Journal articles on the topic 'Rainwater tank'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Rainwater tank.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Rainwater tank.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Kim, Mikyeong, Gippeum Bak, and Mooyoung Han. "Comparing the microbial characteristics of rainwater in two operating rainwater tanks with different surface-to-volume ratios." Water Science and Technology 64, no. 3 (August 1, 2011): 627–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.626.
Full textAbstract:
In this study, the microbial characteristics of rainwater in two tanks with different surface-to-volume ratios were investigated and compared to determine how the internal design features of storage tanks affect water quality. The particle and nutrient parameters of the rainwater, including turbidity, suspended solids, total organic carbon, and total phosphate, were lower in Tank 2, which had a surface-to-volume ratio 7.5 times greater than that of Tank 1. In addition, although the rainwater was collected from the same catchment area, the water in Tank 1 had greater numbers of bacteria, and the bacterial communities in the water differed between the two storage tanks. It appears that the differences in the inside surface structures of the rainwater tanks affected the microbial ecosystems. Increasing the surface-to-volume ratio in rainwater tanks may affect rainwater quality, because this extends the area for biofilm development. Further study of the role of biofilm in rainwater tank is required precisely, and its function needs to be considered in the design and management of rainwater tanks.
2
Tapsuwan, Sorada, Stephen Cook, and Magnus Moglia. "Willingness to Pay for Rainwater Tank Features: A Post-Drought Analysis of Sydney Water Users." Water 10, no. 9 (September 6, 2018): 1199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10091199.
Full textAbstract:
The Millennium Drought across Australia during the 2000s placed cities under pressure in providing urban water security. In Sydney, Australia’s largest city, a comprehensive water demand programme triggered a significant reduction in per capita water consumption. The water demand programme included incentives for the installation of rainwater tanks. This paper explores the willingness to pay (WTP) for rainwater tank features in the post-drought context. Rainwater tanks have been demonstrated as an effective measure to reduce mains water demand, but they also provide broader environmental and economic benefits, such as the reduction of urban runoff to waterways and deferred capital investment in augmenting capacity of water supply system. Therefore, there is the need to better understand WTP for rainwater tank features across the community. An online survey was administered to a sample of Sydney households, with 127 respondents completing a rainwater tank choice experiment that explored their WTP for different rainwater tank features and the socio-psychological constructs that might influence their tendency to adopt rainwater tanks. The results demonstrated that householders surveyed valued slimline rainwater tanks, as they are likely to be less obstructive, particularly given the trend for smaller lot sizes and increased building size. Householders also placed greater value on connecting the rainwater tank to outdoor demands, which may be influenced by perceived vulnerability of outdoor uses to water restrictions relative to indoor uses. The survey analysis also identified that the householders most receptive to installing a rainwater tank are likely to be conformists, who compare themselves to peers, and spend significant effort when making decisions, and are already taking actions to conserve water. The findings are of significance when targeting future education programmes and designing financial incentives to encourage rainwater tank adoption.
3
Han, M. Y., and J. S. Mun. "Particle behaviour consideration to maximize the settling capacity of rainwater storage tanks." Water Science and Technology 56, no. 11 (December 1, 2007): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.778.
Full textAbstract:
Design of a rainwater storage tank is mostly based on the mass balance of rainwater with respect to the tank, considering aspects such as rainfall runoff, water usage and overflow. So far, however, little information is available on the quality aspects of the stored rainwater, such as the behavior of particles, the effect of retention time of the water in the tank and possible influences of system configuration on water quality in the storage tank. In this study, we showed that the performance of rainwater storage tanks could be maximized by recognizing the importance of water quality improvement by sedimentation and the importance of the system configuration within the tank, as well as the efficient collection of runoff. The efficiency of removal of the particles was increased by there being a considerable distance between the inlet and the outlet in the rainwater storage tank. Furthermore, it is recommended that the effective water depth in a rainwater tank be designed to be more than 3 m and that the rainwater be drawn from as close to the water surface as possible by using a floating suction device. An operation method that increases the retention time by stopping rainwater supply when the turbidity of rainwater runoff is high will ensure low turbidity in the rainwater collected from the tank.
4
Sharma, Ashok, and Ted Gardner. "Comprehensive Assessment Methodology for Urban Residential Rainwater Tank Implementation." Water 12, no. 2 (January 21, 2020): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12020315.
Full textAbstract:
Rainwater tanks are increasingly being implemented as part of the integrated urban water management paradigm where all sources of water, including potable, stormwater and recycled, are considered eligible to contribute to the urban water supply. Over the last decade or so, there has been a rapid uptake of rainwater tank systems in urban areas, especially in Australian cities, encouraged through financial incentives, but more importantly, from change in residential building codes effectively mandating the installation of rainwater tanks. Homes with rainwater tanks in Australian cities have increased from 15% to 28% over six years to 2013. These building codes specify certain rainwater tank specifications to achieve a stated rainwater use, and hence potable water savings. These specifications include minimum rainwater tank size, minimum connected roof area, plumbing for internal supply for toilets and washing machines, and external supply for garden watering. These expected potable water savings from households are often factored into regional strategic water planning objectives. Hence if rainwater tanks do not deliver the expected saving due to sub-standard installation and/or poor maintenance, it will have an adverse impact on the regional water plan in the longer term. In this paper, a methodology to assess the effectiveness of a government rainwater tank policy in achieving predicted potable water savings is described and illustrated with a case study from South East Queensland, Australia. It is anticipated that water professionals across the globe should be able to use the same methodology to assess the effectiveness of similar rainwater policies, or indeed any other distributed water saving policy, in their local planning communities.
5
Byard, Roger W. "Rainwater tank drowning." Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine 15, no. 8 (November 2008): 533–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2008.05.003.
Full text
6
Bos, Darren G. "Private assets for public benefit: the challenge of long-term management of domestic rainwater tanks." Blue-Green Systems 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/bgs.2021.003.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This study explored the relationship private landowners have with their domestic rainwater tank and how that relationship influences the reliability of privately operated rainwater tanks for long-term performance and delivery of service. It found that tank owners generally placed a high value on their tank, desired to have them fully operational and made a reasonable effort to keep them functioning. However, the frequency and extent of maintenance action and effort was variable, and in the context of a private residence, rainwater tanks were typically afforded a low relative priority for repair when compared with other residential assets. This low relative priority could be a primary driver for the reported delay between when a fault occurs with the tank and when it is repaired. This ‘repair lag’ means that a portion of domestic rainwater tanks are likely to be non-operational at any one time. When planning a decentralised system for the management of stormwater, redundancies should be included to cover these gaps in service delivery. It is also recommended that programmes that support private landowners to maintain their rainwater tanks are implemented to minimise repair lag.
7
Rodrigo, S., M. Sinclair, and K. Leder. "A survey of the characteristics and maintenance of rainwater tanks in urban areas of South Australia." Water Science and Technology 61, no. 6 (March 1, 2010): 1569–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.055.
Full textAbstract:
Households resident in metropolitan Adelaide and surrounding areas in South Australia were recruited into a randomised controlled trial. A total of 630 rainwater tanks with a total tank capacity of 14.5 ML were installed at the 325 households surveyed. The majority of the tanks were plumbed into the kitchen (64.6%), over 10 years in age (45.5%), over 15,000 L in capacity (42.5%) and composed of galvanised steel (36.9%). Over 90% of the households undertook one or more prevention and maintenance strategies for reducing contamination of collected rainwater. The use of first flush diverters was reported by 30.8% households, the presence of leaf control devices on the tank by 57.2%, and the presence of leaf control screens on gutters by 25.5% households. Most households reported that the rainwater tank was cleaned at some time, with 50.4% of these households stating that tank cleaning occurred 1 to 5 years previously, and 31.9% more than 5 years prior to enrolment Rainwater from the main drinking tank was sampled from a subset of households for turbidity and metals (Al, Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Pb, Zn). This information regarding tank characteristics and degree of adherence to recommended maintenance procedures may assist understanding of variability in rainwater quality data and may help determine whether untreated rainwater can be considered a safe water supply for household purposes including drinking.
