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Journal articles on the topic 'Rain forest'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Martin, K. C., and W. J. Freeland. "Herpetofauna of a northern Australian monsoon rain forest: seasonal changes and relationships to adjacent habitats." Journal of Tropical Ecology 4, no. 3 (August 1988): 227–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400002790.

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ABSTRACTThe herpetofauna of a floodplain monsoon rain forest in northern Australia is composed primarily of species from non rain forest habitats. The majority of frog species use rain forest as a seasonal refuge, and there is a marked increase in numbers during the dry season. Faunal richness lies within limits expected on the basis of the length of the dry season and species richnesses of non-Australian faunas. There are few lizard species and an abundance of frog species (none of which is a rain forest specialist) in comparison to rain forest herpetofaunas in other tropical regions. The impoverished lizard fauna, and the paucity of rain forest specialists may be because (a) seasonal invasion of rain forest by frogs prevents evolution of, or colonization by, specialists or (b) rain forest specialists may not have been able to cross semiarid habitats separating the Northern Territory from eastern Australian rain forests. The herpetofaunas of monsoon forests in Cape York Peninsula may provide a means of distinguishing between these hypotheses.

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2

Xiang, Wen, Guang Fan Li, and Yan Rong Li. "Hainan Tropical Rainforest Landslide Analysis and Prevention Measures." Applied Mechanics and Materials 638-640 (September 2014): 648–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.638-640.648.

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By Hainan tropical rainforest area geology, physiognomy, the characteristics of climate, tropical rain forest complex typhoon heavy rainfall weather conditions, and the characteristic of the tropical rainforest landslide occurred, researching and analyzing the relationship of among tropical rainforest landslide, tropical rain forest vegetation destruction the relationship ,the heavy rainfall and human engineering activities. Summed up the vegetation destruction, heavy rains and engineering activities of the three factors of coupling is the most important characteristics of tropical rain forests of landslide, and put forward reasonable tropical rainforest landslide protection and management measures.

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3

Behling, Hermann, and Raquel R. B. Negrelle. "Vegetation and pollen rain relationship from the tropical Atlantic rain forest in Southern Brazil." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 49, no. 4 (July 2006): 631–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132006000500013.

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The relationship between the southern Brazilian tropical Atlantic lowland rain forest and modern pollen rain was studied by pollen traps. The study was carried out on a one hectare plot undisturbed rain forest of the reserve Volta Velha and two secondary forests, ± 50 and 7 years old. About 248 identified tree, shrub and herb species (excluding epiphytes) of 50 families were represented by 126 different pollen and spore types (including non-local taxa). The calculated average influx of pollen rain from the native Atlantic rain forest was 12465 pollen grains per cm² and year. The influx from the ± 50 years old and from the 7 years old secondary forest was relatively low (4112 and 3667 grains per cm² and year, respectively) compared to the undisturbed rain forest. The occurrence of pollen grains of herbs and fern spores were significantly higher in the secondary forests than in the undisturbed rain forest.

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4

Whitehouse, John F. "East Australian Rain-forests: A Case-study in Resource Harvesting and Conservation." Environmental Conservation 18, no. 1 (1991): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900021263.

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Human interactions with rain-forest on the Australian continent have played, and will continue to play, a vital role in their distribution and survival. The presence and significance of rain-forest in Australia lies in the evolutionary history of the Australian plate since the break-up of the Gondwanan supercontinent. Its continued survival and distribution illustrates and encapsulates the history of plant evolution and biogeography in Australia.Since human arrival in Australia at least 40,000 years ago, human interactions with rain-forest have been marked by a number of phases — ranging from Aboriginal use of rain-forest resources to the impetus given by the hunt for the prized Red Cedar, and from the early European settlement on the east coast of Australia in the midto late-19th century to the wholesale clearing of rain forests for agricultural settlement and dairying in the late 19th century. In more modern times, human interactions with rain-forest have focused on adapting forest management techniques to rain-forest logging, restructuring the native forest timber industry in the face of mechanization, changing markets and resource constraints, convulsions as a result of conservationist challenges in Terania Creek and Daintree, and finally the implications of conserving rain-forests in the context of natural processes including fire, climate change, and the impact of human visitors and their recreation.The course of the controversies over rain-forest conservation in Australia has meant that rain-forest logging either has been dramatically curtailed or is in the process of generally ceasing. The protection of rainforests from logging and forestry operations in the future seems secure, given the widespread community support for rain-forest conservation. Threats to rain-forest conservation in the future are likely to be found in more subtle processes: the impact of fire regimes on the spread and contractions of rain-forests, the impacts of exotic species such as Lantana (Lantana camara) and Camphor Laurel (Cinnamomum camphora), the impacts of human uses through tourism and recreation, the diminution of the viability of isolated pockets by ‘edge effects’, and the damage to the remaining stands on freehold property by conflicting land-uses.Overlying all of these potential threats is the impact of global climate change. Climate change since the Tertiary has reduced the once widespread rain-forest communities of Australia practically to the status of relicts in refugia. Will the remaining rain-forests be able to withstand the projected human-induced climate changes of the future?

