Relevant bibliographies by topics / Rain forests – Borneo

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters

Academic literature on the topic 'Rain forests – Borneo'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 26 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Rain forests – Borneo"

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Bodmer, Richard E., Robert J. Mather, and David J. Chivers. "Rain forests of central Borneo—threatened by modern development." Oryx 25, no. 1 (1991): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605300034025.

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Rain forests in Central Kalimantan, Borneo, are under increasing pressure from commercial industry, agricultural projects and transmigration programmes. Our knowledge of the hill forests in central Borneo is virtually non-existent, yet they may disappear before we realize their true value as intact forests. These rapid developments prompted the FFPS to launch the Red Alert Project, which, together with Project Barito Ulu, is investigating ways to promote rain-forest conservation in Kalimantan, Indonesia.
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BRÜHL, CARSTEN A., GUNIK GUNSALAM, and K. EDUARD LINSENMAIR. "Stratification of ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in a primary rain forest in Sabah, Borneo." Journal of Tropical Ecology 14, no. 3 (1998): 285–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467498000224.

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The ant fauna of a rain forest in Sabah, Malaysia was sampled by using different collecting methods in three strata. In total, 524 morphospecies of ants could be distinguished. They belong to seven subfamilies and 73 genera. So far, the ant community described is the most species rich published for a primary tropical rain forest. Regarding the stratification in the forest, the leaf litter community comprised as many ant species as the lower vegetation or canopy. Furthermore the litter stratum had the highest generic diversity. The stratification of ants in rain forests seems to be a very strict one with the majority of species (75%) being related to only one stratum. This is in contrast to findings on the stratification of beetles in rain forests. The stratification and a radiation of some groups into vegetation and canopy, where a broad spectrum of permanent habitats exist, is responsible for the high diversity of ants in tropical rain forests.
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Te Wong, Siew, Christopher Servheen, Laurentius Ambu, and Ahmad Norhayati. "Impacts of fruit production cycles on Malayan sun bears and bearded pigs in lowland tropical forest of Sabah, Malaysian Borneo." Journal of Tropical Ecology 21, no. 6 (2005): 627–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467405002622.

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We observed a period of famine in the lowland tropical rain forest of Sabah, Malaysia from August 1999 to September 2000. All six Malayan sun bears (Helarctos malayanus) that were captured and radio-collared were in poor physical condition, and two were later found dead. The physical condition of bearded pigs (Sus barbatus) that were captured, observed or photographed by camera traps also revealed that the pigs were in various stages of emaciation and starvation. We surmise that the famine resulted from prolonged scarcity of fruit during an intermast interval in the study area. These phenomena of emaciated animals and fruit scarcity have also been reported from other areas of Borneo. Lowland tropical rain-forest trees of Borneo display supra-annual synchronized general fruiting. We believe that the starvation we observed and the generally low density of large animals in Borneo forests is a consequence of a history of prolonged food scarcity during non-general-fruiting years, but may be accentuated by anthropogenic factors such as forest fragmentation, selective logging, and reduced density of fig trees in logged forests.
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Delissio, Lisa J., Richard B. Primack, Pamela Hall, and H. S. Lee. "A decade of canopy-tree seedling survival and growth in two Bornean rain forests: persistence and recovery from suppression." Journal of Tropical Ecology 18, no. 5 (2002): 645–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467402002420.

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The population dynamics of 8500 shade-tolerant tree seedlings of 13 tree species were followed for 10 years at rain forests in Lambir Hills National Park and Bako National Park, Malaysian Borneo. Since these dipterocarp forests have lower rates of canopy gap formation than do rain forests elsewhere, tree seedling biology was predicted to differ. Approximately 50% of seedlings present in 1986 were still alive in 1996. Seven out of thirteen had seedling populations composed predominantly of individuals that were at least 10 years old. These seedlings can undergo alternating periods of relatively rapid and slow growth. Many seedlings that grew rapidly in the first census interval survived through a period of suppression in the second census interval, and conversely many seedlings with a history of suppression had exceptionally high growth in the final census interval. Seedlings of South-East Asian forest tree species are long-lived and appear to be adapted to long periods of suppression in the understorey.
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Jaafar, Salwana Md, Rahayu Sukmaria Sukri, Faizah Metali, and David F. R. P. Burslem. "Litterfall Production and Litter Decomposition Experiments: In Situ Datasets of Nutrient Fluxes in Two Bornean Lowland Rain Forests Associated with Acacia Invasion." Data 8, no. 2 (2023): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/data8020030.

