Journal articles on the topic 'Rainfall-runoff experiments'
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Kai, Wu, and Liu Changming. "Three instruments used in rainfall—runoff simulation experiments." Hydrological Processes 2, no. 2 (April 1988): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.3360020205.
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Vergroesen, T., U. Man Joshi, N. C. van de Giesen, and F. H. M. van de Ven. "High resolution rainfall – runoff measurement setup for green roof experiments in a tropical environment." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 7, no. 6 (December 7, 2010): 9367–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-7-9367-2010.
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Abstract. This article describes the measurement setup that is used for green roof experiments in a tropical environment, the required data treatment to obtain reliable values of rainfall, runoff and evapotranspiration, and how to deal with external disturbances that can influence the experiment results. High resolution rainfall runoff measurements to identify, understand and properly model the relevant runoff processes in a green roof require both tailored equipment and data treatment. A tipping bucket rain gauge is calibrated for and installed to measure minute based rain intensities. A runoff measuring setup is developed that can accurately quantify the runoff up to 6 l/min, and has a high resolution in both time and volume. Two different measuring setups are used to verify the evapotranspiration that is derived from the rainfall and runoff measurements.
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Herrnegger, M., H. P. Nachtnebel, and K. Schulz. "From runoff to rainfall: inverse rainfall–runoff modelling in a high temporal resolution." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 11, no. 12 (December 5, 2014): 13259–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-11-13259-2014.
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Abstract. This paper presents a novel technique to calculate mean areal rainfall in a high temporal resolution of 60 min on the basis of an inverse conceptual rainfall–runoff model and runoff observations. Rainfall exhibits a large spatio-temporal variability, especially in complex alpine terrain. Additionally, the density of the monitoring network in mountainous regions is low and measurements are subjected to major errors, which lead to significant uncertainties in areal rainfall estimates. The most reliable hydrological information available refers to runoff, which in the presented work is used as input for a rainfall–runoff model. Thereby a conceptual, HBV-type model is embedded in an iteration algorithm. For every time step a rainfall value is determined, which results in a simulated runoff value that corresponds to the observation. To verify the existence, uniqueness and stability of the inverse rainfall, numerical experiments with synthetic hydrographs as inputs into the inverse model are carried out successfully. The application of the inverse model with runoff observations as driving input is performed for the Krems catchment (38.4 km2), situated in the northern Austrian Alpine foothills. Compared to station observations in the proximity of the catchment, the inverse rainfall sums and time series have a similar goodness of fit, as the independent INCA rainfall analysis of Austrian Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics (ZAMG). Compared to observations, the inverse rainfall estimates show larger rainfall intensities. Numerical experiments show, that cold state conditions in the inverse model do not influence the inverse rainfall estimates, when considering an adequate spin-up time. The application of the inverse model is a feasible approach to obtain improved estimates of mean areal rainfall. These can be used to enhance interpolated rainfall fields, e.g. for the estimation of rainfall correction factors, the parameterisation of elevation dependency or the application in real-time flood forecasting systems.
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Ma, Baoguo, Ronghao Guan, Liang Liu, Zhixi Huang, Shuanwang Qi, Zengfu Xi, Ying Zhao, Shihao Song, and Hong Yang. "Nitrogen Loss in Vegetable Field under the Simulated Rainfall Experiments in Hebei, China." Water 13, no. 4 (February 21, 2021): 552. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13040552.
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Agricultural non-point source pollution is one of the main factors contaminating the environment. However, the impact of rainfall on loss of non-point nitrogen is far from well understood. Based on the artificial rainfall simulation experiments to monitor the loss of dissolved nitrogen (DN) in surface runoff and interflow of vegetable field, this study analyzed the effects of rainfall intensity and fertilization scheme on nitrogen (N) loss. The results indicated that fertilizer usage is the main factor affecting the nitrogen loss in surface runoff, while runoff and rainfall intensity play important roles in interflow nitrogen loss. The proportion of DN lost through the surface runoff was more than 91%, and it decreased with increasing rainfall intensity. There was a clear linear trend (r2 > 0.96) between the amount of DN loss and runoff. Over 95% of DN was lost as nitrate nitrogen (NN), which was the major component of nitrogen loss. Compared with the conventional fertilization treatment (CF), the amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied in the optimized fertilization treatment (OF) decreased by 38.9%, and the loss of DN decreased by 28.4%, but root length, plant height and yield of pak choi increased by 6.3%, 2.7% and 5.6%, respectively. Our findings suggest that properly reducing the amount of nitrogen fertilizer can improve the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer but will not reduce the yield of pak choi. Controlling fertilizer usage and reducing runoff generation are important methods to reduce the DN loss in vegetable fields.
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Song, Shuang, and Wen Wang. "Impacts of Antecedent Soil moisture on the Rainfall–Runoff Transformation Process Based on High-Resolution Observations in Soil Tank Experiments." Water 11, no. 2 (February 9, 2019): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11020296.
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An experimental soil tank (12 m long × 1.5 m wide × 1.5m deep) equipped with a spatially distributed instrument network was designed to conduct the artificial rainfall–runoff experiments. Soil moisture (SM), precipitation, surface runoff (SR) and subsurface runoff (SSR) were continuously monitored. A total of 32 rainfall–runoff events were analyzed to investigate the non-linear patterns of rainfall–runoff response and estimate the impact of antecedent soil moisture (ASM) on runoff formation. Results suggested that ASM had a significant impact on runoff at this plot scale, and a moisture threshold-like value which was close to field capacity existed in the relationship between soil water content and event-based runoff coefficient (φe), SSR and SSR/SR. A non-linear relationship between antecedent soil moisture index (ASI) that represented the initial storage capacity of the soil tank and total runoff was also observed. Response times of SR and SM to rainfall showed a marked variability under different conditions. Under wet conditions, SM at 10 cm started to increase prior to SR on average, whereas it responds slower than SR under dry conditions due to the effect of water repellency. The predominant contributor to SR generation for all events is the Hortonian overland flow (HOF). There is a hysteretic behavior between subsurface runoff flow and soil moisture with a switch in the hysteretic loop direction based on the wetness conditions prior to the event.
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Yang, Xu, Xue-Yi You, Min Ji, and Ciren Nima. "Influence factors and prediction of stormwater runoff of urban green space in Tianjin, China: laboratory experiment and quantitative theory model." Water Science and Technology 67, no. 4 (February 1, 2013): 869–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.600.
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The effects of limiting factors such as rainfall intensity, rainfall duration, grass type and vegetation coverage on the stormwater runoff of urban green space was investigated in Tianjin. The prediction equation of stormwater runoff was established by the quantitative theory with the lab experimental data of soil columns. It was validated by three field experiments and the relative errors between predicted and measured stormwater runoff are 1.41, 1.52 and 7.35%, respectively. The results implied that the prediction equation could be used to forecast the stormwater runoff of urban green space. The results of range and variance analysis indicated the sequence order of limiting factors is rainfall intensity > grass type > rainfall duration > vegetation coverage. The least runoff of green land in the present study is the combination of rainfall intensity 60.0 mm/h, duration 60.0 min, grass Festuca arundinacea and vegetation coverage 90.0%. When the intensity and duration of rainfall are 60.0 mm/h and 90.0 min, the predicted volumetric runoff coefficient is 0.23 with Festuca arundinacea of 90.0% vegetation coverage. The present approach indicated that green space is an effective method to reduce stormwater runoff and the conclusions are mainly applicable to Tianjin and the semi-arid areas with main summer precipitation and long-time interval rainfalls.
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Man, Zihao, Qinghua Luan, Dan Xu, Congwu Sun, and Yongzhen Niu. "The Design and Check of Regional Typical Rainfall Processes: A Case Study of Yongnian District, China." MATEC Web of Conferences 246 (2018): 01009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824601009.
