, such as decoding the instructions, the unfamiliarity of the task and other obstacles related to the level of development of subjects or to their conceptual knowledge. Despite these obstacles, the subjects try to keep an internal cognitive coherence. A strategy of training using 3 new procedures for learning: metacognitive activities, conjectures and refutations and abstraction of models allow the subjects to make significant gains. Trained subjects use now high level or performance, making economy of means and energy and are field-independant
Valentini, Alice. "Etude non-invasive du régime alimentaire basé sur le DNA barcoding : l’ours brun himalayen (Ursus arctos isabellinus) comme cas d’étude." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008GRE10030.
Full textThe study of food webs and their dynamics is fundamental to understand how the feeding habits of the different species can affect the community, th us improving our understanding of the functioning of the ecosystem as a whole. Furtherrnore, the study offeeding ecology becomes crucial when it concerns endangered species since a precise knowledge of their diet is to be gathered when designing reliable conservation strategies. A wide range of methodologies have been proposed for diet analysis, including simple ones, as visual observation of foraging behavior, and more complex on es such as Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy and DNA based methods, such as DNA barcoding ln this study we propose the tmL (UAA) intron as marker for plant DNA barcoding. The power and the limitations ofthis system were evaluated as weil as the possibility of species identification with highly degraded DNA. This system has been coupled with massively parallel pyrosequencing technique for diet analysis of herbivores We demonstrate the efficiency of this new approach by analyzing the diet of various herbivorous species. Furtherrnore, our approach was coupled with individual and sex identification using microsatellites polymorphism in the Himalayan brown bear (Ursus arctos isabellinus). We examined this population using a combination of fecal DNA analysis and field data with the aim to study individual and sexual differentiation in the diet, and also temporal and geographical variations
Greboval, Marie-Hélène. "La production d'explications, vue comme une tâche de conception : contribution au projet AIDE." Compiègne, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994COMPD752.
Full textFICET, CAUCHARD VALERIE. "Realisation d'un systeme d'aide a la conception d'applications de traitement d'images : une approche basee sur le raisonnement a partir de cas." Caen, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999CAEN2003.
Full textCaffin, Jean-Hugues. "L’aide au développement et le financement basé sur la performance : quelle performativité ? : analyse du processus de conceptualisation et de diffusion du financement basé sur la performance dans la gestion des systèmes de santé africains par la Banque Mondiale et l’USAID : étude du cas du Programme national de financement basé sur les résultats du Ministère de la Santé du Sénégal." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01E037/document.
Full textPerformance-based financing is a management approach promoted by the World Bank (WB) and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) that is rapidly being mainstreamed in development assistance programs. In a context where many studies have demonstrated the subjectivity of the link between the fight against poverty and the "good policies" recommended by the WB in the context of performance-based allocation (or selectivity), it seems relevant to question the performativity of this new instrument. Drawing jointly on actor-network theory and neo-institutional theories, we analyze the process of designing, experimenting, disseminating and implementing the instrument in the field of health policy reforms at the global level and then at the national level.At the global level, we study the conceptualization of the instrument, which we place in agenealogy of the neoliberal network's performance of development aid and global healthcarepolicies. We then analyze its experimentation in Rwanda, as part of a market-based regulationfor healthcare systems implemented through: (I) the deployment of activity-based payments to transform healthcare structures into autonomous economic actors (on the supply side), and (II) the creation of private community-based insurance structures designed to develop purchasing strategies (on the demand side). Finally, we study the instrument’s institutional diffusion under the effects of (I) a promotion of the Rwandan experiment decontextualized from the country’sspecific political situation, and (II) an incentive mechanism allowing the enrolment of both WB’sofficials and the ministries that are benefitting from the WB’s aid. At the national level, we have studied the influence strategy of a coalition of actors composedof the WB and USAID to promote the dissemination of these reforms in Senegal. We present the process of adoption of the reforms by the Ministry of Health, the failure of a competing regulatory model that was being tested by Belgian technical cooperation, and then the pressure exerted by the WB to coerce the government into internalizing the promoted model.We then put into perspective the abandonment of the market-based regulatory model that was initially announced, in favor of a new transnational regulation, materialized by activity-basedfinancing contracts that are directly controlled by the WB
Lusinchi, Dominic. "La statistique appliquée : usage et signification dans les sciences sociales : essai de recherche méthodologique basé sur des études de cas aux États-Unis." Paris 8, 2008. http://octaviana.fr/document/137824084#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0.
Full textThis study examines the statistical tools available to social science practitioners. The last 30 years have witnessed a considerable development in statistical techniques, both numerical and graphical. This is in large part a result of the application of statistical methods to an ever increasing number of fields, and also of the emergence, barely 20 years ago, of the personal computer. Using real data from surveys and other studies conducted in the U. S. , this research will show how important problems that arise in empirical data can be tackled by relying on well-known as well as relatively recent statistical techniques. Applied statistics is not simply an array of procedures; it is above all a way of thinking about empirical data, specifically how to discriminate between real and chance effects. This research endeavors to show that the role of applied statistics is to reveal both the meaning of the data and their limitations. The application of statistical methods to empirical data can often act as a catalyst to stimulate the sociological imagination
Barros, de Mendonça Sávio. "Modèle conceptuel d'évaluation de l'impact de l'innovation : basé sur des études de cas des organisations de recherche agricole en France, Brésil et Australie." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG021/document.
