Journal articles on the topic 'Rain tracking'
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Niemczynowicz, Janusz. "Storm tracking using rain gauge data." Journal of Hydrology 93, no. 1-2 (August 1987): 135–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(87)90199-5.
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Corcoran, Padraig. "Topology Based Object Tracking." Mathematical and Computational Applications 24, no. 3 (September 18, 2019): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mca24030084.
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A model for tracking objects whose topological properties change over time is proposed. Such changes include the splitting of an object into multiple objects or the merging of multiple objects into a single object. The proposed model employs a novel formulation of the tracking problem in terms of homology theory whereby 0-dimensional homology classes, which correspond to connected components, are tracked. A generalisation of this model for tracking spatially close objects lying in an ambient metric space is also proposed. This generalisation is particularly suitable for tracking spatial-temporal phenomena such as rain clouds. The utility of the proposed model is demonstrated with respect to tracking communities in a social network and tracking rain clouds in radar imagery.
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He, Ting, Thomas Einfalt, Jianxin Zhang, Jiyao Hua, and Yang Cai. "New Algorithm for Rain Cell Identification and Tracking in Rainfall Event Analysis." Atmosphere 10, no. 9 (September 10, 2019): 532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10090532.
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This study proposes a new algorithm termed rain cell identification and tracking (RCIT) to identify and track rain cells from high resolution weather radar data. Previous algorithms have limitations when tracking non-consequent rain cells owing to their use of maximum correlation coefficient methods and their lack of an alternative way to handle the variation stages of rain cells during their life cycles. To address these deficiencies, various methods are implemented in the new algorithm. These include the particle image velocimetry (PIV) method for motion estimation and the rain cell matching rule to obtain the stage changes of rain cells. High resolution (5 min and 1 km) radar data from three rainy days over the German federal state North Rhine Westphalia (NRW) are used in this study. The performance of the identification module for the new algorithm is accessed by two object-oriented verification methods: structure–amplitude–location (SAL) and geometric index, while the performance of the tracking module is compared with TREC and SCOUT tracking algorithms and evaluated by the contingency table verification approach. Results suggest that the performance of the new algorithm is better than reference tracking method. Application of the RCIT algorithm to the selected cases shows that the inner structure of rainfall events in the experimental region present extreme value distributions, with most rainfall events having a short duration with less intensity. The new algorithm can effectively capture the stage changes of rain cells during their life cycles. The proposed algorithm can serve as the basis for further hydro-meteorological applications such as spatial and temporal analysis of rainfall events and short-term flood forecasting.
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Hambali, Roby, Djoko Legono, and Rachmad Jayadi. "THE APPLICATION OF PYRAMID LUCAS-KANADE OPTICAL FLOW METHOD FOR TRACKING RAIN MOTION USING HIGH-RESOLUTION RADAR IMAGES." Jurnal Teknologi 83, no. 1 (December 7, 2020): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/jurnalteknologi.v83.14494.
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Short-duration rainfall characteristics in the form of certain intensity, time, and spatial distribution become valuable contribution for lahar flow disaster mitigation in a mountainous region. Due to mitigation purpose, such information can be provided through the rainfall nowcasting process. One of the promising rainfall nowcasting applications is the extrapolation-based method. Rain motion tracking is a crucial part of the rainfall nowcasting based on this method. This paper discusses the application of Pyramid Lucas-Kanade Optical Flow (PLKOF) method on the rain motion tracking analysis using 150x150m resolution radar image. The study of rain motion tracking is carried out using 112 successive rainfall images with 10-minutes time interval originating from Mt. Merapi X-band multiparameter radar. The rainfall movement patterns in short duration are presented in the displacement vector (u,v) images and scatter diagrams of rain motions at x- and y-directions. From the simulations, it was found that the average displacement of rain motions in the Mt. Merapi region is 9 pixels (8.3 km/h) with the dominant direction is northeast. The results show that PLKOF is relatively good at detecting small displacements, yet unable to identify the occurrence of rain growth and decay properly. The ability of PLKOF method in predicting the position of rain cell displacement is satisfied as indicated by the POD, CSI, and FAR indexes.
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Palharini, Rayana, Daniel Vila, Daniele Rodrigues, Rodrigo Palharini, Enrique Mattos, and Eduardo Undurraga. "Analysis of Extreme Rainfall and Natural Disasters Events Using Satellite Precipitation Products in Different Regions of Brazil." Atmosphere 13, no. 10 (October 14, 2022): 1680. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13101680.
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The number of natural disasters triggered by extreme events is increasing worldwide and significantly impacts modern society. Extreme rainfall is one of the most important factors contributing to these events. A better understanding of the physical process that causes extreme rainfall can allow rapid responses from decision-makers to lessen the impact of natural disasters on the local population. Satellite monitoring is widely used for this purpose and is essential for regions where terrestrial observations are limited or non-existent. The primary purpose of this study is to describe the performance of satellite products for extreme rainfall events that caused natural disasters in various climate regimes in Brazil and discuss the contribution of mesoscale convective systems (MCS) to these events. We defined regions based on the climatological rainfall distribution. Cases with rain values above the 99th percentile during 2012–2016 were considered statistically extreme. Our analysis is based on three datasets, with precipitation from (i) rain gauge stations, (ii) different satellite-based estimates, and (iii) mesoscale convective tracking data. The methodology was based on identifying extreme rainfall events, analyzing the performance of satellite precipitation estimates and, finally, quantifying the influence of convective systems on extreme rain. Although all regions of Brazil may be affected by natural disasters caused by extreme rains, the results suggest that the impacts caused in each region are different in magnitude. Convective systems explained over 90% of extreme rains in the case analyzed in Brazil’s south and about 60% to 90% of extreme rains in the case analyzed in the Northeast. In general, satellite products have identified rain events; however, in the southern region of Brazil, products have tended to overestimate rainfall, while other regions have tended to underestimate extreme rain values. The methods used in satellite precipitation estimation products have limitations to accurately identifying specific extreme rain events.
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Juráš, Peter. "Measurement and CFD Simulation of Wind-Driven Rain Using Eulerian Multiphase Model." Advanced Materials Research 1041 (October 2014): 265–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1041.265.
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This paper deals with measurements of wind-driven rain intensity in Meteorological garden of Slovak hydrometeorological institute and subsequent modelling of free standing wind-driven rain gauge in OpenFoam CFD simulation tool using Eulerian multiphase model instead of common used Langrangian particle tracking model.
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Leal, Helvecio B., Alan J. P. Calheiros, Henrique M. J. Barbosa, Adriano P. Almeida, Arturo Sanchez, Daniel A. Vila, Sâmia R. Garcia, and Elbert E. N. Macau. "Impact of Multi-Thresholds and Vector Correction for Tracking Precipitating Systems over the Amazon Basin." Remote Sensing 14, no. 21 (October 28, 2022): 5408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14215408.