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Observing and analyzing runoff process is an important method to study the principle of runoff yield and concentration. However, natural rainfall is random and difficult to monitor the related runoff process timely, so most of the runoff processes analysis is based on the artificial rainfall experiments. In this study, the selected test site is located in Yongnian district, Hebei Province, China. Rainfall volume, rainfall peak, rainfall duration and peak ratio were considered as the key factors of designed rainfall type. Based on regional historical observed rainfall data from 1980 to 2012, the two mainly representative processes which was in flood season and non-flood season respectively, were calculated. The most typical rainfall process in each period was screened through two methods of characteristic frequency distribution. Furthermore, accuracy of rainfall intensity and uniformity of spatial and temporal distribution were selected as the criteria for correcting the artificial rainfall devices. This research is the foundation of the artificial runoff experiment and provide reference to regional climate change research and local water resources assessment.
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Luo, Banglin, Zhen Han, Jing Yang, and Qing Wang. "Assessment of Erosion Characteristics in Purple and Yellow Soils Using Simulated Rainfall Experiments." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 1 (December 30, 2021): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010357.
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Soil erosion of sloped lands is one of the important sources of substantive sediments in watersheds. In order to investigate erosion characteristics of sloped lands during rainfall events in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, erosion processes of purple and yellow soils under different slope gradients and rainfall intensities were studied by using a rainfall simulator. The results showed that the sediment concentration in runoff was closely correlated with rainfall intensity. The sediment concentration in runoff gradually rose to a peak with time, and then gradually declined and approach a steady rate during simulation rainfall events. The particle size distribution of surface soils before the rainfall was different from that after the rainfall. Soil erosion mainly resulted in the loss of fine particles of surface soil through runoff, and the fine particles of soil were enriched in sediments. Soil erosion rates were gradually increased with the slope gradient when the slope gradient was less than 10°, and significantly increased when the slope gradient was more than 10°. The slope factor of yellow soil could be fitted well to that calculated by the formula of Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE). The trend of the slope factor of purple soil was similar to that of the slope factor that was derived from USLE. Therefore, the effect of slope gradients on soil erosion need to be further researched when USLE was applied to predict erosion in purple soil area.
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Das, P., K. Mahmud, and S. Karmaker. "Surface-Runoff Characteristics under Simulated Rainfall Conditions." Progressive Agriculture 24, no. 1-2 (June 17, 2014): 219–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v24i1-2.19175.
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This paper describes a rainfall-runoff simulation study, conducted in a laboratory to investigate surface runoff characteristics, verify unit hydrograph assumption and investigate the nature of the recession constant. A hydrology bench consisting of a metallic tray with an over head sprinkler system was used for this study. The metallic tray with soil bed and a river network acted as a small catchment. The over head sprinkler system consisting of spray nozzles acted as rainfall simulator. Different rainfall intensities and durations were taken as the treatments for the experiments. Surface runoff volume was collected at 10 secondly pulses of time in each experiment. Collected data were then processed and analyzed to explain the results. Unit hydrographs were developed from the surface runoff hydrographs for different rainfall durations and intensities. Recession constant K was calculated from the recession limb of each surface runoff hydrograph by optimization. Investigations show that runoff volume, runoff generation rate and peak runoff rate increase with the increasing rainfall duration. However, the peak runoff rate per sec of effective rainfall decreases with the increasing rainfall duration. There is also an evidence of the effects of rainfall intensity on runoff characteristics but no specific trend is identified. This study also reveals that the assumption of linearity between runoff volume and hydrograph ordinates is partially valid with some error which may be attributed to the non-uniform distributions of rainfall. Nature of recession constant suggests that the recession hydrograph is not only a function of catchment characteristics but also depends on rainfall intensities.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v24i1-2.19175 Progress. Agric. 24(1&2): 219 - 227, 2013
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van, Rees H., and RC Boston. "Evaluation of Factors Affecting Surface Runoff on Alpine Rangeland in Victoria." Rangeland Journal 8, no. 2 (1986): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9860097.
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A 'portable' rainfall simulator was used on alpine soils on the Bogong High Plains in Victoria, to determine the relationship of surface runoff to soil moisture, rainfall intensity, slope and the percentage of the area lacking vegetation cover (bare ground). A strong inverse relationship (R' = 0.64) existed between total runoff and antecedent soil moisture conditions. The other factors, within the range evaluated in these experiments (bare ground 0 to 33'70, rainfall intensity 37 to 97 mm/hr and slope 6 to 23%) had no significant influence on runoff. Time to runoff initiation was influenced by antecedent soil moisture, slope and rainfall intensity ( ~ ~ ~ 0 . 7 1 ) . It was found that time to runoff decreased as the soils dried, and the slope and rainfall intensity increased. The percentage of bare ground had little influence on the time to runoff initiation. These results show that differences in grassland condition, including large differences in the percentage of bare ground, had little influence on either surface runoff or on the time to runoff initiation. The single most important factor influencing runoff rates was the antecedent moisture content of the soil. This factor is generally outside management control.
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Isidoro, Jorge Manuel Guieiro Pereira, Alexandre Silveira, and Bruno Oliveira Lima. "Development of a large-scale rainfall simulator for urban hydrology research." Engenharia Sanitaria e Ambiental 27, no. 1 (February 2022): 169–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-415220200365.
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ABSTRACT This work presented the development and testing of a large-scale rainfall simulator (LSRS) to be used as a research tool on rainfall-runoff and associated transport processes in urban areas. The rainfall simulator consists of a pressurized water supply system which supplies a set of 16 full-cone nozzles. Artificial rainfall with different rainfall intensities can be produced over an area of 100 m2 in a V shape. The assembly is housed in a tailor-made acrylic structure to eliminate the influence of wind and natural rainfall. Runoff is measured and collected at the outlet of the drainage basin, from where it is pumped to a storage tank that enables the reuse of water. Runoff hydrographs and pollutographs are presented as examples of possible outcomes from this facility. The LSRS is showed to be able to reproduce the rainfall-runoff and pollutant transport processes under simulated rainfall events with intensity and spatial uniformity similar to other experiments described in the literature.
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Guan, Hongjie, and Rongjiang Cao. "Effects of biocrusts and rainfall characteristics on runoff generation in the Mu Us Desert, northwest China." Hydrology Research 50, no. 5 (August 30, 2019): 1410–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2019.046.
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Abstract How the presence of biocrusts regulates runoff generation in the Mu Us Desert is not well known. Runoff experiments under natural and artificial rainfalls and numerical simulations were conducted in semiarid environments to evaluate the effects of biocrust type and rainfall characteristics on runoff. The experimental results showed that the water drop penetration time (WDPT) of the moss-dominated biocrusts was 68.7% higher than that of lichen-dominated biocrusts. Nevertheless, the saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) for moss-dominated biocrusts was 72.7% lower than that for the lichen-dominated biocrusts. Runoff yield for moss-dominated biocrusts was significantly higher than that for lichen-dominated biocrusts. Runoff yield was mainly explained by rainfall amount (or maximum 5-min rainfall intensity, I5max) (P < 0.001) and WDPT (P = 0.001). The influences of biocrust type, rainfall intensity, and their interaction on runoff coefficient were significant at the probability level of 0.01. The results of numerical simulations concluded that surface runoff was generated for lichen- and moss-dominated biocrusts when rainfall intensity reached 73.5 and 49 mm h–1, respectively. Runoff coefficient in the moss-covered soil increased obviously when rainfall intensity changed from 49 to 73.5 mm h–1. The results suggest that runoff could be changed substantially under increasing trends in rainfall intensity in the Mu Us Desert.
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Ferreira, Gerardo, Isidoro, Moruzzi, Ferreira, and Lima. "Impact οf Pavement Distribution οn Hillslope Runoff ιn Peri-Urban Landscapes, Based οn Laboratorial Experiments." Proceedings 30, no. 1 (November 7, 2019): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019030010.
