Journal articles on the topic 'Rainforest ecology'
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Tejada, Julia V., John J. Flynn, Pierre-Olivier Antoine, Victor Pacheco, Rodolfo Salas-Gismondi, and Thure E. Cerling. "Comparative isotope ecology of western Amazonian rainforest mammals." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 42 (October 5, 2020): 26263–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2007440117.
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Closed-canopy rainforests are important for climate (influencing atmospheric circulation, albedo, carbon storage, etc.) and ecology (harboring the highest biodiversity of continental regions). Of all rainforests, Amazonia is the world’s most diverse, including the highest mammalian species richness. However, little is known about niche structure, ecological roles, and food resource partitioning of Amazonian mammalian communities over time. Through analyses of δ13Cbioapatite, δ13Chair, and δ15Nhair, we isotopically characterized aspects of feeding ecology in a modern western Amazonian mammalian community in Peru, serving as a baseline for understanding the evolution of Neotropical rainforest ecosystems. By comparing these results with data from equatorial Africa, we evaluated the potential influences of distinct phylogenetic and biogeographic histories on the isotopic niches occupied by mammals in analogous tropical ecosystems. Our results indicate that, despite their geographical and taxonomic differences, median δ13Cdietvalues from closed-canopy rainforests in Amazonia (−27.4‰) and equatorial Africa (−26.9‰) are not significantly different, and that the median δ13Cdietexpected for mammalian herbivores in any closed-canopy rainforest is −27.2‰. Amazonian mammals seem to exploit a narrower spectrum of dietary resources than equatorial African mammals, however, as depicted by the absence of highly negative δ13Cdietvalues previously proposed as indicative of rainforests (<−31‰). Finally, results of keratin and bioapatite δ13C indicate that the predictive power of trophic relationships, and traditional dietary ecological classifications in bioapatite-protein isotopic offset expectations, must be reconsidered.
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Carson, Walter P., and Stefan Schnitzer. "Nouragues: Deep Rainforest Ecology." Ecology 84, no. 5 (May 2003): 1340–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2003)084[1340:ndre]2.0.co;2.
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BATISTA G., JUVENAL E., and SCOTT A. MORI. "Two New Species of Eschweilera (Lecythidaceae) from rainforest on the Caribbean slope of Panama." Phytotaxa 296, no. 1 (February 14, 2017): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.296.1.2.
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Eschweilera donosoensis and Eschweilera rotundicarpa are described from the lowlands rainforest and cloud forest of the Caribbean slope of Panama. E. donosoensis is common in the lowland rainforests in the Donoso District, Colón Province and E. rotundicarpa is endemic to cloud forest in the General De División Omar Torrijos Herrera National Park, Coclé Province and also the lowland rainforest of Valle Grande in the Donoso District, Colón Province. In this paper these species are illustrated, and information on distribution, habitat, ecology, phenology and conservation status according to IUCN are provided.
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Kantvilas, G., P. W. James, and S. J. Jarman. "Macrolichens in Tasmanian Rainforests." Lichenologist 17, no. 1 (February 1985): 67–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282985000081.
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Abstract96 macrolichens, including 12 new records, are reported for cool temperate rainforests in Tasmania. These species belong mainly to the austral cool temperate element. A descriptive account of the lichen floras from five major rainforest communities is given. Field observations suggest that substrate and light are the most important ecological factors affecting the distribution of lichens in rainforest. Although most species are widespread in Tasmania, large-scale disturbance and the fragmentation of rainforest stands is seen as a threat to their survival.
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Stuart-Fox, Devi M., Christopher J. Schneider, Craig Moritz, and Patrick J. Couper. "Comparative phylogeography of three rainforest-restricted lizards from mid-east Queensland." Australian Journal of Zoology 49, no. 2 (2001): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo00092.
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Several small isolates of rainforest situated on the central eastern coast of Australia are home to a rich herpetofauna, including four endemic species of leaftail geckos (Phyllurusspp.) and two skinks (Eulamprus spp.). To examine the extent and geographic pattern of historical subdivision among isolates, we assayed mtDNA variation in two species endemic to rainforests of this region (Phyllurus ossa and Eulamprus amplus) and, for comparison, a more widespread and less specialised lizard, Carlia rhomboidalis. There is a clear genetic signature of historical changes in population size and distribution in P. ossa that is consistent with Pleistocene (or earlier) rainforest contraction and subsequent expansion. Although more pronounced in the gecko, phylogeographic structure was congruent between E. amplusand P. ossa. In contrast to the saxicolous, rainforest-restricted P. ossaand E. amplus, the rainforest-generalist species, C. rhomboidalis, does not display strong geographic population structure. The differences in genetic population structure exhibited by the three species are consistent with species-specific differences in ecology.
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Palmer, Carol, Owen Price, and Christine Bach. "Foraging ecology of the black flying fox (Pteropus alecto) in the seasonal tropics of the Northern Territory, Australia." Wildlife Research 27, no. 2 (2000): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr97126.
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Pteropus alecto uses landscape patchiness at two scales: firstly, between broad vegetation types (i.e. eucalypt open forest/savanna woodland versus rainforest vegetation); secondly, within vegetation types. Radio-collared Pteropus alecto selected foraging sites that were richer in flower or fruit resources than floristically similar sites and moved through the landscape in response to the flowering and fruiting of a number of plant species occurring in different vegetation types. Abundance of P. alecto within four monitored rainforest patches and the outside vegetation fluctuated substantially during the study. Overall, P. alecto was more abundant in the rainforests than in the surrounding vegetation. P. alecto foraged on the flowers and fruit from 23 species in 11 families.
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Lynch, A. J. J., and V. J. Neldner. "Problems of placing boundaries on ecological continua - options for a workable national rainforest definition in Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 48, no. 4 (2000): 511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt97022.
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Options for a new definition of, and key for, rainforest in Australia are provided. The definitions take a national perspective, and are based on the ecological characteristics of rainforest species and some structural and floristic characteristics. Rainforest plant species are defined as those adapted to regenerating under low-light conditions experienced under the closed canopy or in localised gaps caused by recurring disturbances which are part of the natural rainforest ecosystem, and are not dependent on fire for successful regeneration. Three definitions are provided which differ in the extent of inclusion of transitional and seral communities. The first definition recognises communities such as mixed forests as transitional to rainforests and therefore as separate communities. The second definition includes a minimal component of emergent non-rainforest species in rainforest in the recognition that the main floristic component and functioning of the communities cannot be distinguished. The third definition includes the late successional stages of transitional and seral communities in rainforest on the presumption that such communities include non-rainforest species which are close to senescence, and that these communities are essential for the long-term conservation of rainforest in areas where rainforest is vulnerable and subject to major disturbance, particularly by fire. The first definition is concluded to be the least ambiguous and arbitrary, and enables a consistent approach to rainforest management. Recognition of mixed forests as a distinctive and mappable vegetation type should be incorporated in a comprehensive conservation strategy inclusive of all ecosystem developmental stages.