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Different algorithms for forecasting and tracking meteorological systems have been developed over the years. Many of them are used to study cloud propagation, precipitation and lightning for nowcasting. Therefore, it is necessary to define carefully the parameters (e.g., intensity thresholds and minimum size) that impact tracking of these variables. In order to represent the physical aspects of rain propagation over the Amazon region, several methods of correction and displacement detection were studied. Different parameters were used to validate the methods based on the extrapolated rain cell. A probability detection of 78.4% and 68.6% was achieved for 20 dBZ thresholds during the wet and dry season, respectively. However, the POD decreases for higher reflectivity thresholds. The results for corrections by Inner Nuclei showed that embedded convection can dictate the propagation of rain cells. Split and merge corrections performed well; however, they applied only to a few cases. Corrections performed better for precipitating systems with larger areas and longer duration. The correction methods showed similar skills for both seasons. Which shows that they are able to monitor rain cells throughout the year. The automated combination of different methods for the 20 dBZ threshold proved to be the best choice for tracking rainfall in the Amazon region.
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Yan, Rong Ge, Yu Long Jia, Li Hua Zhu, and Qing Xin Yang. "Giant Magnetostrictive Freezing Rain Sensor." Advanced Materials Research 902 (February 2014): 163–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.902.163.
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As a disastrous weather, hazards of freezing rain can not be ignored. The important thing to be solved at present is using advanced technology and material to correctly detect and improve the forecasting ability of freezing rain. Based on the damage of freezing rain and excellent properties of the giant magnetostrictive materials, this paper gives a giant magnetostrictive freezing rain sensor. When there is different thickness of freezing rain, natural frequency of the sensor will change. Resonance is regained by adjusting the frequency of the power. From natural frequency change, the thickness of the freezing rain can be known. Using COMSOL software, modal analysis of different thickness freezing rain for the giant magnetostrictive freezing rain sensor is studied. The results show that there is big difference in natural frequency with difference thickness of freezing rain, which is easy to achieve automatic frequency tracking and monitor.
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Dell’Acqua, Fabio. "Rain pattern tracking by means of COTREC and modal matching." Optical Engineering 41, no. 2 (February 1, 2002): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.1432668.
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Moseley, Christopher, Peter Berg, and Jan O. Haerter. "Probing the precipitation life cycle by iterative rain cell tracking." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 118, no. 24 (December 16, 2013): 13,361–13,370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013jd020868.
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Holford, Dawn Liu, Marie Juanchich, Tom Foulsham, Miroslav Sirota, and Alasdair D. F. Clarke. "Eye-tracking evidence for fixation asymmetries in verbal and numerical quantifier processing." Judgment and Decision Making 16, no. 4 (July 2021): 969–1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1930297500008056.
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AbstractWhen people are given quantified information (e.g., ‘there is a 60% chance of rain’), the format of quantifiers (i.e., numerical: ‘a 60% chance’ vs. verbal: ‘it is likely’) might affect their decisions. Previous studies with indirect cues of judgements and decisions (e.g., response times, decision outcomes) give inconsistent findings that could support either a more intuitive process for verbal than numerical quantifiers or a greater focus on the context (e.g., rain) for verbal than numerical quantifiers. We used two pre-registered eye-tracking experiments (n(1) = 148, n(2) = 133) to investigate decision-making processes with verbal and numerical quantifiers. Participants evaluated multiple verbally or numerically quantified nutrition labels (Experiment 1) and weather forecasts (Experiment 2) with different context valence (positive or negative), and quantities (‘low’, ‘medium’, or ‘high’ in Experiment 1 and ‘possible’, ‘likely’, or ‘very likely’ in Experiment 2) presented in a fully within-subjects design. Participants looked longer at verbal than numerical quantifiers, and longer at the contextual information with verbal quantifiers. Quantifier format also affected judgements and decisions: in Experiment 1, participants judged positive labels to be better in the verbal compared to the equivalent numerical condition (and to be worse for negative labels). In Experiment 2, participants decided on rain protection more for a verbal forecast of rain than the equivalent numerical forecast. The results fit the explanation that verbal quantifiers put more focus on the informational context than do numerical quantifiers, rather than prompting more intuitive decisions.
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Wu, Song, Hanbing Sun, and Xinyu Li. "Response of 5 MW Floating Wind Turbines to Combined Action of Wind and Rain." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 2 (February 18, 2022): 284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10020284.
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For 5 MW floating wind turbines, the load response is significantly affected by wind and rain conditions. In order to reveal the relevant regularity of windblown rain and analyze the load response after being affected by the wind and rain, the rain phase is regarded as a continuous phase to be simulated. The self-compiled solver WARFoam (Wind and Rain Foam) is used to simulate the 5 MW wind turbines under wind and rain conditions. It is based on the Euler multiphase-model theory and the algorithm of unidirectional coupling of wind and rain. In this paper, the results of aerodynamic loads under WAR conditions are compared with the results of using the Lagrange particle-tracking model in order to prove that the Euler multiphase model can accurately calculate rain loads. On the basis of comparative verification, the convergence of the self-compiled solver is verified, which proves that the load-response analysis of the wind turbines under wind and rain conditions is accurate and efficient. The results show that rain has a significant impact on the load response of the wind turbines. Finally, the simulation results obtain the envelope diagram of the influence coefficient of rain-induced loads, which provides a quantitative reference standard for the calculation of the loads under wind and rain conditions.
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Upton, Graham J. G. "A correlation–regression method for tracking rainstorms using rain-gauge data." Journal of Hydrology 261, no. 1-4 (April 2002): 60–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1694(01)00618-7.
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Wang, X., L. Chen, and N. Yoshimura. "Erosion by acid rain, accelerating the tracking of polystyrene insulating material." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 33, no. 9 (April 7, 2000): 1117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/33/9/311.
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Muñoz, Carlos, Li-Pen Wang, and Patrick Willems. "Enhanced object-based tracking algorithm for convective rain storms and cells." Atmospheric Research 201 (March 2018): 144–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.10.027.
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Kantner, John. "House of Rain: Tracking a Vanished Civilization across the American Southwest." Journal of American Ethnic History 27, no. 3 (April 1, 2008): 120–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27501844.
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Na, Wooyoung, and Chulsang Yoo. "A Bias Correction Method for Rainfall Forecasts Using Backward Storm Tracking." Water 10, no. 12 (November 26, 2018): 1728. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10121728.
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This study proposes a new method to estimate the bias correction ratio for the rainfall forecast to be used as input for a flash flood warning system. This method requires a backward tracking to locate where the forecasted storm is at the present time, and the bias correction ratio is estimated at the tracked location, not at the warning site. The proposed method was applied to the rainfall forecasts provided by the Korea Meteorological Administration. A total of 300 warning sites considered in the flash flood warning system for mountain regions in Korea (FFWS-MR) were considered as study sites, along with four different storm events in 2016. As a result, it was confirmed that the proposed method provided more reasonable results, even in the case where the number of rain gauges was small. Comparison between the observed rain rate and the corrected rainfall forecasts by applying the conventional method and the proposed method also showed that the proposed method was superior to the conventional method.
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Machado, Luiz A. T., and Jean-Pierre Chaboureau. "Effect of Turbulence Parameterization on Assessment of Cloud Organization." Monthly Weather Review 143, no. 8 (August 1, 2015): 3246–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-14-00393.1.