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It is widely accepted that urbanization modifies the hydrological processes, increasing runoff and flood hazard. However, after decades of research, the magnitude of the impacts is not well understood. This is partially due to spatial-temporal differences in rainfall-runoff processes over complex landscapes comprising different land-uses, typical of peri-urban areas. This study aims to investigate the impact of different spatial patterns of pavement on surface runoff, under distinct weather conditions (dry vs wet). Inspired on urban cores observed in peri-urban catchments, 7 spatial patterns were investigated: 100% pavement, 100% pervious, and 60% pavement (and 40% pervious) under continuous placement located upslope or downslope, and under dispersed patterns with regular, irregular and linear distribution. Concrete blocks were used as pavement material, whereas pervious surfaces were simulated using either bare soil, 1.5 kg·m−3 with sandy-loam texture, or commercial natural grass carpets. The 13 configurations of pavement and pervious materials, pavement-soil and pavement-grass were simulated in the laboratory, in a 1.0 × 1.0 m2 flume, with 0.05 m soil depth and 9° slope. Three rainfall simulation experiments were performed for each spatial configuration. Each experiment comprises a set of four sequential storms with 50 mm·h−1 over 20-min, interrupted by 30-min intervals, to simulate dry and increasingly wet antecedent settings. Results show that runoff is driven by both spatial pattern and soil moisture. Runoff coefficients ranged from 70–81% in fully paved surfaces to 1.4–40% in bare soil and 0.2–3.8% in grass, exhibiting increasing values from dry to wet antecedent moisture conditions, especially in bare soil. Under dry conditions, continuous pavement generates more runoff if placed downslope than upslope (28% vs 5% with grass and 37% vs 33% with bare soil). Under wet settings, however, continuous pavement generated (i) higher runoff if associated with downslope than upslope bare soil (63% vs 52%), due to saturation-excess favored by cumulative rainfall and upslope runoff; and (ii) lower runoff if associated with downslope than upslope grass surface (33% vs 24%). When considering dispersed pavement, runoff increased from dry to wet conditions, ranging from 32% to 62% and 1.3% to 23% when distributed with soil and grass covers, respectively. Adequate urban planning based on spatial patterns that maximize runoff sinks over the landscape should be considered to enhance urban flood resilience. Grass (as other covers) has higher capacity to retain and infiltrate rainfall and runoff than bare soil, and may represent a nature-based solution to mitigate flood hazard in peri-urban areas.
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Su, Chengzhi, Daiguo Hou, Shiruo Zhao, Xin Li, Zedong Yuan, and Danyang Yu. "Remote control rain sampler for rainfall runoff collection." Water Supply 20, no. 2 (December 30, 2019): 644–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2019.200.
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Abstract The availability of high spatial resolutions rainfall runoff data is vitally important in water resource estimation and management. To settle the problem of untimely collection of rainfall runoff caused by the uncertainty of rainfall, an unattended rainfall runoff collector with remote control was developed. According to the whole system, when the trigger device detects rainfall runoff, an energy-saving circuit connects, and the sampler is powered. At the same time, state and position information are sent to the mobile phone through the communication module. Then, the mobile phone sends instructions and starts an order back to the sampler through texts based on different requirements. The instructions and start order are then passed to the single-chip micyoco (SCM) control system, which also occurs via the communication module. A disconnected signal will be sent to the energy-saving circuit after the rainfall runoff collection. This signal will power off the sampler at the end. Test experiments showed that the maximum sampling error of the sampler developed in this paper was 1′02″, and the minimum sampling error was 22″.
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Návar, José, Jorge Mendez, Rorke B. Bryan, and Niklaus J. Kuhn. "The contribution of shrinkage cracks to bypass flow during simulated and natural rainfall experiments in northeastern Mexico." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 82, no. 1 (February 1, 2002): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s00-047.
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Understanding the spatial and temporal dynamics of desiccation cracks and related hydro-geomorphologic processes is a key component for the sustainable management of water resources in Vertisols. The contribution of shrinkage cracks to infiltration of runoff and sediments was studied during natural and simulated rainfall experiments in Vertisols of the semi-arid plains of northeastern Mexico during the summer of 1998. Surface runoff amounted to 10.7% of the total applied rainfall, but it increased from 2.3 t o 18.3% during the first and last applied rainfall. Soil cracks partially filled with transported sediments in surface runoff, but never sealed by swelling or by sedimentation during the sprinkling of 180 mm of rainfall applied in three installments during 1 wk. However, cracks observed in 1999 closed during natural rainfalls with a total depth of 450 mm, distributed in 10 storms during 3 mo. The development of soil cracks and their contribution to promote short-circuit flow are highly variable processes in time and space. Key Words: Dynamics of shrinkage cracks, irregular wetting fronts
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Chu, Xuefeng, G. Padmanabhan, and Daniel Bogart. "Microrelief-Controlled Overland Flow Generation: Laboratory and Field Experiments." Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/642952.
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Surface microrelief affects overland flow generation and the related hydrologic processes. However, such influences vary depending on other factors such as rainfall characteristics, soil properties, and initial soil moisture conditions. Thus, in-depth research is needed to better understand and evaluate the combined effects of these factors on overland flow dynamics. The objective of this experimental study was to examine how surface microrelief, in conjunction with the factors of rainfall, soil, and initial moisture conditions, impacts overland flow generation and runoff processes in both laboratory and field settings. A series of overland flow experiments were conducted for rough and smooth surfaces that represented distinct microtopographic characteristics and the experimental data were analyzed and compared. Across different soil types and initial moisture conditions, both laboratory and field experiments demonstrated that a rough soil surface experienced a delayed initiation of runoff and featured a stepwise threshold flow pattern due to the microrelief-controlled puddle filling-spilling-merging dynamics. It was found from the field experiments that a smooth plot surface was more responsive to rainfall variations especially during an initial rainfall event. However, enhanced capability of overland flow generation and faster puddle connectivity of a rough field plot occurred during the subsequent rain events.
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Yang, Chun Xia, PeiQing Xiao, Li Li, and Peng Jiao. "Effect of vegetation construction on runoff and sediment yield and runoff erosion ability on slope surface." E3S Web of Conferences 38 (2018): 01032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183801032.
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Land consolidation measures affected the underlying surface erosion environment during the early stage of vegetation construction, and then had an impact on rainfall infiltration, erosion and sediment yield. This paper adopted the field simulated rainfall experiments to analyze the function that pockets site preparation measures affected on rainfall infiltration, runoff sediment yield and runoff erosion ability. The results showed that，the measures can delay the rainfall runoff formation time of the slope by 3'17" and 1'04" respectively，Compared with the same condition of the bare land and natural grassland，The rainfall infiltration coefficient each increased by 76.47% and 14.49%, and infiltration rate increased by 0.26 mm/min and 0.11mm/min respectively; The amount of runoff and sediment yield were reduced because of the pockets site preparation ，The amount of runoff reducing rate were 33.51% and 30.49%, and sediment reduction rate were 81.35% and 65.66%, The sediment concentration was decreased by 71.99% and 50.58%; Runoff velocity of bare slope and natural grassland slope decreased by 38.12% and 34.59% respectively after pockets site preparation . The runoff erosion rate decreased by 67.92% and 79.68% respectively. The results will have a great significance for recognizing the effect of water and sediment reduction about vegetation and the existence of its plowing measures at the early period of restoration.
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Gan, Yong De, Yang Wen Jia, and Kang Wang. "Modeling Infiltration-Runoff under Multi-Layered Soil during Rainfall." Advanced Materials Research 864-867 (December 2013): 2392–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.864-867.2392.
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The generalized Green-Ampt models, based on the Green-Ampt approach, is suitable for simulating infiltration into layered soils during unsteady rainfall, however, there are still some problems with using this approach. The objective of this paper is to improve the generalized Green-Ampt model, and then evaluate the performance of the generalized Green-Ampt model in modeling the infiltration-runoff into multi-layered soil during rain. Firstly, based on the generalized Green-Ampt model, we propose and improvement to the generalized Green-Ampt model to overcome deficiencies in it. Then, one-dimensional infiltration-runoff experiments during rainfall were performed in multi-layered soil columns, and the runoff rate, cumulative infiltration and wetting front distance from soil surface were calculated with the modified generalized Green-Ampt model, and compared with the observed data in the experiments. The results indicate that the modified generalized Green-Ampt model predicts the multi-layered soil infiltration-runoff process well.
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Wang, Jianlong, Mengyuan Zhao, Nannan Tu, Xiaoning Li, Xing Fang, Junqi Li, Junwei Jin, and Dingjiang Su. "Curb Inlet Efficiency Evaluation under Unsteady Rainfall Situations Based on Full-Scale Rainfall-Runoff Experiments." Journal of Hydrologic Engineering 26, no. 2 (February 2021): 04020061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)he.1943-5584.0002038.