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Reichel, H., and AN Andersen. "The Rainforest Ant Fauna of Australia's Northern Territory." Australian Journal of Zoology 44, no. 1 (1996): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9960081.
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An ant survey of Northern Territory (NT) rainforests, which occur as numerous small and isolated patches within a predominantly savanna landscape, yielded 173 species from 46 genera. The richest genera were Polyrhachis (22 species), Pheidole (21 species), Rhytidoponera (12 species) and Monomorium (12 species). Seven genera represented new records for the NT: Discothyrea, Prionopelta, Machomyrma, Strumigenys, Bothriomyrmex, Turneria and Pseudolasius. The most common ants were Generalised myrmicines, particularly species of Pheidole and Monomorium, and Opportunists such as species of Paratrechina, Tetramorium, Odontomachus and Rhytidoponera. This is also the case in rainforests of the Kimberley region of Western Australia. Of NT rainforest species, 59% have Torresian (tropical) affinities, which is only slightly higher than in Kimberley rainforests (48%). However, the NT harbours a far higher proportion of specialist rainforest species (27 v. 9%), including many more with arboreal nests (13 v. 5% of total species). Many of the rainforest specialists are of considerable biogeographic interest, with a substantial number having disjunct distributions in the NT and Queensland (and often also New Guinea) A small number represent the only known Australian records of south-east Asian species. Interestingly, very few species appear to be endemic to NT rainforests, with a previously unrecorded species of Aphaenogaster being a probable exception. The NT rainforest fauna also includes several introduced species, with at least one (Pheidole megacephala) posing a serious conservation threat.
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Menkhorst, KA, and JCZ Woinarski. "Distribution of mammals in monsoon rainforests of the Northern Territory." Wildlife Research 19, no. 3 (1992): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9920295.
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The mammal fauna of 50 patches of monsoon rainforest in the Northern Territory, Australia, was surveyed. No mammal species is restricted to this habitat, and most of the region's marnmal fauna uses it at least occasionally. Mammal species composition within monsoon rainforests undergoes substantial variation along an extensive environmental gradient reflecting moisture condition and rockiness. For most mammal species, variation in abundance among patches was related more to the position of the patch on this environmental gradient than to patch size or extent of disturbance. Disturbance was positively correlated with the richness and abundance in quadrats of three taxonomic groupingsrodents, 'other' native species, and all native species (other than bats)-and negatively correlated with richness and abundance of macropods. Compared with surrounding (open forest and savanna woodland) vegetation, monsoon rainforests have few grazing herbivores and small granivorous rodents, but more species that eat fleshy fruits and seeds from woody plants. The mammal fauna of monsoon rainforests in the Northern Territory is similar to that of monsoon rainforests of the Kimberley (to the west) but unlike that of wet tropical rainforests in Cape York (to the east). These differences, and the current impoverishment of the mammal fauna of the Northern Territory monsoon rainforest, are attributable to historical processes and the current small area of this highly fragmented monsoon rainforest estate. Three bat species may be important for pollination and dispersal of monsoon rainforest plants.
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M. Date, E., H. F. Recher, H. A. Ford, and D. A. Stewart. "The conservation and ecology of rainforest pigeons in northeastern New South Wales." Pacific Conservation Biology 2, no. 3 (1995): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc960299.
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A survey of conservation reserves, rainforest remnants and agricultural districts in northeastern New South Wales was conducted to determine the abundance, movements and habitat requirements of rainforest pigeons, to evaluate the extent and use of suitable habitat in conservation reserves, and to provide guidelines for the conservation and management of rainforest pigeons. Eight species of rainforest pigeon occur in northeastern New South Wales. Commencing with the clearing of rainforest in the 1860s for agriculture, rainforest pigeons declined in abundance throughout New South Wales and by the 1970s five species were thought to be threatened in the state. Since then, rainforest pigeons have apparently increased in abundance and distribution, but the Wompoo, Rose-crowned and Superb Pigeons continue to be listed by the New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife Service as vulnerable and rare. However, populations of all species of rainforest pigeons in New South Wales are relatively small and vulnerable to further loss of habitat. Most rainforest pigeons show a preference for subtropical rainforest habitat, but moist eucalypt forests, gardens and weedy exotic vegetation along roads and on abandoned farmland are also frequented to varying degrees by different species. To investigate recent trends in pigeon abundance we used data collected for up to 12 years from eight sites and during 1988, 1989 and 1990 from 17 rainforest remnants in northeastern New South Wales. The data suggest that rainforest pigeons now occur more frequently in lowland agricultural areas than in the recent past and tend to confirm an increase in abundance since the 1970s. Nesting and foraging habitats for rainforest pigeons are extensive in the conservation reserve system of northeastern New South Wales, but these habitats, which are largely at high elevations, lack winter food resources. Instead, pigeons congregate in remnant rainforest and exotic berry-bearing trees and shrubs in agricultural areas at lower elevations and near the coast. They rely on these habitats for food during winter and it is the restricted extent of this habitat that probably limits their abundance, not the area or quality of habitat at higher elevations. The conservation and management of rainforest pigeons requires the protection of low elevation and coastal rainforest remnants. As development of northeastern New South Wales proceeds, to avoid a decline in the abundances of rainforest pigeons it will be necessary to protect sclerophyll forest with native or exotic fruit bearing trees and shrubs and to extend the area of suitable habitat by the regeneration of rainforest and by the planting of native species used by pigeons as a food source. This will become increasingly important as the control and removal of exotic plants, such as Lantana Lantana camara and Camphor Laurel Cinnamonum camphora, on which some pigeons depend as a winter food source, becomes more successful.
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MORLEY, Sharon E., and Maria GIBSON. "Successional changes in epiphytic rainforest lichens: implications for the management of rainforest communities." Lichenologist 42, no. 3 (March 25, 2010): 311–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282909990570.