Full textAgricultural research has an important role for the world population by considering it as a strategic area for providing knowledge and technological base for agricultural production. This sector generates outputs, outcomes with respective impacts to rural zones, supply chains, economy, society and environment. The agricultural research & innovation represents a key piece for reaching the United Nations sustainable development goals (SDG), especially to SDG 2 and 12 – to promote sustainable agricultural to eliminate hunger and improving nutrition, as well as to promote sustainable consumption and production, respectively. In order to check whether agricultural research organizations generate sustainable impacts, it is necessary to assess the impacts of their innovations. Funders, supreme auditing institutions, parliament, government, producers, supply chains, consumers and all society require transparency, efficacity, and effectivity of public organizations: they must highlight return of public investment as well as generate positive impact to the economy and society, and minimize negative impacts to the environment. Many public research organizations around the world have developed impact assessment processes. There is no flawed theories and practices approaches to impact assessment context. Therefore, this research seeks to fill gaps or to supplement the existing approaches. The main thesis objective is to summarize theoretical and practical studied approaches on impact assessment, including the experiences of four research organizations, and to develop a conceptual model of innovation impact assessment management system, especially applicable to agricultural research organizations. It adopts a methodology based on literature review, four cases of a comparative study of agricultural research organizations (Cirad and Inra from France, Embrapa from Brazil, and CSIRO from Australia), and benchmarking these experiences studied. The innovative contributions of this thesis are I. construction of a conceptual model of an impact assessment management system based on the open innovation process; II. the model of innovation impact assessment management system considers a cross-cut view of sustainability, integrating the environmental, social, political and economic dimensions; III. the innovation impact assessment system will be based on a unique managerial process that regards ex-ante and ex-post assessment stages according to its respective temporality; IV. the management of the innovation and impact assessment processes foresees the insertion of behavioral approaches such as concepts of holism, constructivism, transdisciplinarity and agile management practices as essential requirements for the effective engagement of the internal and external actors and the effectiveness of the evaluation process. This thesis has an original approach by bringing a research governance tool with an innovative focus on ex-ante and ex-post impact management, helping research and innovation organizations to become increasingly sustainable in their institutional missions, thus contributing to the achievement of the UN's sustainable development goals towards more productive and sustainable agriculture
Charles, Anne. "Aide à la détection d'anomalies de fonctionnement de systèmes dynamiques : une approche fondée sur des modèles qualitatifs et quantitatifs." Compiègne, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992COMPD494.
Full textClément, Elisabeth. "Economie scripturale des adolescents : enquête sur les usages de l'écrit de lycéens." Caen, 2013. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00911228.
Full textTeenagers write today in multiple formats, whether paper or digital. Their uses are not known precisely. An ethnographic investigation leads us to observe and meet with teens for two years in order to clarify their uses. Writing is approached here in terms of geography and information science in order to clarify its place in their life. This thesis tries to understand what role the writing plays in the process identity of adolescents in all the technical, social and spatial layouts and devices in which they are enrolled. The methodological and epistemological support is based on the notion of situation and the case thinking. Both detailed descriptions of writing situations and portraits of adolescents afford to identify their uses in most of their activities. With the survey results, we invite to reconsider the study of literacy and to pave the road for a geography of writing
Hachicha, Maroua. "Un modèle de prise de décision basé sur la performace des procesus métiers collaboratifs." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE2028.
Full textThis thesis focuses on improving the performance evaluation of collaborative business processes. It is about pursuing the evolution of the collaboration between the company and its partners. In the beginning, three abstraction levels were identified: Business, functional and application. Then, we developed a top-down approach from the business level to the application level. In the business level, different key performance indicators have been proposed through the ECOGRAI method. In the application level, we proposed an analytical repository containing functional technical indicators such as duration, input, output, and non-functional, including maturity, risk, and interoperability based on execution traces. We have thus proposed an ontological model in order to capitalize and enrich the semantics of the performance of these processes. We proposed a bottom-up model for the aggregation of technical indicators at the business level. The main objective of this aggregation is the correlation between the behavior of the aggregated business application from the execution and the evolution of the business indicators. Another business event management model was also proposed to consolidate the learning process of our approach. Moreover, to ensure the convergence of performance, we have combined traces management and business event management. This combination allows to accompany the evolution of the collaborative business processes during their execution. The aforementionedaccompaniment favors the obtaining of a diagnosis on performance to be used for decision-making. The latter is closely linked to the detection of alerts and particularly to the anticipation of deviations in performance as quickly as possible. To validate the scientific contribution of this thesis, a case study was carried out on a process of creation of quote within the framework of the European project FITMAN
Armaghan, Negar Renaud Jean. "Contribution à un système de retour d'expérience basé sur le raisonnement à partir de cas conversationnel application à la gestion des pannes de machines industrielles /." S. l. : INPL, 2009. http://www.scd.inpl-nancy.fr/theses/2009_ARMAGHAN_N.pdf.