8
Coombes, P. J., and M. E. Barry. "The effect of selection of time steps and average assumptions on the continuous simulation of rainwater harvesting strategies." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 4 (February 1, 2007): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.102.
Full textAbstract:
The use of domestic rainwater tanks with back up from mains water supplies in urban areas can produce considerable reductions in mains water demands and stormwater runoff. It is commonplace to analyse the performance of rainwater tanks using continuous simulation with daily time steps and average water use assumptions. This paper compares this simplistic analysis to more detailed analysis that employs 6 minute time steps and climate dependent water demand. The use of daily time steps produced considerable under-estimation of annual rainwater yields that were dependent on tank size, rain depth, seasonal distribution of rainfall, water demand and tank configuration. It is shown that analysis of the performance of rainwater tanks is critically dependent on detailed inputs.
9
Lawrence, Dustin, and Vicente L. Lopes. "RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF URBAN RAINWATER HARVESTING." Journal of Urban and Environmental Engineering 10, no. 1 (August 23, 2016): 124–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4090/juee.2016.v10n1.124-134.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study was to inform decision makers at state and local levels, as well as property owners about the amount of water that can be supplied by rainwater harvesting systems in Texas so that it may be included in any future planning. Reliability of a rainwater tank is important because people want to know that a source of water can be depended on. Performance analyses were conducted on rainwater harvesting tanks for three Texas cities under different rainfall conditions and multiple scenarios to demonstrate the importance of optimizing rainwater tank design. Reliability curves were produced and reflect the percentage of days in a year that water can be supplied by a tank. Operational thresholds were reached in all scenarios and mark the point at which reliability increases by only 2% or less with an increase in tank size. A payback period analysis was conducted on tank sizes to estimate the amount of time it would take to recoup the cost of installing a rainwater harvesting system.
10
Lawrence, Dustin, and Vicente L. Lopes. "RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF URBAN RAINWATER HARVESTING." Journal of Urban and Environmental Engineering 10, no. 1 (August 23, 2016): 124–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4090/juee.2016.v10n1.124134.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study was to inform decision makers at state and local levels, as well as property owners about the amount of water that can be supplied by rainwater harvesting systems in Texas so that it may be included in any future planning. Reliability of a rainwater tank is important because people want to know that a source of water can be depended on. Performance analyses were conducted on rainwater harvesting tanks for three Texas cities under different rainfall conditions and multiple scenarios to demonstrate the importance of optimizing rainwater tank design. Reliability curves were produced and reflect the percentage of days in a year that water can be supplied by a tank. Operational thresholds were reached in all scenarios and mark the point at which reliability increases by only 2% or less with an increase in tank size. A payback period analysis was conducted on tank sizes to estimate the amount of time it would take to recoup the cost of installing a rainwater harvesting system.
11
Ahmed, W., L. Hodgers, J. P. S. Sidhu, and S. Toze. "Fecal Indicators and Zoonotic Pathogens in Household Drinking Water Taps Fed from Rainwater Tanks in Southeast Queensland, Australia." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78, no. 1 (October 21, 2011): 219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.06554-11.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTIn this study, the microbiological quality of household tap water samples fed from rainwater tanks was assessed by monitoring the numbers ofEscherichia colibacteria and enterococci from 24 households in Southeast Queensland (SEQ), Australia. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) was also used for the quantitative detection of zoonotic pathogens in water samples from rainwater tanks and connected household taps. The numbers of zoonotic pathogens were also estimated in fecal samples from possums and various species of birds by using qPCR, as possums and birds are considered to be the potential sources of fecal contamination in roof-harvested rainwater (RHRW). Among the 24 households, 63% of rainwater tank and 58% of connected household tap water (CHTW) samples containedE. coliand exceeded Australian drinking water guidelines of <1 CFUE. coliper 100 ml water. Similarly, 92% of rainwater tanks and 83% of CHTW samples also contained enterococci. In all, 21%, 4%, and 13% of rainwater tank samples containedCampylobacterspp.,Salmonellaspp., andGiardia lamblia, respectively. Similarly, 21% of rainwater tank and 13% of CHTW samples containedCampylobacterspp. andG. lamblia, respectively. The number ofE. coli(P= 0.78),Enterococcus(P= 0.64),Campylobacter(P= 0.44), andG. lamblia(P= 0.50) cells in rainwater tanks did not differ significantly from the numbers observed in the CHTW samples. Among the 40 possum fecal samples tested,Campylobacterspp.,Cryptosporidium parvum, andG. lambliawere detected in 60%, 13%, and 30% of samples, respectively. Among the 38 bird fecal samples tested,Campylobacterspp.,Salmonellaspp.,C. parvum, andG. lambliawere detected in 24%, 11%, 5%, and 13% of the samples, respectively. Household tap water samples fed from rainwater tanks tested in the study appeared to be highly variable. Regular cleaning of roofs and gutters, along with pruning of overhanging tree branches, might also prove effective in reducing animal fecal contamination of rainwater tanks.
12
Magyar, M. I., V. G. Mitchell, A. R. Ladson, and C. Diaper. "An investigation of rainwater tanks quality and sediment dynamics." Water Science and Technology 56, no. 9 (November 1, 2007): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.738.
Full textAbstract:
Rainwater tanks are being introduced into urban areas in Australia to supplement centralised potable supply systems. A pilot scale tank study and a full-scale field tank study found that heavy metal concentrations in water samples taken from the tank's supply point can, in some cases, exceed levels recommended by guidelines. Both studies also found very high concentrations of heavy metals in the sediments accumulated at the base of rainwater tanks. Laboratory experiments are underway to investigate sediment transport processes within a full-scale tank. Preliminary results demonstrate the effect of sediment resuspension on the quality of water released from the tank outlet. Improved tank designs that reduce sediment resuspension and mitigate impacts on water quality are the focus of future work.
13
Saputra, Ade Jaya, and Priscillia Fu. "ANALISIS PENERAPAN SISTEM RAINWATER TANK DI PERUMAHAN CITRA INDAH BATAM CENTER." Inersia: Jurnal Teknik Sipil 13, no. 1 (April 27, 2021): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33369/ijts.13.1.31-40.
Full textAbstract:
Perkembangan penduduk di kota Batam mengakibatkan peningkatan frekuensi terjadinya banjir yang terjadi terutama di Perumahan Citra Indah, Batam Center. Untuk mengatasi masalah yang timbul akibat peningkatan frekuensi terjadinya banjir, maka dilakukan analisis penerapan sistem rainwater tank pada kawasan perumahan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perencanaan raintwater tank dan mengetahui jumlah air dan biaya yang dihemat dengan sistem rainwater tank untuk kawasan perumahan Citra Indah, Batam Center. Penelitian ini menganalisis kebutuhan tanki yang diperlukan untuk 4 tipe rumah di perumahan Citra Indah. Data perumahan diperoleh dari PT Bangun Arsikon Batindo dan data curah hujan dari Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi dan Geofisika (BMKG) Kota Batam. Metode perhitungan dengan menggunakan curah hujan andalan 80% berdasarkan curah hujan tahun 2010-2019 dan luas atap rumah sebagai luas penangkapan. Hasil analisa penerapan sistem rainwater tank di perumahan Citra Indah, untuk tipe rumah 120/162 membutuhkan tanki dengan volume 10,45 m3, tipe rumah 103/120 membutuhkan tanki dengan volume 9,72 m3, tipe rumah 78/105 membutuhkan tanki dengan volume 9,00 m3 dan tipe rumah 50/90 membutuhkan tanki dengan volume 8,79 m3. Penerapan sistem tersebut dapat menghemat penggunaan air sebesar 7,344 m3/bulan dan Rp 705.024/tahun.