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AbstractWe explored lichen species richness and patterns of lichen succession on rough barked Nothofagus cunninghamii trees and on smooth barked Atherosperma moschatum trees in cool temperate rainforests in Victoria, Australia. Nothofagus cunninghamii trees from the Yarra Ranges, and A. moschatum trees from Errinundra were ranked into size classes (small, medium, large and extra-large), and differences in species richness and composition were compared between size classes for each tree species. Nothofagus cunninghamii supported a rich lichen flora (108 trees, 52 lichen species), with the largest trees supporting a significantly higher number of species, including many uncommon species. This success was attributed to varying bark texture, stand characteristics and microhabitat variations as the trees age. Atherosperma moschatum supported a comparable number of species (120 trees, 54 lichen species). Indeed on average, this host supported more lichen species than N. cunninghamii. However, successional patterns with increasing girth were not as clear for A. moschatum, possibly due to the more stable microclimate that this smooth barked host provided. Victorian cool temperate rainforests exist primarily as small, often isolated pockets within a sea of Eucalypt-dominated, fire-prone forest. Many are regenerating from past disturbance. We find that protection of Victoria's oldest rainforest pockets is crucial, as they represent sources of rare, potentially threatened lichen species, and may be acting as reservoirs for propagules for nearby ageing rainforests. Indeed, even single, large old trees have conservation importance, as they may provide exceptional microhabitats, not found elsewhere in the regenerating rainforest environment.
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Adam, Paul. "History and ecology of rainforest diversity." Trends in Plant Science 3, no. 8 (August 1998): 287–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1360-1385(98)01286-2.
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Barrett, DJ, TJ Hatton, JE Ash, and MC Ball. "Transpiration by Trees From Contrasting Forest Types." Australian Journal of Botany 44, no. 3 (1996): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9960249.
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Temperate rainforests and eucalypt forests of coastal south-eastern Australia are distributed differentially with aspect. Rainforests, in which Ceratopetalum apetalum D.Don and Doryphora sassafras Endl. are the dominant tree species, occur on slopes of southerly aspect and along gully bottoms, whereas eucalypt forests, dominated by Eucalyptus maculata Hook., occur on upper slopes of northerly aspect and on ridge tops. Whether transpiration rates of trees differed across the rainforest-eucalypt forest boundary on north and south facing aspects was tested by measuring stem sap flow in trees in a single catchment during winter, summer and autumn. Differences in transpiration rate by trees in these stands were due to various combinations of biological and physical factors. Firstly, mean maximum transpiration rate per tree (crown area basis) was greater in rainforest on the gully bottom where deep soil water from down-slope drainage was greater than in eucalypt forest located upslope on the northern aspect. By contrast, there was no difference between maximum transpiration rates in rainforest and eucalypt forest on the southern aspect. Variation in transpiration rate between seasons was not related to variation in surface soil moisture content (< 0.35 m depth). Secondly, transpiration rates per unit crown area in rainforest at the gully bottom were associated with higher leaf area indices than upslope on the northern aspect. However, in rainforest upslope on the southern aspect, higher transpiration rates were not associated with higher leaf area indices. Thirdly, trees in eucalypt forest maintained similar sapwood moisture contents in summer as in winter and autumn, whereas sapwood moisture contents declined in rainforest trees in summer, suggesting that eucalypts had access to water from deep within the soil profile which was unavailable to more shallow rooting rainforest trees. Fourthly, higher modal and maximal sap velocities in eucalypt trees were partly due to wider xylem vessels and resulted in faster maximum sap flow and greater daily total water use in all seasons on both aspects than in rainforest species. Finally, as atmospheric demand for water increased from winter to summer, transpiration rates were mediated by stomata1 closure as indicated by lower average midday shoot conductance to water vapour during summer than other seasons. The interaction between microenvironment, which deteimines water availability, and physiological attsibutes, which determine tree water acquisition and use, may contribute to the differential distribution of rainforest and eucalypt forest with aspect in south-eastern Australia.
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Bergey, Christina M., Marie Lopez, Genelle F. Harrison, Etienne Patin, Jacob A. Cohen, Lluís Quintana-Murci, Luis B. Barreiro, and George H. Perry. "Polygenic adaptation and convergent evolution on growth and cardiac genetic pathways in African and Asian rainforest hunter-gatherers." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 48 (November 9, 2018): E11256—E11263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1812135115.
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Different human populations facing similar environmental challenges have sometimes evolved convergent biological adaptations, for example, hypoxia resistance at high altitudes and depigmented skin in northern latitudes on separate continents. The “pygmy” phenotype (small adult body size), characteristic of hunter-gatherer populations inhabiting both African and Asian tropical rainforests, is often highlighted as another case of convergent adaptation in humans. However, the degree to which phenotypic convergence in this polygenic trait is due to convergent versus population-specific genetic changes is unknown. To address this question, we analyzed high-coverage sequence data from the protein-coding portion of the genomes of two pairs of populations: Batwa rainforest hunter-gatherers and neighboring Bakiga agriculturalists from Uganda and Andamanese rainforest hunter-gatherers and Brahmin agriculturalists from India. We observed signatures of convergent positive selection between the rainforest hunter-gatherers across the set of genes with “growth factor binding” functions (P<0.001). Unexpectedly, for the rainforest groups, we also observed convergent and population-specific signatures of positive selection in pathways related to cardiac development (e.g., “cardiac muscle tissue development”; P=0.001). We hypothesize that the growth hormone subresponsiveness likely underlying the adult small body-size phenotype may have led to compensatory changes in cardiac pathways, in which this hormone also plays an essential role. Importantly, in the agriculturalist populations, we did not observe similar patterns of positive selection on sets of genes associated with growth or cardiac development, indicating our results most likely reflect a history of convergent adaptation to the similar ecology of rainforests rather than a more general evolutionary pattern.
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Kooyman, Robert M., Robert J. Morley, Darren M. Crayn, Elizabeth M. Joyce, Maurizio Rossetto, J. W. Ferry Slik, Joeri S. Strijk, Tao Su, Jia-Yee S. Yap, and Peter Wilf. "Origins and Assembly of Malesian Rainforests." Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 50, no. 1 (November 2, 2019): 119–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110218-024737.
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Unraveling the origins of Malesia's once vast, hyperdiverse rainforests is a perennial challenge. Major contributions to rainforest assembly came from floristic elements carried on the Indian Plate and montane elementsfrom the Australian Plate (Sahul). The Sahul component is now understood to include substantial two-way exchanges with Sunda inclusive of lowland taxa. Evidence for the relative contributions of the great Asiatic floristic interchanges (GAFIs) with India and Sahul, respectively, to the flora of Malesia comes from contemporary lineage distributions, the fossil record, time-calibrated phylogenies, functional traits, and the spatial structure of genetic diversity. Functional-trait and biome conservatism are noted features of montane austral lineages from Sahul (e.g., diverse Podocarpaceae), whereas the abundance and diversity of lowland lineages, including Syzygium (Myrtaceae) and the Asian dipterocarps (Dipterocarpoideae), reflect a less well understood combination of dispersal, ecology, and adaptive radiations. Thus, Malesian rainforest assembly has been shaped by sharply contrasting evolutionary origins and biogeographic histories.
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Hipkiss, Anna Maria, and Eva Nyberg. "Rainforest conversations." Nordic Studies in Science Education 18, no. 2 (September 7, 2022): 225–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5617/nordina.8716.