Full textDurand-Guerrier, Viviane. "Recherches sur l'articulation entre la logique et le raisonnement mathématique dans une perspective didactique. Un cas exemplaire de l'interaction entre analyses épistémologique et didactique. Apports de la théorie élémentaire des modèles pour une analyse didactique du raisonnement mathématique." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00201626.
Full textLes résultats obtenus dans ce cadre théorique général permettent d'envisager un programme de recherche suivant deux axes complémentaires. Le premier axe concerne le développement des travaux visant à élucider le rôle que joue le formalisme logique dans l'élaboration des connaissances mathématiques au niveau de l'enseignement universitaire en lien avec la mise en œuvre d'ingénieries didactiques. Le second axe concerne la poursuite des recherches amorcées sur le croisement entre analyses didactiques et analyses dynamiques du discours dans la classe de mathématiques en mobilisant les ressources offertes par la sémantique logique.
Wahl, François. "Un environnement d'aide aux ingénieurs basé sur une architecture en tâches et sur un module de visualisation de courbes. Application à la conception de procédés de raffinage." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1994. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00529958.
Full textTellier, Sylvain. "Proposition d'un cadre de référence favorisant une utilisation adéquate d'un système d'évaluation du rendement par attentes signifiées basé sur les résultats, étude de cas : la Société d'assurance automobile du Québec." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0010/MQ33791.pdf.
Full textBrouilhet, Laura. "Généralisation des protocoles en cas multi-utilisateurs." Thesis, Limoges, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIMO0062.
Full textIn this thesis, we use building blocks to propose new one or with new interesting properties. First, we propose a attribute-based designated verifier signature thanks to an IBE. Security properties are proven under usual hypothesis. Then, we introduce our round-optimal constant-size blind signature thanks to Fischlin framework and NIZK. As a side result, we propose a constant-size signature on randomizable ciphertexts. Then, we introduce a new IBE which allows a tracer, given a tracing key associated to an identity, to filter all the ciphertexts that are sent to this specific identity (and only those). Two applications of this protocols are proposed. We show that our modification doesn’t alter the security of IBE. Finally, we present a threshold signature between an user, a token and a server thanks to different building blocks like SPHF or assymetric Waters signature. The security of the construction is proven under regular assumptions like CDH+ or DDH
Clément-Schneider, Élisabeth. "Économie scripturale des adolescents : enquête sur les usages de l'écrit de lycéens." Phd thesis, Université de Caen, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00911228.
Full textAhmed, Mohamed Salem. "Contribution à la statistique spatiale et l'analyse de données fonctionnelles." Thesis, Lille 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL30047/document.
Full textThis thesis is about statistical inference for spatial and/or functional data. Indeed, weare interested in estimation of unknown parameters of some models from random or nonrandom(stratified) samples composed of independent or spatially dependent variables.The specificity of the proposed methods lies in the fact that they take into considerationthe considered sample nature (stratified or spatial sample).We begin by studying data valued in a space of infinite dimension or so-called ”functionaldata”. First, we study a functional binary choice model explored in a case-controlor choice-based sample design context. The specificity of this study is that the proposedmethod takes into account the sampling scheme. We describe a conditional likelihoodfunction under the sampling distribution and a reduction of dimension strategy to definea feasible conditional maximum likelihood estimator of the model. Asymptotic propertiesof the proposed estimates as well as their application to simulated and real data are given.Secondly, we explore a functional linear autoregressive spatial model whose particularityis on the functional nature of the explanatory variable and the structure of the spatialdependence. The estimation procedure consists of reducing the infinite dimension of thefunctional variable and maximizing a quasi-likelihood function. We establish the consistencyand asymptotic normality of the estimator. The usefulness of the methodology isillustrated via simulations and an application to some real data.In the second part of the thesis, we address some estimation and prediction problemsof real random spatial variables. We start by generalizing the k-nearest neighbors method,namely k-NN, to predict a spatial process at non-observed locations using some covariates.The specificity of the proposed k-NN predictor lies in the fact that it is flexible and allowsa number of heterogeneity in the covariate. We establish the almost complete convergencewith rates of the spatial predictor whose performance is ensured by an application oversimulated and environmental data. In addition, we generalize the partially linear probitmodel of independent data to the spatial case. We use a linear process for disturbancesallowing various spatial dependencies and propose a semiparametric estimation approachbased on weighted likelihood and generalized method of moments methods. We establishthe consistency and asymptotic distribution of the proposed estimators and investigate thefinite sample performance of the estimators on simulated data. We end by an applicationof spatial binary choice models to identify UADT (Upper aerodigestive tract) cancer riskfactors in the north region of France which displays the highest rates of such cancerincidence and mortality of the country
Audétat, Marie-Claude. "Le test de concordance de script (TCS) explore-t-il des processus de raisonnement clinique différents de ceux du QCM à contexte riche (basés sur des cas cliniques) ? : et si oui, quels sont-ils ?" Thèse, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/8241.
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