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5

Travis, John. "Rain Forest Primeval?" Science News 161, no. 26 (June 29, 2002): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4013494.

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6

Proctor, John. "Tropical rain forest." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 11, no. 3 (September 1987): 406–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913338701100307.

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7

Proctor, John. "Tropical rain forest." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 12, no. 3 (September 1988): 405–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913338801200305.

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8

Schneider, David. "Rain Forest Crunch." Scientific American 274, no. 3 (March 1996): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0396-19.

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9

Banfai, Daniel S., and David M. J. S. Bowman. "Drivers of rain-forest boundary dynamics in Kakadu National Park, northern Australia: a field assessment." Journal of Tropical Ecology 23, no. 1 (January 2007): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467406003701.

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Understanding the causes of savanna–forest dynamics is vital as small but widespread changes in the extent of tropical forests can have major impacts on global climate, biodiversity and human well-being. Comparison of aerial photographs for 50 rain-forest patches in Kakadu National Park had previously revealed a landscape-wide monotonic expansion of rain-forest boundaries between 1964 and 2004. Here floristic, structural, environmental and disturbance attributes of the changes were investigated by sampling 588 plots across 30 rain-forest patches. Areas that had changed from savanna to rain forest were associated with a significantly higher abundance of rain-forest trees and less grasses, relative to stable savanna areas. Ordination analyses showed that overall floristic composition was not significantly different between newly established rain forest and longer established rain forest. Generalized linear models also indicated that contemporary levels of disturbance (fire and feral animal impact) and environmental variables (slope and soil texture) were poor predictors of historical vegetation change. We concluded that (1) the rain-forest boundaries are highly dynamic at the decadal scale; (2) rain-forest expansion is consistent with having been driven by global environmental change phenomena such as increases in rainfall and atmospheric CO2; and (3) expansion will continue if current climatic trends and management conditions persist.

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10

Kuusipalo, Jussi, Jyrki Kangas, and Lauri Vesa. "Sustainable Forest Management in Tropical Rain Forests." Journal of Sustainable Forestry 5, no. 3-4 (April 10, 1997): 93–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j091v05n03_06.

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11

Liu, Wen Jie, Ping Yuan Wang, Jin Tao Li, Peng Ju Li, and Wen Yao Liu. "The importance of radiation fog in the tropical seasonal rain forest of Xishuangbanna, south-west China." Hydrology Research 39, no. 1 (February 1, 2008): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2008.031.

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The tropical rain forest in Xishuangbanna, SW China has a high floristic diversity and is closely related to Malaysian rain forests in flora. This forest would not normally be established in such a climatic region as Xishuangbanna (less precipitation and lower air temperature) compared to those of the lowland moist tropics. The mean annual rainfall is 1487 mm, which is considerably lower than rain forests in other parts of the world. It is believed that the frequent occurrence of radiation fog might play an important role in the water relations of plants and in the hydrological cycle of this type of rain forest. However, the multiple hydrological and ecological effects of radiation fog are not well understood. In this paper, we describe and analyze the significance of radiation fog to this forest, and develop a hypothesis that fog plays an important role in the presence of the tropical rain forest in Xishuangbanna. Suggestions for further research on the significance of fog are offered.