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This study examines the conversations of 41 student teachers during visits to a designed rainforest in a greenhouse in a botanical garden in Sweden. The aim of this study is to explore the multimodal affordances of the rainforest for student teachers’ negotiations, and through this obtain an understanding of the potential this environment has for teaching and learning about plants, biodiversity, ecology and life on Earth. Data for this exploratory case study was collected through observations as well as audio recordings of interactions between student teachers. Data was analysed using multiple tools, including thematic analyses and social semiotics. The results show that the walk-through in the rainforest and the encounters with plants awaken curiosity, raise questions and bring about hypotheses. This has implications for and informs teaching about plants and the importance of plants for life on Earth.
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Rödel, Mark-Oliver, and Julian Glos. "Herpetological surveys in two proposed protected areas in Liberia, West Africa." Zoosystematics and Evolution 95, no. 1 (February 4, 2019): 15–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.31726.
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In March and April 2018 we surveyed amphibians and reptiles in two Proposed Protected Areas (PPAs) in Liberia. In the Krahn-Bassa Proposed Protected Area (KBPPA) in eastern Liberia 36 species of amphibians and 13 species of reptiles were recorded. In the Foya Proposed Protected Area (FPPA) in western Liberia 39 species of amphibians and 10 species of reptiles were recorded. The encountered herpetological communities in both sites were typical for West African rainforests. However, some species indicated disturbances, in particular at the edges of the study areas, the surrounding villages and plantations, and old artisanal gold mining sites within forests. Of particular conservation interest was the discovery of a high percentage of typical rainforest specialists with ranges restricted to the western part of the Upper Guinea rainforest biodiversity hotspot. Outstanding discoveries in KBPPA were two new species of puddle frogs, and the first country record for the arboreal, parachuting lizardHolaspisguentheri. Remarkable records in FPPA comprise a new species of stiletto snake, a new puddle frog and records of various frog species typically breeding in undisturbed rainforest streams, such asOdontobatrachusnatatorandConrauaalleni. Both study areas comprise an important proportion of the remaining rainforests in the Upper Guinea forest zone. The new discoveries indicate that within this biogeographic area, southeastern and western Liberian rainforest may still hold various undiscovered species and species of conservation concern. Further surveys in KBPPA and FPPA and nearby forests should clarify the distribution and conservation status of the new taxa.This study also emphasizes that the western part of the Liberian forests comprise at least partly a herpetofauna which differs from that of the East of the country. The recorded threatened amphibian species are all specialized on relatively undisturbed rainforests and they all have only small geographic ranges. The remaining parts of undisturbed or little disturbed forests thus have high importance for the long-term survival of these species. In conclusion the study areas have a high conservation potential and should be urgently protected from any further forest loss degradation and uncontrolled hunting.
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McNeely, Jeffrey A. "Rainforest Gold." Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 1, no. 8 (October 2003): 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3868123.
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Nic Eoin, Luíseach. "Rainforest origins." Nature Ecology & Evolution 6, no. 1 (December 6, 2021): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41559-021-01618-6.
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McNeeley, Jeffrey A. "Rainforest gold." Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 1, no. 8 (October 2003): 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2003)001[0399:rg]2.0.co;2.
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Hu, Xuan, Qi Shu, Wen Guo, Zean Shang, and Lianghua Qi. "Secondary Succession Altered the Diversity and Co-Occurrence Networks of the Soil Bacterial Communities in Tropical Lowland Rainforests." Plants 11, no. 10 (May 19, 2022): 1344. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11101344.
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The characteristics of plant and soil bacterial communities in forest ecosystems have been reported, but our understanding of the relationship between plant communities and soil bacteria in different stages of secondary tropical rainforest succession is still poor. In June 2018, three different natural successional stages of tropical lowland rainforests, early (33 years), early-mid (60 years), and mid successional stage (73 years), in Hainan Island, China, were selected for this study. By conducting field investigation and 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing, the composition and diversity of tree communities, the niche overlap of tree species with legumes among tree species, and the diversity and composition of soil bacterial communities and co-occurrence networks within communities across the successional stages were investigated. The results showed that plant richness and species diversity increased significantly during the secondary succession of tropical lowland rainforests. The order of positive correlations between nitrogen-fixing legumes and other species in plant communities was early-mid > mid > early successional stage. Soil nutrient content and soil bacterial richness were highest in the early-mid stages of succession, followed by mid and early stages of succession. Organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (TN), alkali nitrogen (AN), and available phosphorus (AP) had a stronger positive impact on soil bacterial communities. Co-occurrence network analysis showed that with the advancement of rainforests succession, the negative correlation between soil bacterial species decreased, and the community stability increased. Overall, as a result of tropical lowland rainforest secondary natural succession, the richness and diversity of plant communities increased, which altered the living conditions of nitrogen-fixing legumes and the soil properties, and the network complexity of soil bacterial communities increased with the rising of rainforest soil nutrient content.
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Liu, Zhihao, Hong Li, Fangtao Wu, Hui Wang, Huai Chen, Qiuan Zhu, Gang Yang, et al. "Quantification of Ecosystem-Scale Methane Sinks Observed in a Tropical Rainforest in Hainan, China." Land 11, no. 2 (January 19, 2022): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11020154.
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Tropical rainforest ecosystems are important when considering the global methane (CH4) budget and in climate change mitigation. However, there is a lack of direct and year-round observations of ecosystem-scale CH4 fluxes from tropical rainforest ecosystems. In this study, we examined the temporal variations in CH4 flux at the ecosystem scale and its annual budget and environmental controlling factors in a tropical rainforest of Hainan Island, China, using 3 years of continuous eddy covariance measurements from 2016 to 2018. Our results show that CH4 uptake generally occurred in this tropical rainforest, where strong CH4 uptake occurred in the daytime, and a weak CH4 uptake occurred at night with a mean daily CH4 flux of −4.5 nmol m−2 s−1. In this rainforest, the mean annual budget of CH4 for the 3 years was −1260 mg CH4 m−2 year−1. Furthermore, the daily averaged CH4 flux was not distinctly different between the dry season and wet season. Sixty-nine percent of the total variance in the daily CH4 flux could be explained by the artificial neural network (ANN) model, with a combination of air temperature (Tair), latent heat flux (LE), soil volumetric water content (VWC), atmospheric pressure (Pa), and soil temperature at −10 cm (Tsoil), although the linear correlation between the daily CH4 flux and any of these individual variables was relatively low. This indicates that CH4 uptake in tropical rainforests is controlled by multiple environmental factors and that their relationships are nonlinear. Our findings also suggest that tropical rainforests in China acted as a CH4 sink during 2016–2018, helping to counteract global warming.
