Academic literature on the topic 'Rainwater harvesting tank'
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Journal articles on the topic "Rainwater harvesting tank"
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Lawrence, Dustin, and Vicente L. Lopes. "RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF URBAN RAINWATER HARVESTING." Journal of Urban and Environmental Engineering 10, no. 1 (August 23, 2016): 124–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4090/juee.2016.v10n1.124-134.
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The purpose of this study was to inform decision makers at state and local levels, as well as property owners about the amount of water that can be supplied by rainwater harvesting systems in Texas so that it may be included in any future planning. Reliability of a rainwater tank is important because people want to know that a source of water can be depended on. Performance analyses were conducted on rainwater harvesting tanks for three Texas cities under different rainfall conditions and multiple scenarios to demonstrate the importance of optimizing rainwater tank design. Reliability curves were produced and reflect the percentage of days in a year that water can be supplied by a tank. Operational thresholds were reached in all scenarios and mark the point at which reliability increases by only 2% or less with an increase in tank size. A payback period analysis was conducted on tank sizes to estimate the amount of time it would take to recoup the cost of installing a rainwater harvesting system.
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Lawrence, Dustin, and Vicente L. Lopes. "RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF URBAN RAINWATER HARVESTING." Journal of Urban and Environmental Engineering 10, no. 1 (August 23, 2016): 124–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4090/juee.2016.v10n1.124134.
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The purpose of this study was to inform decision makers at state and local levels, as well as property owners about the amount of water that can be supplied by rainwater harvesting systems in Texas so that it may be included in any future planning. Reliability of a rainwater tank is important because people want to know that a source of water can be depended on. Performance analyses were conducted on rainwater harvesting tanks for three Texas cities under different rainfall conditions and multiple scenarios to demonstrate the importance of optimizing rainwater tank design. Reliability curves were produced and reflect the percentage of days in a year that water can be supplied by a tank. Operational thresholds were reached in all scenarios and mark the point at which reliability increases by only 2% or less with an increase in tank size. A payback period analysis was conducted on tank sizes to estimate the amount of time it would take to recoup the cost of installing a rainwater harvesting system.
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Ward, S., F. A. Memon, and D. Butler. "Rainwater harvesting: model-based design evaluation." Water Science and Technology 61, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.783.
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The rate of uptake of rainwater harvesting (RWH) in the UK has been slow to date, but is expected to gain momentum in the near future. The designs of two different new-build rainwater harvesting systems, based on simple methods, are evaluated using three different design methods, including a continuous simulation modelling approach. The RWH systems are shown to fulfill 36% and 46% of WC demand. Financial analyses reveal that RWH systems within large commercial buildings maybe more financially viable than smaller domestic systems. It is identified that design methods based on simple approaches generate tank sizes substantially larger than the continuous simulation. Comparison of the actual tank sizes and those calculated using continuous simulation established that the tanks installed are oversized for their associated demand level and catchment size. Oversizing tanks can lead to excessive system capital costs, which currently hinders the uptake of systems. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the catchment area size is often overlooked when designing UK-based RWH systems. With respect to these findings, a recommendation for a transition from the use of simple tools to continuous simulation models is made.
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Khastagir, A., and L. N. N. Jayasuriya. "Impacts of using rainwater tanks on stormwater harvesting and runoff quality." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 2 (July 1, 2010): 324–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.283.
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The popularity of rainwater use in Australia depends completely on the individual householder's preference. The quality of reticulated water supplies in major cities of Australia is far superior to water stored in rainwater tanks. However, due to persistent drought and the implementation of stringent water restrictions, cities such as Melbourne have encouraged the use of rainwater harvesting within the property. The benefits of trapping stormwater within a property and using it effectively also reduce polluted runoff excess reaching receiving water. The study reported herein focuses on the effectiveness of rainwater tanks as a potential water sensitive urban design element used to manage stormwater using the MUSIC model. The study shows that the installation of a 3 kL tank reduces hydraulic loading by 75%, Total Suspended Solids by 97%, Total Phosphorous by 90% and Total Nitrogen by 81% if the rainwater stored in the tank is used to meet the indoor demand (toilet flushing and laundry use) as well as the outdoor demand (garden watering).
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Kim, Mikyeong, and Mooyoung Han. "Composition and distribution of bacteria in an operating rainwater harvesting tank." Water Science and Technology 63, no. 7 (April 1, 2011): 1524–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.410.
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In this study, we investigated the phylogenetic distribution of the bacteria present in an operating rainwater tank by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), and compared the bacterial composition in rainwater and biofilm from the inlet and outlet of the tank. Seventeen species were identified, the DGGE profiles of which showed a clear difference between the planktonic bacterial community and the community in the biofilm. Most of the bacteria were closely related to fresh water, soil, and biofilm bacteria found in natural environments. The high proportion of Proteobacteria indicates the generally clean oligotrophic nature of the tank water. Biofilm formation is an advantage for bacteria that exist in oligotrophic environments. The groups identified in the biofilm, such as Sphingomonas, Bacillus, and Sphingophyxis, have been demonstrated to degrade certain contaminants and to act as bio-control agents. Thus, biofilm formation in rainwater tanks not only represents a survival strategy for bacteria, but also serves as a natural filter by removing contaminants and bacteria from rainwater.
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Daud, N. M., N. N. Mahiran, A. K. Ruslan, N. Hamzah, A. A. A. Bakar, S. Badrealam, E. A. Manan, and A. F. Hamzah. "Effect of roof size on the rainwater harvesting tank sizes and performances using Tangki NAHRIM 2.0." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 920, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/920/1/012035.