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Abstract This study evaluates the cloud and rain cell organization in space and time as forecasted by a cloud-resolving model. The forecast fields, mainly describing mesoscale convective complexes and cold fronts, were utilized to generate synthetic satellite and radar images for comparison with Meteosat Second Generation and S-band radar observations. The comparison was made using a tracking technique that computed the size and lifetime of cloud and rain distributions and provided histograms of radiative quantities and cloud-top height. The tracking technique was innovatively applied to test the sensitivity of forecasts to the turbulence parameterization. The simulations with 1D turbulence produced too many small cloud systems and rain cells with a shorter lifetime than observed. The 3D turbulence simulations yielded size and lifetime distributions more consistent with the observations. As shown for a case study, 3D turbulence yielded longer mixing length, larger entrainment, and stronger turbulence kinetic energy inside clouds than 1D turbulence. The simulation with 3D turbulence had the best scores in high clouds. These features suggest that 1D turbulence did not produce enough entrainment, allowing the formation of more small cloud and rain cells than observed. Further tests were performed on the sensitivity to the mixing length with 3D turbulence. Cloud organization was very sensitive to in-cloud mixing length and the use of a very small value increased the number of small cells, much more than the simulations with 1D turbulence. With a larger in-cloud mixing length, the total number of cells, mainly the small ones, was strongly reduced.
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Carbone, M., G. Garofalo, G. Tomei, and P. Piro. "Storm Tracking based on Rain Gauges for Flooding Control in Urban Areas." Procedia Engineering 70 (2014): 256–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.02.029.
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Sugiyama, Ayumi, Suguru Masuda, Kazuyo Nagaosa, Maki Tsujimura, and Kenji Kato. "Tracking the direct impact of rainfall on groundwater at Mt. Fuji by multiple analyses including microbial DNA." Biogeosciences 15, no. 3 (February 5, 2018): 721–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-721-2018.
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Abstract. A total of 2 to 3 million tons of spring water flushes out from the foot of Mt. Fuji, the largest volcanic mountain in Japan. Based on the concept of piston flow transport, residence time of stored groundwater at Mt. Fuji was estimated at ∼ 15–30 years by the 36Cl ∕ Cl ratio (Tosaki et al., 2011). This range, however, represents the average residence time of groundwater that was mixed before it flushed out. To elucidate the route of groundwater in a given system, we determined signatures of direct impacts of rainfall on groundwater, using microbial, stable isotopic (δ18O), and chemical analyses (concentration of silica). Chemical analysis of the groundwater gave an average value of the water, which was already mixed with waters from various sources and routes in the subsurface environment. The microbial analysis suggested locations of water origin and paths. In situ observation during four rainfall events revealed that the stable oxygen isotopic signature obtained from spring water (at 726 m a.s.l., site SP-0 m) and shallow groundwater (at 150 m a.s.l., site GW-42 m), where the average recharge height from rainfall was 1700–1800 m, became greater than values observed prior to a torrential rain producing more than 300 mm of precipitation. The concentration of silica decreased after this event. In addition, the abundance of Bacteria in spring water increased, suggesting the influence of heavy rain. Such changes did not appear when rainfall was less than 100 mm per event. The above findings indicate a rapid flow of rain through the shallow part of the aquifer, which appeared within a few weeks of torrential rain extracting abundant microbes from soil in the studied geologic setting. Interestingly, we found that after the torrential rain, the abundance of Archaea increased in the deep groundwater at site GW-550 m, ∼ 12 km downstream of SP-0 m. However, chemical parameters did not show any change after the event. This suggests that strengthened piston flow caused by the heavy rain transported archaeal particles from the geologic layer along the groundwater route. This finding was supported by changes in constituents of Archaea, dominated by Halobacteriales and Methanobacteriales, which were not seen from other observations. Those two groups of Archaea are believed to be relatively tightly embedded in the geologic layer and were extracted from the environment to the examined groundwater through enforced piston flow. Microbial DNA can thus give information about the groundwater route, which may not be shown by analysis of chemical materials dissolved in the groundwater.
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Patané, G., A. Cerri, V. Skytt, S. Pittaluga, S. Biasotti, D. Sobrero, T. Dokken, and M. Spagnuolo. "A COMPARISON OF METHODS FOR THE APPROXIMATION AND ANALYSIS OF RAINFALL FIELDS IN ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences II-3/W5 (August 20, 2015): 523–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsannals-ii-3-w5-523-2015.
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Digital environmental data are becoming commonplace and the amount of information they provide is huge, yet complex to process, due to the size, variety, and dynamic nature of the data captured by the available sensing devices. Making use of the data largely relies on the availability of efficient methods to extract meaningful information, and requires to process the environmental events at the speed data are acquired. This paper focuses on the evaluation of methods to approximate observed rain data, in real conditions of sparsity of the observations. The novelty stands in the selection of a particularly complex area, Liguria region, located in the north-west of Italy, where the orography and the closeness to the sea causes complex hydro-meteorological events. Approximation results are compared on a fine granularity in terms of cumulated rain interval used, gathered from two different rain gauge networks, with different characteristics and spatial distribution. Moreover, beside traditional cross-validation comparison, we provide a qualitative comparison based on the analysis of the number and location of maxima of the approximation. Rain maxima are indeed crucial features of rain fields needed for storm tracking, to support effective monitoring of meteorological events.
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Cauteruccio, Arianna, and Luca G. Lanza. "Parameterization of the Collection Efficiency of a Cylindrical Catching-Type Rain Gauge Based on Rainfall Intensity." Water 12, no. 12 (December 6, 2020): 3431. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12123431.
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Despite the numerous contributions available in the literature about the wind-induced bias of rainfall intensity measurements, adjustments based on collection efficiency curves are rarely applied operationally to rain records obtained from catching-type rain gauges. The many influencing variables involved and the variability of the results of field experiments do not facilitate the widespread application of adjustment algorithms. In this paper, a Lagrangian particle tracking model is applied to the results of computational fluid dynamic simulations of the airflow field surrounding a rain gauge to derive a simple formulation of the collection efficiency curves as a function of wind speed. A new parameterization of the influence of rainfall intensity is proposed. The methodology was applied to a cylindrical gauge, which has the typical outer shape of tipping-bucket rain gauges, as a representative specimen of most operational measurement instruments. The wind velocity is the only ancillary variable required to calculate the adjustment, together with the measured rainfall intensity. Since wind is commonly measured by operational weather stations, its use adds no relevant burden to the cost of meteo-hydrological networks.
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Wang, Jialing, Hua Chen, Chong-Yu Xu, Qiang Zeng, Qingjing Wang, Jong-Suk Kim, Jie Chen, and Shenglian Guo. "Tracking the error sources of spatiotemporal differences in TRMM accuracy using error decomposition method." Hydrology Research 49, no. 6 (April 23, 2018): 1960–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2018.191.