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Stokstad, E. "ECOLOGY: Too Much Crunching on Rainforest Nuts?" Science 302, no. 5653 (December 19, 2003): 2049a—2049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.302.5653.2049a.
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Hunt, J. H. "ECOLOGY: Cryptic Herbivores of the Rainforest Canopy." Science 300, no. 5621 (May 9, 2003): 916–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1085065.
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Hill, J., K. Hamer, J. Tangah, and M. Dawood. "Ecology of tropical butterflies in rainforest gaps." Oecologia 128, no. 2 (July 2001): 294–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420100651.
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Hill, RS, and MK MacPhail. "A Fossil Flora From Rafted Plio-Pleistocene Mudstones at Regatta Point, Tasmania." Australian Journal of Botany 33, no. 5 (1985): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9850497.
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A Late Pliocene-Early Pleistocene flora from Regatta Point on Macquarie Harbour contains pollen, cladodes, flowers and infructescences of Casuarina (s.l.), suggesting that the site of deposition was surrounded by the source plants. However, leaves and shoots of Nothofagus cunninghamii, Eucryphia, Atherosperma moschatum, Quintinia, Acacia, Lagarostrobos franklinii, Phyllocladus aspleniifolius, Podocarpus, Athrotaxis selaginoides and A. cf. cupressoides also occur, along with pollen and spores of the common rainforest species, and it can be inferred that a cool temperate rainforest was present upstream of the site of deposition. This fossil flora represents the earliest evidence to date of modern rainforest elements in Tasmania. Pollen of a number of modern sclerophyll species, including Epacridaceae, Proteaceae and Eucalyptus, is also present. The presence of a Quintinia leaf in the Regatta Point flora is evidence that some species have become extinct in Tasmania relatively recently. Extant Tasmanian rainforests evolved from more diverse Mid Tertiary rainforests, probably in response to the Late Tertiary cooling and repeated Quaternary glaciations. The same environmental vicissitudes may have also been responsible for the successful establishment of eucalypts on the west coast of Tasmania by the Late Pliocene-Early Pleistocene, resulting in a vegetation probably similar to that now present around Macquarie Harbour.
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Tang, Y., S. L. Boulter, and R. L. Kitching. "Heat and smoke effects on the germination of seeds from soil seed banks across forest edges between subtropical rainforest and eucalypt forest at Lamington National Park, south-eastern Queensland, Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 51, no. 3 (2003): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt02091.
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Physical changes and flows of energy at the interface between two contrasting ecosystems affect the distribution of species across the ecotone. The maintenance and stability of the, often abrupt, transition between Australian rainforest and non-rainforests is often attributed to fire. We use pre-germination treatments of smoke and heat on soil seed bank samples to determine plant distributions across the edge between subtropical rainforest and an adjacent eucalypt-dominated wet sclerophyll forest. Soil seed bank collections at 15 m within the eucalypt forest had both significantly higher density and diversity of seedlings than those at 30 m, at the edge itself or at any site within the rainforest. This response was most apparent when a pre-germination smoke treatment was applied. We suggest that smoke is an important germination trigger for species regenerating at this interface. Our results confirm the importance of fire in determining and maintaining the nature of this ecotone.
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Heise-Pavlov, Sigrid. "Current knowledge of the behavioural ecology of Lumholtz’s tree-kangaroo (Dendrolagus lumholtzi)." Pacific Conservation Biology 23, no. 3 (2017): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc16041.
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Behavioural ecology increasingly contributes to effective species conservation. It provides a better understanding of habitat requirements and landscape use of a species. In this review the current knowledge of the behavioural ecology of the Lumholtz’s tree-kangaroo (Dendrolagus lumholtzi) is summarised. It describes how the species utilises a structurally diverse environment such as rainforest with respect to its climbing abilities and the consumption of partly toxic rainforest foliage. It presents the latest findings on the use of non-rainforest habitats by this species, how it copes with highly fragmented landscapes within its distribution and the evolutionary bases of its antipredatory behaviours. Available information on home ranges of D. lumholtzi in various habitats is compiled and supplemented by our sparse knowledge of conspecific interactions of this species. The review shows how limited our current knowledge on the behavioural ecology of this species is, and how this knowledge should be integrated into conservation efforts for this species, and aims at encouraging more research in this field.
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PEDERSEN, LENE. "The Fourth Circle: A Political Ecology of Sumatra's Rainforest Frontier:The Fourth Circle: A Political Ecology of Sumatra's Rainforest Frontier." American Anthropologist 109, no. 2 (June 2007): 402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.2007.109.2.402.1.
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VanSchaik, Jack. "Spatial Soundscape Ecology: Application in a Paleotropical Rainforest." Journal of Purdue Undergraduate Research 7 (August 31, 2017): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284316399.
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Stokstad, E. "ECOLOGY: Experimental Drought Predicts Grim Future for Rainforest." Science 308, no. 5720 (April 15, 2005): 346–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.308.5720.346.
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FERREIRA, GABRIEL E., IDIMÁ G. COSTA, ANDRÉA O. ARAUJO, MICHAEL G. HOPKINS, and ALAIN CHAUTEMS. "Three new species of Besleria (Gesneriaceae) from the southeastern Brazilian Atlantic rainforest." Phytotaxa 263, no. 3 (June 3, 2016): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.263.3.7.
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Besleria is a Neotropical genus of terrestrial herbs, shrubs and small trees growing in the understory of rainforests, with more than 160 recognized species, and is one of the larger and more diverse genera of Gesneriaceae. It belongs to the monophyletic tribe Beslerieae, and recent phylogenetic studies indicate that the genus is monophyletic. During field expeditions in the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest, we collected specimens that could not be identified as any described species. After morphological analysis and comparison with related species, we assigned these specimens to three new species of Besleria. In this paper, we describe and illustrate Besleria aurea, B. brevicalyx and B. diabolica and provide data on their ecology, distribution and conservation status.
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Kenneally, Kevin F. "Kimberley tropical monsoon rainforests of western Australia: perspectives on biological diversity." Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 12, no. 1 (July 20, 2018): 149–228. http://dx.doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v12.i1.927.