14
Fujihara, Masayuki. "Wise Use of Rainwater : Rainwater Storage Tank and Rainwater Infiltration Facility." Journal of Rainwater Catchment Systems 17, no. 2 (2012): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.7132/jrcsa.kj00008045239.
Full text
15
Khastagir, A., and L. N. N. Jayasuriya. "Impacts of using rainwater tanks on stormwater harvesting and runoff quality." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 2 (July 1, 2010): 324–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.283.
Full textAbstract:
The popularity of rainwater use in Australia depends completely on the individual householder's preference. The quality of reticulated water supplies in major cities of Australia is far superior to water stored in rainwater tanks. However, due to persistent drought and the implementation of stringent water restrictions, cities such as Melbourne have encouraged the use of rainwater harvesting within the property. The benefits of trapping stormwater within a property and using it effectively also reduce polluted runoff excess reaching receiving water. The study reported herein focuses on the effectiveness of rainwater tanks as a potential water sensitive urban design element used to manage stormwater using the MUSIC model. The study shows that the installation of a 3 kL tank reduces hydraulic loading by 75%, Total Suspended Solids by 97%, Total Phosphorous by 90% and Total Nitrogen by 81% if the rainwater stored in the tank is used to meet the indoor demand (toilet flushing and laundry use) as well as the outdoor demand (garden watering).
16
Tjandraatmadja, G., C. Pollard, A. Sharma, and T. Gardner. "How supply system design can reduce the energy footprint of rainwater supply in urban areas in Australia." Water Supply 13, no. 3 (May 1, 2013): 753–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2013.057.
Full textAbstract:
In Australia rainwater tanks are used in cities to reduce demand of mains water and increase the resilience of cities to drought. Rainwater is collected in a tank and supplied to a dwelling through a small pump. Typically the energy footprint for rainwater supply (in kWh/kL) is higher than for centralised water supply, but it can also vary markedly from dwelling to dwelling (0.4–11 kWh/kL). This study aimed to understand how the design of the rainwater supply system from the collection tank to the household can reduce the energy consumption of pumping. We examined the operation of a range of system components for rainwater supply, such as pumps, switches and pressure vessels, in a controlled residential environment (a model house) to understand their impact on the energy required for rainwater supply in urban dwellings. Results show that urban rainwater applications have flow and volume requirements which cause pumps to operate at high energy for rainwater delivery. Matching pump sizes to end use requirements and adoption of ancillary devices (pressure vessels and header tanks) have the potential to lower the energy footprint for rainwater supply. However, the energy savings can be constrained by dwelling characteristics, appliances and system design.
17
Baguma, David, Willibald Loiskandl, Ika Darnhofer, Helmut Jung, and Michael Hauser. "Knowledge of measures to safeguard harvested rainwater quality in rural domestic households." Journal of Water and Health 8, no. 2 (November 9, 2009): 334–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2009.030.
Full textAbstract:
Given the possibility of waterborne diseases caused by inappropriate rainwater harvesting systems, a survey was conducted in Uganda to assess existing knowledge of both physical and non-physical measures that safeguard harvested rainwater. Households who had received rainwater tanks were assessed on issues related to harvested rainwater quality. The study shows that 84% of respondents were aware of various sources of rainwater contamination, but only 5% were aware that they needed to adjust use of rainwater, depending on whether they cleaned the tank or not. Most of the respondents were not aware that gutter cleaning was necessary to improve water quality. Indeed, as the water from the collection surface is channelled through gutters, a number of measures need to be taken to control the entry of contaminations and subsequent growth of pathogens in the tank, e.g. first flush diverts, installation of filters, chemical use and mesh cleaning. The majority, however, did not take adequate care of the gutters and this impacts on health and social livelihood. Overall, the findings emphasize the need to provide more information to households when installing water harvesting tanks to ensure that the harvested rainwater is of high quality.
18
Kim, Mikyeong, and Mooyoung Han. "Composition and distribution of bacteria in an operating rainwater harvesting tank." Water Science and Technology 63, no. 7 (April 1, 2011): 1524–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.410.
Full textAbstract:
In this study, we investigated the phylogenetic distribution of the bacteria present in an operating rainwater tank by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), and compared the bacterial composition in rainwater and biofilm from the inlet and outlet of the tank. Seventeen species were identified, the DGGE profiles of which showed a clear difference between the planktonic bacterial community and the community in the biofilm. Most of the bacteria were closely related to fresh water, soil, and biofilm bacteria found in natural environments. The high proportion of Proteobacteria indicates the generally clean oligotrophic nature of the tank water. Biofilm formation is an advantage for bacteria that exist in oligotrophic environments. The groups identified in the biofilm, such as Sphingomonas, Bacillus, and Sphingophyxis, have been demonstrated to degrade certain contaminants and to act as bio-control agents. Thus, biofilm formation in rainwater tanks not only represents a survival strategy for bacteria, but also serves as a natural filter by removing contaminants and bacteria from rainwater.
19
Spinks, Jean, Suzanne Phillips, Priscilla Robinson, and Paul Van Buynder. "Bushfires and tank rainwater quality: A cause for concern?" Journal of Water and Health 4, no. 1 (March 1, 2006): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2006.0001.
Full textAbstract:
In early 2003, after a prolonged drought period, extensive bushfires occurred in the east of Victoria affecting 1.5 million hectares of land. At the time, smoke and ash from bushfires, settling on roofs, contained pollutants that could potentially contaminate rainwater collected and stored in tanks for domestic use. The major concerns include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from incomplete combustion of organic matter and arsenic from burnt copper chrome arsenate (CCA) treated wood. An increase in microbial contamination through altered nutrient levels was also hypothesised. A pilot study of 49 rainwater tank owners was undertaken in north-east Victoria. A rainwater tank sample was taken and analysed for a variety of parameters including organic compounds, microbiological indicators, metals, nutrients and physico-chemical parameters. A survey was administered concurrently. A number of results were outside the Australian Drinking Water Guideline (ADWG) values for metals and microbiological indicator organisms, but not for any tested organic compounds. PAHs and arsenic are unlikely to be elevated in rainwater tanks as a result of bushfires, but cadmium may be of concern.
20
Campisano, Alberto, and Carlo Modica. "Appropriate resolution timescale to evaluate water saving and retention potential of rainwater harvesting for toilet flushing in single houses." Journal of Hydroinformatics 17, no. 3 (January 3, 2015): 331–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2015.022.
Full textAbstract:
The main objective of the paper is to identify the appropriate temporal scale for modeling the behavior of rainwater harvesting tanks in relation to the purpose they are built for, i.e., water saving, stormwater retention potential, etc. A tank water balance model coupled with a specific procedure to determine long-term series of rainfall (tank inflow) and toilet flushes (tank outflow) at different daily and sub-daily resolution timescales was developed. The model was applied to a household case study for which detailed water demand data are available from measurements. Simulations show that the daily scale may be reliably chosen to evaluate the tank water saving efficiency. In contrast, sub-daily resolutions (at least the hourly time step) are needed for the evaluation of the tank retention efficiency to limit inaccuracies, especially for small tanks and for high values of the water demand. Moreover, preliminary results at the 5 min time step show that rainwater tanks can help in reducing the rainfall intensity peak, basically depending on the tank storage and on the rainfall event characteristics.
21
Kim, Youngjin, and Mooyoung Han. "Rainwater storage tank as a remedy for a local urban flood control." Water Supply 8, no. 1 (April 1, 2008): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2008.029.