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It is increasingly recognized that invasion by alien plant species such as Acacia spp. can impact tropical forest ecosystems, although quantifications of nutrient fluxes for invaded lowland tropical rain forests in aseasonal climates remain understudied. This paper describes the methodology and presents data collected during a year-long study of litterfall production and leaf litter decomposition rates in two distinct tropical lowland forests in Borneo affected by Acacia invasion. The study is the first to present a comprehensive dataset on the impacts of invasive Acacia species on Bornean forests and can be further used for future research to assess the long-term impact of Acacia invasion in these forest ecosystems. Extensive studies of nutrient cycling processes in aseasonal tropical lowland rainforests occurring on different soil types remain limited. Therefore, this dataset improves understanding of nutrient cycling and ecosystem processes in tropical forests and can be utilized by the wider scientific community to examine ecosystem responses in tropical forests.
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Iwata, Tomoya, Mikio Inoue, Shigeru Nakano, Hitoshi Miyasaka, Atsushi Doi, and Alan P. Covich. "Shrimp abundance and habitat relationships in tropical rain-forest streams, Sarawak, Borneo." Journal of Tropical Ecology 19, no. 4 (2003): 387–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467403003432.

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Microhabitat use and habitat-abundance relationships of four freshwater shrimps, Atyopsis moluccensis, Macrobrachium pilimanus, Macrobrachium trompii and Macrobrachium neglectum, were surveyed in tropical streams running through primary and secondary forests in Borneo, East Malaysia. Underwater observations revealed that A. moluccensis preferred relatively high water velocity and a boulder substrate. Macrobrachium pilimanus also preferred high water velocity and a cobble substrate, whereas M. trompii occupied stream margins with slow current and fine substrates (from POM (particulate organic matter) to pebbles). In contrast, M. neglectum was distributed relatively evenly through the stream channel. The abundance of A. moluccensis, M. pilimanus and M. trompii in the stream reaches was best explained by the abundance of boulders, cobbles and POM, respectively, suggesting that the amount of preferred microhabitat is an important factor affecting shrimp abundances in the tropical rain-forest streams. The primary-forest reaches were dominated by coarse substrates, such as cobbles and boulders, while a great proportion of the streambeds in the secondary-forest reaches were covered with sand. Owing probably to such habitat differences, the abundance of both A. moluccensis and M. pilimanus, which preferred coarse substrates, was less in the secondary- than in the primary-forest reaches. These suggested that loss of preferred habitat, namely decreased coarse substrate availability, by sedimentation resulting from riparian deforestation had altered the shrimp assemblage structures.
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Aiba, Shin-Ichiro, and Kanehiro Kitayama. "Effects of the 1997–98 El Niño drought on rain forests of Mount Kinabalu, Borneo." Journal of Tropical Ecology 18, no. 2 (2002): 215–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467402002146.

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We examined the effects of the 1997–98 El Niño drought on nine rain forests of Mount Kinabalu, Borneo, at four altitudes (700, 1700, 2700 and 3100 m) on contrasting geological substrata (ultrabasic versus non-ultrabasic). Measurements of rainfall and atmospheric aridity indicated that the departure from normal conditions during the drought became greater with increasing altitude. During 1997–99 (drought period) compared to 1995–97 (pre-drought period), median growth rates of stem diameter of trees decreased for both smaller (4.8–10 cm) and larger (≥ 10 cm) diameter classes in the six upland forests (≥ 2700 m on ultrabasic substrata and ≥ 1700 m on non-ultrabasic substrata), but for neither diameter class in the other forests. The majority of species decreased or did not change growth rates during 1997–99, whereas some did increase. Tree mortality increased during 1997–99, at the larger diameter class in the two lowland forests (700 m) on both substrata, and at least at the smaller diameter class in the four upland forests (≥ 1700 m) on non-ultrabasic substrata. In two of these upland forests, mortality was restricted to particular understorey species. Mortality did not significantly increase in the three upland forests (≥ 1700 m) on ultrabasic substrata; this suggests that the adaptation to nutrient-poor soils might have provided the resistance to drought.
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Wells, Konstans, Lesley R. Smales, Elisabeth K. V. Kalko, and Martin Pfeiffer. "Impact of rain-forest logging on helminth assemblages in small mammals (Muridae, Tupaiidae) from Borneo." Journal of Tropical Ecology 23, no. 1 (2007): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467406003804.

