Journal articles: 'Rain forest ecology Malaysia'

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Styring, Alison R., and Mohamed Zakaria bin Hussin. "Foraging ecology of woodpeckers in lowland Malaysian rain forests." Journal of Tropical Ecology 20, no. 5 (August 9, 2004): 487–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467404001579.

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We investigated the foraging ecology of 13 species of woodpecker in logged and unlogged lowland rain forest at two forest reserves in West Malaysia (Pasoh Forest Reserve and Sungai Lalang Forest Reserve). The parameters perch diameter and microhabitat/substrate type explained more variation in the data than other parameters, and effectively divided the guild into two groups: (1) ‘conventional’ – species that excavated frequently, used relatively large perches, and foraged on snags and patches of dead wood, and (2) ‘novel’ – species that used smaller perches and microhabitats that are available in tropical forests on a year-round basis (e.g. external, arboreal ant/termite nests and bamboo). These novel resources may explain, in part, the maintenance of high woodpecker diversity in tropical rain forests.

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Wong, Marina. "Trophic Organization of Understory Birds in a Malaysian Dipterocarp Forest." Auk 103, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 100–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/103.1.100.

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Abstract Single-sample studies suggested that understory flowers and fruits and their avian consumers are scarce in the Malaysian rain forest as compared with African and Central American rain forests. Results from my longer-term studies at Pasoh Forest Reserve (Negeri Sembilan, Peninsular Malaysia) established that flowers and fruits were consistently rare as food for birds. A comparison of two forest types at Pasoh revealed the effect of lower food availability on avian trophic organization. Food resources (e.g. flowers, fruits, arthropods) were less abundant in the regenerating than in the virgin forest, and bird species richness and individual abundance were also lower in the regenerating forest understory. However, the two forests did not differ significantly in the relative importance of the various foraging guilds, suggesting that similar types of resources were present in similar proportions. None of the birds sampled in the Malaysian rain-forest understory was a specialized consumer of understory flowers or fruit, whereas birds feeding mainly on foliage-dwelling arthropods were abundant and were represented by many species. This trophic organization is contrary to that reported for rain forests in other tropical regions but may simply reflect an allocation of harvestable productivity that is different rather than lower.

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Francis, Charles M. "Trophic structure of bat communities in the understorey of lowland dipterocarp rain forest in Malaysia." Journal of Tropical Ecology 6, no. 4 (November 1990): 421–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400004818.

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ABSTRACTBat communities in the understorey of primary lowland dipterocarp forest in peninsular Malaysia and Sabah were sampled with mist nets and harp traps to estimate their trophic structure. Overall, 4 of 26 species (15%) at one site, and 6 of 33 species (18%) at the other site were frugivores, while the remainder were insectivores. In terms of individuals, 7–12% of all captures were frugivores. However, the true proportion of frugivores at both sites was probably closer to 1%, because the sampling procedures were strongly biased towards frugivores. In contrast, previously published studies indicate that frugivores comprise 34–48% of species, and up to 80% of individuals in bat communities in the understorey of Neotropical forest. These results support the hypothesis, developed from studies of bird communities, that the under-storey of Malaysian dipterocarp forest supports relatively few obligate frugivores, at least in non-masting years. However, further data are required on bats in the canopy, and on the foraging ranges of bats to compare the absolute densities of bats in Malaysian and Neotropical forests.

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He, Fangliang, Pierre Legendre, and James LaFrankie. "Spatial pattern of diversity in a tropical rain forest in Malaysia." Journal of Biogeography 23, no. 1 (January 1996): 57–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.1996.00976.x.

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Ichie, Tomoaki, Toru Hiromi, Reiji Yoneda, Koichi Kamiya, Masao Kohira, Ikuo Ninomiya, and Kazuhiko Ogino. "Short-term drought causes synchronous leaf shedding and flushing in a lowland mixed dipterocarp forest, Sarawak, Malaysia." Journal of Tropical Ecology 20, no. 6 (October 14, 2004): 697–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467404001713.

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Tropical rain forests are evergreen and experience a climate suitable for plant growth year round (Whitmore 1998). However, most tropical rain-forest trees display periodic shoot growth (Borchert 1991) and show synchronous leaf flushing at the community level (Itioka & Yamauti in press, Medway 1972, Ng 1981). Synchronous leaf flushing may have a great impact on animal population such as herbivores, because young leaves are suitable food resources for many herbivores (Aide 1988, 1992; Coley 1983, Itioka & Yamauti 2004, Lowman 1985).