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Minea, Gabriel, and Gabriela Ioana-Toroimac. "Land use impact on overland flow: micro-scale field experimental analysis." Journal of Water and Land Development 29, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jwld-2016-0013.
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Abstract The objective of this paper was to experimentally investigate the hydrological effect of land use on overland flow at micro-scale. The research was based on field experiments made with stationary and expeditionary measurements on runoff plots. Plots are located in the Curvature Subcarpathians, form part of the Aldeni Experimental Basin (Romania) and cover an area of 80 m2. The land is covered with perennial grass and bare soil. The experiments in this field were performed under natural and simulated rainfalls. The plots data (rainfall and discharges) obtained during the experiments conducted in the warm semester (IV–IX) and one artificial rainfall (1 mm·min−1) were used. Significant variations in hydrological responses to rainfall rates were identified for the two land uses. On average, overland flow parameters on runoff plots covered with grasses were reduced to maximum 28% for discharges and to 50% for volumes while in the case of simulated rainfalls, the runoff rates were significantly increased on the bare soil plot. Grasses have a very important function as they cover and protect the soil and slow down the overland flow.
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Gao, Bin, M. Todd Walter, Tammo S. Steenhuis, William L. Hogarth, and J. Yves Parlange. "Rainfall induced chemical transport from soil to runoff: theory and experiments." Journal of Hydrology 295, no. 1-4 (August 2004): 291–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.03.026.
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Wang, Lingqing, Tao Liang, and Qian Zhang. "Laboratory experiments of phosphorus loss with surface runoff during simulated rainfall." Environmental Earth Sciences 70, no. 6 (March 3, 2013): 2839–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12665-013-2344-9.
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Ries, Fabian, Lara Kirn, and Markus Weiler. "Runoff reaction from extreme rainfall events on natural hillslopes: a data set from 132 large-scale sprinkling experiments in south-western Germany." Earth System Science Data 12, no. 1 (February 6, 2020): 245–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-245-2020.
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Abstract. Pluvial or flash floods generated by heavy precipitation events cause large economic damage and loss of life worldwide. As discharge observations from such extreme occurrences are rare, especially on the scale of small catchments or even hillslopes, data from artificial sprinkling experiments offer valuable information on runoff generation processes, overland and subsurface flow rates, and response times. We conducted 132 large-scale sprinkling experiments on natural hillslopes at 23 sites with different soil types and geology on pastures and arable land within the federal state of Baden-Württemberg in south-western Germany. The experiments were realized between 2016 and 2017. Simulated rainfall events of varying durations were based on (a) the site-specific 100-year return periods of rainfall with different durations and (b) the maximum rainfall intensity observed locally. The 100 m2 experimental area was divided into three individual plots, and overland and subsurface flow, soil moisture, and water level dynamics in the temporarily saturated soil zone were measured at 1 min resolution. Furthermore, soil characteristics were described in detail for each site. The data were carefully processed and corrected for measurement errors and combined into a consistent and easy-to-use database. The experiments revealed large variability in possible runoff responses to similar rainfall characteristics. In general, agricultural fields produced more overland flow than grassland. The latter generated hardly any runoff during the first simulated 100-year event on initially dry soils. The data set provides valuable information on runoff generation variability from natural hillslopes and may be used for the development and evaluation of hydrological models, especially those considering physical processes governing runoff generation during extreme precipitation events. The data set presented in this paper is freely available from the FreiDok plus data repository at https://doi.org/10.6094/UNIFR/151460 (Ries et al., 2019).
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Lasisi, M. O., F. F. Akinola, and O. R. Ogunjimi. "MODIFICATION AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A SMALL-SCALE RAINFALL SIMULATOR." International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Bioresearch 07, no. 03 (2022): 207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.35410/ijaeb.2022.5736.
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Rainfall simulator is an essential tool to simulate natural rainfall accurately and precisely. A reliable, accurate and portable small scale rainfall simulator is required for runoff, infiltration, sediment generation and erosion studies. And this has been used extensively to gather runoff, infiltration and erosion data in both laboratory and field experiments. This study was conducted to determine rainfall intensity, rainfall drop sizes and erosivity. An existing rainfall simulator was modified to be easily assembled, transported and maintained as well as to create a variety of rainfall regimes. Performance evaluation of the modified rainfall simulator was carried out with 10 trials to determine the intensity of rainfall, drop sizes and erosivity. Correlations were drawn out between the data of the simulated rainfall and that of the natural rainfall data. The results show that rainfall amount, intensity and kinetic energy are the main variables that influence rainfall erosivity index at 99% confidence level. The erosivity index of both simulated rainfall and natural rainfall are 36395.40JM-2mmhr-1 and 34792.51JM-2mmhr-1, respectively. The results of regression analysis of the simulated and natural rainfall show the influence of intensity and amount of rainfall on erosivity index. The linear regression models of simulated and natural rainfall show strong influence to varying degrees of (R2-values) which are 0.949, 0.190, 0.949 and 0.955, respectively. It was concluded that the modified rainfall simulator is suitable to simulate and reproduce natural rainfall characteristics such as rain drop size, intensity, kinetic energy and erosivity. The modified rainfall simulator is a portable type which can be easily assembled, maintained, transported and it can also be used in both laboratory and field experiments for irrigation, infiltration, runoff, sediment and erosion control studies. The estimated cost of modification was ₦44,520.00.
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Sun, Jiamei, Dengxing Fan, Xinxiao Yu, and Hanzhi Li. "Hydraulic characteristics of varying slope gradients, rainfall intensities and litter cover on vegetated slopes." Hydrology Research 49, no. 2 (November 17, 2017): 506–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2017.097.
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Abstract Litter produced by forests performs crucial functions in rainfall interception and soil conservation, particularly in the condition that larger raindrops formed by canopy accelerate soil erosion. To explore how forest litter exerts runoff hydrological characteristics and sediment yield processes, experiments on forest covered (Vitexnegundo var. heterophylla) slopes were conducted under various combinations of rainfall intensities and slope gradients. The results showed that litter reduced runoff yield rate by 9–31% and reduced sediment yield rate by 65–90%, with mean runoff and sediment reductions of 18% and 76% for all treatments. On forest covered slopes, Reynolds number and runoff power generally increased with the increase in both rainfall intensity and slope gradient. Litter layer reduced Reynolds number and runoff power with 8–29% and 56–80%, respectively. Darcy–Weisbach resistance coefficient decreased by increasing rainfall intensity and slope gradient. Litter layer increased Darcy–Weisbach resistance coefficient by three to nine times. Relationships between sediment yield rate and Reynolds number, runoff power, Darcy–Weisbach resistance coefficient were described by exponential, linear, power functions, respectively. The critical runoff power values for slopes with and without litter were 0.0027 and 0.0010 m/s, respectively. Reynolds number was the best hydrodynamic parameter for dynamic erosion characterizing.
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Abrahart, R. J., and L. M. See. "Neural network emulation of a rainfall-runoff model." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 4, no. 1 (February 22, 2007): 287–326. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-4-287-2007.
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Abstract. The potential of an artificial neural network to perform simple non-linear hydrological transformations is examined. Four neural network models were developed to emulate different facets of a recognised non-linear hydrological transformation equation that possessed a small number of variables and contained no temporal component. The modeling process was based on a set of uniform random distributions. The cloning operation facilitated a direct comparison with the exact equation-based relationship. It also provided broader information about the power of a neural network to emulate existing equations and model non-linear relationships. Several comparisons with least squares multiple linear regression were performed. The first experiment involved a direct emulation of the Xinanjiang Rainfall-Runoff Model. The next two experiments were designed to assess the competencies of two neural solutions that were developed on a reduced number of inputs. This involved the omission and conflation of previous inputs. The final experiment used derived variables to model intrinsic but otherwise concealed internal relationships that are of hydrological interest. Two recent studies have suggested that neural solutions offer no worthwhile improvements in comparison to traditional weighted linear transfer functions for capturing the non-linear nature of hydrological relationships. Yet such fundamental properties are intrinsic aspects of catchment processes that cannot be excluded or ignored. The results from the four experiments that are reported in this paper are used to challenge the interpretations from these two earlier studies and thus further the debate with regards to the appropriateness of neural networks for hydrological modelling.