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12

Thomaz, Edivaldo Lopes, and Valdemir Antoneli. "RAIN INTERCEPTION IN A SECONDARY FRAGMENT OF ARAUCARIA FOREST WITH FAXINAL, GUARAPUAVA-PR." CERNE 21, no. 3 (September 2015): 363–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/01047760201521031736.

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ABSTRACT Forest management can alter the structure of vegetation (layer), particularly in areas used for pasture, such as the Faxinal areas in the south central region of Paraná, Brazil. Therefore, the aims of the present study were as follows: a) to assess rain interception in secondary forests; b) to estimate the maximum precipitation intercepted by the forest; and c) to discuss the possible implications of throughfall for the hydrologic processes of the secondary forest (Faxinal). Nine 20-cm-diameter rain gauges (314 cm2) were used. Rain gauges were distributed randomly throughout the forest and were successively rotated after a specific number of rainfalls. A total of 66 rainfall events of different volumes were recorded. We observed that an increase in rain volume tended to homogenize the rainfall interception rate in the forest. Consecutive rainfalls did not significantly influence the interception rate in the secondary forest. However, the interception in the secondary forest (10.5%) was lower than the mean interception rate recorded in other Brazilian forests.

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13

Tvardikova, Katerina, and Vojtech Novotny. "Predation on exposed and leaf-rolling artificial caterpillars in tropical forests of Papua New Guinea." Journal of Tropical Ecology 28, no. 4 (June 1, 2012): 331–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467412000235.

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Abstract:Although predation is generally seen as one of the key factors determining the abundance and composition of insect herbivore communities in tropical rain forests, quantitative estimates of predation pressure in rain-forest habitats remain rare. We compared incidence of attacks of different natural enemies on semi-concealed and exposed caterpillars (Lepidoptera) in lowland and montane tropical rain forests, using plasticine models of caterpillars. We recorded attacks on caterpillars in four habitats: primary forest, secondary forest and forest fragment in lowlands (200 m asl), and montane primary forest (1700 m asl). We used 300 exposed and 300 semi-concealed caterpillars daily, and conducted the experiment for 6 d in every habitat. Daily incidence of attacks was higher on exposed caterpillars (4.95%) than on semi-concealed (leaf-rolling) caterpillars (2.99%). Attack pressure of natural enemies differed also among habitats. In the lowlands, continuous primary and secondary forests had similar daily incidence of attacks (2.39% and 2.36%) which was however lower than that found in a primary forest fragment (4.62%). This difference was caused by higher incidence of attacks by birds, ants and wasps in the forest fragment. The most important predators were birds in montane rain forests (61.9% of identified attacks), but insect predators, mostly ants, in the lowlands (58.3% of identified attacks). These results suggest that rapid decrease in the abundance of ants with altitude may be compensated by increased importance of birds as predators in montane forests. Further, it suggests that small rain-forest fragments may suffer from disproportionately high pressure from natural enemies, with potentially serious consequences for survival of their herbivorous communities.

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14

BRÜHL, CARSTEN A., GUNIK GUNSALAM, and K. EDUARD LINSENMAIR. "Stratification of ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in a primary rain forest in Sabah, Borneo." Journal of Tropical Ecology 14, no. 3 (May 1998): 285–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467498000224.

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The ant fauna of a rain forest in Sabah, Malaysia was sampled by using different collecting methods in three strata. In total, 524 morphospecies of ants could be distinguished. They belong to seven subfamilies and 73 genera. So far, the ant community described is the most species rich published for a primary tropical rain forest. Regarding the stratification in the forest, the leaf litter community comprised as many ant species as the lower vegetation or canopy. Furthermore the litter stratum had the highest generic diversity. The stratification of ants in rain forests seems to be a very strict one with the majority of species (75%) being related to only one stratum. This is in contrast to findings on the stratification of beetles in rain forests. The stratification and a radiation of some groups into vegetation and canopy, where a broad spectrum of permanent habitats exist, is responsible for the high diversity of ants in tropical rain forests.

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15

Thornton, Carol A., Dianna Dee Damkoehler, Helen Gehrenbeck, and Graham A. Jones. "The Children's Rain Forest." Teaching Children Mathematics 2, no. 3 (November 1995): 144–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/tcm.2.3.0144.

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16

Denslow, Julie Slogan. "Tropical Rain Forest Dynamics." Ecology 67, no. 4 (August 1986): 1114. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1939845.