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There are more than 1,500 patches of monsoon rainforest, totaling 7,000 hectares, scattered across 170,000 square km of the tropical Kimberley region of Western Australia. They are small, isolated and embedded within a mosaic of mostly flammable eucalypt savanna woodlands. The status and condition of Kimberley monsoon rainforest biodiversity are assessed based on geographically comprehensive survey data from a total of 100 sites and opportunistic collecting in many others. Monsoon rainforests are rich in species not found in the region’s other vegetation communities. Most rainforests and their associated faunal assemblages are not currently reserved and many of the survey sites were found to be severely disturbed by fire and introduced feral cattle. The disturbance impact of fires, introduced animals and weeds is shown to apply generally across the three major forms of land tenure operating in the Kimberley; namely, Aboriginal land (including Indigenous Protected Areas), Crown land (including pastoral leasehold), and national parks and reserves. The implications of these disturbance factors on the conservation and management practices of monsoon rainforest patches in the region are considered. It is concluded that conservation of patches requires active fire and feral animal management. Equally, however, the long-term genetic viability of these small scattered patches and populations requires effective conservation at the landscape scale. Mounting evidence of the Kimberley as a historical and significant center of refugia warrants action from scientists, governments, conservation agencies, Indigenous landholders as well as local communities to protect and conserve its unique biota and the processes responsible for generating and sustaining it.
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Melick, DR, and DH Ashton. "The Effects of Natural Disturbances on Warm Temperate Rain-Forests in South-Eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 39, no. 1 (1991): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9910001.
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The effects of fire, flood and landslide disturbance on the floristics and structure of some warm temperate rainforests in East Gippsland were investigated from 1983 to 1989. Subcommunities within these forests were delineated by the numerical analyses of floristic data. In moister sites, relatively undisturbed rainforest is dominated by Acmena smithii in association with Acronychia oblongifolia and Rapanea howittiana together with numerous vines and ferns. The size-class distributions of the major tree species indicate that these forests are regenerating. In riparian habitats, Tristaniopsis laurina tends to dominate due to its greater flood resistance whereas Pittosporum undulatum becomes prominent in edaphically drier sites. Within burnt rainforest A. smithii and T. laurina have regenerated vegetatively but P. undulatum has been eliminated. In adjacent wet sclerophyll forest subsequent invasion by rainforest seedlings has occurred. In gorges, landslides may cause disturbance to various degrees and subsequent colonisation is dependent upon both the site and the matrix of the material transposed. The status of the various subcommunities is discussed in terms of the environmental gradients present, the modes of regeneration and the types of primary and secondary successions initiated by the disturbances.
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Campbell, Leslie. "The Causes and Effects of Tropical Deforestation." AGRICA 4, no. 2 (July 22, 2020): 142–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.37478/agr.v4i2.459.
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Tropical rainforest deforestation is a major problem in many tropical regions and can have major impacts on system ecology and long term soil productivity. This paper examines the trend of increased colonization of tropical rainforest regions and the resulting effects on long term natural system productivity in these areas. It also explores the impact of conventional agricultural practices, the majority of which were developed in temperate climates, when employed in a tropical context. International trends in the consumption of imported tropical wood and rainforest products are also suggested as a major culprit for increased tropical deforestation. Reduction in international rainforest product consumption and greater awareness on the part of Western consumers as to the impacts of tropical deforestation are suggested as potential solutions to reduce this problem.
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Clay, RE, and AN Andersen. "Ant Fauna of a Mangrove Community in the Australian Seasonal Tropics, With Particular Reference to Zonation." Australian Journal of Zoology 44, no. 5 (1996): 521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9960521.
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The ant fauna of Australia's tropical rainforests is composed primarily of Indo-Malayan taxa, and is remarkably disjunct from the surrounding savanna ant fauna, which is dominated by autochthonous, arid-adapted species. Mangrove communities, which like the rainforests have closed canopies, are major components of the Australian tropics; however, their ant faunas remain poorly known, despite ants being the dominant insect group in them. This paper describes the ant fauna of a mangrove community in Darwin Harbour, and compares it with the regional savanna and rainforest fauna. Ants were sampled at baits located on the ground, foliage, and tree trunks, along three transects following the elevation/tidal gradient. Sixteen ant species were recorded in mangroves, including three savanna species, six rainforest species (one, Monomorium ?turneri, not previously recorded in Northern Territory), five habitat generalists, and two species restricted to mangroves, Polyrhachis constricta and P. sokolova, which remarkably nest in intertidal sediments and are subject to inundation. Species of Crematogaster and Polyrhachis were most abundant, and Polyrhachis was the richest genus with six species. The biogeographical affinities of the ant fauna were very similar to those of local rainforest faunas, but with a higher incidence (50%) of obligately arboreal species. Five of the Polyrhachis species occurred in distinct zones along the elevational/tidal gradient, thus exhibiting the zonation so characteristic of mangrove plant species, although the ant zonation did not appear to be mediated by floristic changes. Potential causes of this zonation are both abiotic and biotic, but their relative importances remain a matter of conjecture.
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Greller, Andrew M., Lucinda A. McDade, Kamaljit S. Bawa, Henry A. Hespenheide, and Gary S. Hartshorn. "LaSelva: Ecology and Natural History of a Neotropical Rainforest." Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 122, no. 1 (January 1995): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2996404.
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Emmons, Louise H. "Comparative feeding ecology of felids in a neotropical rainforest." Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 20, no. 4 (April 1987): 271–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00292180.
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Thusithana, Vidushi, Sean M. Bellairs, and Christine S. Bach. "Seed germination of coastal monsoon vine forest species in the Northern Territory, Australia, and contrasts with evergreen rainforest." Australian Journal of Botany 66, no. 3 (2018): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt17243.
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Seed germination traits of seasonal rainforest species differ from permanently moist evergreen rainforest species due to the prolonged seasonal drought. We investigated whether seed germination traits used to categorise evergreen rainforest species into pioneer and climax guilds were applicable to seasonal rainforest species. Seed dormancy, light requirements for germination and seed storage types of five climax and thirteen pioneer species of a coastal vine thicket were studied. Results were compared with published studies of evergreen rainforest species. Evergreen rainforest pioneer species are typically dormant, require light to germinate and tolerate desiccation, whereas climax species are typically non-dormant, tolerate shade during germination and are sensitive to desiccation. In seasonal rainforest we found that a high proportion of pioneer species had seeds that were non-dormant (62%), and a high proportion of pioneer species germinated equally well in light and dark conditions. In seasonal rainforest, we found that the majority of climax species had desiccation tolerant seeds, whereas in evergreen rainforest the proportion of climax species producing desiccation sensitive seeds is equal to or greater than the proportion of species with desiccation tolerant seeds. In seasonal rainforest species physical, physiological and epicotyl dormancy types were found. Generally, for seasonal rainforest species, the prevalent form of dormancy in pioneer species was physical dormancy whereas physiological dormancy was most common in evergreen rainforest pioneer species with dormancy. Our results suggest that the contrasting seed biology traits that typically apply to pioneer and climax species of evergreen rainforest species don’t typically apply to seasonal rainforest species.
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Law, BS. "Roosting and foraging ecology of the Queensland blossom bat (Syconycteris australis) in north-eastern New South Wales: flexibility in response to seasonal variation." Wildlife Research 20, no. 4 (1993): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9930419.