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Parasites are ubiquitous in wild animals, with host-specific life histories considered as major determinants of prevalence and parasite assemblage patterns. It is predicted that habitat differences in logged rain forests influence population performances of small mammals and consequently may change the infection patterns of local animal populations with regard to endo- and ectoparasites. We investigated patterns of helminth species assemblages (Nematoda, Platyhelminthes) in two rat species (Leopoldamys sabanus, Niviventer cremoriventer) and two tree shrew species (Tupaia tana, T. longipes) in three logged and three unlogged rain forests in Borneo by examining 337 faecal samples with non-invasive faecal egg count (FEC). Nematode eggs prevailed in 95% of all samples with up to five (mean 1.9 ± 1.1) morphotypes. Whereas members of Strongylida were most prevalent in L. sabanus, T. tana and T. longipes, Spirurida dominated in N. cremoriventer that revealed at the same time the lowest average nematode prevalence and FEC. Cestode eggs were only found in L. sabanus and T. tana. Composition and abundance patterns of the parasitic helminth assemblages were influenced by logging. As hypothesized, species richness of nematode morphotypes and mean number of infections per host of T. longipes were larger in logged than in unlogged forest. In contrast, L. sabanus was more heavily infected with cestodes in unlogged than in logged forest and also revealed larger egg counts for strongylids and spirurids in unlogged forest. Our results suggest that forest degradation and altered environmental conditions influence helminth diversity and infection patterns of small mammals with contrasting trends among host species. The inconsistent logging-induced changes in helminth assemblages from different hosts indicate that specific sets of habitat-host-parasite interactions are uniquely influenced by the effects of logging. Consequently, predictions on changes of parasite diversity and prevalence with regard to habitat disturbance need to be based on the individual life histories of the hosts (and the parasites).
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Bebber, Dan, Nick Brown, and Martin Speight. "Drought and root herbivory in understorey Parashorea Kurz (Dipterocarpaceae) seedlings in Borneo." Journal of Tropical Ecology 18, no. 5 (2002): 795–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467402002511.

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The influence of herbivory on dipterocarp seedling growth and survival in Bornean primary lowland forest understorey during and after the 1997–8 El Niño-Southern Oscillation was investigated. During the drought, a coleopteran (Scolytidae) root borer attacked dipterocarp seedlings, primarily of the genus Parashorea. Infestation was spatially heterogeneous on a large (c. 100 m) scale. Attack rate decreased with plant vigour within infested areas. Experiments showed that root damage was fatal under drought conditions, but not after rain. Defoliation and apical meristem removal did not increase mortality. The spatio-temporal heterogeneity of herbivore outbreaks and difficulties involved in experimenting with root herbivores limit the power of such short-term investigations. However, the study shows that herbivores can cause differential mortality between species, and can therefore influence dipterocarp regeneration dynamics. The effect of herbivory depends on the plant organ attacked and interactions with other stresses such as drought. El Niño-related droughts are increasing in frequency in South-East Asian rain forests, which may lead to increased numbers of herbivore outbreaks and greater seedling mortality due to these factors.
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Siregar, Chairani. "Exploration and Inventory of Native Orchid Germplasm in West Borneo, Indonesia." HortScience 43, no. 2 (2008): 554–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.43.2.554.

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Borneo (Kalimantan) is the third largest island in the world. It is rich with various indigenous orchid species that grow epiphytically, terrestrially, or saprophytically in the forests. Its rain forests are also home to some rare species such as some Aërides sp., Bulbophyllum sp., Cymbidium sp., Dendrobium sp., Dimorphorchis sp., Grammatophyllum sp., Paphiopedilum sp., Phalaenopsis sp., Paraphalaenopsis sp., and Vanda sp., all of which have a very high economic value. These species are endangered and some of them may have not yet been found or discovered, because of the loss of habitat resulting from fire, forest damage, illegal logging, and orchid hunting either by domestic or foreign collectors. Until recently, there are only a few records on the orchid native to West Borneo. For this reason, a research was conducted to identify and create an inventory of all orchid species that exist in West Borneo before they become extinct along with their habitat and to conserve them ex situ. This research was conducted in 10 counties and one municipal city in West Borneo, and inventory was done through exploration. Orchids found were recorded and identified into their genera and their species by visual examination of vegetative and floral characteristics, respectively. A total of 197 species of orchids from 66 genera were identified, and among those, 27 species live as terrestrials, 169 species live as epiphytes, and one species lives as both an epiphyte and terrestrial.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Rain forests – Borneo"

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McConkey, Kim Rachelle. "Gibbons as seed dispersers in the rain-forests of central Borneo." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.431300.