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17

Park, Chris, and P. W. Richards. "The Tropical Rain Forest." Geographical Journal 163, no. 2 (July 1997): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3060194.

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18

Proctor, J., H. Lieth, and M. J. A. Werger. "Tropical Rain Forest Ecosystems." Journal of Ecology 78, no. 1 (March 1990): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2261052.

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19

SANFORD, R. L., J. SALDARRIAGA, K. E. CLARK, C. UHL, and R. HERRERA. "Amazon Rain-Forest Fires." Science 227, no. 4682 (January 4, 1985): 53–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.227.4682.53.

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20

NORMAN, C. "Virgin Rain Forest Reprieved." Science 227, no. 4684 (January 18, 1985): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.227.4684.273.

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21

Fraser, Barbara. "A Drying Rain Forest." Scientific American 308, no. 3 (February 19, 2013): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0313-16.

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22

Schiffman, Richard. "Rain-Forest Threats Resume." Scientific American 312, no. 6 (May 19, 2015): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0615-24.

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23

Kerfoot, O. "Tropical Rain Forest Ecology." South African Journal of Botany 51, no. 1 (February 1985): 74–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0254-6299(16)31705-7.

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24

Whitmore, T. C. "‘Rain forest’ or ‘rainforest’?" Journal of Tropical Ecology 3, no. 1 (February 1987): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400001085.

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25

Sanford, Robert L. "Some Amazonian Rain Forest." Ecology 70, no. 2 (April 1989): 526–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1937566.

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26

Hall, John B. "Tropical rain forest ecology." Forest Ecology and Management 58, no. 1-2 (April 1993): 169–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(93)90142-a.

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27

Martínez-Garza, Cristina, Alejandro Flores-Palacios, Marines De La Peña-Domene, and Henry F. Howe. "Seed rain in a tropical agricultural landscape." Journal of Tropical Ecology 25, no. 5 (September 2009): 541–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467409990113.

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Abstract:Seed dispersal into fragmented tropical landscapes limits the rate and character of ecological succession between forest remnants. In a novel experiment in recovery of dispersal between forest remnants, 120 1-m2 seed traps were placed in fenced plots in active pasture 90–250 m from forest, and in nearby primary and secondary forests. Total seed rain from December 2006 to January 2008 included 69 135 seeds of 57 woody species. High richness of seed rain of early-successional trees occurred in all habitats, but seed rain of late-successional woody plants was much lower into pastures and secondary forest than into old-growth forest. Non-metric ordination analysis further demonstrated high movement of late-successional species within and between forest and secondary forest, but little movement of species of either forest type to pastures. Most species were dispersed by animals, but most seeds were dispersed by wind. A pattern of seed rain biased strongly towards wind-dispersed species creates a template for regeneration quite unlike that in nearby forest.

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28

Wong, Marina. "Trophic Organization of Understory Birds in a Malaysian Dipterocarp Forest." Auk 103, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 100–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/103.1.100.

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Abstract Single-sample studies suggested that understory flowers and fruits and their avian consumers are scarce in the Malaysian rain forest as compared with African and Central American rain forests. Results from my longer-term studies at Pasoh Forest Reserve (Negeri Sembilan, Peninsular Malaysia) established that flowers and fruits were consistently rare as food for birds. A comparison of two forest types at Pasoh revealed the effect of lower food availability on avian trophic organization. Food resources (e.g. flowers, fruits, arthropods) were less abundant in the regenerating than in the virgin forest, and bird species richness and individual abundance were also lower in the regenerating forest understory. However, the two forests did not differ significantly in the relative importance of the various foraging guilds, suggesting that similar types of resources were present in similar proportions. None of the birds sampled in the Malaysian rain-forest understory was a specialized consumer of understory flowers or fruit, whereas birds feeding mainly on foliage-dwelling arthropods were abundant and were represented by many species. This trophic organization is contrary to that reported for rain forests in other tropical regions but may simply reflect an allocation of harvestable productivity that is different rather than lower.

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29

Denslow, Julie Sloan, and Ana E. Gomez Diaz. "Seed rain to tree-fall gaps in a Neotropical rain forest." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 20, no. 5 (May 1, 1990): 642–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x90-086.