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Abstract Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) products are widely utilized, but the causes of the differences in their spatiotemporal accuracy require further investigation to improve satellite precipitation estimation. In this study, the spatiotemporal accuracy of TRMM 3B42 V7 data was systematically evaluated using the rain gauge data of the densely gauged Xiangjiang River basin, a humid region in South China. The effects of the precipitation intensity and elevation on different error components derived from the error decomposition method were analysed to reveal the causes of spatiotemporal differences of the data errors. The results showed the following. (1) TRMM performs better in the wet season than in the dry season, and it underestimates precipitation in winter and in high-elevation areas. (2) Precipitation intensity directly influences the occurrence and magnitude of error components. Most of the missed precipitation (precipitation detected only by rain-gauged data) and false precipitation (precipitation detected only by TRMM data) occur in low-intensity precipitation events. Hit events (precipitation detected by both TRMM and rain-gauged data) tend to overestimate low-intensity precipitation and underestimate high-intensity precipitation. Elevation has no direct relation with daily bias, but affects the distribution of occurrence and intensity of precipitation events. (3) Missed precipitation is the main contributing source of error in winter. The negative error increases in high-elevation areas, which is contributed by the larger proportion of high intensity hit precipitation and the missed events. This study is not only beneficial for understanding the effect of topography and climate factors on the accuracy of TRMM precipitation data but also provides a reference for the application and error improvement of satellite precipitation products.
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Tennyson, E. J. "SHIPBOARD NAVIGATIONAL RADAR AS AN OIL SPILL TRACKING TOOL1." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1989, no. 1 (February 1, 1989): 119–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1989-1-119.
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ABSTRACT The utility of shipboard navigational radar as an oil spill tracking tool was evaluated in a wide range of sea states during an intentional oil spill exercise off Nova Scotia in September 1987. Specially tuned ship's radar onboard the Canadian Coast Guard Cutter Mary Hitchens was able to detect slicks of five barrels of spilled crude oil during periods of fog, rain, and darkness. Slicks were detectable in winds ranging from less than 10 knots up to more than 30 knots. There appeared to be a correlation between slick thickness and the capability for radar detection. This paper explores the observed limits of radar for detection during the exercise.
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Belachsen, Idit, Francesco Marra, Nadav Peleg, and Efrat Morin. "Convective rainfall in a dry climate: relations with synoptic systems and flash-flood generation in the Dead Sea region." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 21, no. 10 (October 12, 2017): 5165–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5165-2017.
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Abstract. Spatiotemporal patterns of rainfall are important characteristics that influence runoff generation and flash-flood magnitude and require high-resolution measurements to be adequately represented. This need is further emphasized in arid climates, where rainfall is scarce and highly variable. In this study, 24 years of corrected and gauge-adjusted radar rainfall estimates are used to (i) identify the spatial structure and dynamics of convective rain cells in a dry climate region in the Eastern Mediterranean, (ii) to determine their climatology, and (iii) to understand their relation with the governing synoptic systems and with flash-flood generation. Rain cells are extracted using a segmentation method and a tracking algorithm, and are clustered into three synoptic patterns according to atmospheric variables from the ERA-Interim reanalysis. On average, the cells are about 90 km2 in size, move 13 m s−1 from west to east, and live for 18 min. The Cyprus low accounts for 30 % of the events, the low to the east of the study region for 44 %, and the Active Red Sea Trough for 26 %. The Active Red Sea Trough produces shorter rain events composed of rain cells with higher rain intensities, longer lifetime, smaller area, and lower velocities. The area of rain cells is positively correlated with topographic height. The number of cells is negatively correlated with the distance from the shoreline. Rain-cell intensity is negatively correlated with mean annual precipitation. Flash-flood-related events are dominated by rain cells of large size, low velocity, and long lifetime that move downstream with the main axis of the catchments. These results can be further used for stochastic simulations of convective rain storms and serve as input for hydrological models and for flash-flood nowcasting systems.
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Yoshimura, Noboru, Asoo Shikimura, and Seiichi Hasegawa. "The Effect of Acid Rain on The Tracking Resistance of Organic Insulating Materials." IEEJ Transactions on Fundamentals and Materials 115, no. 9 (1995): 890–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejfms1990.115.9_890.
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Campbell, Aimee F., and Robert W. Sussman. "The value of radio tracking in the study of neotropical rain forest monkeys." American Journal of Primatology 32, no. 4 (1994): 291–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajp.1350320406.
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Heus, T., and A. Seifert. "Automated tracking of shallow cumulus clouds in large domain, long duration Large Eddy Simulations." Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 6, no. 2 (April 2, 2013): 2287–323. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-6-2287-2013.
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Abstract. This paper presents a method for feature tracking of fields of shallow cumulus convection in Large Eddy Simulations (LES) by connecting the projected cloud cover in space and time, and by accounting for splitting and merging of cloud objects. Existing methods tend to be either imprecise or, when using the full 3 dimensional spatial field, prohibitively expensive for large data sets. Compared to those 3-D methods, the current method reduces the memory footprint by up to a factor 100, while retaining most of the precision by correcting for splitting and merging events between different clouds. The precision of the algorithm is further enhanced by taking the vertical extent of the cloud into account. Furthermore, rain and subcloud thermals are also tracked, and links between clouds, their rain, and their subcloud thermals are made. The method compares well with results from the literature. Resolution and domain dependencies are also discussed. For the current simulations, the cloud size distribution converges for clouds larger than an effective resolution of 6Δx, and smaller than about 20% of the horizontal domains size.
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Aquino Larico, Elmer Rodrigo, and Angel Canales Gutierrez. "Solar Tracking System with Photovoltaic Cells: Experimental Analysis at High Altitudes." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 11, no. 3 (April 6, 2022): 630–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2022.43572.
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There is currently an urgent need to study the application of solar energy to photovoltaic systems due to the need to produce electricity; indeed, maximizing the performance of solar energy promotes efficient and sustainable energy systems. The objective of this study was to determine the photovoltaic performance of a dual-axis solar tracker based on photovoltaic cells with different inclination angles at high altitudes above 3800 m.a.s.l. A solar tracking system activated by two linear actuators was implemented to automatically follow the trajectory of the sun during the day, and the results were compared with those from a fixed photovoltaic system. In addition, due to the climatic variation in the area, photovoltaic cells installed at different inclination angles were used to maximize electricity production and processed by a programmable logic controller (PLC). Finally, principal component analysis (PCA) was used to determine the factors that influenced the performance of the photovoltaic system during the experimental period. The results showed that the maximum monthly performance of the solar tracker was 37.63% greater than that of the fixed system, reaching 10.66 kWh/m2/d on sunny days in peak sun hours (PSH). On days with frequent rain and clouds, the partial yield was less than 14.38%, with energy production during PSH of 6.54 kWh/m2/d. Therefore, in this high-altitude area, the performance of the solar tracker was greater from July to October; from November to February, the performance was reduced due to the occurrence of rain.
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Heus, T., and A. Seifert. "Automated tracking of shallow cumulus clouds in large domain, long duration large eddy simulations." Geoscientific Model Development 6, no. 4 (August 22, 2013): 1261–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-1261-2013.