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Romell, Eva. "Artificial canopy gaps and the establishment of planted dipterocarp seedlings in Macaranga spp. dominated secondary tropical rain forests of Sabah, Borneo /." Umeå : Dept. of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2007. http://epsilon.slu.se/10322511.pdf.

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Fujiki, Shogoro. "Evaluation of large-scale spatiotemporal changes in the tree-community composition of Bornean rain forests using remote sensing techniques." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/225662.

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Kyoto University (京都大学)<br>0048<br>新制・課程博士<br>博士(農学)<br>甲第20437号<br>農博第2222号<br>新制||農||1049(附属図書館)<br>学位論文||H29||N5058(農学部図書室)<br>京都大学大学院農学研究科地域環境科学専攻<br>(主査)教授 北山 兼弘, 教授 神﨑 護, 教授 北島 薫<br>学位規則第4条第1項該当
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Berglund, Hanna. "Biological Soil Invertebrate Activity in a Tropical Rainforest : A comparison of soil invertebrate activity in two tropical rain forests in Borneo." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-411109.

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Logging of tropical forests is increasing worldwide. Logging alters the forest conditions such as temperature, soil water content and litter input into the soil. This study explored how soil invertebrate activity in Borneo differs between pristine forests and two secondary forests, with 10 and 40 years of recovery time since the last logging. To measure the soil fauna feeding activity, the bait lamina stick method was applied. The study was conducted in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo, during April and May 2019. 33 forest plots were examined with ten lamina sticks placed in each of the three replicas per forest plot. The sticks were kept in the soil for four weeks before being removed. Upon removal, the soil invertebrate activity was determined by assessing how many holes of the bait lamina sticks were eaten and at what depth. The activity was related to the above-ground carbon density (ACD, a density measure for amount of above-ground carbon), as well as depth-specific activity in the different plots. Moreover, further relationships with the invertebrate activity and environmental conditions such as cumulative throughfall during the study time as well as the soil water content were studied. The results showed that the soil activity slightly decreased with increased ACD, but no statistical significance was found. This study also suggests that the activity was higher in the upper 0-5cm of the soil than in the lower 5-10 cm. Lastly, the results showed that the activity was highest in the forest with the shortest recovery time (10 years). This implies that it might be possible to regain the original soil activity since the activity of the 40-year-old forest was closer to the pristine forest than that of the 10- year-old forest.
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SUKARDJO, Sukristijono, Akio HAGIHARA, 秋男 萩原, et al. "Floristic composition of a tropical rain forest in Indonesian Borneo." 名古屋大学農学部付属演習林, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/8669.

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Hall, Julia Clare. "Managing the tropical rain forest : swiddens, housegardens and trade in Central Kalimantan." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.261434.

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Sandberg, Lisa. "Grodsamhällen längs vattendrag på Borneo : En identifiering av habitatkaraktärer viktiga för diversitet och abundans av grodor i tropisk regnskog." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-59261.

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The stretch from the riparian zone of a major river, through the mouth and upstream in tributaries forms a range of differing habitats. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of these different habitats on the riparian frog community in primary rain forest in Borneo; i.e. examine whether any gradients could be demonstrated in terms of species composition, diversity and density of frogs, as well as which environmental characteristics that seem to be of most importance in forming habitats of high conservational value. A major river, Segama, and three of its tributaries were investigated. The surveys were carried out at night by searching for frogs visually and acoustically along the streams, from the shore of the Segama river and 400 metres upstream in the tributaries. In all transects 10 habitat variables were also measured. The results from the study show a significantly lower diversity and abundance of frogs along the shores of Segama and close to the mouths of the tributaries compared to further upstream, and a significant difference in species assemblage. Most species exhibited a negative correlation with the downstream transects or were not found there at all. The habitat characteristics waterfalls and boulders were found to be of most importance for the diversity and abundance of frogs, making these characteristics key components of habitats with high conservational value. Major rivers could also potentially form dispersal corridors for invasive species, which findings of the introduced species Fejervarya limnocharis along the shores of Segama shows.
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Brunke, Jennifer [Verfasser], and Ute [Akademischer Betreuer] Radespiel. "Effects of habitat fragmentation in a tropical rain forest ecosystem: a case study on the genetic diversity of small mammal communities in the Lower Kinabatangan floodplain on Borneo, Sabah, Malaysia / Jennifer Brunke ; Betreuer: Ute Radespiel." Hannover : Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1225740398/34.