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We monitored both the seed rain and fruit production in the vicinity of four recent tree-fall gaps in the old-growth forest at the La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica. Seeds were collected in trays of seed-sterilized soil distributed throughout the center of the gaps and left in place for 2 months; seeds were identified from seedlings that subsequently germinated from the soil samples in the shade house. Composition and density of seeds germinating from the trays were spatially and temporally variable, obscuring any phenological pattern in either species diversity or abundances of seedfall. However, rates of seed input (49 seeds/(m2•month)) were higher than previous estimates (0.5–5 seeds/(m•month)), which suggests a high turnover rate of soil seed stocks in forest species with short dormancy capacities. A small proportion of the seeds were from pioneer species (2–33%), which were nevertheless likely dispersed from second-growth vegetation at least 750 m from the gaps. Most of the species were animal dispersed and only 35% of the species and 19–55% of the seeds recovered from the seed trays likely originated from plants fruiting within 50 m of the gap. These data demonstrate the input of a copious and diverse seedfall from widely scattered sources within lowland tropical rain forests.

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30

Styring, Alison R., and Mohamed Zakaria bin Hussin. "Foraging ecology of woodpeckers in lowland Malaysian rain forests." Journal of Tropical Ecology 20, no. 5 (August 9, 2004): 487–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467404001579.

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We investigated the foraging ecology of 13 species of woodpecker in logged and unlogged lowland rain forest at two forest reserves in West Malaysia (Pasoh Forest Reserve and Sungai Lalang Forest Reserve). The parameters perch diameter and microhabitat/substrate type explained more variation in the data than other parameters, and effectively divided the guild into two groups: (1) ‘conventional’ – species that excavated frequently, used relatively large perches, and foraged on snags and patches of dead wood, and (2) ‘novel’ – species that used smaller perches and microhabitats that are available in tropical forests on a year-round basis (e.g. external, arboreal ant/termite nests and bamboo). These novel resources may explain, in part, the maintenance of high woodpecker diversity in tropical rain forests.

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31

Lewis, Richard E. "A rain-forest raptor in danger." Oryx 20, no. 3 (July 1986): 170–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605300020032.

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Living in the rain forests of the Philippines is one of the largest and rarest eagles in the world, the Philippine eagle Pithecophaga jefferyi.This magnificent bird is in danger of extinction due to the pressures of land development and human persecution. The author spent three0 years, from 1982 to 1985, helping to study the eagle, both in the wild and captivity, as part of a team dedicated to its conservation. The eagle has become the symbol of the conservation movement in the Philippines, and linked with its survival are a host of endemic species that share the same forest habitat.

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32

Nazimova, Dina I., Dilshad M. Danilina, and Nikolay V. Stepanov. "Rain-Barrier Forest Ecosystems of the Sayan Mountains." Botanica Pacifica 3, no. 1 (April 30, 2014): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17581/bp.2014.03104.

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33

Coelho, Geraldo Ceni, Rachel Palhares Alcantara, Maurício Zinn Klemann, and Leandro Klemann. "Forest regeneration and seed rain in the conversion of a stand of Pinus sp. into native forest." Biotemas 34, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-7925.2021.e76814.

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In Southern Brazil, the National Forests (NF) are protected areas of sustainable use; however, most of them present a significant cover with old plantations of Pinus spp. established to foster commercial forestry. Nowadays, the NF management plans propose the conversion of Pinus stands into native forests. Pinus spp. are worrisome invasive plants whose spontaneous recruitment is a challenge to forest restoration. This paper aims to analyze seed rain and woody community composition in a stand where Pinus trees were eliminated to drive spontaneous regeneration (REG) in an NF in the Southern Atlantic Forest. The seed rain was measured in the restoring area and inside an adjacent Pinus stand (PIN). The tree community structure was analyzed comparatively in REG, PIN, and in a Native Araucaria Forest (NAT). One year after Pinus cutting, the seed rain of woody species was 1,802 and 1,502 seeds m-2.year-1 in REG and PIN, respectively. REG’s seed rain had higher diversity than PIN and absence of Pinus seeds. REG and NAT presented higher diversity of tree species than PIN, although REG had the lowest basal area and tree density. Nevertheless, 188 Pinus seedlings.ha-1 were observed in REG, which indicates that complementary restoration actions are needed.