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Radiotelemetry was used to track blossom bats (Syconycteris australis) at Iluka and Harrington in northern New South Wales. A total of 31 bats was tracked to 110 roosts. Bats foraged on nectar and pollen in Banksia integrtfolia heathland, but roosted 50-4000m away in littoral rainforest. Bats showed a strong fidelity to their feeding area (about 13ha), returning to their original capture point each night and spending a large proportion of their foraging time there. After leaving their roost, adults spent, on average, 45% of their time active and remained in heathland throughout the night. All age-sex classes roosted solitarily during the day amongst rainforest foliage, usually in the subcanopy layer. Most roosts were occupied for one day only and adults were more roost-mobile than juveniles. Mean movements between roosts were greater at Harrington (125m), where the rainforest is fragmented, than at Iluka (42m), where rainforest is intact. Bats shifted their roosts seasonally, from the rainforest edge in winter to the rainforest interior in spring/autumn. This behaviour allows for avoidance of cold temperatures inside the forest in winter and of hot temperatures of the forest exterior in spring/autumn. A further possible response to the seasonal climate prevailing at the study area was a reduction in the commuting distance (from roosts to feeding areas) from autumn/spring (1.4km) to winter (0.8km). Such flexible roosting and foraging strategies may be effective in allowing S. australis to exploit subtropical and temperate areas of Australia.
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Mellick, Rohan, Andrew Lowe, and Maurizio Rossetto. "Consequences of long- and short-term fragmentation on the genetic diversity and differentiation of a late successional rainforest conifer." Australian Journal of Botany 59, no. 4 (2011): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt10291.
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The east Australian rainforests provide a unique system with which to study historic climate-driven habitat fragmentation. The long life span of rainforest conifers and consequent lag effects on genetic variation, offer insights into demographic stochasticity in small populations and persistence in increasingly fragmented systems. Microsatellite markers were used to investigate the genetic diversity and structure of Podocarpus elatus (Podocarpaceae), a long-lived rainforest conifer endemic to Australia. Twenty-seven populations throughout the east Australian rainforests were screened and two divergent regions separated by the dry Clarence River valley (New South Wales) were discovered. This biogeographic barrier may be referred to as the Clarence River Corridor. Niche modelling techniques were employed to verify the incidence of habitat divergence between the two regions. Significantly high inbreeding was detected throughout the species range with no evidence of recent bottlenecks. Most of the diversity in the species resides between individuals within populations, which suggest the species would be sensitive to the adverse effects of inbreeding, yet evidence suggests that these populations have been small for several generations. Slightly higher diversity estimates were found in the southern region, but it is likely that the species survived historic population contraction in dispersed refugia within each of these genetically differentiated regions.
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WESENER, THOMAS. "Re-discovery after more than a century: a redefinition of the Malagasy endemic millipede genus Zehntnerobolus, with a description of a new species (Diplopoda, Spirobolida, Pachybolidae) THOMAS WESENER (Germany)." Zootaxa 3018, no. 1 (September 8, 2011): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3018.1.3.
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A new species of the previously monotypic Malagasy pachybolid genus Zehntnerobolus Wesener, 2009, Z. hoffmani new species, is described. The diagnosis of the genus Zehntnerobolus is updated and new characters of potential phylogenetic importance for the classification of Malagasy Spirobolida are described. The here described specimens are the first known representatives of Zehntnerobolus collected since 1900. The late discovery of another Zehntnerobolus is a clear indication of how little we know about the soil arthropod macrofauna of Madagascar. Particularly the eastern rainforest region and the north of Madagascar are still underexplored. The specimens were collected in the eastern montane rainforest more than 380 km south of the known distribution of the other Zehntnerobolus species. The collection method used, as well as morphological parameters of Zehntnerobolus indicate that its species live in the leaf litter of Malagasy rainforests.
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Hoskin, Conrad J., Harry B. Hines, Rebecca J. Webb, Lee F. Skerratt, and Lee Berger. "Naïve rainforest frogs on Cape York, Australia, are at risk of the introduction of amphibian chytridiomycosis disease." Australian Journal of Zoology 66, no. 3 (2018): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo18041.
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Amphibian chytridiomycosis disease has caused widespread declines and extinctions of frogs in cool, wet habitats in eastern Australia. Screening suggests that the disease does not yet occupy all areas modelled to be environmentally suitable, including rainforests on Cape York Peninsula. Cape Melville is an area of rainforest with several endemic frogs, including the stream-associated Melville Range treefrog (Litoria andiirrmalin), which is deemed at particular risk of disease impacts. We tested 40 L. andiirrmalin for chytrid infection by PCR and found them all to be negative. In conjunction with previous testing at another high-risk location, McIlwraith Range, this suggests that endemic rainforest frogs on Cape York have been spared the introduction of chytridiomycosis. We discuss how the disease could get to these areas, what can be done to reduce the risk, and suggest an emergency procedure should it be introduced.
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Tanner, E. V. J., A. Gomez-Pompa, T. C. Whitmore, and M. Hadley. "Rainforest Regeneration and Management." Journal of Ecology 80, no. 1 (March 1992): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2261078.
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Walter, David Evans, and Valerie M. Behan-Pelletier. "Systematics and ecology of Adhaesozetes polyphyllos sp.nov. (Acari: Oribatida: Licneremaeoidea), a leaf-inhabiting mite from Australian rainforests." Canadian Journal of Zoology 71, no. 5 (May 1, 1993): 1024–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z93-136.
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We present the first study of the systematics, ecology, and biogeography of an arboreal oribatid mite from Australia, describe all stages of Adhaesozetes polyphyllos sp.nov., propose new diagnoses for its genus and family, and present a character analysis demonstrating that the family Adhaesozetidae is a member of the Licneremaeoidea. Certain character states, especially the expanded tarsal pulvilli, are interpreted as adaptations to arboreal life. Adhaesozetes polyphyllos grazes on epiphyllic fungi and prefers leaves with smooth surfaces or with closely appressed hairs. It inhabits at least 51 species of trees, shrubs, vines, and ferns in pockets of rainforest in eastern Australia. It is often the most abundant leaf-inhabiting oribatid mite in the cool- to warm-temperate rainforests of Tasmania and Victoria, and inhabits montane subtropical to tropical rainforests at least as far north as Mount Lewis (16°32′S). It appears to be absent from lowland subtropical to tropical rainforests, which suggests an ancient relationship with the Antarctic elements of the Australian flora. Populations are bisexual, with females representing an average of 55% of the adult population. At Wilson's Promontory, populations increase from late winter to midsummer, but all stages are present throughout the year. Females use their ovipositors to lay eggs in protected sites (e.g., insect damage or leaf domatia), often within the cast skins of immature mites.