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Lau, Siew Ching, and 劉曉靜. "Explore the Cultural Symbolism of Rain Forest : The Aboriginal Brand Music Album Design of Borneo Iban." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/g427mq.

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碩士<br>朝陽科技大學<br>工業設計系<br>103<br>Iban is the biggest ethnic group in Borneo Sarawak. It’s full of tribal cultural symbolism. The Iban cultural symbolism is not only a media for communication, but also represents the cultural value of Iban. Therefore Iban cultural symbolism is the core of rebranding LUH brand image and music album design. In this study, lending from archetype symbolism structure by a book named “Brand Symbolism Experience” written by Kuei To –Wang, using the symbol for LUH brand image from brand association to enhance the brand value. The study is mainly using Iban religion, cultural weaving, pattern, and tattoo by combining the symbol, theme, and image of archetype symbolism structure to wield cultural symbolism design brand. Including by using painting technique on music album design. Through LUH brand and music album design writer provides a new trend cultural image, for the costumer and for the understanding of Iban cultural value.
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Books on the topic "Rain forests – Borneo"

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Klum, Mattias. Borneo rain forest. Chronicle Books, 1998.

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Borneo log: The struggle for Sarawak's forests. University of Washington Press, 1995.

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Lea, Eckerling-Kaufman, ed. Reefs and rain forests: The natural heritage of Malaysian Borneo. Reefs and Rain Forests Publications, 2002.

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International Conference on Forest Biology and Conservation in Borneo (1990 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah). Proceedings of the International Conference on Forest Biology and Conservation in Borneo, July 30-August 3, 1990, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. Edited by Ghazally Ismail, Murtedza Mohamed, Siraj Omar, Sabah Foundation, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Kampus Sabah., and Sabah. Ministry of Tourism and Environmental Development. Yayasan Sabah, 1992.

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Davis, Wade. Penan: Voice for the Borneo rainforest. S. Abdul Majeed, Pub. Division, 1990.

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ITTO Borneo Biodiversity Expedition 1997 (1997). ITTO Borneo Biodiversity Expedition 1997. International Tropical Timber Organization, 1998.

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Bosse, Malcolm J. Deep dream of the rain forest. Thorndike Press, 1994.

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Deep dream of the rain forest. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1993.

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J, Bosse Malcolm. Deep dream of the rain forest. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1994.

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Teo, Stephen P. Bako National Park, Borneo: Rain forests, vegetation, and plants : including a checklist on flowering plants. Borneo Eco, 2005.

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Book chapters on the topic "Rain forests – Borneo"

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Newbery, D. M., and M. Lingenfelder. "Plurality of tree species responses to drought perturbation in Bornean tropical rain forest." In Forest Ecology. Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2795-5_12.

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Sterck, Frank J., Frans Bongers, and David M. Newbery. "Tree architecture in a Bornean lowland rain forest: intraspecific and interspecific patterns." In Tropical Forest Canopies: Ecology and Management. Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3606-0_22.

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Riede, Klaus. "Diversity of sound-producing insects in a Bornean lowland rain forest." In Monographiae Biologicae. Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1685-2_8.

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Schulze, Christian H., K. Eduard Linsenmair, and Konrad Fiedler. "Understorey versus canopy: patterns of vertical stratification and diversity among Lepidoptera in a Bornean rain forest." In Tropical Forest Canopies: Ecology and Management. Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3606-0_11.

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Shanahan, Mike, and Stephen G. Compton. "Vertical stratification of figs and fig-eaters in a Bornean lowland rain forest: how is the canopy different?" In Tropical Forest Canopies: Ecology and Management. Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3606-0_10.

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Aiken, S. Robert, and Colin H. Leigh. "Conservation: Towards A Sustainable Future." In Vanishing Rain Forests. Oxford University PressOxford, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198542421.003.0005.

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Abstract The Malay Archipelago has long been famed for its natural wealth. It was the lure of gold and tin and the riches of the forest and the sea that for some two millennia or more drew Arab, Indian, and Chinese traders to regions like the Malay Peninsula and the coasts of Borneo; and it was from the abundant harvest of natural resources that early maritime kingdoms and empires drew much of their wealth.
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MacKinnon, Kathy. "The Ecological Foundations of Biodiversity Protection." In Last Stand. Oxford University Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195095548.003.0007.