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Abstract Global warming and increasing population have direct impacts on water demand all over the world. Usage of potable water in Malaysia is high if compared with other countries and the source of potable water is mainly surface water. Rainwater harvesting is one of the popular alternatives to water resources around the world. However, even Malaysia is a country with an abundance of rainfall, rainwater harvesting is still unpopular. Different size of houses has different roof sizes which will subsequently require different sizes of rainwater tanks. This study utilized Tangki NAHRIM 2.0 (TN2); a web application to determine the optimal tank size for a rainwater harvesting system for five different roof sizes for non-potable demand. TN2 simulation uses a daily water balance model with rainfall input from a built-in database by adopting the yield-after-spillage (YAS) convention. The optimum rainwater tank sizes for five different roof sizes are found to be between 2.6 m3 and 3.8 m3 with water-saving efficiency values between 59% to 76.2% and 30.9% to 53.9% for storage efficiency. A bigger tank size offers higher watersaving efficiency but with lower storage efficiency. The output will be useful for the application of RWHS to residential houses.
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Baguma, David, Willibald Loiskandl, Ika Darnhofer, Helmut Jung, and Michael Hauser. "Knowledge of measures to safeguard harvested rainwater quality in rural domestic households." Journal of Water and Health 8, no. 2 (November 9, 2009): 334–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2009.030.
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Given the possibility of waterborne diseases caused by inappropriate rainwater harvesting systems, a survey was conducted in Uganda to assess existing knowledge of both physical and non-physical measures that safeguard harvested rainwater. Households who had received rainwater tanks were assessed on issues related to harvested rainwater quality. The study shows that 84% of respondents were aware of various sources of rainwater contamination, but only 5% were aware that they needed to adjust use of rainwater, depending on whether they cleaned the tank or not. Most of the respondents were not aware that gutter cleaning was necessary to improve water quality. Indeed, as the water from the collection surface is channelled through gutters, a number of measures need to be taken to control the entry of contaminations and subsequent growth of pathogens in the tank, e.g. first flush diverts, installation of filters, chemical use and mesh cleaning. The majority, however, did not take adequate care of the gutters and this impacts on health and social livelihood. Overall, the findings emphasize the need to provide more information to households when installing water harvesting tanks to ensure that the harvested rainwater is of high quality.
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Coombes, P. J., and M. E. Barry. "The effect of selection of time steps and average assumptions on the continuous simulation of rainwater harvesting strategies." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 4 (February 1, 2007): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.102.
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The use of domestic rainwater tanks with back up from mains water supplies in urban areas can produce considerable reductions in mains water demands and stormwater runoff. It is commonplace to analyse the performance of rainwater tanks using continuous simulation with daily time steps and average water use assumptions. This paper compares this simplistic analysis to more detailed analysis that employs 6 minute time steps and climate dependent water demand. The use of daily time steps produced considerable under-estimation of annual rainwater yields that were dependent on tank size, rain depth, seasonal distribution of rainfall, water demand and tank configuration. It is shown that analysis of the performance of rainwater tanks is critically dependent on detailed inputs.
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Khouw, I. Fakhry, Jusmy D. Putuhena, and Debby V. Pattimahu. "KAJIAN KEEKONOMIAN HUJAN DALAM MENUNJANG KEBUTUHAN AIR MASYARAKAT DI DESA BATU MERAH KOTA AMBON." MAKILA 17, no. 2 (November 7, 2023): 132–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/makila.v17i2.9914.
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The need for rainwater harvesting continues to increase as a complement to household water sources. Rainwater harvesting has received increasing public attention recently as an alternative water-saving strategy. Rainwater harvesting significantly reduces the use of drinking water. Savings at the household level change long-term water demand, provide more affordable household water supplies, and save communities money on sustainable water management. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the Economic Study of Rain in Supporting Community Water Needs in the Wae Batu Merah Watershed area in Sirimau District, Ambon City. The data analysis method calculates the economic value of rainwater to replace clean water purchased from DSA and tank cars. The calculation of the economic value of household water in the study area showed that the average daily water consumption based on the size of the city according to SNI 2002 for the study area was 150 liters/person/day. The economic value of rainwater utilization by households by converting DSA water prices and tanks shows that the economic value of rainwater utilization by households saves DSA water payment costs of Rp.49,641 per day and Rp.8,935,313 per year. Meanwhile, the use of rainwater by households saves the cost of paying for tank water by Rp.459,672 per day and Rp.82,740,994 per year.
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Cauteruccio, Arianna, and Luca G. Lanza. "Rainwater Harvesting for Urban Landscape Irrigation Using a Soil Water Depletion Algorithm Conditional on Daily Precipitation." Water 14, no. 21 (October 30, 2022): 3468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14213468.
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The supply of various non-potable water usages based on the harvesting and management of rainwater in urban areas allows to save high-quality water resources for strictly potable use and to limit the squandering of precious freshwater resources. A rainwater harvesting system included in a reconversion project of a former military area located in the town of Genova (Italy) is examined. Rainwater is collected and used for the landscape irrigation of public areas. Three rainwater collection scenarios are considered while varying the size of the storage tank, using daily rainfall data from a local long-term record as the reference rainfall climatology. A behavioural model is adopted to simulate the operation of the rainwater harvesting system and improved with a dedicated algorithm to account for the actual soil water availability for the vegetation and its temporal decay, based on the specific soil type and vegetation. For each scenario/tank size combination, reliability indices are calculated and compared, while the detention time and the annual usage volume per unit tank capacity are used as indicators of water quality deterioration in the tank and the economic benefit associated with the exploitation of the resource. The best solution in terms of rainwater collection scenario and tank size is identified.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Rainwater harvesting tank"
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Semaan, Marie. "A Novel Approach to Communal Rainwater Harvesting for Single-Family Housing: A Study of Tank Size, Reliability, and Costs." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/97580.