Full textAbstract:
Surcharge runoff over the capacity of drainage pipes is one of main flood breaking factors in urban area. Change into larger pipes is costly and time consuming solution. Rainwater tanks can be a sustainable solution for the control of heavy runoff. The Rainfall-Storage-Drain(RSD) model is developed for the design of rainwater tanks of flood control. Design rainfall of Huff's distribution and runoff analysis on building rooftop makes inflow curves into the tanks. Through a water balance equation, tank volume versus peak flow curves can determine the minimum tank volume needed for controlled peak flow value of a design period. The case study in Seoul City shows a tank of 29 L/m2 can control the runoff of 30-years with the drainage pipes of 10-years design period. The RSD model can give simple and easy curves to understand for tank capacity determination in a local flood condition.
22
Teston, Andréa, Celimar Teixeira, Enedir Ghisi, and Ernani Cardoso. "Impact of Rainwater Harvesting on the Drainage System: Case Study of a Condominium of Houses in Curitiba, Southern Brazil." Water 10, no. 8 (August 18, 2018): 1100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10081100.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of this work is to assess the impact of rainwater use in single-family houses on drinking water consumption and on the urban drainage system by means of a case study of a condominium of houses in the city of Curitiba, southern Brazil. A quantitative evaluation of the rainwater volume used and spilled in the recovery system was carried out using two methods for sizing the rainwater tank capacity. Using daily rainfall data and three demand scenarios of water consumption, it was possible to verify the efficiency and reliability of the adopted systems. Furthermore, in order to verify the impact on drainage, the greatest rainfall in the series was assessed and then it was possible to measure it by comparing the hydrograph peak flows with and without the rainwater harvesting systems in the watershed outfall, corresponding to the storage tanks (concrete boxes) in the condominium. It was concluded that there was a decrease in the peak flow of 4.9% and 4.4%, respectively, in the two storage tanks evaluated when the rainwater tank capacities were estimated using the method based on the German Practical Method.
23
Qin, Yinghong, Zhengce Huang, Zebin Yu, Zhikui Liu, and Lei Wang. "A Novel Buffer Tank to Attenuate the Peak Flow of Runoff." Civil Engineering Journal 5, no. 12 (December 3, 2019): 2525–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2019-03091430.
Full textAbstract:
Impermeable pavements and roofs in urban areas convert most rainfall to runoff, which is commonly discharged to local sewers pipes and finally to the nearby streams and rivers. In case of heavy rain, the peak flow of runoff usually exceeds the carrying capacity of the local sewer pipes, leading to urban flooding. Traditional facilities, such as green roofs, permeable pavements, soakaways, rainwater tanks, rain barrels, and others reduce the runoff volume in case of a small rain but fail in case of a heavy rain. Here we propose a novel rainwater buffer tank to detain runoff from the nearby sealed surfaces in case of heavy rain and then to discharge rainwater from an orifice at the tank’s bottom. We found that considering a 100m2 rooftop with 0.80 runoff coefficient and a 10cm rainfall depth for an hour, a cubic tank with internal edge side of a square of 2 m attenuates the peak flow about 45%. To reduce a desirable peak flow, the outlet orifice of the buffer tank must be optimized according to site-specific conditions. The orifice can be set at an elevation from the tank’s bottom to create a dead storage for harvesting rainwater.
24
Ahmed, W., K. A. Hamilton, P. Gyawali, S. Toze, and C. N. Haas. "Evidence of Avian and Possum Fecal Contamination in Rainwater Tanks as Determined by Microbial Source Tracking Approaches." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 82, no. 14 (May 13, 2016): 4379–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00892-16.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTAvian and possum fecal droppings may negatively impact roof-harvested rainwater (RHRW) water quality due to the presence of zoonotic pathogens. This study was aimed at evaluating the performance characteristics of a possum feces-associated (PSM) marker by screening 210 fecal and wastewater samples from possums (n= 20) and a range of nonpossum hosts (n= 190) in Southeast Queensland, Australia. The host sensitivity and specificity of the PSM marker were 0.90 and 0.95 (maximum value, 1.00), respectively. The mean concentrations of the GFD marker in possum fecal DNA samples (8.8 × 107gene copies per g of feces) were two orders of magnitude higher than those in the nonpossum fecal DNA samples (5.0 × 105gene copies per g of feces). The host sensitivity, specificity, and concentrations of the avian feces-associated GFD marker were reported in our recent study (W. Ahmed, V. J. Harwood, K. Nguyen, S. Young, K. Hamilton, and S. Toze, Water Res 88:613–622, 2016,http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2015.10.050). The utility of the GFD and PSM markers was evaluated by testing a large number of tank water samples (n= 134) from the Brisbane and Currumbin areas. GFD and PSM markers were detected in 39 of 134 (29%) and 11 of 134 (8%) tank water samples, respectively. The GFD marker concentrations in PCR-positive samples ranged from 3.7 × 102to 8.5 × 105gene copies per liter, whereas the concentrations of the PSM marker ranged from 2.0 × 103to 6.8 × 103gene copies per liter of water. The results of this study suggest the presence of fecal contamination in tank water samples from avian and possum hosts. This study has established an association between the degradation of microbial tank water quality and avian and possum feces. Based on the results, we recommend disinfection of tank water, especially for tanks designated for potable use.IMPORTANCEThe use of roof-harvested rainwater (RHRW) for domestic purposes is a globally accepted practice. The presence of pathogens in rainwater tanks has been reported by several studies, supporting the necessity for the management of potential health risks. The sources of fecal pollution in rainwater tanks are unknown. However, the application of microbial source tracking (MST) markers has the potential to identify the sources of fecal contamination in a rainwater tank. In this study, we provide evidence of avian and possum fecal contamination in tank water samples using molecular markers. This study established a potential link between the degradation of the microbial quality of tank water and avian and possum feces.
25
Kus, B., Jaya Kandasamy, S. Vigneswaran, and H. K. Shon. "Water quality characterisation of rainwater in tanks at different times and locations." Water Science and Technology 61, no. 2 (January 1, 2010): 429–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.824.
Full textAbstract:
Rainwater collected from ten domestic roofs in Sydney and from one in Wollongong, a town south of Sydney, Australia was analysed to determine the water quality and to compare against the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines (ADWG) to determine its suitability as a potable water supply. The pollutants analysed were 13 heavy metals, 8 salts & minerals, pH, ammonia, orthophosphate, conductivity, water hardness, turbidity, total suspended solids, Total dissolved salts & Bicarbonate. The results indicate that the rainwater tested complied to most of the parameters specified in the ADWG. Molecular weight distribution of organic matter from one of the domestic rainwater tanks was analysed in terms of the effects of aging and roof contact. Molecular weight distribution of organic matter in rainwater showed prominent peaks at 37,500 daltons may be due to biopolymers, 850 Da to humic substances, 500 Da to building blocks, 220 Da to low MW acids, and less than 220 Da to amphiphilics. The findings also indicate that the first flush volumes that by-passed the tank can have a significant influence on the water quality in the rainwater tank.
26
Ward, S., F. A. Memon, and D. Butler. "Rainwater harvesting: model-based design evaluation." Water Science and Technology 61, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.783.
Full textAbstract:
The rate of uptake of rainwater harvesting (RWH) in the UK has been slow to date, but is expected to gain momentum in the near future. The designs of two different new-build rainwater harvesting systems, based on simple methods, are evaluated using three different design methods, including a continuous simulation modelling approach. The RWH systems are shown to fulfill 36% and 46% of WC demand. Financial analyses reveal that RWH systems within large commercial buildings maybe more financially viable than smaller domestic systems. It is identified that design methods based on simple approaches generate tank sizes substantially larger than the continuous simulation. Comparison of the actual tank sizes and those calculated using continuous simulation established that the tanks installed are oversized for their associated demand level and catchment size. Oversizing tanks can lead to excessive system capital costs, which currently hinders the uptake of systems. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the catchment area size is often overlooked when designing UK-based RWH systems. With respect to these findings, a recommendation for a transition from the use of simple tools to continuous simulation models is made.