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Two thirds of all known species occur in tropical regions, and probably half of all species are confined to tropical rain forests—yet these rain forests are among the most threatened of all natural habitats. Throughout the tropics, rain forests are being destroyed at an alarming rate. It has been estimated that, worldwide, approximately 170,000 square kilometers of rain forests—an area almost as great as Cambodia—are being lost every year (FAO, 1990). Few tropical countries retain more than half of their natural forest cover, and even those that do are witnessing rapid habitat conversion. Figure 3-1 illustrates the decline of primary forest cover on Sumatra during the past 60 years, a picture that is duplicated over much of tropical Asia. The Indonesian archipelago, as a whole, loses at least 9,000 square kilometers of forest each year to logging, land conversion, and shifting agriculture (MoF/FAO, 1991). In some years, the figure is even higher. In 1982 and 1983, for example, severe drought and fires (often deliberately started) damaged 36,000 square kilometers of forest—an area the size of Belgium—in East Kalimantan in Indonesian Borneo (Lennertz and Panzer, 1983) and another 10,000 square kilometers in Sabah (Malingreau et al., 1985). Destruction of tropical habitats leads to the irreversible loss of biological diversity and genetic resources. Conservation of biodiversity will require a concerted effort to provide adequate and effective protection of tropical forests and their native species. The best, easiest, and least expensive way to achieve this goal is to establish networks of protected rain forest areas for in situ conservation of gene pools, species, and ecosystems. Forest destruction is proceeding so fast that this decade is probably the last chance to protect extensive areas of tropical forests; indeed, for some countries it is already too late. While this chapter focuses primarily on tropical Asia, many of the lessons and recommendations apply equally well to the rain forests of Africa and Central and South America. The question of how much protected habitat is enough has long been debated by conservationists and other scientists.
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Mackinnon, John, and Karen Phillipps. "Field techniques for birdwatching." In The Birds of Borneo, Sumatra, Java, and Bali. Oxford University PressOxford, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198540359.003.0005.

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Abstract Birdwatching is an absorbing pastime, and the broader the bird-watchers’ experience, the better and more acute their observations become. Birdwatchers are the scientists’ eyes and ears for monitoring the state of our planet. Their bird lists and observations are very important to scientists in indicating any deterioration of the environment. This book is designed to help birdwatchers make their observations more accurate, meaningful and, indeed, useful when submitted to the relevant body. Watching birds in tall forests is not easy. You may walk for an hour without seeing anything then suddenly be surrounded by so many twittering birds you cannot focus on any. A bird may be so high up and so obscured by foliage that you cannot get a good view. In the rain, water on your lenses may blur your vision. The newcomer to the forest should first get to know the common forest-edge species by walking along roads and wide trails through forest. Observation conditions are better, and the birds appear more numerous because the light falling sideways on the forest edge creates a very rich feeding zone. Some of the true forest-canopy birds can be seen along roads, and where forest roads cut through mountains you may have excellent side views into the canopy that you may never get when walking on narrow trails.
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9

"Weapons of the Wild: Strategic Uses of Violence and Wildness in the Rain Forests of Indonesian Borneo." In In Search of the Rain Forest. Duke University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780822385271-009.

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10

Finlayson, Clive. "Stick to What You Know Best." In The Humans Who Went Extinct. Oxford University PressOxford, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199239184.003.0005.

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Abstract IT is hard to imagine while strenuously walking in the heart of an equatorial rain forest, gasping for every breath in a stifling humid sauna, how people could have ever adapted to life under these conditions. It is not just the oppressive climate—the tall forest itself is dark, little light reaching the floor from the canopy, and you do not see any animals. It is a complete contrast to the herbivore-rich dry savannahs of tropical Africa. Yet there are many animals here, evident by the loud, continual noise of large cryptic insects and the constant threat of stepping on a deadly king cobra. This was my first impression of the rain forest in Borneo. I was in Borneo on a UNESCO mission to look at a cave in the heart of the rain forest. Each morning I would wake up within a patch of relatively open vegetation, a clearing that housed the headquarters of the Niah National Park, 31 square kilometres of lowland forest situated 16 kilometres from the coast. Here amidst large, colourful butterflies and hornbills I got a reprieve from the claustrophobia of the prison of buttressed giants that made up the forest beyond. There is something in our nature that seems to crave for open landscapes, distant views of the horizon, and patchworks of trees and open spaces. Where we have not had access to these we have created them.
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