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An emerging field in rainwater harvesting (RWH) is the application of communal rainwater harvesting system. This system's main advantage compared to individual RWH is the centralization of water treatment, which some users of individual RWH find difficult to maintain. Despite alleviating one concern, this communal approach does not increase the RHW system's (RWHS) reliability nor necessarily satisfy all water demands, and hence is not a major improvement in terms of system performance.
This research tackles this challenge with a novel approach to communal RWH for single-family houses. Instead of the traditional communal approach to RWH which uses only one storage location, we propose connecting multiple single-family homes' RWHSs to a communal backup tank, i.e., capturing overflow from multiple RWHS, which will increase reliability and water demand met in a way that will significantly improve the current performance of communal RWH. The proposed system will potentially maximize the availability of potable water while limiting spillage and overflow.
We simulated the performance of the system in two cities, Houston and Jacksonville, for multiple private and communal storage combination. Results show that volumetric reliability gains, of 1.5% - 6% and 1.5% - 4%, can be achieved for seven to ten and six to seven connected households, respectively, for Houston and Jacksonville if the emphasis is on volumetric reliability (VR). As per total storage capacity, the system achieves higher VR gains for lower total storage capacity in Houston while the system achieves higher VR gains for higher total storage capacities in Jacksonville.
With regards to the total cost of ownership per household for the individual system and for the communal storage system, the lifecycle cost of the system was performed using the Net Present Value (NPV) method, with an interest rate of 7% over 30 years. The NPV of the total system costs per household in the city of Houston is lowest for nine to ten connected households, as well as comparable to the base case of a rainwater harvesting system that is not connected to a communal tank for seven and eight connected households.
This communal system is more resilient and can be a worthy addition to water and stormwater infrastructures, especially in the face of climate change.Doctor of Philosophy
An emerging field in rainwater harvesting (RWH) is the application of communal rainwater harvesting system. This system's main advantage compared to individual RWH is the centralization of water treatment, which some users of individual RWH find difficult to maintain. Despite alleviating one concern, this communal approach does not increase the RHW system's (RWHS) reliability nor necessarily satisfy all water demands, and hence is not a major improvement in terms of system performance. This research tackles this challenge with a novel approach to communal RWH for single-family houses. Instead of the traditional communal approach to RWH which uses only one storage location, we propose connecting multiple single-family homes' RWHSs to a communal backup tank, i.e., capturing overflow from multiple RWHS, which will increase reliability and water demand met in a way that will significantly improve the current performance of communal RWH. The proposed system will potentially maximize the availability of potable water while limiting spillage and overflow. We simulated the performance of the system in two cities, Houston and Jacksonville, for multiple private and communal storage combination. Results show that volumetric reliability gains, of 1.5% - 6% and 1.5% - 4%, can be achieved for seven to ten and six to seven connected households, respectively, for Houston and Jacksonville if the emphasis is on volumetric reliability (VR). As per total storage capacity, the system achieves higher VR gains for lower total storage capacity in Houston while the system achieves higher VR gains for higher total storage capacities in Jacksonville. With regards to the total cost of ownership per household for the individual system and for the communal storage system, the lifecycle cost of the system was performed using the Net Present Value (NPV) method, with an interest rate of 7% over 30 years. The NPV of the total system costs per household in the city of Houston is lowest for nine to ten connected households, as well as comparable to the base case of a rainwater harvesting system that is not connected to a communal tank for seven and eight connected households. This communal system is more resilient and can be a worthy addition to water and stormwater infrastructures, especially in the face of climate change.
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O, Brien Olivia. "Domestic water demand for consumers with rainwater harvesting systems." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86514.