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Kim, Eung Seok. "Analysis of Runoff According to Application of SWMM-LID Element Technology (II): Parameter Uncertainty Analysis." Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 20, no. 6 (December 31, 2020): 445–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2020.20.6.445.
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This study quantitatively analyzed the degree of uncertainty associated with runoff based on the sensitivity analysis of runoff parameters using Low Impact Development (LID) element technology of study (I). Uncertainty was analyzed for parameter uncertainty, uncertainty of runoff, and uncertainty about the degree of parameter and runoff. Parameter uncertainty indices showed lower uncertainty indices as a whole and uncertainty indices of peak runoff were higher than that of total runoff in runoff uncertainty. The reason for this is that the LID element technology itself is intended to store low-frequency small-scale rainfall, so that the uncertainty index of peak rainfall seems to be highly uncertain. As a result of the analysis of uncertainty degree associated with runoff, it was found that the uncertainty of storage depth of bio retention cell and rain garden was low, while the heaviness parameters of rain barrel had the highest uncertainty index. In future experiments and research, it is necessary to modify the parameter range suitable for Korea, which will be helpful for urban development, reduction of nonpoint source pollution, and designing of low frequency rainfall storage facilities.
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Tu, Na, Quanhou Dai, Youjin Yan, Xudong Peng, Wenping Meng, and Longpei Cen. "Effects of Moss Overlay on Soil Patch Infiltration and Runoff in Karst Rocky Desertification Slope Land." Water 14, no. 21 (October 28, 2022): 3429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14213429.
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The growth and overlay of a large number of bryophytes in the broken soil patches between the exposed bedrocks of karst have an essential influence on the infiltration and runoff process between the exposed bedrocks and even the whole rocky desertification area. The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of moss on the infiltration and runoff of soil patches between karst exposed bedrocks and the processes of rainfall, runoff and infiltration transformation on slopes through rainfall experiments. The results showed that the slopes between the karst outcrops are dominated by subsurface and underground pore runoff. More than 50% of precipitation is lost through underground pores, with surface runoff accounting for only 1–17% of the total. Bryophyte overlay significantly reduced the initial runoff from subsurface and underground pore runoff, and advanced the steady-state time of runoff from subsurface and underground pore runoff, suggesting that bryophyte coverage may reduce the risk of soil erosion caused by short-duration rainfall. Eurohypnum has a significant inhibitory effect on percolation between exposed bedrock and reduces rainfall leakage from subsurface and underground pores. Thuidium has a strong intercepting effect on rainfall, significantly reducing the formation of surface runoff and the risk of surface soil erosion. Moss overlay has an essential role in soil and water conservation between karst exposed bedrock, and Eurohypnum and Thuidium can be considered as pioneer mosses for ecological restoration in the process of rocky desertification control and ecological restoration, which can effectively solve the serious problem of soil and water loss in karst rocky desertification area and improve the benefit of soil and water conservation in karst area.
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Wang, Yuan, Wengang Zheng, Hongwei Xie, Qi Liu, and Jiahua Wei. "Study on Runoff Simulation of the Source Region of the Yellow River and the Inland Arid Source Region Based on the Variable Infiltration Capacity Model." Sustainability 12, no. 17 (August 28, 2020): 7041. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12177041.
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Hydrological process simulation and rainfall–runoff analysis are important foundations for reasonably evaluating changes in water resources. In this paper, the VIC (Variable Infiltration Capacity) hydrological model was used to simulate runoff without observed data for exploring the applicability of the model in the Kequ, Dari, and Jimai river basins in the source region of the Yellow River, and the Balegen River basin in the inland arid source region. The results show that, from 2015 to 2018, the VIC model had a good simulation effect. The Nash efficiency coefficients (NSE) of the four basins were all above 0.7, and the NSE of the Dari River basin reached 0.93. The relative error (RE) of the three river basins was about 5%, on average, and the RE of the Balegen basin was 6.50%, indicating that the model has good applicability in the study area. Climate perturbation experiments were performed to quantitatively analyze the relationship between rainfall and runoff. The results show that, in the source area of the Yellow River, rainfall and runoff are roughly linearly related. However, in the inland arid source area, temperature has a slightly greater impact on runoff than rainfall.
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Li, Taotao, Yu Wang, and Faqi Wu. "Anti-Erosion Influences of Surface Roughness on Sloping Agricultural Land in the Loess Plateau, Northwest China." Sustainability 14, no. 10 (May 20, 2022): 6246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14106246.
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The roughness of surface soil and the benefits produced by tillage for slope runoff and sediment reduction have attracted considerable interest; however, there are inconsistencies in existing research results. In this study, we have studied the anti-erosion influences of several typical tillage practices on both runoff and sediment generation in areas of sloping farmland in the Loess Plateau of northwest China. Rough surfaces were prepared manually, according to the surface microtopography of the plateau’s sloping farmland, using four tillage practices; a smooth surface was used as a control. Rainfall simulation experiments were performed using three rainfall intensities and five slope gradients. A path analysis was used to analyze the interactive effects of the slope gradient, rainfall intensity, and the surface roughness on the sediment yield and runoff volume. According to our findings, the gradient of a slope and the intensity of the rainfall both had a positive effect, while the surface roughness had a negative effect; the rate of 40.8% and 21.0% was lower than the values under CK on sediment yield and runoff volume. The interaction between the rainfall intensity and surface roughness always had a runoff reduction effect. Conversely, there was a critical slope gradient between 5° and 10° for sediment yield. The interaction between the slope gradient and surface roughness also had a runoff reduction effect, which was diminished by increasing the rainfall intensity. However, their interactive influence on sediment yield was inconsistent, with a critical slope gradient between 10° and 15°. Based on the comprehensive interactive effects among all three factors, we concluded that rainfall intensity, slope gradient, and surface roughness collectively played a crucial role in promoting runoff and sediment generation under tillage. The results support soil and water conservation by tillage on the sloping farmlands of the Loess Plateau.
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Wei, Liu, Routh, Tang, Liu, Liu, Luo, Li, and Zhang. "Release of Heavy Metals and Metalloids from Two Contaminated Soils to Surface Runoff in Southern China: A Simulated-Rainfall Experiment." Water 11, no. 7 (June 28, 2019): 1339. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11071339.
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The release of heavy metals and metalloids (HMs), including Pb, Zn, Cd, As, and Cu, from two typical contaminated soils with different properties, namely red soil and limestone-dominated soil, was characterized through simulated-rainfall experiments in order to investigate the effects of soil properties on HM release. Significant differences in the HM concentrations between the two soils resulted in various concentrations of dissolved and particulate HMs in the runoff. Differences in the dissolved HM concentrations in the runoff were inconsistent with the HM concentrations in the soils, which is attributed to the variable solubilities of HMs in the two soils. However, the HM enrichment ratios were not significantly different. The strong correlation between dissolved organic carbon and dissolved HMs in the runoff, and between the total organic carbon and particulate HMs in sediments, were observed, especially in the limestone-dominated soil. The specific surface area and HM concentrations in sediments were weakly correlated. Acid-rainfall experiments showed that only the limestone-dominated soil buffered the effects of acid rain on the runoff; the concentrations of dissolved Pb, Zn, Cd, and Cu increased in the red soil under acid rainfall and were 60, 29, 25, and 19 times higher, respectively, than under the neutral conditions. The results contribute to the understanding of HM behavior in the two typical soils in southern China, exposed to frequent storms that are often dominated by acid rainfall.
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Osuch, Bolesław, Wiesław Gądek, Anna Homa, Marta Cebulska, Robert Szczepanek, and Anna Hebda-Małocha. "Methods of estimating the elements of water balance in a forested catchment basin." Journal of Water and Land Development 13a, no. 1 (May 1, 2009): 19–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10025-010-0017-6.