27
Moglia, Magnus, Grace Tjandraatmadja, and Ashok K. Sharma. "Exploring the need for rainwater tank maintenance: survey, review and simulations." Water Supply 13, no. 2 (March 1, 2013): 191–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2013.021.
Full textAbstract:
Rainwater tanks are a common feature of the urban landscape in Australia and globally. In Brisbane, Australia, provision of alternative water in new homes is mandatory and to meet this requirement rainwater tanks are considered an important option. The water savings of rainwater tanks can help defer investments in supply infrastructures. An emerging concern is that there is currently no mechanism in place for making sure that the household rainwater collection systems are maintained and in a good condition. In fact, in many locations, there is growing concern about whether the condition of this asset stock is adequate. The paper presents: a synthesis of required basic water tanks maintenance tasks; a short overview of published literature on householder motivations for maintenance; a synthesis of existing information about the condition of tanks, based on literature; simulation model results identifying the relationship between frequency of inspections and the (stationary) proportion of tanks with different types of problems; and the results of a survey to identify judgements about water tank maintenance in the region by professionals and plumbers. The paper concludes that there is a need for collecting more data and that mechanisms need to be in place to ensure the ongoing condition of tanks.
28
van der Sterren, M., A. Rahman, and G. R. Dennis. "Implications to stormwater management as a result of lot scale rainwater tank systems: a case study in Western Sydney, Australia." Water Science and Technology 65, no. 8 (April 1, 2012): 1475–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.033.
Full textAbstract:
Rainwater tanks are increasingly adopted in Australia to reduce potable water demand and are perceived to reduce the volume of stormwater discharge from developments. This paper investigates the water balance of rainwater tanks, in particular the possible impacts these tanks could have in controlling the stormwater discharge volume. The study collected water quantity data from two sites in the Hawkesbury City Council area, New South Wales, Australia and utilised the collected data in a simple water balance model to assess the effectiveness of rainwater tanks in reducing the stormwater discharge volume. The results indicate that a significant reduction in discharge volume from a lot scale development can be achieved if the rainwater tank is connected to multiple end-uses, but is minimal when using irrigation alone. In addition, the commonly used volumetric runoff coefficient of 0.9 was found to over-estimate the runoff from the roof areas and to thereby under-estimate the available volume within the rainwater tanks for retention or detention. Also, sole reliance on the water in the rainwater tanks can make the users aware of their water use pattern and water availability, resulting in significant reductions in water use as the supply dwindles, through self-imposed water restrictions.
29
Struk-Sokołowska, Joanna, Joanna Gwoździej-Mazur, Piotr Jadwiszczak, Andrzej Butarewicz, Piotr Ofman, Marcin Wdowikowski, and Bartosz Kaźmierczak. "The Quality of Stored Rainwater for Washing Purposes." Water 12, no. 1 (January 16, 2020): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12010252.
Full textAbstract:
The use of rainwater for washing clothes is determined by its amount, composition and quality of washing. Raw rainwater is soft and free of pollution. The collected rainwater already contains pollution present in the atmosphere and washed away from roofs and other surfaces. It can also change its quality when stored in tanks. Washing clothes does not require drinking quality water but just clean, safe water that guarantees effective removal of dirt from fabrics. The study determined the physicochemical and microbiological changes of rainwater characteristics during retention. Rainwater was collected in a standard underground tank for 30 days and water analyses were conducted every 10 days. The possibility of tap water replacement in the household with collected rainwater for ecological clothes washing has been assessed.
30
Mukheibir, P., T. Boyle, C. Moy, and S. White. "Estimating the reliable residential water substitution from household rainwater tanks." Water Practice and Technology 9, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 377–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2014.040.
Full textAbstract:
In Australia, household rainwater tanks have come to be considered as one of the broad potential supply options for meeting household water demands. It has been viewed as an effective way of reducing the supply requirements by water businesses and can potentially defer future capital supply investments. With likely variability of future supplies and demands due to climate change impacts, rainwater tanks also have an important role in building future resilience to shifts in historical trends, and also can potentially play a role in mitigating stormwater damage. The substitution of mains supplied water by rainwater can vary significantly, with the major factors influencing yields being the roof size to capture the rain, water usage regime (having some level of internal water use) and tank size. Tank performance, with respect to reduced substitution as a result of functionality failure, is seldom included in yield calculations however. A review of a number of studies in Australia has illustrated that the vast majority of field studies have produced qualitative responses on the perceptions of the use of rainwater, the structural integrity of their rainwater capture infrastructure and the end-uses connected to the system. It was found that the data required to inform the impact of functionality on substitution is currently largely limited to qualitative responses on the perceptions of the use of rainwater tanks, the structural integrity of their rainwater capture infrastructure and the end-uses connected to the system. There is very little in the way of quantitative assessments. This paper offers an interim approach for overcoming this quantitative information gap on the role and extent of functionality failure.
31
Won, Yusik, Mooyoung Han, Hyunju Park, and Mikyeong Kim. "Optimal rainwater tank design for control of particulate contaminants." Water Supply 19, no. 2 (June 4, 2018): 574–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2018.103.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Rainwater systems, which collect rainfall from the roof surface, are an attractive alternative technology, and one of the cleanest water resources. Microorganisms can be treated by disinfection processes or by inducing a biofilm, but particulate matter can only be easily removed with effective storage tank design parameters. In this study, therefore, the effects of rainwater tank design parameters on the treatment of particulate contaminants are analyzed. The J-type inlet pipe seems to maintain stable rainwater quality by suppressing the resuspension of bottom sediments during rainfall inflow. The intermediate wall can prevent sediment from spreading to the whole storage tank, and provide functions such as securing the stable water quality of the outflow area and managing sediment flow to the inflow region. The baffles can simplify tank management such as sediment drainage and tank cleaning by leading to more sedimentation of particles in the unit area. Based on the water quality monitoring results of pH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), suspended solids (SS), and turbidity at the field scale, it is possible to supply a certain quality of water by optimizing tank design parameters alone even if particulate contaminants flow into the rainwater tank.
32
Custódio and Ghisi. "Assessing the Potential for Potable Water Savings in the Residential Sector of a City: A Case Study of Joinville City." Water 11, no. 10 (October 4, 2019): 2074. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11102074.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of this study is to evaluate the potential for potable water savings by using rainwater in the residential sector of Joinville, a city located in southern Brazil. Data on roof areas of residential buildings were obtained from the Joinville city council. By considering the roof areas and typologies of residential buildings, representative models were created. The following parameters were used to determine the rainwater tank capacity: the number of dwellers; the total daily water demand per capita; and the rainwater demand. To carry out the simulations for determining the optimal rainwater tank sizes and potential for potable water savings, the computer program Netuno was used to run 33,720 different scenarios. By considering the occurrence percentage for each representative building model (weighted average), the average potential for potable water savings by using rainwater was calculated. The average potential in the central region of Joinville was 18.5% when there is rainwater use only in toilets, and 40.8% when there is rainwater use in toilets and washing machines. The rainwater harvesting system showed a better performance for a rainwater demand equal to 20% of the total daily water demand. The results indicate the necessity to properly size rainwater tank capacities to meet water demands, thereby encouraging more people to adopt rainwater harvesting as an alternative source for non-potable water in buildings. The demand for rainwater should be carefully evaluated, especially in multi-story residential buildings, due to the low availability of roof areas.