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Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The focus of the study is to theoretically assess tank-water demand and employ methods to establish the actual tank-water demand at selected houses in a case study area. This study also examines the influence of domestic rainwater harvesting systems when used in combination with a municipal water distribution system. The case study comprises of 410 low cost housing units in the Western Cape. The system demand patterns of low cost housing units are uncharacteristic, when compared with suburban system demand patterns, and cannot be defined by traditional models. Similarly, the use of rainwater harvesting systems in these areas follows an unconventional routine that is yet to be defined. A stochastic end-use model for water demand is developed which produces temporal profiles for water supplied from both sources, namely the water distribution system and the rainwater harvesting system. The model approximates a daily system and tank-water demand pattern for a single domestic household, using @RISK software. The demand estimation methodology is clarified through application on a particular case study site where harvested rainwater is frequently utilized. Estimates of the parameter values are based on consumer surveys and previous studies on the case study area, where the household size was defined in the form of a probability distribution. The results confirm the atypical system demand patterns in low cost housing units units. Although two clear peaks exist in the morning and in the evening, a relatively constant average flow is present throughout the day. A sensitivity analysis of all the model parameters verified that the household size has the most substantial influence on the tank-water demand pattern. The system and tank-water demand patterns were compared to published average daily water demand guidelines, which confirmed that increased water savings could be achieved when the rainwater source is accessible inside the household with minimal effort. The stochastic demand profiles derived as part of this research agree with the metered system demand in the same area. The results of this study could be incorporated into the future development of national standards.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die fokus van die studie is om die tenkwater-aanvraag teoreties te ontleed en metodes in werking te stel om die werklike tenkwater-aanvraag vas te stel by geselekteerde huise in ‘n gevallestudie area. Hierdie studie ondersoek ook die invloed van plaaslike reënwater-herwinningstelsels wanneer dit gebruik word in kombinasie met ‘n munisipale waterverspreidingstelsel. Die gevallestudie bestaan uit 410 laekoste behuisingseenhede in die Wes-Kaap. Die stelsel-aanvraagpatrone van laekoste behuisingseenhede is verskillend wanneer dit met voorstedelike stelsel-aanvraagpatrone vergelyk word en kan nie gedefinieer word deur tradisionele modelle nie. Soortgelyk volg die gebruik van reënwater-herwinningstelsels in hierdie areas ‘n onkonvensionele roetine. ‘n Stogastiese eindgebruikmodel vir water-aanvraag is ontwikkel, wat tydelike profiele genereer vir water wat van beide bronne verskaf word, naamlik die waterverspreidingstelsel en die reënwater-herwinningstelsel. Die model bepaal by benadering ‘n daaglikse stelsel- en tenkwater-aanvraagpatroon vir ‘n enkele plaaslike huishouding, deur @RISK sagteware. Die aanvraag-beramingstegnieke word verduidelik deur toepassing op ‘n spesifieke gevallestudie, waar herwinde reënwater gereeld gebruik word. Die parameter waardeberamings is gebaseer op verbruikers-opnames en vorige studies oor die gevallestudie-gebied, waar die grootte van die huishoudings bepaal was in die vorm van 'n waarskynlikheidsverspreiding. Die resultate bevestig die atipiese stesel aanvraagpatrone in laekoste behuisingseenhede eenhede. Alhoewel twee duidelike pieke in die oggend en die aand voorkom, is ‘n relatiewe konstante vloei dwarsdeur die dag teenwoordig. ‘n Sensitiwiteitsanalise van al die modelparameters bevestig dat die grootte van die huishouding die grootste beduidende invloed op tenkwater- aanvraagpatrone het. Die stelsel- en tenkwater-aanvraagpatrone was vergelyk met gepubliseerde gemiddelde daaglikse water-aanvraag riglyne wat bevestig dat meer waterbesparings bereik kan word waar die reënwaterbron binne die huishouding beskikbaar is met minimale moeite. Die stogastiese aanvraagprofiele, wat as deel van hierdie navorsing afgelei was, stem saam met die gemeterde stelsel-aanvraagpatroon van dieselfde area. Die resultate van hierdie studie kan in die toekomstige ontwikkeling van nasionale standaarde opgeneem word.
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Rodriguez, Henry. "A Comparison of Rainwater Harvesting Tank Sizing Methods: Optimizing to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions versus Maximizing System Reliability." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo151577155419202.
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Striegel, Lucas. "Etudes numérique et expérimentale de récupérateurs d’eaux pluviales enterrés géothermiques pour le rafraîchissement passif des bâtiments." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2024. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/restreint/theses_doctorat/2024/STRIEGEL_Lucas_2024_ED269.pdf.
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Face au changement climatique, caractérisé notamment par des périodes caniculaires plus longues et intenses, mais aussi par une disponibilité irrégulière de la ressource en eau, il est nécessaire d’apporter des solutions sobres en consommations énergétiques pour renforcer la résilience des bâtiments. Les cuves de récupération d’eaux de pluie enterrées sont des systèmes de plus en plus exploités qui permettent la gestion et le stockage de l’eau. En y immergeant un échangeur de chaleur, il est possible de profiter de l’effet géothermique de l’eau et du sol environnant pour rafraîchir les bâtiments de façon passive. Ce travail de recherche vise à étudier les performances et la faisabilité de ces systèmes hybrides. Un modèle numérique a été développé et validé grâce aux données recueillies par l’instrumentation de prototypes à l’échelle 1 pendant près de trois ans. L’exploitation du modèle a mis en évidence les facteurs influents du système. Des règles de prédimensionnement pour évaluer la quantité d’énergie potentiellement récupérable ont ensuite été établies. Le modèle du système a ensuite été intégré dans un outil de simulation énergétique du bâtiment pour évaluer les gains en termes de confort des occupantsIn the face of climate change, characterized by longer and more intense heatwaves, as well as irregular availability of water resources, it is essential to provide energy-efficient solutions to strengthen the resilience of buildings. Underground rainwater tanks are increasingly being exploited as systems for managing and storing water. By immersing a heat exchanger in the tank, it is possible to harness the geothermal effect of the water and surrounding soil to passively cool buildings. This research aims to study the performance and feasibility of these hybrid systems. A numerical model was developed and validated using data collected from the monitoring of full-scale prototypes over a period of nearly three years. The model was used to highlight the key factors influencing the system. The model was used to identify the factors influencing the system. Presizing rules were then established to assess the amount of energy that could potentially be recovered. The system model was then integrated into a building energy simulation tool to assess the gains in terms of occupant comfort
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Allen, Jacqueline Elsa. "Tank sizing from rainfall records for rainwater harvesting under constant demand." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/8319.