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34

Setyowati, Dewi Liesnoor. "Hubungan Hujan dan Limpasan Pada Sub DAS Kecil Penggunaan Lahan Hutan, Sawah, Kebun Campuran di DAS Kreo." Forum Geografi 24, no. 1 (July 20, 2010): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/forgeo.v24i1.5014.

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Tendency of land use conversion is followed by maximum discharge of Kreo River, but unknown land use type what which can race improvement of runoff. Purpose of the research is study the relation of rainfall runoff at forest, rice field, and mixed garden. Research about rainfall runoff study is including research type of experiment for purpose of descriptive, through observation of rain data and water level at small watershed with one land use types that is forest, rice field, and mixed garden. Instrument of rain and water level attached at small watershed during the rains 2007.Data analysis comprises analysis of stream hydrograph, rain analysis, stream coefficient, and statistic analysis as well. Big the so small runoff value is more determined by rainfall amounts happened non land use type. Number of big rains at one land use will yield big runoff also, while the same rainfall amounts at some land use types will yield varying runoff follows land use type and condition of soil At small watershed (less than 200 ha), the relation of rainfall (P) with direct runoff (DRO) has very strong correlation (R2 bigger than 0.7). Relation between rain intensity (I) with DRO; I with peak discharge (Qp); duration of rain (DR) with DRO; DR with Qp indicated weak reaction (R2 less than 0.3). It indicated there were many factors (more than 70%) which influenced the above mentioned relations. Runoff coefficient value at forest was 0,3566, mix forest was 0,4227, rice field was 0,6661, and mixed garden was 0,4227. Land ability to permeate in the forest (65%) is bigger than mixed garden (57%) and rice field (33%).

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35

Schmid, Rudolf. "Fruits of the Rain Forest: A Guide to Fruits in Australian Tropical Rain Forests." Taxon 44, no. 4 (November 1995): 661. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1223525.

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36

LaFrankie, James V. "Portraits of the Rain Forest." Ecology 72, no. 4 (August 1991): 1522–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1941132.

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37

Hall, J. Clare, and N. K. Rai. "People of the Rain Forest." Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters 1, no. 3 (May 1991): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2997501.

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38

Cunningham, Keith, and Grant Behrman. "Nomads of the Rain Forest." Journal of American Folklore 99, no. 394 (October 1986): 510. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/540074.

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39

van Zinderen Bakker, E. M. "Neogene Congo Basin Rain Forest." Science 229, no. 4715 (August 23, 1985): 708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.229.4715.708.b.

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40

van der Werff, Henk, B. P. M. Hyland, T. Whiffin, and D. C. Christophel. "Australian Tropical Rain Forest Trees." Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 81, no. 4 (1994): 809. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2399926.

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41

YOUNG, ALLEN M. "The Rain Forest in Milwaukee." Curator: The Museum Journal 32, no. 3 (September 1989): 229–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2151-6952.1989.tb00722.x.

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42

Fischetti, Mark. "Singing in the Rain (Forest)." Scientific American 18, no. 5 (December 2008): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamericanearth1208-12c.

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43

Neto, Ricardo Bonalume. "Rain-forest canopy remains elusive..." Nature 340, no. 6235 (August 1989): 586. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/340586b0.

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44

Greenspan, Jesse. "The Rain Forest of Alabama." Scientific American 310, no. 3 (February 18, 2014): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0314-18a.

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45

Poore, Duncan. "Rain forest regeneration and management." Biological Conservation 59, no. 1 (1992): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(92)90719-4.

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Whitmore, T. C. "Riches of the rain forest." Biological Conservation 61, no. 2 (1992): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(92)91106-3.

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Hartshorn, Gary S. "A Tropical Rain Forest Gem." Conservation Biology 20, no. 4 (March 10, 2006): 1332–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00503_5.x.

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Chazdon, R. "A tropical rain forest feast." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 13, no. 10 (October 1, 1998): 421–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5347(98)01463-3.

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VAN ZINDEREN BAKKER, E. M. "Neogene Congo Basin Rain Forest." Science 229, no. 4715 (August 23, 1985): 708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.229.4715.708-a.

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