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Yagihashi, Tsutomu, Tatsuya Otani, Naoki Tani, Tomoki Nakaya, Kassim Abd Rahman, Tetsuya Matsui, and Hiroyuki Tanouchi. "Habitats suitable for the establishment of Shorea curtisii seedlings in a hill forest in Peninsular Malaysia." Journal of Tropical Ecology 26, no. 5 (July 30, 2010): 551–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646741000026x.

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Trees of the family Dipterocarpaceae dominate the emergent canopy of most lowland rain forests in Asia (Ashton et al. 1988). The family is, therefore, one of the most ecologically important in South-East Asia. Shorea curtisii Dyer ex King is the most common tree species in the hill dipterocarp forests of Peninsular Malaysia (Burgess 1975, Symington 2004), and is considered a key species for the dynamics of such forests. Currently, most Malaysian hill forests are selectively logged. Trees over 50 cm dbh are harvested, and any subsequent harvests depend on the remaining smaller trees. Such selective logging takes no account of seedling regeneration. Hence, subsequent timber harvests rely on trees derived from the seedlings that are already present and future seeds produced by the residual trees (Appanah & Mohd. Rasol 1994). Existing seedlings of S. curtisii in the forest, therefore, play a significant role in the dynamics of the hill forest. However, the conditions that constitute a suitable habitat for S. curtisii seedling establishment and survival remain unknown.

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7

Kiew, R. "Phenological Studies of Some Rain Forest Herbs in Peninsular Malaysia." Kew Bulletin 41, no. 3 (1986): 733. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4103126.

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Te Wong, Siew, Christopher Servheen, Laurentius Ambu, and Ahmad Norhayati. "Impacts of fruit production cycles on Malayan sun bears and bearded pigs in lowland tropical forest of Sabah, Malaysian Borneo." Journal of Tropical Ecology 21, no. 6 (October 19, 2005): 627–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467405002622.

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We observed a period of famine in the lowland tropical rain forest of Sabah, Malaysia from August 1999 to September 2000. All six Malayan sun bears (Helarctos malayanus) that were captured and radio-collared were in poor physical condition, and two were later found dead. The physical condition of bearded pigs (Sus barbatus) that were captured, observed or photographed by camera traps also revealed that the pigs were in various stages of emaciation and starvation. We surmise that the famine resulted from prolonged scarcity of fruit during an intermast interval in the study area. These phenomena of emaciated animals and fruit scarcity have also been reported from other areas of Borneo. Lowland tropical rain-forest trees of Borneo display supra-annual synchronized general fruiting. We believe that the starvation we observed and the generally low density of large animals in Borneo forests is a consequence of a history of prolonged food scarcity during non-general-fruiting years, but may be accentuated by anthropogenic factors such as forest fragmentation, selective logging, and reduced density of fig trees in logged forests.

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9

Lambert, Frank. "Fig-eating by birds in a Malaysian lowland rain forest." Journal of Tropical Ecology 5, no. 4 (November 1989): 401–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400003850.

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ABSTRACTSixty bird species ate the figs of 29 Ficus taxa at a lowland forest site in Peninsular Malaysia. Although most bird-eaten figs were brightly coloured, four Ficus species produced dull-coloured ripe fruits. Whilst there was tremendous overlap in the sizes of figs eaten by different bird species, data presented show that the fig resource was partitioned by birds. Large birds were commoner visitors to large-fruited Ficus, but small birds tended to eat small figs. Within two avian genera, the Treron pigeons and Megalaima barbets, there was distinct partitioning of figs consumed according to fig size.

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Kemper, Catherine, and David T. Bell. "Small mammals and habitat structure in lowland rain forest of Peninsular Malaysia." Journal of Tropical Ecology 1, no. 1 (February 1985): 5–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400000043.