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M.Ing. (Civil Engineering Science)In recent years, there has been an international trend towards installing rainwater tanks in an attempt to save water. However, there are no clear guidelines for determining the optimal size of such a tank in South Africa. This study investigates the possibility of simplifying the process of sizing a rainwater tank for optimal results. It utilises daily data from four rainfall stations, namely Kimberley, Mossel Bay, Punda Maria and Rustenburg, obtained from the South African Weather Services. The water use is considered to be for indoor purposes only, therefore assuming a constant daily demand to be extracted from the tank. The required size of a rainwater tank is influenced by the MAP, the area of the roof draining into the tank, the water demand (both the average demand and seasonal variations), the desired reliability of supply, and the rainfall patterns. The first step in simplifying the process is to consolidate the above variables. The tank volume is expressed as the number of days it could supply the average daily water demand. Another variable is created which provides the ratio of the total water volume which could theoretically be harvested from the roof in an average year, to the total water demand, from the tank, for a year. This has the effect of consolidating the MAP, the roof area, the water demand and the tank volume into two variables only and eliminates the need to consider numerous demand values. Using simulations over 16 years for each location, the relationships between these variables were determined to ensure 90%, 95% and 98% assurance of supply.
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Viljoen, Nina Susara. "The feasibility of rainwater and stormwater harvesting within a winter rainfall climate context: a commercial building focus." Diss., 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/14391.
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Cape Town, South Africa, falls within a winter rainfall region, making it difficult to assess the feasibility of rain- and stormwater harvesting. The reason for this is because the region’s high water demand period coincides with the low rainfall summer season, thereby limiting the availability of this alternative water resource when most needed. During this study, rainwater harvesting for toilet flushing purposes, collected from roof surfaces, was practically assessed by means of inserted flow meters at a pilot study site in Kommetjie, Cape Town. The combined and single system roof- and land surface runoff yields and savings of commercial buildings within the Kommetjie business area, were also theoretically assessed by making use of a mathematical roof- and land surface runoff model specifically developed during this study. The statistical testing of the hypotheses statements relating to the pre- and post-harvesting savings at the pilot study building, compared against the average actual municipal water usage, were performed. Hypotheses testing were also performed in order to compare the theoretical rain- and stormwater runoff yields for the commercial business area against the average actual municipal water consumption. The conclusions drawn from this study indicated that valuable potable water, as well as related financial savings, can be achieved within a winter rainfall region, thereby making rain- and stormwater harvesting a feasible option for commercial businesses in Cape Town.Environmental Sciences
M.Sc. (Environmental Management)
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Machado, Tiago Miguel Antunes. "Simulação do aproveitamento de água da chuva." Master's thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/29691.
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Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia CivilA procura de estratégias de racionalização no consumo de água ou de fontes alternativas de água têm levado ao surgimento de várias soluções, sendo algumas já utilizadas no passado mas caídas em desuso com o desenvolvimento das sociedades. Uma das soluções já adotada de forma significativa em vários países é o aproveitamento da chuva em todo o tipo de utilizações. Neste trabalho explora-se a viabilidade da implantação de um sistema de aproveitamento de água pluvial (SAAP) para fins domésticos em Portugal continental. Esta dissertação pretende ajudar a resolver a problemática do aproveitamento de água pluvial em contexto doméstico, determinando onde um SAAP pode constituir um sistema economicamente atraente e uma fonte alternativa credível de água não potável. O investimento inicial na implantação de um SAAP constitui o maior entrave na expansão deste tipo de sistema, sendo o reservatório de armazenamento de água pluvial o elemento mais dispendioso. Desenvolveu-se um programa denominado PSAAP, para fazer a simulação do aproveitamento de água pluvial. O PSAAP foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de dimensionar a capacidade ideal do reservatório e estudar a viabilidade económica do SAAP. Para um determinado SAAP, este simulador calcula iterativamente até encontrar a capacidade ideal. A capacidade ideal do reservatório de um SAAP será a capacidade que levar a que o SAAP tenha o menor período de recuperação do investimento (PRI) possível. Através do PSAAP, o utilizador pode obter a capacidade do reservatório recomendável para a sua localização, consumo e capacidade de captação da chuva, conseguindo também perceber qual o investimento inicial e o PRI associados ao respetivo SAAP. Na aplicação da ferramenta, estuda-se a implantação de um SAAP em cidades de diferentes regiões de Portugal continental, de forma a perceber a sua viabilidade em condições distintas. Estudou-se numa primeira análise a utilização de um SAAP que abastece-se apenas uma moradia unifamiliar e numa segunda análise estudou-se a utilização de um SAAP que abastece-se um conjunto de quatro moradias unifamiliares, de forma a verificar se o projeto beneficia economicamente por ser um sistema de maior dimensão. Através das simulações efetuadas no PSAAP, conclui-se que quanto mais elevado for o nível de consumo, o custo da água consumida, área de captação e a precipitação disponível, menor é o PRI do SAAP.
The demand for rationalizing strategies or alternative sources of water have led to the appearance of several solutions, some already used in the past, but have fell into disuse with the development of societies. One of the significantly solutions, already adopted in several countries, is the use of rainwater. This work explores the economic viability of implementing a rainwater harvesting system (RWHS) for domestic purposes in Portugal mainland. This dissertation aims to help solve the problem of use rainwater in the domestic context, determining where a RWHS can be an economically attractive system and a credible alternative source of non-potable water. The initial investment in the implementation of a RWHS is the major obstacle in the expansion of this type of system where the rainwater storage tank is the most expensive element. In order to study the economic viability of a RWHS and calculate the ideal capacity to the storage tank under different conditions, was developed a program for simulation of rainwater harvesting called PSAAP. For a RWHS with different storage capacities, this simulator calculates iteratively to find the ideal capacity. The ideal capacity of a RWHS’s storage tank is the capacity that leads to the RWHS has the lowest possible payback period. Through PSAAP, the user can get the recommended capacity of the reservoir to its location, consumption and ability to capture the rain. This program can also help the user realize the initial investment and the payback period associated with the respective RWHS. In the application of this tool, was study the implementation of a RWHS in cities of different regions of Portugal mainland in order to understand its viability in different conditions. It was studied the use of a RWHS that supplies just one dwelling unfamiliar house and has also been studied the use of a RWHS which supplies a set of four dwelling unfamiliar houses in order to benefit from a larger dimension. Through simulations performed on PSAAP, it is concluded that the higher the level of consumption, the cost of water consumed and precipitation available, the lower is the payback period.