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Cervantes-Pasqualli, Juan Alberto, and Javier Laborde. "Fig development in two Neotropical Ficus species, Ficus (subg. Pharmacosycea) yoponensis and Ficus (subg. Spherosuke) colubrinae: comparing rainforest and pasture trees." Botany 99, no. 8 (August 2021): 475–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2020-0139.
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In the fragmented landscape of Los Tuxtlas, adult fig trees are found in both rainforest remnants and in pastures. Syconium (fig) development is known to vary between and within Ficus species, but it is not known whether it differs between rainforest and pasture trees. Here, we describe syconium development for two Ficus species with different life forms (free-standing and hemi-epiphytic) in two contrasting, adjacent habitats: an undisturbed rainforest and active pastures. Over three months, we monitored 15 reproductive events in Ficus (subg. Pharmacosycea) yoponensis Desv. and Ficus (subg. Spherosuke) colubrinae Standl., collecting and dissecting syconia every 3–4 days (1291 and 815 syconia per species, respectively). External and internal structural changes in the syconia are described, including foundress occurrence and the maximum duration of the receptive phase while waiting for pollinators. The duration of both the reproductive events (<8 weeks) and the developmental phases in the two species did not differ between rainforest and pasture trees and are within the lower range of time reported for other Ficus species. After pollinator exclusion, the receptive phase lasted up to four times its normal duration. Syconia were slightly larger in rainforest trees than in pasture trees, and the infestation of F. yoponensis syconia by non-pollinating insects was higher in rainforest trees.
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Escobar, Arturo. "Whose Knowledge, Whose nature? Biodiversity, Conservation, and the Political Ecology of Social Movements." Journal of Political Ecology 5, no. 1 (December 1, 1998): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v5i1.21397.
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This paper proposes a framework for rethinking the conservation and appropriation of biological diversity from the perspective of social movements. It argues that biodiversity, although with concrete biophysical referents, is a discourse of recent origin. This discourse fosters a complex network of diverse actors, from international organizations and NGOs to local communities and social movements. Four views of biodiversity produced by this network (centered on global resource management, national sovereignity, biodemocracy, and cultural autonomy, respectively) are discussed in the first part of the paper. The second part focuses on the cultural autonomy perspective developed by social movements. It examines in detail the rise and development of the social movement of black communities in the Pacific rainforest region of Colombia. This movement, it is argued, articulates through their practice an entire political ecology of sustainability and conservation. The main elements of this political ecology are discussed and presented as a viable alternative to dominant frameworks.Key words: political ecology, social movements, rainforest, biodiversity,afrocolombians, global networks.
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Brearley, Francis Q. "Tropical Rainforest Disturbance and Recovery." Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 2, no. 7 (September 2004): 346. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3868358.
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Law, Bradley S., and Mark Chidel. "Roosting and foraging ecology of the golden-tipped bat (Kerivoula papuensis) on the south coast of New South Wales." Wildlife Research 31, no. 1 (2004): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr03001.
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The roosting and foraging ecology of the golden-tipped bat (Kerivoula papuensis) was studied by radio-tracking on the south coast of New South Wales. Despite a previous scarcity of records, 16 bats were harp-trapped during spring and summer, of which 11 were radio-tracked. Roost types (n = 33 roosts over 48 roost days) were the suspended nests of yellow-throated scrubwrens (Sericornis citreogularis) (50%), nests of brown gerygone (Gerygone mouki) (27%), beneath hanging moss on tree trunks (21%) and in foliage (2%). All roosts were located in rainforest and close to creek lines (mean = 6 m). Yellow-throated scrubwren nests were more common in rainforest on small, first- and second-order streams (4.6 nests km–1 – 5.2 km searched) than on larger, third-order streams (1.1 nests km–1 – 2.7 km searched). Colonies were small (<10 bats) and usually comprised a mix of sexes. Maternity roosts in summer were located in both yellow-throated scrubwren nests (n = 8) and brown gerygone nests (n = 3). Foraging bats were recorded flying a maximum of 2.1 km and were regularly recorded (43% of monitored time) on upper slopes away from rainforest. Plots (5 × 5 m) were used to compare prey densities (small web-building spiders) between rainforest and sclerophyll forest and different topographies (creeks, riparian vegetation and upper slopes). Although spider numbers were patchy, upper-slope sclerophyll forest supported the greatest number of spiders, the number being significantly greater in upper-sclerophyll forest than in sclerophyll creeks and rainforest on upper slopes. A forward step-wise multiple regression showed that spider numbers per plot were positively related to the density of understorey stems. Management implications from this research are that riparian rainforest provides the key roosting habitat for K. papuensis. Recent management prescriptions in New South Wales' forests available for logging have correctly targeted the protection of this environment. However, the extent of foraging in sclerophyll forest on upper slopes was previously unknown. Attention needs to be given to management actions that maintain a mosaic of dense patches of understorey on upper slopes, where the numbers of web-building spiders are high. Further research is required to determine the effectiveness of using buffered protection zones within logged areas for K. papuensis.
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Legge, S., R. Heinsohn, and S. Garnett. "Availability of nest hollows and breeding population size of eclectus parrots, Eclectus roratus, on Cape York Peninsula, Australia." Wildlife Research 31, no. 2 (2004): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr03020.
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The distribution of the Australian mainland endemic subspecies of the eclectus parrot, Eclectus roratus macgillivrayi, is currently confined to the lowland rainforests of the Iron–McIlwraith Ranges of eastern Cape York Peninsula. Females breed in large hollows in emergent rainforest trees that are readily visible from above. Aerial surveys were used to sample 58% of the rainforest (454 km2) of the Iron Range region to estimate the density of these nest trees. Corrections for overcounting bias (not all observed emergent trees were active nest trees) and undercounting bias (not all active nest trees were visible from the air) were made by ground-truthing over 70 trees. The tree count data were treated in two different ways, producing estimates of 417 (s.e. = 25) and 462 (s.e. = 31) nest trees for the Iron Range region. Long-term observational data on the number of eclectus parrots associated with each nest tree were used to estimate the population size of eclectus parrots at Iron Range: 538–596 breeding females, and 1059–1173 males. These results have three implications. First, this relatively low population estimate suggests that the Australian subspecies of eclectus parrots should be considered vulnerable to habitat loss or perturbation, especially in light of their complex social system, male-biased adult sex ratio, low breeding success and high variance in reproductive success among females. Second, the low density of nest trees suggests that eclectus parrots are absent from the rainforests of Lockerbie Scrub and the Jardine dunefields because these areas are too small. Finally, if eclectus parrots persisted in the Iron–McIlwraith region during the rainforest contractions of Pleistocene glacial maxima (e.g. 14 000–17 000 years ago), the refugium in this region must have been fairly substantial in order to support a viable population – probably larger than previously assumed.