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ABSTRACTA method of assessing rain forest structure by ranking relative abundance of 41 habitat variables was used to describe habitat differences among six trapping sites (324 subsites). Variables included aspects of all vegetation layers but concentrated on those considered to be important to small mammal distribution. Ordination and classification methods resulted in similar analyses of the data. Differences in habitat structure were primarily related to the moisture conditions of the trapping sites and secondarily to their successional age (regenerating versus primary forest). The most important habitat variables for differentiating between sites were LITTER, CLEARING, SOILS, PIG DAMAGE, FLOODING, FAN PALM, EMERGENTS, CANOPY SURFACE and SEEDLINGS. Habitat structure also varied within sites with some suggestion of small-scale patterning.Small mammal captures were more likely in drier sites and subsites, but there was no difference in trap success between regenerating sites and primary forest sites. Greater numbers of species were captured in sites containing a variety of habitats, a discrete layering of vegetation and an extensive understorey. Small mammal captures were positively associated with five habitat variables (EMERGENTS, LITTER, ROTTING LOGS, SEEDLINGS, ROUGH BARK) and negatively associated with five others (LAYERS, BERTAM, SEDGES, PIG DAMAGE, FLOODING). The destruction caused by pigs is thought to be a major factor since it reduces litter and food availability over wide areas. Leopoldamys sabanus was the most abundant small mammal captured (40/68 individuals) and trap success differences among sites (0.4–1.9%) reflect its preference for higher, well-drained habitats.The study demonstrates the usefulness of a simple method of ranking habitat features according to importance/abundance thus eliminating the all but impossible task of direct measurements in this complex system. This simple method of habitat description provides a basis for studying variables influencing faunal distribution patterns.

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Iwata, Tomoya, Mikio Inoue, Shigeru Nakano, Hitoshi Miyasaka, Atsushi Doi, and Alan P. Covich. "Shrimp abundance and habitat relationships in tropical rain-forest streams, Sarawak, Borneo." Journal of Tropical Ecology 19, no. 4 (July 2003): 387–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467403003432.

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Microhabitat use and habitat-abundance relationships of four freshwater shrimps, Atyopsis moluccensis, Macrobrachium pilimanus, Macrobrachium trompii and Macrobrachium neglectum, were surveyed in tropical streams running through primary and secondary forests in Borneo, East Malaysia. Underwater observations revealed that A. moluccensis preferred relatively high water velocity and a boulder substrate. Macrobrachium pilimanus also preferred high water velocity and a cobble substrate, whereas M. trompii occupied stream margins with slow current and fine substrates (from POM (particulate organic matter) to pebbles). In contrast, M. neglectum was distributed relatively evenly through the stream channel. The abundance of A. moluccensis, M. pilimanus and M. trompii in the stream reaches was best explained by the abundance of boulders, cobbles and POM, respectively, suggesting that the amount of preferred microhabitat is an important factor affecting shrimp abundances in the tropical rain-forest streams. The primary-forest reaches were dominated by coarse substrates, such as cobbles and boulders, while a great proportion of the streambeds in the secondary-forest reaches were covered with sand. Owing probably to such habitat differences, the abundance of both A. moluccensis and M. pilimanus, which preferred coarse substrates, was less in the secondary- than in the primary-forest reaches. These suggested that loss of preferred habitat, namely decreased coarse substrate availability, by sedimentation resulting from riparian deforestation had altered the shrimp assemblage structures.

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12

KODADA, JÁN, MANFRED A. JÄCH, FEDOR ČIAMPOR, and ZUZANA ČIAMPOROVÁ-ZAÿOVIČOVÁ. "Geoparnus rhinoceros sp. nov., a new edaphic dryopid with unusual sexual dimorphism (Coleoptera: Dryopidae)." Zootaxa 1481, no. 1 (May 24, 2007): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1481.1.5.

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Adults of Geoparnus rhinoceros sp. nov. (Dryopidae) are described from Borneo (Sarawak, Malaysia). The male of the new species possesses a distinct horn-like process on the clypeus, a character, which has so far not been reported from Dryopidae. The type material was collected in primary rain forest by sifting forest floor debris. Analysis of variance of metric characters was performed.

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13

Kingston, Tigga, Charles M. Francis, Zubaid Akbar, and Thomas H. Kunz. "Species richness in an insectivorous bat assemblage from Malaysia." Journal of Tropical Ecology 19, no. 1 (January 2003): 67–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467403003080.