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Abstract. This paper presents a method for feature tracking of fields of shallow cumulus convection in large eddy simulations (LES) by connecting the projected cloud cover in space and time, and by accounting for splitting and merging of cloud objects. Existing methods tend to be either imprecise or, when using the full three-dimensional (3-D) spatial field, prohibitively expensive for large data sets. Compared to those 3-D methods, the current method reduces the memory footprint by up to a factor 100, while retaining most of the precision by correcting for splitting and merging events between different clouds. The precision of the algorithm is further enhanced by taking the vertical extent of the cloud into account. Furthermore, rain and subcloud thermals are also tracked, and links between clouds, their rain, and their subcloud thermals are made. The method compares well with results from the literature. Resolution and domain dependencies are also discussed. For the current simulations, the cloud size distribution converges for clouds larger than an effective resolution of 6 times the horizontal grid spacing, and smaller than about 20% of the horizontal domain size.
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Tadesse, Alemu, and Emmanouil N. Anagnostou. "The Effect of Storm Life Cycle on Satellite Rainfall Estimation Error." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 26, no. 4 (April 1, 2009): 769–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jtecha1129.1.
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Abstract The study uses storm tracking information to evaluate error statistics of satellite rain estimation at different maturity stages of storm life cycles. Two satellite rain retrieval products are used for this purpose: (i) NASA’s Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis–Real Time product available at 25-km/hourly resolution (3B41-RT) and (ii) the University of California (Irvine) Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks (PERSIANN) product available at 4-km–hourly resolution. Both algorithms use geostationary satellite infrared (IR) observations calibrated to an array of passive microwave (PM) earth-orbiting satellite sensor rain retrievals. The techniques differ in terms of algorithmic structure and in the way they use the PM rainfall to calibrate the IR rain algorithms. The satellite retrievals are evaluated against rain gauge–calibrated radar rainfall estimates over the continental United States. Error statistics of hourly rain volumes are determined separately for thunderstorm and shower-type convective systems and for different storm life durations and stages of maturity. The authors show distinct differences between the two satellite retrieval error characteristics. The most notable difference is the strong storm life cycle dependence of 3B41-RT relative to the nearly independent PERSIANN behavior. Another is in the algorithm performance between thunderstorms and showers; 3B41-RT exhibits significant bias increase at longer storm life durations. PERSIANN exhibits consistently improved correlations relative to the 3B41-RT for all storm life durations and maturity stages. The findings of this study support the hypothesis that incorporating cloud type information into the retrieval (done by the PERSIANN algorithm) can help improve the satellite retrieval accuracy.
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Shaik, Mohamed Ghouse, and Vijayarekha Karuppaiyan. "Investigation of Surface Degradation of Aged High Temperature Vulcanized (HTV) Silicone Rubber Insulators." Energies 12, no. 19 (October 3, 2019): 3769. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12193769.
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Polymeric composite insulators are subjected to varying work conditions like rain and heat, which create an impact on degradation during their long service period. Electrical tracking under the Alternating Current (AC) field plays a predominant role in surface degradation, which can be different for fresh and aged insulations. The tracking studies on the fresh and aged polymeric insulation therefore become significant. Motivated by this, an indigenous low-cost electrical tracking setup was developed, and the tracking studies were carried out as per International Electro technical Commission standard (IEC) 60587 on fresh, thermal-aged and water-aged silicone rubber samples. Contact angles of samples were measured to analyse the effect of ageing on hydrophobicity. Further, to analyse the influence of ageing on insulation integrity, tracking tests were conducted and parameters like leakage current pattern and magnitudes, tracking length and loss of weight in the material due to tracking were examined. The physicochemical impacts of ageing on the surface degradation of the samples were also analysed using X-ray diffraction analysis and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy analysis. The investigations added insight into the degradation mechanism of polymeric insulators in terms of their electrical performance and physicochemical changes in the material. Comparison of these changes showed that ageing could influence surface degradation of samples.
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Du, Yin, Zhiqing Xie, Ning Wang, Qian Miao, and Lingling Zhang. "Influence of Zonal Variation of the Subtropical Westerly Jet on Rainfall Patterns and Frequency of Heavy Precipitation Events over East Asia." Journal of Climate 35, no. 20 (October 15, 2022): 3011–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-21-0872.1.
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Abstract Understanding the effects of zonal variation of the East Asian subtropical westerly jet (EAWJ) on spatial features of heavy precipitation events requires characterization of the shape, orientation, position, and scale of both the EAWJ and rain belts. Applying a rotating calipers algorithm, jet-axis tracking, wavelet analysis, and K-means clustering algorithm, spatial structures of both the EAWJ and rain belts were quantified for each heavy rainfall event lasting 3 days (3-day-HRE) in 1983–2020. The results reveal that approximately 90% of the EAWJs related to 3-day-HREs had a statistically significant wave structure of ∼6000–12 000 km over East Asia and the North Pacific. These EAWJs had tilted, wavy, and flat patterns and strongly affected the position, orientation, and spatial scales of the 3-day-HRE rain belts by modifying the vapor transport trajectory and vertical rising motions. All types of EAWJ had an orientation similar to that of the rain belts and an average distance to the rain belts of ∼500–1500 km at 105°–125°E and ∼500 km at 125°E–180°. Correspondingly, the rain belts of 3-day-HREs had the largest frequency over eastern China and southern Japan. Zonally asymmetric Rossby waves arising from the land–sea thermal contrast, atmospheric diabatic heating, and topography dominantly contributed to the formation of a meandering or flat EAWJ. A zonally oscillating trough–ridge system, featuring an equivalent barotropic structure with large geopotential height anomalies reaching the lower troposphere, weakens or blocks vapor transport and is ultimately responsible for the strongly varying spatial scales and orientations of rain belts. Significance Statement A solid theoretical basis that variations in the EAWJ intimately covary with the location and orientation of rain belts means that understanding the relationships between the EAWJ’s zonal variations and the spatial features of monsoonal rain belts is conducive to better predicting the weather and climate over East Asia. We quantitatively explored the effects of EAWJ zonal variations on the position, orientation, and scale of rain belts and found that a tilted, wavy, or relatively flat pattern of the EAWJ strongly affected the rain belt spatial features by modifying the vapor transport trajectory. A zonally oscillating trough–ridge system, featuring an equivalent barotropic structure throughout the troposphere, is responsible for the varying spatial scale of rain belts.
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Shikimura, Asoo, Seiichi Hasegawa, Xinsheng Wang, and Noboru Yoshimura. "The Effect of Ingredient of The Acid Rain Contaminant Solution on The Tracking Resistance." IEEJ Transactions on Fundamentals and Materials 115, no. 8 (1995): 783–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejfms1990.115.8_783.
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Peter, Justin R., Michael J. Manton, Rodney J. Potts, Peter T. May, Scott M. Collis, and Louise Wilson. "Radar-Derived Statistics of Convective Storms in Southeast Queensland." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 54, no. 10 (October 2015): 1985–2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-13-0347.1.