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Methods of estimating the elements of water balance in a forested catchment basin The paper presents basic hydrological processes of rainfall-runoff transformation in experimental watershed of the Trzebuńka stream. Several field experiments were made to determine basic hydrological parameters, The influence of atmospheric circulation on spatial distribution of precipitation was investigated. Attempt was made to determine the influence of forest vegetation, undergrowth, forest litter retention and surface retention on water loss in the catchment. Water retention capacity of soil was also estimated. Developed mathematical model of rainfall-runoff transformation was used in several simulations. This allowed evaluating the effect of atmospheric circulation and spatial rainfall distribution on water balance, the influence of vegetation cover with forest litter on water runoff and the effect of forest litter alone in a hypothetical scenario of forest cutting.
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Cerdà, A. "The influence of aspect and vegetation on seasonal changes in erosion under rainfall simulation on a clay soil in Spain." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 78, no. 2 (May 1, 1998): 321–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s97-060.
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The seasonal and spatial variability of soil erosion under contrasting slope aspects in southeastern Spain was studied by performing and interpreting 84 rainfall simulation experiments conducted at an intensity of 55 mm h−1 during 1 h. The vegetated soils on the north-facing slope and the upper afforested parts had negligible sediment yield, runoff and erosion, while the bare soils on the south-facing slope had very high runoff rates. Runoff sediment concentration decreased over time during simulated rainfall events on the vegetated areas while it increased on the bare ones. Solute release decreased over time on both surface types. Seasonally, runoff sediment concentration was highest in autumn, decreasing in winter and spring, due to the exhaustion of erodible soil and the vegetation growth. Sediment concentrations increased slightly in summer when runoff and erosion rates where very low. Increasing seasonal variability corresponded with increasing runoff and soil loss rates. Key words: Runoff, soil loss, Mediterranean, erodibility
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Zhang, Yali, Xiaoyang Li, Xingchang Zhang, and Huaien Li. "Investigating rainfall duration effects on transport of chemicals from soil to surface runoff on a loess slope under artificial rainfall conditions." Soil and Water Research 14, No. 4 (October 9, 2019): 183–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/98/2018-swr.
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The release and transport of soil chemicals in water erosion conditions are important for the local environment, soil and water resources conservation. According to the artificial rainfall experiments with a constant rainfall intensity of 90 mm/h and different rainfall duration (30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 min), the traits of soil PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3–</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, and Br<sup>–</sup> release and transport from soil to surface runoff on the loess slope were analysed, and a model describing the chemical concentration change in surface runoff under soil erosion conditions was developed. The runoff coefficient quickly increased in 15 min or so, and then it was stable in the range of 0.60–0.85. The sediment intensity decreased in 30 min and soon increased after severe sheet erosion occurred on the slope. The concentration curve of Br<sup>–</sup> in surface runoff can be divided into two stages, quickly decreasing in the initial 30 min after the surface runoff occurred, and then stable. The concentration curve of PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3–</sup> and K<sup>+</sup> in surface runoff can be divided into three stages, quickly decreasing like Br<sup>– </sup>was decreasing, then stable, and increasing after severe sheet erosion began. Compared with the exponential function, the power function was found more suitable for fitting the change in chemicals in runoff with unsaturated soil; while neither of them could well fit the PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3–</sup> and K<sup>+</sup> concentration change after severe erosion occurred. The transport of chemicals under complex soil erosion conditions seems to be a dynamic release process between surface runoff and sediment. Based on the convection-dispersion mechanism and desorption kinetics, the polynomial model under soil erosion conditions was created. For adsorbed PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3–</sup> and K<sup>+</sup>, it is more suitable to simulate that process than the power function, while it is not so good for mobile Br<sup>–</sup>.
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Wang, Sheng, Qi Liu, Zhizong Liu, Jie He, Li Bao, Jilai Zhang, and Naiming Zhang. "Simulation Study on Risk and Influencing Factors of Cadmium Loss in Contaminated Soil." Sustainability 15, no. 2 (January 13, 2023): 1553. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15021553.
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Cadmium (Cd) in contaminated soil not only enters surface water via rainfall runoff but also penetrates groundwater, adversely affecting human health through the food chain. This research examined three kinds of soil from Luoping County in southwestern China, with different Cd pollution levels. Simulated rainfall and soil column leaching experiments were conducted to explore the risks and factors influencing Cd loss in surface runoff and underground leaching water at different ground slopes (6°, 12°, 18°, and 24°), rainfall intensities (30, 60, and 90 mm∙h−1), and soil profile conditions. The results show that the risk of soil Cd runoff loss increased at a higher rainfall intensity or Cd pollution degree, reaching a peak at a ground slope of 18°. The main factor affecting soil Cd runoff loss was rainfall intensity followed by Cd soil pollution degree and slope. The risk of soil Cd leaching loss was mainly determined by the leaching time and soil depth. The primary factor affecting soil Cd leaching loss was leaching time, followed by soil depth. The soil organic matter (SOM) concentration and pH minimally affected soil Cd loss. The research results provide a theoretical basis for risk management and control of cadmium loss in contaminated soil, and indicate that the environment-friendly water treatment method of high concentration Cd polluted runoff deserves attention.
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Williams, C. Jason, Frederick B. Pierson, Peter R. Robichaud, Osama Z. Al-Hamdan, Jan Boll, and Eva K. Strand. "Structural and functional connectivity as a driver of hillslope erosion following disturbance." International Journal of Wildland Fire 25, no. 3 (2016): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf14114.
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Hydrologic response to rainfall on fragmented or burnt hillslopes is strongly influenced by the ensuing connectivity of runoff and erosion processes. Yet cross-scale process connectivity is seldom evaluated in field studies owing to scale limitations in experimental design. This study quantified surface susceptibility and hydrologic response across point to hillslope scales at two degraded unburnt and burnt woodland sites using rainfall simulation and hydrologic modelling. High runoff (31–47 mm) and erosion (154–1893 g m–2) measured at the patch scale (13 m2) were associated with accumulation of fine-scale (0.5-m2) splash-sheet runoff and sediment and concentrated flow formation through contiguous bare zones (64–85% bare ground). Burning increased the continuity of runoff and sediment availability and yield. Cumulative runoff was consistent across plot scales whereas erosion increased with increasing plot area due to enhanced sediment detachment and transport. Modelled hillslope-scale runoff and erosion reflected measured patch-scale trends and the connectivity of processes and sediment availability. The cross-scale experiments and model predictions indicate the magnitude of hillslope response is governed by rainfall input and connectivity of surface susceptibility, sediment availability, and runoff and erosion processes. The results demonstrate the importance in considering cross-scale structural and functional connectivity when forecasting hydrologic and erosion responses to disturbances.
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Budai, P., and A. Clement. "Estimation of nutrient load from urban diffuse sources: experiments with runoff sampling at pilot catchments of Lake Balaton, Hungary." Water Science and Technology 56, no. 1 (July 1, 2007): 295–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.464.
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About a quarter of the total nutrient loading of Lake Balaton (Hungary) originates from urban diffuse sources, mostly from direct shoreline watersheds. This load cannot be measured directly. Sampling of urban runoff can help improving load estimations. The dynamic processes characterizing the accumulation and washoff of contaminants suggest that randomly observed concentrations are likely under- or overestimated. The results of two recent pilot programs aimed towards achieving continuous measurement of nutrient load carried by urban runoff are introduced. Stations were implemented in two pilot catchments located on the shore of Lake Balaton. Storm event runoff was sampled automatically and manually. Discharge, precipitation and rainfall intensities were also recorded. Results proved that the more a specific pollutant is associated with solid particles, the more of its load comes from a few but large storm events, nevertheless the cumulative effect of small rainfall events is not negligible, either. Event mean concentrations of solid-related pollutants were found to be dependent on rainfall intensity. The derived empirical relationships for SS, TP and TN event mean concentrations were indeed found to be applicable for reducing the uncertainty of load estimations of these pollutants significantly, as compared to using long-time average (i.e. annual mean) concentration values.
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Brodie, Ian M., and Prasanna Egodawatta. "Relationships between rainfall intensity, duration and suspended particle washoff from an urban road surface." Hydrology Research 42, no. 4 (August 1, 2011): 239–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2011.117.