33
Bertuzzi, Giovanna, and Enedir Ghisi. "Potential for Potable Water Savings Due to Rainwater Use in a Precast Concrete Factory." Water 13, no. 4 (February 9, 2021): 448. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13040448.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of this paper was to assess the potential for potable water savings due to rainwater use in a precast concrete factory in southern Brazil. The economic feasibility and the rainwater quality were also assessed. The current water consumption, future water demand, and rainwater demand in the factory were estimated. The future demand considered was two times higher than the current water consumption since there were plans to increase the production. Three scenarios were then simulated using the computer programme Netuno. The ideal rainwater tank capacity, the potential for potable water savings, and the economic feasibility analysis for each scenario were estimated. Samples of rainwater were collected in the factory and tested for quality for manufacturing precast concrete. For a rainwater tank capacity equal to 25,000 L, the potential for potable water savings for the first scenario was 55.4%, but the first scenario was considered economically unfeasible. For the same tank capacity, the second and third scenarios presented viable results regarding potable water savings and payback. As for the rainwater quality, it was proven to be adequate for manufacturing precast concrete. The main conclusion was that rainwater can be used to manufacture precast concrete in the factory studied herein.
34
Campisano, Alberto, and Carlo Modica. "Rainwater harvesting as source control option to reduce roof runoff peaks to downstream drainage systems." Journal of Hydroinformatics 18, no. 1 (January 21, 2015): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2015.133.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of the paper is to evaluate the potential of tank-based rainwater harvesting systems in free standing houses as the source control method to mitigate peak roof runoff due to rainfall in urban areas. To this aim, the water balance simulation of the rainwater tank was carried out using both high resolution rainfall series and toilet water demand data extracted from the database of results built in a previous field campaign involving six experimental households in southern Italy. Simulations show that significant potential for runoff peak reduction exists, basically depending on the rainwater tank size and on the characteristics of the water demand in the house.
35
Lash, Daniel, Sarah Ward, Tristan Kershaw, David Butler, and Matthew Eames. "Robust rainwater harvesting: probabilistic tank sizing for climate change adaptation." Journal of Water and Climate Change 5, no. 4 (May 5, 2014): 526–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2014.080.
Full textAbstract:
Rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems are increasingly being implemented in buildings. It is common in the UK for simple RWH tank sizing methods to be utilised, and these do not consider future climate change. This paper describes the development of a tool, which integrates elements of basic and detailed sizing approaches from the British Standard for RWH, with the latest probabilistic UK Climate Projections data. The method was initially applied to the design of a university building in Cornwall, UK. The methodology utilises 3,000 equi-probable rainfall patterns for tank sizing for each time period. Results indicate that, to ensure that it is ‘likely’ that the same non-potable demand could be met in 2080 as in the present, a tank 112% larger would be required. This increases to a 225% over-sizing for a ‘very likely’ probability of meeting the same level of non-potable demand. The same RWH system design was then assessed for three further UK locations with different rainfall characteristics. From these assessments, a simplified method was developed to enable practitioners to size RWH system tanks for current and future climates. The method provides a new approach to meet present and future non-potable demands, while preventing excessive over-sizing of tanks.
36
Tkachenko, Tatiana. "The reuse of rainwater drains by using «green roofs»." USEFUL online journal 3, no. 1 (April 29, 2019): 01–05. http://dx.doi.org/10.32557/useful-3-1-2019-0001.
Full textAbstract:
The article is devoted to the possibilities of purification of rainwater drains by using "green roofs" and their further using for domestic needs: watering the garden and the roof itself; toilets washing; laundry. To collect rainwater it is proposed to use the storage tank. The basis of the calculations are taken by the German method Wilo, adapted to the conditions of Ukraine. A significant contribution to this methodology is taking into account the uneven distribution and precipitation throughout the whole year and the lack of costs for watering the garden and roof in the winter period. Purified rainwater from "green roofs" can be assembled into tanks and used for technical needs. For collecting rain water from an intensive flat roof with an area of 200 m2 for the family of 4 people a tank of 5 m3 is required. In this case, the total needs for the house and watering the garden are 111 m3 / year, and daily needs - 0,341 m3 / day.
37
Raya, Raghavendra Kumar, and Rajiv Gupta. "Rural community water management through directional tunnelling: visual modelling of rainwater harvesting system." Water Practice and Technology 15, no. 3 (July 2, 2020): 734–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2020.060.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Rainwater, a prominent source of water, needs to be properly harvested for better utilisation during water unavailable circumstances. Creating rainwater storage structures is an important aspect in the planning of water resources as it serves for future water usage and consumption. Advancements in rainwater storage structures are not happening on a large scale. Most of the structures are limited to individual household rainwater collection. Innovations and advanced technology applications must address rainwater storage functioning for a community. This research work proposes an innovative method called directional tunnelling for the activity of rainwater harvesting and its management for a small community in a rural area. Initially, rainwater is harvested in multiple individual household tanks, and later the excess of water from the corresponding tanks is subsequently collected in a community tank named as directional tunnel. All the details related to rural community water management have been discussed as well as highlighted by visual modelling using Building Information Modelling (BIM) tools. The current research work is intended on the rural aspect; therefore, the directional tunnel's practical execution and results are portrayed in a better manner through a case study at a village in Rajasthan, India.
38
Van Meter, Kimberly J., Michael Steiff, Daniel L. McLaughlin, and Nandita B. Basu. "The socioecohydrology of rainwater harvesting in India: understanding water storage and release dynamics across spatial scales." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 20, no. 7 (July 7, 2016): 2629–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-2629-2016.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Rainwater harvesting (RWH), the small-scale collection and storage of runoff for irrigated agriculture, is recognized as a sustainable strategy for ensuring food security, especially in monsoonal landscapes in the developing world. In south India, these strategies have been used for millennia to mitigate problems of water scarcity. However, in the past 100 years many traditional RWH systems have fallen into disrepair due to increasing dependence on groundwater. This dependence has contributed to accelerated decline in groundwater resources, which has in turn led to increased efforts at the state and national levels to revive older RWH systems. Critical to the success of such efforts is an improved understanding of how these ancient systems function in contemporary landscapes with extensive groundwater pumping and shifted climatic regimes. Knowledge is especially lacking regarding the water-exchange dynamics of these RWH tanks at tank and catchment scales, and how these exchanges regulate tank performance and catchment water balances. Here, we use fine-scale, water-level variation to quantify daily fluxes of groundwater, evapotranspiration (ET), and sluice outflows in four tanks over the 2013 northeast monsoon season in a tank cascade that covers a catchment area of 28 km2. At the tank scale, our results indicate that groundwater recharge and irrigation outflows comprise the largest fractions of the tank water budget, with ET accounting for only 13–22 % of the outflows. At the scale of the cascade, we observe a distinct spatial pattern in groundwater-exchange dynamics, with the frequency and magnitude of groundwater inflows increasing down the cascade of tanks. The significant magnitude of return flows along the tank cascade leads to the most downgradient tank in the cascade having an outflow-to-capacity ratio greater than 2. At the catchment scale, the presence of tanks in the landscape dramatically alters the catchment water balance, with runoff decreasing by nearly 75 %, and recharge increasing by more than 40 %. Finally, while water from the tanks directly satisfies ∼ 40 % of the crop water requirement across the northeast monsoon season via surface water irrigation, a large fraction of the tank water is "wasted", and more efficient management of sluice outflows could lead to tanks meeting a higher fraction of crop water requirements.
39
Seo, Chan Joo, and Ja-Kong Koo. "Volume Estimation Method for Greenhouse Rainwater Tank." Journal of the Korea Organic Resource Recycling Association 24, no. 2 (June 30, 2016): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17137/korrae.2016.24.2.31.