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Estimates of insectivorous bat diversity in the Palaeotropics have largely been hampered by the lack of long-term studies employing appropriate capture techniques. Using a variety of trapping methods, 45 insectivorous bat species were captured in approximately 3 km2 of primary dipterocarp rain forest in Malaysia over 8 y. The cumulative site list for Kuala Lompat Research Station, Krau Wildlife Reserve, now stands at 51 insectivorous species. Although this is likely still not a complete list, it is already one of the most species-rich in the world. We attribute much of our success in recording this diversity to the extensive use of harp traps. Of the 45 species, 38 were captured in an intensive harp-trapping programme (> 1030 harp-trap nights) of the forest interior (22 species exclusively so). Insectivorous bats of the forest interior are thus a key component of Old World bat diversity, particularly in South-East Asia, and are dominated by taxa capable of detecting and capturing prey in cluttered environments (Hipposideridae, Rhinolophidae, Kerivoulinae and Murininae).

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Kiew, Ruth, and Chung-Lu Lim. "Codonoboea (Gesneriaceae) in Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia, including three new species." PhytoKeys 131 (September 2, 2019): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.131.35944.

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Of the 92 Codonoboea species that occur in Peninsular Malaysia, 20 are recorded from the state of Terengganu, of which 9 are endemic to Terengganu including three new species, C. norakhirrudiniana Kiew, C. rheophytica Kiew and C. sallehuddiniana C.L.Lim, that are here described and illustrated. A key and checklist to all the Terengganu species are provided. The majority of species grow in lowland rain forest, amongst which C. densifolia and C. rheophytica are rheophytic. Only four grow in montane forest. The flora of Terengganu is still incompletely known, especially in the northern part of the state and in mountainous areas and so, with botanical exploration, more new species can be expected in this speciose genus.

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Mezger, Dirk, and Martin Pfeiffer. "Is nest temperature an important factor for niche partitioning by leaf-litter ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Bornean rain forests?" Journal of Tropical Ecology 26, no. 4 (May 28, 2010): 445–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467410000209.

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Abstract:We tested the hypothesis that species of a diverse leaf-litter ant community are separated by the temperature preferences of their broods along a thermal gradient. Therefore, temperature preferences of brood-tending workers from 41 ant species co-occurring in four types (alluvial, limestone, kerangas and dipterocarp forest) of primary rain forest in Sarawak, Malaysia were measured in an experimental set-up. Preferred temperatures of species ranged from 16.0 °C to 31.7 °C, with the median at 25.8 °C. The ten commonest species (n ≥ 4) showed significantly different temperature preferences. In particular, species of the genus Pheidole differed clearly in their preferences over a broad range of temperatures. Temperature preferences varied significantly among ant assemblages from different forest types and nest sites. Experimentally obtained temperature preferences of species correlated significantly with vegetation density in the plots inhabited by the respective species, but not with plot canopy cover. When we tested the temperature preferences of all ant species with null models for niche overlap, we found a significant niche separation only among the tested species from the kerangas. Our results suggest that nest temperature is an important ecological factor for leaf-litter ants in rain forests on Borneo, but other factors may override its influence during community assembly.

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PROCTOR, J., F. Q. BREARLEY, H. DUNLOP, K. PROCTOR, SUPRAMONO, and D. TAYLOR. "Local wind damage in Barito Ulu, Central Kalimantan: a rare but essential event in a lowland dipterocarp forest?" Journal of Tropical Ecology 17, no. 3 (April 26, 2001): 473–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646740100133x.

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The importance of disturbances for the dynamics of tropical forests has been described by Whitmore & Burslem (1998). Among the phenomena which they classify as large scale disturbances are those caused by wind. The most extensive of these occur within the hurricane (cyclone) belt (10-20° from the equator) but outside this belt large blowdowns of trees are known to occur, perhaps most spectacularly in the Brazilian Amazon (Nelson et al. 1994). There is evidence that rare wind storms influence the dipterocarp rain forests of Peninsular Malaysia, 2-6°N. One famous storm in November 1880 which devastated hundreds of square kilometres of forests in Kelantan, north-east Malaya, was probably an aberrant cyclone (Wyatt-Smith 1954). Smaller windstorms which have blown down several hectares of forests have been reported from Malaysia including Borneo (Ashton 1993) but their frequency and extent have not been well documented (Whitmore & Burslem 1998). At Barito Ulu, Central Kalimantan, one such storm occurred recently and the fortuitous combination of a well patrolled trail system and the localization of the storm has allowed a detailed assessment of the forest damage.

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Campbell, E. J. F., and D. McC Newbery. "Ecological relationships between lianas and trees in lowland rain forest in Sabah, East Malaysia." Journal of Tropical Ecology 9, no. 4 (November 1993): 469–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400007549.