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Malema, Mokaba Shirley, Akebe Luther King Abia, R. Tandlich, Bonga Zuma, Jean-Marc Mwenge Kahinda, and Eunice Ubomba-Jaswa. "Antibiotic-Resistant Pathogenic Escherichia Coli Isolated from Rooftop Rainwater-Harvesting Tanks in the Eastern Cape, South Africa." 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/71729.
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Although many developing countries use harvested rainwater (HRW) for drinking and other household purposes, its quality is seldom monitored. Continuous assessment of the microbial quality of HRW would ensure the safety of users of such water. The current study investigated the prevalence of pathogenic Escherichia coli strains and their antimicrobial resistance patterns in HRW tanks in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Rainwater samples were collected weekly between June and September 2016 from 11 tanks in various areas of the province. Enumeration of E. coli was performed using the Colilert®18/Quanti-Tray® 2000 method. E. coli isolates were obtained and screened for their virulence potentials using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and subsequently tested for antibiotic resistance using the disc-diffusion method against 11 antibiotics. The pathotype most detected was the neonatal meningitis E. coli (NMEC) (ibeA 28%) while pathotype enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) was not detected. The highest resistance of the E. coli isolates was observed against Cephalothin (76%). All tested pathotypes were susceptible to Gentamicin, and 52% demonstrated multiple-antibiotic resistance (MAR). The results of the current study are of public health concern since the use of untreated harvested rainwater for potable purposes may pose a risk of transmission of pathogenic and antimicrobial-resistant E. coli.
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Sterren, Marlene van der. "Assessment of the impact of rainwater tanks and on site detention on urban run-off quantity and quality characteristics." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.7/uws:49669.
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Stormwater run-off from urban developments, if left untreated can be detrimental to the quality of the receiving waters. To counteract the effects of urban development on the natural environment, holistic management strategies and treatment at the source have been introduced in Australia, in the form of catchment management authorities, legislation (e.g. Building And Sustainability IndeX) and design techniques, such as Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD). In practice, these principles result in lot scale (re)development with a Rainwater Tank (RWT), an On Site Detention (OSD) system and an infiltration or bio-retention system, with most of the overflows discharging to the existing drainage systems. It is argued in this thesis that the implementation of these systems on a lot scale often results in over design and can be considered costly for developers, thereby reducing the opportunity of (re) developments. OSD is currently installed only to control water quantity therefore, the question raised in this thesis is what effect does a RWT have on water quality and quantity discharges on a lot scale and how does this affect the discharges on a catchments scale. This study was based in Western Sydney, in particular Hawkesbury City Council (HCC), which is one of the fastest growing areas in Sydney and is part of the North-West growth sector. A developed catchment, with known drainage issues, and five RWT were selected within the Council area for the longitudinal cross-sectional water quality and quantity data collection. The results of this longitudinal cross-sectional investigation were utilised in a commercial modelling software package (XP-SWMM) for calibration and verification of a lot and catchment scale stormwater quality and quantity models. Testing of the collected water quality samples revealed that the overflow of a RWT had elevated numbers of microbes, and high concentrations of nutrients and some heavy metals. This contamination was speculated to be the effect of run-off and possibly biofilm growth at the air/liquid interface, flowing out of the tank. Furthermore, the data also indicated that RWT are more likely to exceed the drinking water guidelines for lead, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Enterococci spp. after a storm event. The modelling of the lot scale showed reduction in discharges due to a RWT on-site, but the amount of reduction in the discharges was dependent on the end uses of the RWT. It also indicated that up to a 1-year Average Recurrence Interval (ARI) storm event could be stored within the RWT, provided the RWT is connected to multiple end uses. The lot scale water quality and quantity modelling on a lot scale showed minimal errors with the observed data. The catchment model indicated a 6% reduction in predicted run-off discharges to the receiving stream, if RWT are utilised throughout the catchment, but can increase in volume due to significantly reduced overland flooding. This shows that the gradual implementation of RWT through governmental incentives and (re) developments can have a notable impact on the run-off discharges from a catchment. It is concluded, as a result of these findings, that significant changes should be made in the relevant council legislation. These recommendations include strategies to assist in the implementation of WSUD on a catchment scale and development of RWT design guidelines. An OSD system can be replaced with a RWT for up to the 1-year ARI rainfall event. Further investigations should be conducted on the effect of bio-retention systems on the discharges from both a lot and catchment scale developments, and the contamination levels in the associated overflows from the RWT and filtration systems.
Books on the topic "Rainwater harvesting tank"
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Nega, Hune. Low-cost methods of rainwater storage: Results from field trials in Ethiopia and Kenya. Nairobi, Kenya: Regional Land Management Unit, 2002.
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Fryer, Julie. The complete guide to water storage: How to use gray water and rainwater systems, rain barrels, tanks, and other water storage techniques for household and emergency use. Ocala, Fla: Atlantic Pub. Group, 2012.