Full text
40
Londra, Paraskevi A., Ioannis-Eleftherios Kotsatos, Nikolaos Theotokatos, Achilleas T. Theocharis, and Nicholas Dercas. "Reliability Analysis of Rainwater Harvesting Tanks for Irrigation Use in Greenhouse Agriculture." Hydrology 8, no. 3 (September 2, 2021): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology8030132.
Full textAbstract:
Rainwater harvesting is an ancient water management practice that has been used to cover potable and non-potable water needs. In recent years, this practice is adopted as a promising alternative and sustainable source of water to meet irrigation needs in agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions. In the present study, a daily water balance model was applied to investigate the size of rainwater tanks for irrigation use in greenhouse begonia and tomato cultivation in two regions of Greece with significant greenhouse areas. For the application of the water balance model, daily rainfall depth values of a 12-year time series (2008–2020) from representative rainfall stations of the study areas were used, as well as the daily water needs of the crops. The greenhouse roof was assumed to be the water collection area of the rainwater harvesting system with values ranging from 1000 to 10,000 m2. The analysis of the results showed that in the case of the begonia crop, the covered tanks ranged from 100 to 200 m3 per 1000 m2 greenhouse area with a reliability coefficient that ranged from 65 to 72%, respectively, to meet the water needs of plants. Further increase of the reliability coefficient was carried out with disproportionately large volumes of tanks. In the case of the tomato crop, covered tank volumes ranged from 100 to 290 m3 per 1000 m2 of greenhouse area, and had a reliability coefficient of 90% to 100%, respectively, while uncovered tanks had a maximum reliability coefficient of 91% for a critical tank volume of 177 m3 per 1000 m2 of greenhouse area and decreased for any further increase of tank volume.
41
Londra, P. A., A. T. Theocharis, E. Baltas, and V. A. Tsihrintzis. "Assessment of rainwater harvesting tank size for livestock use." Water Supply 18, no. 2 (July 5, 2017): 555–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2017.136.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Rainwater harvesting is an ancient practice aiming to cover water needs for domestic, irrigation and livestock uses. In this study, the rainwater harvesting tank size was investigated to meet five water-need levels of a mixed goat–sheep farm using a daily water balance method. This method was applied using daily rainfall data for a period of 16 years from six meteorological stations in selected regions of Greece, characterized by different rainfall regimes and well-developed livestock activity, taking into account, among other parameters, the water needs of animals, the rainwater collection area and the runoff coefficient. There is a great variation in the rainwater harvesting tank size among the stations studied due to differences in the annual rainfall and the maximum dry period. Results showed that meeting full demands (100% reliability) requires tank sizes ranging from 20 m3 for short dry period stations–low demand scenario (320 L/day) to 115 m3 for long dry period stations–high demand scenario (576 L/day), assuming a maximum collection area of 450 m2. Correspondingly, reliability analysis showed that very high values of reliability (95%) can be obtained with tank sizes ranging from 10 to 85 m3, respectively.
42
Campisano, A., and C. Modica. "Regional scale analysis for the design of storage tanks for domestic rainwater harvesting systems." Water Science and Technology 66, no. 1 (July 1, 2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.171.
Full textAbstract:
A regional scale analysis for the design of storage tanks for domestic rain water harvesting systems is presented. The analysis is based on the daily water balance simulation of the storage tank by the yield-after-spillage algorithm as tank release rule. Water balances are applied to 17 rainfall gauging stations in Sicily (Italy). Compared with literature existing methods, a novel dimensionless parameter is proposed to better describe the intra-annual character of the rainfall patterns. As a result, easy-to-use regional regressive models to evaluate the water saving performance and the overflow discharges from the tank are provided along with a stepwise procedure for practical application. The regional models demonstrate good fits between model predictions and simulated values of both water savings and overflows from the tank.
43
Dobrowsky, P. H., A. van Deventer, M. De Kwaadsteniet, T. Ndlovu, S. Khan, T. E. Cloete, and W. Khan. "Prevalence of Virulence Genes Associated with Pathogenic Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Domestically Harvested Rainwater during Low- and High-Rainfall Periods." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 80, no. 5 (December 27, 2013): 1633–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.03061-13.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTThe possible health risks associated with the consumption of harvested rainwater remains one of the major obstacles hampering its large-scale implementation in water limited countries such as South Africa. Rainwater tank samples collected on eight occasions during the low- and high-rainfall periods (March to August 2012) in Kleinmond, South Africa, were monitored for the presence of virulence genes associated withEscherichia coli. The identity of presumptiveE. coliisolates in rainwater samples collected from 10 domestic rainwater harvesting (DRWH) tanks throughout the sampling period was confirmed through universal 16S rRNA PCR with subsequent sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Species-specific primers were also used to routinely screen for the virulent genes,aggR,stx,eae, andipaHfound in enteroaggregativeE. coli(EAEC), enterohemorrhagicE. coli(EHEC), enteropathogenicE. coli(EPEC), and enteroinvasiveE. coli, respectively, in the rainwater samples. Of the 92E. colistrains isolated from the rainwater using culture based techniques, 6% were presumptively positively identified asE. coliO157:H7 using 16S rRNA. Furthermore, virulent pathogenicE. coligenes were detected in 3% (EPEC and EHEC) and 16% (EAEC) of the 80 rainwater samples collected during the sampling period from the 10 DRWH tanks. This study thus contributes valuable information to the limited data available regarding the ongoing prevalence of virulent pathotypes ofE. coliin harvested rainwater during a longitudinal study in a high-population-density, periurban setting.
44
Adi Zulfikar, Moch. Suaib Reiza, Suhartono, Ryan Wahyu. "PERENCANAAN SUMUR RESAPAN DAN SALURAN DRAINASE PADA PERUMAHAN CHANDRA KIRANA REGENCY KECAMATAN SINGOSARI, KABUPATEN MALANG." PROKONS Jurusan Teknik Sipil 9, no. 2 (August 31, 2015): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.33795/prokons.v9i2.94.
Full textAbstract:
Six hectares Chandra Kirana Regency comprises 223 units. It needs a proper 1854 m drainage system completed with run-off water tanks to avoid it from floods.The objective of the study is to design the drainage system and run-off water tanks able to control the rainwater completed with the implementation cost and time.Site plan, topographic map, and rainfall data were needed to design. Rainfall data from 3 nearby stations: Singosari, Jabung, and Blimbing from 1991-2010 were analyzed to find out the maximum rainfall data and average rainfall regions using Mean Algebra. Log Pearson III was employed to obtain the rainfall, Mononobe method was for the rainfall intensity.The addition of rain water to waste water results in 0,00004 m/sec. cumulative discharge. Based on the result, and 0,5 m diameter culvert rings are designed. 1 m diameter and 2 m deep run-off water tank is of precast concrete. 93 work days implementation time at IDR 1.061.479.450,00.Keywords: design, drainage system, proper, rainwater, water tank
45
Liang, Ruijie, Michael Di Matteo, Holger Maier, and Mark Thyer. "Real-Time, Smart Rainwater Storage Systems: Potential Solution to Mitigate Urban Flooding." Water 11, no. 12 (November 20, 2019): 2428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11122428.
Full textAbstract:
Urban water systems are being stressed due to the effects of urbanization and climate change. Although household rainwater tanks are primarily used for water supply purposes, they also have the potential to provide flood benefits. However, this potential is limited for critical storms, as they become ineffective once their capacity is exceeded. This limitation can be overcome by controlling tanks as systems during rainfall events, as this can offset the timing of outflow peaks from different tanks. In this paper, the effectiveness of such systems is tested for two tank sizes under a wide range of design rainfall conditions for three Australian cities with different climates. Results show that a generic relationship exists between the ratio of tank:runoff volume and percentage peak flow reduction, irrespective of location and storm characteristics. Smart tank systems are able to reduce peak system outflows by between 35% and 85% for corresponding ranges in tank:runoff volumes of 0.15–0.8. This corresponds to a relative performance improvement on the order of 35% to 50% compared with smart tanks that are not operated in real-time. These results highlight the potential for using household rainwater tanks for mitigating urban flooding, even for extreme events.