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AbstractThe aim of this study is to examine the statistics of convective storms and their concomitant changes with thermodynamic variability. The thermodynamic variability is analyzed by performing a cluster analysis on variables derived from radiosonde releases at Brisbane Airport in Australia. Three objectively defined regimes are found: a dry, stable regime with mainly westerly surface winds, a moist northerly regime, and a moist trade wind regime. S-band radar data are analyzed and storms are identified using objective tracking software [Thunderstorm Identification, Tracking, Analysis, and Nowcasting (TITAN)]. Storm statistics are then investigated, stratified by the regime subperiods. Convective storms are found to form and maintain along elevated topography. Probability distributions of convective storm size and rain rate are found to follow lognormal distributions with differing mean and variance among the regimes. There was some evidence of trimodal storm-top heights, located at the trade inversion (1.5–2 km), freezing level (3.6–4 km), and near 6 km, but it was dependent on the presence of the trade inversion. On average, storm volume and height are smallest in the trade regime and rain rate is largest in the westerly regime. However, westerly regime storms occur less frequently and have shorter lifetimes, which were attributed to the enhanced stability and decreased humidity profiles. Furthermore, time series of diurnal rain rate exhibited early morning and midafternoon maxima for the northerly and trade regimes but were absent for the westerly regime. The observations indicate that westerly regime storms are primarily driven by large-scale forcing, whereas northerly and trade wind regime storms are more responsive to surface characteristics.
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Behrangi, Ali, Bisher Imam, Kuolin Hsu, Soroosh Sorooshian, Timothy J. Bellerby, and George J. Huffman. "REFAME: Rain Estimation Using Forward-Adjusted Advection of Microwave Estimates." Journal of Hydrometeorology 11, no. 6 (December 1, 2010): 1305–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jhm1248.1.
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Abstract A new multiplatform multisensor satellite rainfall estimation technique is proposed in which sequences of Geostationary Earth Orbit infrared (GEO-IR) images are used to advect microwave (MW)-derived precipitation estimates along cloud motion streamlines and to further adjust the rainfall rates using local cloud classification. The main objective of the Rain Estimation using Forward-Adjusted advection of Microwave Estimates (REFAME) is to investigate whether inclusion of GEO-IR information can help to improve the advected MW precipitation rate as it gets farther in time from the previous MW overpass. The technique comprises three steps. The first step incorporates a 2D cloud tracking algorithm to capture cloud motion streamlines through successive IR images. The second step classifies cloudy pixels to a number of predefined clusters using brightness temperature (Tb) gradients between successive IR images along the cloud motion streamlines in combination with IR cloud-top brightness temperatures and textural features. A mean precipitation rate for each cluster is calculated using available MW-derived precipitation estimates. In the third step, the mean cluster precipitation rates are used to adjust MW precipitation intensities advected between available MW overpasses along cloud motion streamlines. REFAME is a flexible technique, potentially capable of incorporating diverse precipitation-relevant information, such as multispectral data. Evaluated over a range of spatial and temporal scales over the conterminous United States, the performance of the full REFAME algorithm compared favorably with products incorporating either no cloud tracking or no intensity adjustment. The observed improvements in root-mean-square error and especially in correlation coefficient between REFAME outputs and ground radar observations demonstrate that the new approach is effective in reducing the uncertainties and capturing the variation of precipitation intensity along cloud advection streamlines between MW sensor overpasses. An extended REFAME algorithm combines the adjusted advected MW rainfall rates with infrared-derived precipitation rates in an attempt to capture precipitation events initiating and decaying during the interval between two consecutive MW overpasses. Evaluation statistics indicate that the extended algorithm is effective to capture the life cycle of the convective precipitation, particularly for the interval between microwave overpasses in which precipitation starts or ends.
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Di Paola, F., D. Casella, S. Dietrich, A. Mugnai, E. Ricciardelli, F. Romano, and P. Sanò. "Combined MW-IR Precipitation Evolving Technique (PET) of convective rain fields." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 12, no. 11 (November 29, 2012): 3557–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-12-3557-2012.
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Abstract. This paper describes a new multi-sensor approach for convective rain cell continuous monitoring based on rainfall derived from Passive Microwave (PM) remote sensing from the Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite coupled with Infrared (IR) remote sensing Brightness Temperature (TB) from the Geosynchronous (GEO) orbit satellite. The proposed technique, which we call Precipitation Evolving Technique (PET), propagates forward in time and space the last available rain-rate (RR) maps derived from Advanced Microwave Sounding Units (AMSU) and Microwave Humidity Sounder (MHS) observations by using IR TB maps of water vapor (6.2 μm) and thermal-IR (10.8 μm) channels from a Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) radiometer. PET is based on two different modules, the first for morphing and tracking rain cells and the second for dynamic calibration IR-RR. The Morphing module uses two consecutive IR data to identify the motion vector to be applied to the rain field so as to propagate it in time and space, whilst the Calibration module computes the dynamic relationship between IR and RR in order to take into account genesis, extinction or size variation of rain cells. Finally, a combination of the Morphing and Calibration output provides a rainfall map at IR space and time scale, and the whole procedure is reiterated by using the last RR map output until a new MW-based rainfall is available. The PET results have been analyzed with respect to two different PM-RR retrieval algorithms for seven case studies referring to different rainfall convective events. The qualitative, dichotomous and continuous assessments show an overall ability of this technique to propagate rain field at least for 2–3 h propagation time.
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Peng, Tao, Li-li Su, Zhi-wei Guan, Hai-jing Hou, Jun-kai Li, Xing-liang Liu, and Yi-ke Tong. "Lane-Change Model and Tracking Control for Autonomous Vehicles on Curved Highway Sections in Rainy Weather." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2020 (November 25, 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8838878.
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In this study, we propose an adaptive path planning model and tracking control method for collision avoidance and lane-changing manoeuvres on highways in rainy weather. Considering the human-vehicle-road interaction, we developed an adaptive lane change system that consists of an intelligent trajectory planning and tracking controller. Gaussian distribution was introduced to evaluate the impact of rain on the pavement characteristics and deduce adaptive lane-change trajectories. Subsequently, a score-based decision mechanism and multilevel autonomous driving mode that considers safety, comfort, and efficiency were proposed. A tracking controller was designed using a linearised model predictive control method. Finally, using simulated scenarios, the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method were demonstrated. The results obtained herein are a valuable resource that can be used to develop an intelligent lane change system for autonomous vehicles and can help improve highway traffic safety and efficiency in adverse weather conditions.
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Hunt-Foster, ReBecca, Martin Lockley, Andrew Milner, John Foster, Neffra Matthews, Brent Breithaupt, and Joshua Smith. "Tracking dinosaurs in BLM canyon country, Utah." Geology of the Intermountain West 3 (January 1, 2016): 67–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.31711/giw.v3.pp67-100.