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Macomber, Patricia S. H. Guidelines on rainwater catchment systems for Hawaii (CTAHR resource management publication). College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2001.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Rainwater harvesting tank"
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Hilmi, Farisya Aliya, and Azianabiha A. Halip Khalid. "Rainwater Harvesting System: Design Performances of Optimal Tank Size Using Simulation Software." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 435–46. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7920-9_52.
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Pacey, Arnold, and Adrian Cullis. "4. Rainwater Tanks and Technical Assistance." In Rainwater Harvesting, 72–98. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780445700.004.
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Indawati, Lina, Setyo Budi Kurniawan, Siti Rozaimah Sheikh Abdullah, and Raden Harya Dananjaya. "Design of Typical Rainwater Harvesting Storage Tanks Based on Housing Type (Case Study in Indonesia)." In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Rehabilitation and Maintenance in Civil Engineering, 1029–41. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9348-9_91.
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Kinsella, John. "Harvesting the grass (from a Schull Journal)." In Polysituatedness. Manchester University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526113344.003.0050.
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It’s the time of mowing and hay-cutting here in Schull. Everywhere fields of cut grass ready for baling. Everywhere around the village the sound of whippersnippers. I think of John’s (the Guru’s) report today from Jam Tree Gully (which he’s been looking over in our absence): that there was 100 mm! (accumulated over a couple of weeks) in the rain-gauge. He planted 17 flat-topped Yates at the bottom of Bird Gully and will plant the rest of the tray of 30 next Wednesday when he’s back there to ‘supervise’ the cleaning of the 90,000-litre rainwater tank by the tank-cleaning specialist. He says the wild oats are already very high there....
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Soh, Qiao Yan, Edward O’Dwyer, Salvador Acha, and Nilay Shah. "Optimization and Control of a Rainwater Detention and Harvesting Tank." In Computer Aided Chemical Engineering, 547–52. Elsevier, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-823377-1.50092-6.
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Hudzari Haji Razali, Mohd, Abdul Qudus Puteh, Alawi Haji Sulaiman, and Mohamad Hakim Mohamad Yatim. "Smart Rainwater Harvesting System for Sustainable Agricultural Irrigation and Drainage System." In Irrigation and Drainage - Recent Advances. IntechOpen, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.104442.
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Nowadays the world population increases, so the demand for clean water is rising. Rain is the faster resource that can recharge compared to ground water. Rainwater harvesting system (RWHS) is one of the traditional and easiest ways of rising fresh water supplies. This system already implements by many countries in the world as a viable decentralized water source. Malaysia can be classified as a country with high annual rainfall and high consumption of domestic water. Malaysia is well and strategically positioned to harvest rainwater for both potable and non-potable uses. This research describes the collaborative and development affordable technology for capturing and retaining runoff starting from rooftop gutter until the tank storage using as a valuable source of water and recharge the percolation well and increase ground water level. The developed system consists of soil sensor, integrated water pump, Arduino controller and water tank harvesting with dynamic mechanical flushing technique which improving filtration method. The results show that the system can be efficiently used for small-scale drip irrigation especially in urbanization farming as nowadays scenario of agriculture demand. Hopefully, this can be helpful as a valuable water source in future.
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Chowdhury, Subhashis, Souvik Chakraborty, and Rajashree Lodh. "Analysis of Rainwater Harvesting Method for Supply of Potable Water: A Case Study of Gosaba, South 24 Pargana, India." In Advances in Green Electronics Technologies [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.106537.
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In Gosaba, a village on the outskirts of South 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India, people experience a lot of problems related to shortage of potable water due to salinity and arsenic contamination in the supplied water. Rapid growth of industrialization, increased population, saline water intrusion etc. is causing a decrease in fresh water. Due to overuse of groundwater, GWT is declining rapidly in the Gosaba region. Moreover, seawater is intruding into the groundwater, causing pollution of surface water and a rise in Fe content, Cl content, arsenic content and salinity content in groundwater of that location. The runoff available from that amount of received precipitation is estimated using two empirical equations derived by Sir Aiexander Binnie; Ingels-De Souza and T.G. Barlow and the calculation confirms a good amount of runoff that can be utilized for harvesting in order to decrease the water scarcity of the location. The scarcity of fresh water in the Gosaba location can be minimized by adopting the rainwater harvesting (RWH) method, a sustainable process to obtain disinfected water at a very low cost. The technical part of the present study is to adopt RWH where rainwater is collected from rooftop of an institute building and to design tank where water can be stored and utilized further at minimum costs.
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Abraham, Marykutty, and B. Priyadarshini. "RAINWATER HARVESTING FOR SUSTAINABLE WATER MANAGEMENT." In Futuristic Trends in Agriculture Engineering & Food Sciences Volume 3 Book 19, 59–64. Iterative International Publisher, Selfypage Developers Pvt Ltd, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.58532/v3bcag19p3ch2.
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The increasing demand for water to feed the ever-expanding population and the higher standard of living have led to a global problem of water scarcity. Groundwater is the main source of freshwater for the expanding domestic, agricultural, and industrial sectors of the country. As it becomes more necessary to battle climate change, conserving water has a definite impact on a sustainable environment. Rainwater harvesting is simple technique with relatively low storage and maintenance costs. This can significantly help to mitigate the negative effects of increasing water scarcity caused by declining groundwater levels, lessen urban flooding, and preserve water supply in water-scarce places. Rainwater harvesting is the process of collecting and storing rainwater before it disperses as surface runoff. A rainwater harvesting system typically collects and stores water that runs off a roof surface. Rainwater can be collected and stored on surface tanks, or it may be conveyed underground to recharge groundwater. Surface runoff harvesting is most suitable in hilly and urban areas. Groundwater recharge is favorable, if there are sufficient favorable strata available to hold water. It is the most effective and sustainable method of managing water and it also opens up a wide range of other economic opportunities that empower people at the grassroots level. Rainwater harvesting is crucial for global water management in the 21st century.