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A basic understanding of the relationships between rainfall intensity, duration of rainfall and the amount of suspended particles in stormwater runoff generated from road surfaces has been gained mainly from past washoff experiments using rainfall simulators. Simulated rainfall was generally applied at constant intensities, whereas rainfall temporal patterns during actual storms are typically highly variable. This paper discusses a rationale for the application of the constant-intensity washoff concepts to actual storm event runoff. The rationale is tested using suspended particle load data collected at a road site located in Toowoomba, Australia. Agreement between the washoff concepts and measured data is most consistent for intermediate-duration storms (duration <5 h and >1 h). Particle loads resulting from these storm events increase linearly with average rainfall intensity. Above a threshold intensity, there is evidence to suggest a constant or plateau particle load is reached. The inclusion of a peak discharge factor (maximum 6 min rainfall intensity) enhances the ability to predict particle loads.
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Fencl, M., J. Rieckermann, M. Schleiss, D. Stránský, and V. Bareš. "Assessing the potential of using telecommunication microwave links in urban drainage modelling." Water Science and Technology 68, no. 8 (October 1, 2013): 1810–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.429.
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The ability to predict the runoff response of an urban catchment to rainfall is crucial for managing drainage systems effectively and controlling discharges from urban areas. In this paper we assess the potential of commercial microwave links (MWL) to capture the spatio-temporal rainfall dynamics and thus improve urban rainfall-runoff modelling. Specifically, we perform numerical experiments with virtual rainfall fields and compare the results of MWL rainfall reconstructions to those of rain gauge (RG) observations. In a case study, we are able to show that MWL networks in urban areas are sufficiently dense to provide good information on spatio-temporal rainfall variability and can thus considerably improve pipe flow prediction, even in small subcatchments. In addition, the better spatial coverage also improves the control of discharges from urban areas. This is especially beneficial for heavy rainfall, which usually has a high spatial variability that cannot be accurately captured by RG point measurements.
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Hazbavi, Z., and S. H. R. Sadeghi. "Potential effects of vinasse as a soil amendment to control runoff and soil loss." SOIL 2, no. 1 (February 17, 2016): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-71-2016.
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Abstract. Application of organic materials are well known as environmental practices in soil restoration, preserving soil organic matter and recovering degraded soils of arid and semiarid lands. Therefore, the present research focused on evaluating the effectiveness of vinasse, a byproduct mainly of the sugar-ethanol industry, on soil conservation under simulated rainfall. Vinasse can be recycled as a soil amendment due to its organic matter content. Accordingly, the laboratory experiments were conducted by using 0.25 m2 experimental plots at 20 % slope and rainfall intensity of 72 mm h−1 with 0.5 h duration. The effect of vinasse was investigated on runoff and soil loss control. Experiments were set up as a control (with no amendment) and three treated plots with doses of 0.5, 1, and 1.5 L m−2 of vinasse subjected to simulated rainfall. Laboratory results indicated that vinasse at different levels could not significantly (P > 0.05) decrease the runoff amount and soil loss rate in the study plots compared to untreated plots. The average amounts of minimum runoff volume and soil loss were about 3985 mL and 46 g for the study plot at a 1 L m−2 level of vinasse application.
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Mendes, Thiago Augusto, Roberto Dutra Alves, Gilson de Farias Neves Gitirana, Sávio Aparecido dos Santos Pereira, Juan Félix Rodriguez Rebolledo, and Marta Pereira da Luz. "Evaluation of Rainfall Interception by Vegetation Using a Rainfall Simulator." Sustainability 13, no. 9 (May 1, 2021): 5082. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13095082.
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Interception by vegetation is one of the main variables controlling hydrological and geo-environmental problems such as erosion, landslides and floods. Interception, along with precipitation and evapotranspiration, is required for the modeling of infiltration, percolation and runoff. Unfortunately, the measurement of interception in the field is time consuming, burdensome and subject to testing parameters with relatively high variability. In this context, experiments using rainfall simulators (RSs) have the potential to provide an alternative approach that addresses most of the limitations of field experiments. This paper presents a new approach to evaluate interception that combines a RS and the monitoring of the wetting front using pore-water pressure instrumentation at specific locations of the specimen. Two specimens are required, one with and another without vegetation. The proposed approach was applied to Paspalum notatum (bahiagrass) and a tropical soil. The results indicated an average interception of 5.1 mm of the simulated rainfall for a slope at 15 degrees, rainfall intensity of 86 mm h−1, and duration of 60 min. Furthermore, the vegetation decreased the surface runoff that contributes to erosion. The proposed method will enable studies on the interception mechanisms and the various involved variables, with benefits to the modeling of soil-vegetation-atmosphere interaction.
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Schmocker-Fackel, P., F. Naef, and S. Scherrer. "Identifying runoff processes on the plot and catchment scale." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 3, no. 4 (August 7, 2006): 2063–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-3-2063-2006.
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Abstract. Rainfall-runoff models that adequately represent the real hydrological processes and that do not have to be calibrated, are needed in hydrology. Such a model would require information about the runoff processes occurring in a catchment and their spatial distribution. Therefore, the aim of this article is (1) to develop a methodology that allows the delineation of dominant runoff processes (DRP) in the field and with a GIS, and (2) to illustrate how such a map can be used in rainfall-runoff modelling. Soil properties were assessed of 44 soil profiles in two Swiss catchments. On some profiles, sprinkling experiments were performed and soil-water levels measured. With these data, the dominant runoff processes (DRP) were determined using the Scherrer and Naef (2003) process decision scheme. At the same time, a simplified method was developed to make it possible to determine the DRP only on the basis of maps of the soil, topography and geology. In 67% of the soil profiles, the two methods indicated the same processes; in 24% with minor deviations. By transforming the simplified method into a set of rules that could be introduced into a GIS, the distributions of the different DRPs in two catchments could be delineated automatically so that maps of the dominant runoff processes could be produced. These maps agreed well with manually derived maps and field observations. Flood-runoff volumes could be quite accurately predicted on the basis of the rainfall measured and information on the water retention capacity contained in the DRP map. This illustrates the potential of the DRP maps for defining the infiltration parameters used in rainfall-runoff models.
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Schmocker-Fackel, P., F. Naef, and S. Scherrer. "Identifying runoff processes on the plot and catchment scale." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 11, no. 2 (February 22, 2007): 891–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-11-891-2007.
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Abstract. Rainfall-runoff models that adequately represent the real hydrological processes and that do not have to be calibrated, are needed in hydrology. Such a model would require information about the runoff processes occurring in a catchment and their spatial distribution. Therefore, the aim of this article is (1) to develop a methodology that allows the delineation of dominant runoff processes (DRP) in the field and with a GIS, and (2) to illustrate how such a map can be used in rainfall-runoff modelling. Soil properties were assessed of 44 soil profiles in two Swiss catchments. On some profiles, sprinkling experiments were performed and soil-water levels measured. With these data, the dominant runoff processes (DRP) were determined using the Scherrer and Naef (2003) process decision scheme. At the same time, a simplified method was developed to make it possible to determine the DRP only on the basis of maps of the soil, topography and geology. In 67% of the soil profiles, the two methods indicated the same processes; in 24% with minor deviations. By transforming the simplified method into a set of rules that could be introduced into a GIS, the distributions of the different DRPs in two catchments could be delineated automatically so that maps of the dominant runoff processes could be produced. These maps agreed well with manually derived maps and field observations. Flood-runoff volumes could be quite accurately predicted on the basis of the rainfall measured and information on the water retention capacity contained in the DRP map. This illustrates the potential of the DRP maps for defining the infiltration parameters used in rainfall-runoff models.
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Lei, Wenkai, Hongyuan Dong, Pan Chen, Haibo Lv, Liyun Fan, and Guoxiong Mei. "Study on Runoff and Infiltration for Expansive Soil Slopes in Simulated Rainfall." Water 12, no. 1 (January 13, 2020): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12010222.