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Although only recognized as a discrete stratigraphic unit since 1944, the Cedar Mountain Formation represents tens of millions of years of geological and biological history on the central Colorado Plateau. This field guide represents an attempt to pull together the results of recent research on the lithostratigraphy, chronostratigraphy, sequence stratigraphy, chemostratigraphy, and biostratigraphy of these medial Mesozoic strata that document the dynamic and complex geological history of this region. Additionally, these data provide a framework by which to examine the history of terrestrial faunas during the final breakup of Pangaea. In fact, the medial Mesozoic faunal record of eastern Utah should be considered a keystone in understanding the history of life across the northern hemisphere. Following a period of erosion and sediment bypass spanning the Jurassic–Cretaceous boundary, sedimentation across the quiescent Colorado Plateau began during the Early Cretaceous. Thickening of these basal Cretaceous strata across the northern Paradox Basin indicate that salt tectonics may have been the predominant control on deposition in this region leading to the local preservation of fossiliferous strata, while sediment bypass continued elsewhere. Thickening of overlying Aptian strata west across the San Rafael Swell provides direct evidence of the earliest development of a foreland basin with Sevier thrusting that postdates geochemical evidence for the initial development of a rain shadow.
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Hansson, Klas, Lars-Christer Lundin, and Jirka Šimůnek. "Modeling Water Flow Patterns in Flexible Pavements." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1936, no. 1 (January 2005): 132–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105193600116.
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Most road design models do not explicitly account for moisture transport mechanisms in roads, even though it is well known that water content plays an important part in the deterioration of roads. The Swedish National Road Administration aims to improve the current situation by supporting the development of models that eventually can provide a better and more complete description of the road and environment system. The applicability of hydrological theories and methods to the road and environment system was investigated. Particular attention was paid to flow patterns inside the road as affected by capillary barriers and generated by mechanisms of surface runoff, followed by infiltration into cracks, and the embankment. Particle tracking was used to investigate the effect of rain intensity, precipitated amount, or fracture conductivity on the flow patterns. Changes in rain intensity had a small effect on flow patterns, but velocities were higher for larger rain intensities. Both changes in precipitated amount and fracture conductivity controlled the appearance of the flow patterns, but capillary barrier effects were limited. The numerical code used proved to be mostly appropriate in describing the relevant processes.
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Hidayat, Anistia M., Diar Aofany, Dinda R. Arfianti, Imma Redha Nugraheni, and Abdullah Ali. "PREDIKSI INTENSITAS CURAH HUJAN MENGGUNAKAN PRODUK NOWCASTING RTR DIBANDINGKAN DENGAN PRODUK ESTIMASI CURAH HUJAN SRI PADA KEJADIAN BANJIR DI PALEMBANG TANGGAL 12 – 13 NOVEMBER 2018." Jurnal Meteorologi Klimatologi dan Geofisika 6, no. 1 (September 13, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.36754/jmkg.v6i1.109.
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Palembang merupakan salah satu wilayah rawan terdampak banjir di Indonesia. Sebanyak 24 kasus banjir terjadi selama kurun waktu 2017–2018 dan memiliki kecenderungan untuk terus meningkat sepanjang tahun terhitung sejak 1972. Merujuk pada latar belakang tersebut, penelitian ini memanfaatkan produk Rain Tracking (RTR) untuk estimasi intensitas dan distribusi spasial curah hujan secara nowcasting. Laporan sinoptik Stasiun Meteorologi Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II Palembang menunjukkan bahwa hujan yang sangat lebat terjadi dalam rentang waktu 14.00 – 18.00 UTC tanggal 12 November 2018. Analisis produk CAPPI dan SSA menunjukkan adanya pola sebaran awan konvektif dengan nilai reflectivity maksimum pada inti badai mencapai 58 dBZ menyebar di atas lokasi penelitian pada pukul 16.10 UTC dan dikategorikan sebagai fase matang awan badai. Berdasarkan analisis MLVCUT (dBZ), nilai reflectivity maksimum pada fase matang awan badai adalah 48 dBZ dengan tinggi puncak awan mencapai 6,15 km. Pada waktu yang sama, analisis VVP menunjukkan adanya pola updraft kuat mencapai 9,25 m/s dan downdraft yang kuat mencapai –8,27 m/s. Hasil prediksi dengan produk Rain Tracking (RTR) menunjukkan nilai intensitas curah hujan yang cenderung lebih mendekati hasil pengukuran curah hujan sebenarnya menggunakan ARG, dengan selisih nilai absolut berkisar antara 1,24 – 14,76 mm/jam. Sementara selisih nilai absolut intensitas curah hujan antara produk SRI dan ARG dalam periode waktu yang sama menunjukkan penyimpangan yang lebih besar, yaitu 0,92 – 24,53 mm/jam.
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Dell'Acqua, F., and P. Gamba. "Pyramidal rain field decomposition using radial basis function neural networks for tracking and forecasting purposes." IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 41, no. 4 (April 2003): 853–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2003.811077.
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Verma, Alok Ranjan, and B. Subba Reddy. "Tracking and erosion resistance of LSR and HTV silicon rubber samples under acid rain conditions." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 25, no. 1 (February 2018): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdei.2018.006672.
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Hunt-Foster, ReBecca K., Martin G. Lockley, Andrew R. C. Milner, John R. Foster, Neffra A. Matthews, Brent H. Breithaupt, and Joshua A. Smith. "Tracking dinosaurs in BLM canyon country, Utah." Geology of the Intermountain West 3 (May 26, 2018): 67–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.31711/giw.v3i0.8.
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Although only recognized as a discrete stratigraphic unit since 1944, the Cedar Mountain Formation represents tens of millions of years of geological and biological history on the central Colorado Plateau. This field guide represents an attempt to pull together the results of recent research on the lithostratigraphy, chronostratigraphy, sequence stratigraphy, chemostratigraphy, and biostratigraphy of these medial Mesozoic strata that document the dynamic and complex geological history of this region. Additionally, these data provide a framework by which to examine the history of terrestrial faunas during the final breakup of Pangaea. In fact, the medial Mesozoic faunal record of eastern Utah should be considered a keystone in understanding the history of life across the northern hemisphere.
Following a period of erosion and sediment bypass spanning the Jurassic–Cretaceous boundary, sedimentation across the quiescent Colorado Plateau began during the Early Cretaceous. Thickening of these basal Cretaceous strata across the northern Paradox Basin indicate that salt tectonics may have been the predominant control on deposition in this region leading to the local preservation of fossiliferous strata, while sediment bypass continued elsewhere. Thickening of overlying Aptian strata west across the San Rafael Swell provides direct evidence of the earliest development of a foreland basin with Sevier thrusting that postdates geochemical evidence for the initial development of a rain shadow.
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Yang, Hee-Deok. "Restoring Raindrops Using Attentive Generative Adversarial Networks." Applied Sciences 11, no. 15 (July 30, 2021): 7034. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11157034.