46
Kus, B., Jaya Kandasamy, S. Vigneswaran, H. K. Shon, and G. Moody. "Gravity driven membrane filtration system to improve the water quality in rainwater tanks." Water Supply 13, no. 2 (March 1, 2013): 479–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2013.046.
Full textAbstract:
The characterisation of rainwater in metropolitan Sydney and in rural New South Wales was undertaken. The results showed that factors such as the lack of vehicular traffic, air pollution and urban contamination meant that rural rainwater water quality was better. The rain water collected in both metropolitan and rural areas generally complied with the 2004 Australian Drinking Water Guidelines except for parameters such as the pH in both the metropolitan and rural rainwater tanks and the turbidity, and lead levels from the metropolitan tanks. This paper also reports the results of a laboratory and a pilot scale study with a deep bed filter (granular activated carbon, GAC) and microfiltration (MF) hollow fibre membrane filter system used to treat raw rainwater collected from a metropolitan rainwater tank. The results of the laboratory experiment and pilot scale systems focus on the non-compliant parameters of the sampling program, i.e. turbidity, lead and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). It was found that rainwater treated by the GAC filter removed the majority of the turbidity and organic substances. The treatment system reduced the concentration of turbidity, lead and DOC to below the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines limits. The pilot plant experiment demonstrated that a GAC filter system and gravity driven membrane could result in low cost and low maintenance operation.
47
Vialle, C., C. Sablayrolles, M. Lovera, M. C. Huau, and M. Montréjaud-Vignoles. "Modelling of a roof runoff harvesting system: the use of rainwater for toilet flushing." Water Supply 11, no. 2 (April 1, 2011): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2011.031.
Full textAbstract:
The water balance of a four-people family rainwater harvesting system was calculated in a case study. The experimental water saving efficiency (WSE) was calculated as 87%. A simple computer model was implemented to simulate the behaviour of the rainwater harvesting system. In general, the rainwater collector volumes predicted by the daily model had shown a good correlation with the experimental values. The difference between the experimental and the predicted values for the stored volume can be explained by the lack of maintenance of the system that can affect its performance. On the basis of a long-term simulation of 20-year rainfall data, the following parameters were calculated: rainfall, water demand, mains water, rainwater used, over-flow and WSE. The collection of rainwater from roofs, its storage and subsequent use for toilet flushing can save 42 m3 of potable water per year for the studied system. The model was also used to find the optimal size of the tank for the single-family household: a storage capacity of approximately 5 m3 was found to be appropriate. The storage capacity and tank size were distinguished. The importance to take into account the dead volume of the tank for the sizing was indeed highlighted.
48
Snir, Ofer, and Eran Friedler. "Dual Benefit of Rainwater Harvesting—High Temporal-Resolution Stochastic Modelling." Water 13, no. 17 (September 2, 2021): 2415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13172415.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of the presented study was to develop a high-temporal-resolution stochastic rainwater harvesting (RWH) model for assessing the dual benefits of RWH: potable water savings and runoff reduction. Model inputs of rainfall and water demand are used in a stochastic manner, maintaining their natural pattern, while generating realistic noise and temporal variability. The dynamic model solves a mass-balance equation for the rainwater tank, while logging all inflows and outflows from it for post-simulation analysis. The developed model can simulate various building sizes, roof areas, rainwater tank volumes, controlled release policies, and time periods, providing a platform for assessing short- and long-term benefits. Standard passive rainwater harvesting operation and real-time control policies (controlled release) are demonstrated for a 40-apartment building with rainfall data typical for a Mediterranean climate, showing the system’s ability to supply water for non-potable uses, while reducing runoff volumes and flows, with the latter significantly improved when water is intentionally released from the tank prior to an expected overflow. The model could be used to further investigate the effects of rainwater harvesting on the urban water cycle, by coupling it with an urban drainage model and simulating the operation of a distributed network of micro-reservoirs that supply water and mitigate floods.
49
Van Meter, K. J., N. B. Basu, D. L. McLaughlin, and M. Steiff. "The socio-ecohydrology of rainwater harvesting in India: understanding water storage and release dynamics at tank and catchment scales." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 12, no. 11 (November 20, 2015): 12121–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-12-12121-2015.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Rainwater harvesting (RWH), the small-scale collection and storage of runoff for irrigated agriculture, is recognized as a sustainable strategy for ensuring food security, especially in monsoonal landscapes in the developing world. In south India, these strategies have been used for millennia to mitigate problems of water scarcity. However, in the past 100 years many traditional RWH systems have fallen into disrepair due to increasing dependence on groundwater. This dependence has contributed to an accelerated decline in groundwater resources, which has in turn led to increased efforts at the state and national levels to revive older RWH systems. Critical to the success of such efforts is an improved understanding of how these ancient systems function in contemporary landscapes with extensive groundwater pumping and shifted climatic regimes. Knowledge is especially lacking regarding the water-exchange dynamics of these RWH "tanks" at tank and catchment scales, and how these exchanges regulate tank performance and catchment water balances. Here, we use fine-scale water-level variation to quantify daily fluxes of groundwater, evapotranspiration (ET), and sluice outflows in four tanks over the 2013 northeast monsoon season in a tank cascade that covers a catchment area of 28 km2. At the tank scale, our results indicate that groundwater recharge and irrigation outflows comprise the largest fractions of the tank water budget, with ET accounting for only 13–22 % of the outflows. At the scale of the cascade, we observe a distinct spatial pattern in groundwater-exchange dynamics, with the frequency and magnitude of groundwater inflows increasing down the cascade of tanks. The significant magnitude of return flows along the tank cascade leads to the most downgradient tank in the cascade having an outflow-to capacity ratio greater than 2. The presence of tanks in the landscape dramatically alters the catchment water balance, with runoff decreasing by nearly 75 %, and recharge increasing by more than 40 %. Finally, while water from the tanks directly satisfies ~40 % of the crop water requirement across the northeast monsoon season via surface water irrigation, a large fraction of the tank water is "wasted," and more efficient management of sluice outflows could lead to tanks meeting a higher fraction of crop water requirements.
50
Notaro, Vincenza, Lorena Liuzzo, and Gabriele Freni. "Evaluation of the optimal size of a rainwater harvesting system in Sicily." Journal of Hydroinformatics 19, no. 6 (October 11, 2017): 853–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2017.150.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract In the Mediterranean area, water scarcity represents a critical issue due to the increasing water demand related to the population growth and the expansion of urban and industrialized areas. Rainwater harvesting (RWH) may be an effective alternative water supply solution to deal with water scarcity in order to reduce non-potable water needs. The reliability of RWH systems is greatly affected by the intensity and the temporal distribution of rainfall events. The purpose of the present study was to identify the optimal tank capacity, in terms of water saving efficiency, of a RWH system installed to supply water for toilet flushing, garden irrigation and both uses with reference to a single-family house in a residential area of Sicily (southern Italy). A water balance simulation of the rainwater storage tank was performed to define the tank release rule. The optimal capacity of the RWH tank was evaluated considering three different catchment surfaces, namely 100, 200 and 300 m2. Results showed that, in some areas of the region, the system could be able to provide significant water savings, even with the installation of collecting tanks of less than 10 m3, thus ensuring important environmental and economic benefits to the householders.