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In order to understand the hydrological process of expansive soil slopes, simulated rainfall experiments were conducted to study the effects of slope gradient and initial soil moisture content on runoff and infiltration for expansive soil slopes located in south China. The field program consisted of four neighboring slopes (70%, 47%, 32%, and 21%) instrumented by a runoff collection system and moisture content sensors (EC-5). Results from the monitored tests indicate that there was delay in the response of surface runoff. The runoff initiation time decreased with initial soil water content and increasing slope gradient. After the generation of runoff, the cumulative runoff per unit area and the runoff rate increased linearly and logarithmically with time, respectively. The greater the initial soil moisture content was, the smaller the influence of slope gradient on runoff. A rainfall may contribute from 39% to about 100% of its total rainfall as infiltration, indicating that infiltration remained an important component of the rainwater falling on the slope, despite the high initial soil water content. The larger the initial sealing degree of slope surface was the smaller the cumulative infiltration per unit area of the slope. However, the soil moisture reaction was more obvious. The influence of inclination is no longer discernible at high initial moisture levels. The greater the initial soil moisture content and the smaller the slope gradient, the weaker was the change of soil water content caused by simulated rainfall. The influence of initial soil moisture content and slope gradient on the processes of flow and changes of soil water content identified in this study may be helpful in the surface water control for expansive soil slopes.
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Bezak, Nejc, Josip Peranić, Matjaž Mikoš, and Željko Arbanas. "Evaluation of Hydrological Rainfall Loss Methods Using Small-Scale Physical Landslide Model." Water 14, no. 17 (September 1, 2022): 2726. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14172726.
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An adequate representation of the relationship between effective rainfall and rainfall losses is required in hydrological rainfall–runoff models to reduce the uncertainty of the modelling results. This study evaluates the performance of several hydrological rainfall loss methods using the experimental data obtained from a laboratory small-scale physical landslide model with variable slope inclination, homogenous material and no vegetation effects. Three different experiments were selected and five rainfall loss methods were tested to evaluate their performance in reproducing the experimental results from the perspective of the surface runoff formation on the experimental slope. Initial and calibrated parameters were used to test the performance of these hydrological rainfall loss methods. The results indicate that the initial parameters of the rainfall loss model can satisfactorily reproduce the experimental results in some cases. Despite the fact that the slope material characteristics used in the laboratory experiments were relatively homogenous, some well-known methods yielded inaccurate results. Hence, calibration of the rainfall loss model proved to be essential. It should also be noted that, in some cases, the calibrated model parameters were relatively different from the initial model parameters estimated from the literature. None of the tested hydrological rainfall loss methods proved to be superior to the others. Therefore, in the case of natural environments with heterogeneous soil characteristics, multiple rainfall loss methods should be tested and the most suitable method should be selected only after cross-validation or a similar evaluation of the tested methods.
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Kinnell, PIA. "Runoff and sheet erosion from tillage trials under artificial rainfall at Harden, New South Wales." Soil Research 34, no. 6 (1996): 863. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9960863.
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Artificial rainfall was applied to g-m-long plots after the harvest of a canola crop in experiments on a grazed cropping system using a rotation that alternated wheat with lupins and canola. Three tillage treatments were selected for the experiments: one was a direct-drill treatment, while the other two involved the use of a reduced tillage practice during the preparation of the seed bed. Tillage treatment was found to have no substantial effect on runoff and sediment concentration resulting from sheet erosion during the post-harvest period. At sowing time, tillage again had no significant effect on sediment concentration but did have a significant effect on runoff. The roughness produced by the tillage provided a substantial capacity to store water and detached soil particles in surface depressions immediately after cultivation, and the decline in this surface roughness during rainfall was sufficiently small to cause little or no runoff when 1h of 70 mm/h rain was applied to a cultivated surface. The results support indications from SOILOSS, a model that provides local implementation of the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), that reduced-till may be as effective as direct-drill at conserving soil at this site. However, since the experiments were restricted to sheet erosion, and no experiments were performed between sowing and harvest or with other crops in the rotation, the results do not provide unconditional support for the SOILOSS result. Despite the result of the experiments reported here, soil erosion risk is likely to be substantially reduced on a field scale through the use of tillage practices which, like the direct-drill treatment, maintain anchored and unanchored crop residue during the fellow and post-sowing periods. Data were also collected in relation to an examination of the ability of the Soil Water Infiltration and Movement (SWIM) model to predict runoff during the post-harvest period. SWIM tended to underpredict runoff but the difference between the observed amount of runoff and that predicted by SWIM was statistically not significant.
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Haowen, Xie, Wu Yawen, Wang Luping, Luo Weilin, Zhou Wenqi, Zhou Hong, Yan Yichen, and Liu Jun. "Comparing simulations of green roof hydrological processes by SWMM and HYDRUS-1D." Water Supply 20, no. 1 (October 3, 2019): 130–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2019.140.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Green roofs are a sustainable, low-impact development technique. They can reduce peak stormwater runoff and runoff volume and improve the quality of runoff from individual buildings and developments, which can lower the risk of frequent urban flooding and improve the quality of receiving waters. Few studies have compared different types of green roof models under the same rainfall intensities; thus, in this study, the predictions of a non-linear storage reservoirs model, Storm Water Management Model (SWMM), and a physical process model (HYDRUS-1D) were discussed. Both models were compared against measured data obtained from a series of laboratory experiments, designed to represent different storm categories and rainfall events. It was concluded that the total runoff of the SWMM model is always less than that of HYDRUS-1D. The maximum flowrate of the SWMM model is more than that of HYDRUS-1D during all events.
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Stańczyk, Tomasz, and Anna Baryła. "Application of Digital Elevation Model (DEM) for description of soil microtopography changes in laboratory experiments." Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW. Land Reclamation 48, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 377–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sggw-2016-0029.
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Abstract In the study we evaluated spatial and quantitative changes in soil surface microtopography to describe water erosion process under simulated rain with use of a non-contact optical 3D scanner. The experiment was conducted in two variants: with and without drainage layer. Two clay soils collected from farmlands from the catchment of lake Zgorzała (Warsaw) were investigated. Six tests of simulated rain were applied, with 55 mm·h−1. The surface roughness and microrelief were determined immediately after every 10 min of rainfall simulation by 3D scanner. The volume of surface and underground runoff as well as soil moisture were measured. The surface points coordinates obtained while scanning were interpolated using natural neighbour method and GIS software to generate Digital Elevation Models (DEM) with a 0.5 mm resolution. Two DEM-derived surface roughness indices: Random Roughness (RR) and Terrain Ruggedness Index (TRI) were used for microrelief description. Calculated values of both roughness factors have decreased with time under the influence of rainfall in all analyzed variants. During the sprinkling the moisture of all samples had been growing rapidly from air-dry state reaching values close to the maximum water capacity (37–48% vol.) in 20–30 min. Simultaneously the intensity of surface runoff was increasing and cumulative runoff value was: 17–35% for variants with drainage and 72–83% for the variants without drainage, relative to cumulative rainfall. The observed soil surface elevation changes were associated with aggregates decomposition, erosion and sedimentation, and above all, with a compaction of the soil, which was considered to be a dominant factor hindering the assessment of the erosion intensity of the of the scanned surface.
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Liu, Yi-Fan, Yu Liu, Gao-Lin Wu, and Zhi-Hua Shi. "Runoff maintenance and sediment reduction of different grasslands based on simulated rainfall experiments." Journal of Hydrology 572 (May 2019): 329–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.03.008.
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Hou, L., S. Feng, Z. Huo, Y. Ding, and S. Zhang. "Experimental study on rainfall-runoff relation for porous pavements." Hydrology Research 39, no. 3 (June 1, 2008): 181–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2008.001.
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Impervious surfaces have long been implicated in the decline of watershed integrity in urban and urbanizing areas. Porous pavement is one solution to mitigating the problem of stormwater runoff problems. In this research, three available porous pavement systems were investigated to evaluate their infiltration capability of precipitation. Experiments were conducted to simulate different kinds of porous pavements having different sub-base materials in different cells. The discharge volumes were monitored from each cell, and the relationship between rainfall intensity, outflow and outflow duration was analyzed. Results show that these three porous pavements increased infiltration and decreased runoff. The optimum thickness of the porous pavement was 31 cm, which consisted of a 6 cm top layer of porous concrete and a 25 cm sub-base (10 cm concrete without sand and 15 cm aggregate base). Furthermore, under a rainfall rate of 59.36 mm/h, the runoff coefficient of the above porous pavement was zero, while the coefficient of the impervious pavement was 0.85. These results provide a clear indication of the value of porous pavement systems for broad expanses of the human engineered environment.