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Artificial intelligence technologies and vision systems are used in various devices, such as automotive navigation systems, object-tracking systems, and intelligent closed-circuit televisions. In particular, outdoor vision systems have been applied across numerous fields of analysis. Despite their widespread use, current systems work well under good weather conditions. They cannot account for inclement conditions, such as rain, fog, mist, and snow. Images captured under inclement conditions degrade the performance of vision systems. Vision systems need to detect, recognize, and remove noise because of rain, snow, and mist to boost the performance of the algorithms employed in image processing. Several studies have targeted the removal of noise resulting from inclement conditions. We focused on eliminating the effects of raindrops on images captured with outdoor vision systems in which the camera was exposed to rain. An attentive generative adversarial network (ATTGAN) was used to remove raindrops from the images. This network was composed of two parts: an attentive-recurrent network and a contextual autoencoder. The ATTGAN generated an attention map to detect rain droplets. A de-rained image was generated by increasing the number of attentive-recurrent network layers. We increased the number of visual attentive-recurrent network layers in order to prevent gradient sparsity so that the entire generation was more stable against the network without preventing the network from converging. The experimental results confirmed that the extended ATTGAN could effectively remove various types of raindrops from images.
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Hong, Xiaobin, Bin Cui, Weiguo Chen, Yinhui Rao, and Yuanming Chen. "Research on Multi-Ship Target Detection and Tracking Method Based on Camera in Complex Scenes." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 7 (July 17, 2022): 978. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10070978.
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Aiming at the problem that multi-ship target detection and tracking based on cameras is difficult to meet the accuracy and speed requirements at the same time in some complex scenes, an improved YOLOv4 algorithm is proposed, which simplified the network of the feature extraction layer to obtain more shallow feature information and avoid the disappearance of small ship target features, and uses the residual network to replace the continuous convolution operation to solve the problems of network degradation and gradient disappearance. In addition, a nonlinear target tracking model based on the UKF method is constructed to solve the problem of low real-time performance and low precision in multi-ship target tracking. Multi-ship target detection and tracking experiments were carried out in many scenes with large differences in ship sizes, strong background interference, tilted images, backlight, insufficient illumination, and rain. Experimental results show that the average precision of the detection algorithm of this paper is 0.945, and the processing speed is about 34.5 frame per second, where the real-time performance is much better than other algorithms while maintaining high precision. Furthermore, the multiple object tracking accuracy (MOTA) and the multiple object tracking precision (MOTP) of this paper algorithm are 76.4 and 80.6, respectively, which are both better than other algorithms. The method proposed in this paper can realize the ship target detection and tracking well, with less missing detection and false detection, and also has good accuracy and real-time performance. The experimental results provide a valuable theoretical reference for the further practical application of the method.
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Patou, Maximilien, Jérôme Vidot, Jérôme Riédi, Guillaume Penide, and Timothy J. Garrett. "Prediction of the Onset of Heavy Rain Using SEVIRI Cloud Observations." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 57, no. 10 (October 2018): 2343–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-17-0352.1.
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AbstractThunderstorms and strong precipitation events can be highly variable in space and time and therefore are challenging to forecast. Geostationary satellites are particularly well suited for studying their occurrence and development. This paper describes a methodology for tracking temporal trends in the development of these systems using a combination of a ground-based radar rainfall product and cloud fields derived from the Meteosat Second Generation’s (MSG) Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI). Cloud microphysical and radiative properties and the cloud perimeter-to-area ratio are used to characterize the temporal evolution of 35 cases of isolated convective development. For synchronizing temporal trends between cases, two reference times are used: the time when precipitating clouds reach a rain intensity threshold and the time of the maximum of rain intensity during the cloud life cycle. A period of decreasing cloud perimeter-to-area ratio before heavy rainfall is observed for both synchronization techniques, suggesting this parameter could be a predictor of heavy rain occurrence. However, the choice of synchronization time does impact significantly the observed trend of cloud properties. An illustration of how this approach can be applied to cloud-resolving models is presented to evaluate their ability to simulate cloud processes.
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Cáliz, Joan, Xavier Triadó-Margarit, Lluís Camarero, and Emilio O. Casamayor. "A long-term survey unveils strong seasonal patterns in the airborne microbiome coupled to general and regional atmospheric circulations." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 48 (November 12, 2018): 12229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1812826115.
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Airborne microbes (bacteria, archaea, protists, and fungi) were surveyed over a 7-y period via high-throughput massive sequencing of 16S and 18S rRNA genes in rain and snow samples collected fortnightly at a high-elevation mountain Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) Network site (LTER-Aigüestortes, Central Pyrenees, Spain). This survey constitutes the most comprehensive mountain-top aerobiology study reported to date. The air mass origins were tracked through modeled back-trajectories and analysis of rain water chemical composition. Consistent microbial seasonal patterns were observed with highly divergent summer and winter communities recurrent in time. Indicative microbial taxa were unveiled as a forensic signature, and ubiquitous taxa were observed as common atmosphere inhabitants, highlighting aerosols as a potentially successful mechanism for global microbial dispersal. Source-tracking analyses identified freshwater, cropland, and urban biomes as the most important sources for airborne bacteria in summer, while marine and forest biomes prevailed in winter, in agreement with air mass retrotrajectories and the prevailing general and regional atmospheric circulation.
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Heinle, Ludwig, and Jia Chen. "Automated enclosure and protection system for compact solar-tracking spectrometers." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 11, no. 4 (April 17, 2018): 2173–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-2173-2018.
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Abstract. A novel automated enclosure for protecting solar-tracking atmospheric instruments was designed, constructed, and successfully tested under various weather conditions. A complete automated measurement system, consisting of a compact solar-tracking Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer (EM27/SUN) and the enclosure, has been deployed in central Munich to monitor greenhouse gases since 2016 and withstood all critical weather conditions, including rain, storms, and snow. It provided ground-based measurements of column-averaged concentrations of CO2, CH4, O2, and H2O throughout this time.The enclosure protects the instrument from harmful environmental influences while allowing open-path measurements in sunny weather. The newly developed and patented cover, a key component of the enclosure, permits unblocked solar measurements while reliably protecting the instrument. This enables dynamic decision regarding taking measurements, and thus increases the number of data samples. This enclosure leads to a fully automated measurement system, which collects data whenever possible without any human interaction. In the long term, the enclosure will provide the foundation for a permanent greenhouse gas monitoring sensor network.
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Kunishima, Yuichi, and Ryo Onishi. "Direct Lagrangian tracking simulation of droplet growth in vertically developing cloud." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 22 (November 23, 2018): 16619–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-16619-2018.
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Abstract. We present a direct Lagrangian simulation that computes key warm-rain processes in a vertically developing cloud, including cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activation, condensational growth, collisional growth, and droplet gravitational settling. This simulation, which tracks the motion and growth of individual particles, is applied to a kinematic simulation of an extremely vertically elongated quasi-one-dimensional domain, after which the results are compared with those obtained from a spectral-bin model, which adopts the conventional Eulerian framework. The comparison results, which confirm good bulk statistical agreement between the Lagrangian and conventional spectral-bin simulations, also show that the Lagrangian simulation is free from the numerical diffusion found in the spectral-bin simulation. After analyzing the Lagrangian statistics of the surface raindrops that reach the ground surface, back-trajectory scrutiny reveals that the Lagrangian statistics of surface raindrops contains the information about the sky where the raindrops grow like the shape does for snow crystals.