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ABSTRACTNumbers of lianas ≥2 cm gbh were recorded on trees ≥30 cm gbh in two 4 ha plots of dipterocarp forest. Associations between lianas and trees of the 12 commonest families and 16 commonest species were analysed. Liana density was 882 ha-1. Fifty-seven per cent of trees supported lianas and the mean number lianas per tree was 2.1. Lianas were highly aggregated on individual trees in most families; numbers of lianas per tree followed the negative binomial distribution for the Dipterocarpaceae but not Euphorbiaceae. Dipterocarpaceae and Euphorbiaceae differed in susceptibility, with 41 and 64% of their trees respectively supporting lianas. The proportions of trees with lianas (i.e. % trees laden) were correlated between plots at the species, but not the family, level. They were not related to tree girth; differences in proportions between families and species were maintained for trees in the 30–40 cm gbh class. At the species level, proportions of trees with lianas and the mean number of lianas per tree were significantly inversely correlated with mean branch-free bole height of trees in the 30–40 cm gbh class. Increased branch-free bole height and associated branch shedding may therefore decrease the susceptibility of trees to lianas and explain the lower susceptibility in the Dipterocarpaceae than the Euphorbiaceae.

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Nakagawa, Michiko, Fujio Hyodo, and Tohru Nakashizuka. "Effect of forest use on trophic levels of small mammals: an analysis using stable isotopes." Canadian Journal of Zoology 85, no. 4 (April 2007): 472–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z07-026.

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The degradation of tropical forests is progressing rapidly and its ecological effects on wild animals are a global concern. We evaluated the hypothesis that small mammals in highly degraded forest occupy higher trophic levels than those in somewhat degraded forests, as indicated by diets high in consumers such as insects, in a tropical rain forest in Sarawak, Malaysia. After correcting for differences in the δ15N values for primary production among the study sites, the δ15Ncorrected values for rats and mice (Muridae) differed significantly among forest types. Rats and mice in more degraded forest had higher δ15Ncorrected values than those in less degraded or primary forest; in contrast, treeshrews (Tupaiidae) and squirrels (Sciuridae) showed no significant differences in the δ15Ncorrected values among forest types. We found significant positive correlations between canopy openness and the δ15Ncorrected values for one species of squirrel and two species of rats. This hypothesis was supported for small mammals that have normal dietary preferences for plants, i.e., omnivorous rodents, but not for those that normally prefer insects, i.e., treeshrews. The δ15N values for omnivorous mammals may be useful as an indicator of changes in food-web structure in response to forest disturbance.

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Styring, Alison R., and Mohamed Zakaria bin Hussin. "Effects of logging on woodpeckers in a Malaysian rain forest: the relationship between resource availability and woodpecker abundance." Journal of Tropical Ecology 20, no. 5 (August 9, 2004): 495–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467404001580.

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We investigated the microhabitat preferences and relative abundances of 13 species of woodpecker in Sungai Lalang Forest Reserve, West Malaysia. The availability of suitable microhabitat corresponded strongly with woodpecker abundance, and snags were the most highly preferred foraging substrate across species and study sites. Large amounts of necromass, including snags, were present in 5-y-old logged and unlogged forest, but dead wood was in low abundance in 10-y-old logged forest. The absence or scarcity of large, snag-foraging woodpeckers from older logged stands suggests that this resource may remain in low abundance for a considerable time.

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Ngernsaengsaruay, Chatchai, Decha Duangnamon, and Weereesa Boonthasak. "Garcinia dumosa (Clusiaceae), a new record for Thailand, with associated lectotypifications." Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany) 50 (2022): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.20531/tfb.2022.50.1.07.

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Garcinia dumosa (Clusiaceae), previously known only from Peninsular Malaysia, is reported as a new record in tropical evergreen rain forest from Peninsular Thailand. A detailed morphological description, and notes including distribution, habitat, conservation status, as well as illustrations and a distribution map of the species, are presented. In addition, G. dumosa and its associated synonym, G. tenuifolia, are lectotypified.

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Eichhorn, Markus P., Stephen G. Compton, and Sue E. Hartley. "Seedling species determines rates of leaf herbivory in a Malaysian rain forest." Journal of Tropical Ecology 22, no. 5 (July 27, 2006): 513–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646740600335x.