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López-Patiño, Gonzalo, F. Martínez-Solano, P. López-Jiménez, and Vicente Fuertes-Miquel. "A method for sizing first flush water diverters tanks in rainwater harvesting systems." In Environmental Hydraulics - Theoretical, Experimental and Computational Solutions, 311–14. CRC Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b10999-77.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Rainwater harvesting tank"
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Dissanayake, Sandali, Kanishka Jayarathna, Mehara Sahabandu, Kulanaka Bandara, Thusithanjana Thilakarathna, Samitha Vidhanaarachchi, and Kalpani Manathunga. "Smart Water Management System for Rainwater Harvesting Tanks." In 2024 6th International Conference on Advancements in Computing (ICAC), 306–11. IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/icac64487.2024.10850981.
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Setty, Sudha, and Yoshita Sriram. "Incorporating Energy Efficiency and Sustainable Energy Practices in the Renovation and Retrofitting of a 50-Year-Old Independent House." In ENERGISE 2023. Alliance for an Energy Efficient Economy (AEEE), 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.62576/izte2884.
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The authors, a homeowner and an architect without in-depth technical knowledge of energy efficiency, embarked on the renovation of a 50-year-old house in Bangalore, India. The result was a design that combined family needs with energy efficiency and sustainability. The 3000 m2 property underwent a comprehensive retrofit, encompassing energy-efficient practices and renovation with renewable energy solutions, showcasing a blending of architectural design and sustainable systems. Load reduction strategies included double-glazed windows, solar chimneys for stack-effect cooling, cool roofs, plants for shading, and energy-efficient appliances. Efficient systems, such as a VRF system, BLDC fans, LED lights, and home automation with sensors, have been installed for improved cooling, ventilation, and lighting. The house generates and uses renewable energy through a 4.89 kW rooftop solar array, a 200-liter solar water heater with a heat pump, and a 300-liter storage tank. Additional sustainability efforts also included rainwater harvesting and material reuse to reduce embodied energy.
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Brand, Minakshi, and Camilo Torres. "Hydraulic and Hydrological Assessment for an Artificial Wetland—Storage Tank System Built for Rainwater Harvesting at the Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Campus in Bogotá, Colombia." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2016. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784479889.036.
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Gündel, Hande, and Ayşe Kalaycı Önaç. "Determination of Stormwater Drainage in University Campuses; Case Study of İzmir Katip Çelebi University Campus." In 8th International Students Science Congress. ULUSLARARASI ÖĞRENCİ DERNEKLERİ FEDERASYONU (UDEF), 2024. https://doi.org/10.52460/issc.2024.056.
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Structural development grows rapidly with urbanization, resulting in more and more impervious areas and therefore stormwater cannot infiltrate underground. In recent years, stormwater management models have been developed to solve the problem. The models have been the subject of natural-based solutions for the last decade. The principle of stormwater management aims to control stormwater in urban areas. The systems aim to replace the traditional sewage system with blue-green infrastructure systems which consist of rainwater harvesting, rain gardens, vegetated swales, green roofs, green walls, permeable pavement, and rainwater tanks. The method transforms an impermeable surface of asphalt, brick, concrete, and stone into permeable design tools. Flooding, one of the main consequences of climate change, is the biggest challenge for cities. Therefore, areas with high building density need to be transformed and especially rainwater needs to be used efficiently. This study aims to develop a management model for the efficient use of stormwater in university campuses, which are an important spatial part of cities. In this context, firstly, areas with high drainage density were identified with the ArcGIS 10.4 program and then an effective drainage network was created within the campus using the Stormwater Management Model (SWMM). The campus-wide system can also be applied and easily adapted to the city. With this method, the ratio of permeable areas is increased and new design models are created in urban areas.
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Bonasif, Jorge. "The Deficient Harvesting Rainwater System in Kuala Lumpur and the Human-made Water Pollution Conditions." In Environmental Engineering. VGTU Technika, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2017.070.
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Rainwater harvesting is a method to collect water from rain, in forms such as direct from the roof, tanks deposits, ponds or artificial lakes. In the city of Kuala Lumpur (1.7 million inhabitants) the process has in consideration flash flood, river pollution, soil erosion. With an annual rainfall of 2486 mm, and build-up area reaching 1663.23 km2 in 2014 while forest area has suffered reductions of 8.3% in 2014. The paper examines the conditions that exert pressure in the infrastructure of Kuala Lumpur whose center has experienced an increase in the number of violent flooding yet at the same time prevent an effective harvesting of stormwater. The primary methodology used is consultation of the available literature, journals, published reports, interview with experts and survey at impacted neighbourhoods. A secondary source of information is the observation in situ with a sample case, to help to support the validation of the conclusions. The deficiency in the control of the flooding system in a negative correlation to the city’s development. This fact is related to the insufficient drainage system, narrowed stretches in rivers, low prices of water, and the lack of an adequate incentive policies and low volume of information to the population.
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"Reliability analysis of household rainwater harvesting tanks in the coastal areas of Bangladesh using daily water balance model." In 20th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation (MODSIM2013). Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand (MSSANZ), Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36334/modsim.2013.l8.karim.
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