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Seedlings of five species in the Dipterocarpaceae were grown in experimental plots in Sabah, Malaysia. These were sited both in gaps and understorey and on alluvial and sandstone soils. Half of all seedlings were provided with a complete fertilizer. Herbivore damage levels were recorded on over 25 000 individual leaves in four surveys over the course of 2 y. Rates of herbivory were lower on mature leaves (0.07–0.8% leaf area mo−1 among species) than new leaves (2.1–4.4% leaf area mo−1). There were no overall effects of light conditions, soil type, fertilizer treatment or time on rates of herbivory. The only consistent source of variation was that between species, with the three alluvial-specialist species suffering higher rates of damage than the two sandstone-specialists. Mature leaves of alluvial species received greater damage in sandstone soils, whereas sandstone species were damaged at equivalent rates on both soil types. New leaves were more damaged on their native soil type. Published herbivory rates vary in the timescales and methods of measurement. Nevertheless, the few comparable studies confirm that herbivory rates on seedlings in tropical rain forests are remarkably constant over time and across experimental treatments.

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BECK, JAN, CHRISTIAN H. SCHULZE, K. EDUARD LINSENMAIR, and KONRAD FIEDLER. "From forest to farmland: diversity of geometrid moths along two habitat gradients on Borneo." Journal of Tropical Ecology 18, no. 1 (January 2002): 33–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646740200202x.

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Geometrid moths were collected on Mt. Kinabalu (Sabah, Malaysia) along two habitat gradients, ranging from primary rain forest to cultivated areas. During 135 nights' trapping in 1997, 4585 individuals representing 500 species were attracted by light. Primary forest samples and those from old-grown regenerated forest exhibited high diversity (Fisher's α = 75–128), while agricultural areas as well as most secondary forests had a significantly lower diversity (α = 34–61). One 15-y-old secondary forest with a rich undergrowth vegetation also housed a diverse geometrid community (α = 89). In three paired samples, diversity of geometrid moths in the canopy was equal to or lower than in the understorey. Of six habitat variables tested, only undergrowth plant species diversity emerged as a significant predictor of geometrid diversity. The NESS index, in combination with multi-dimensional scaling, was used to investigate patterns of between-habitat diversity. Of two dimensions extracted, one represented the degree of habitat disturbance, while the other separated the two study areas. Geometrid samples of strongly disturbed habitats did not converge between sites, indicating that apart from the degree of human interference the regional species pool was also important in determining similarity among local communities.

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Blüthgen, Nico, Anika Metzner, and Daniel Ruf. "Food plant selection by stick insects (Phasmida) in a Bornean rain forest." Journal of Tropical Ecology 22, no. 1 (December 21, 2005): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467405002749.

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Stick insects (Phasmida) are important herbivores in tropical ecosystems, but have been poorly investigated in their natural environment. We studied phasmids and their food plants in a tropical lowland rain forest in Borneo (Danum Valley, Sabah, Malaysia). Thirty species of phasmid were collected from 49 plant species during nocturnal surveys in the forest understorey. In most cases (35 plant species), experiments confirmed that these phasmids fed on those plant species from which they were collected. Partitioning of phasmid species among food plant species was highly significant. Two common species had a largely restricted diet: Asceles margaritatus occurred mainly on Mallotus spp. (Euphorbiaceae) and Dinophasma ruficornis on Leea indica (Leeaceae). Other phasmids fed on a broad spectrum of plant families and can be considered polyphagous (e.g. Haaniella echinata, Lonchodes hosei herberti). Feeding experiments were performed on captive phasmids using leaves from eight plant species. Asceles margaritatus showed a significantly higher consumption rate for Mallotus miquelianus leaves than for other plants, while H. echinata showed the opposite trend and the lowest consumption for M. miquelianus. However, A. margaritatus readily accepted foliage from several plant families, particularly when Mallotus was not offered at the same time. Therefore, studies on host specialisation by herbivores need to include their distribution in the natural vegetation.

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Turner, I. M. "The seedling survivorship and growth of three Shorea species in a Malaysian tropical rain forest." Journal of Tropical Ecology 6, no. 4 (November 1990): 469–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400004879.

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ABSTRACTThere was fruiting of the dipterocarps of Pantai Aceh Forest Reserve, Penang, Peninsular Malaysia in September 1986. The opportunity was taken to investigate the establishment and seedling survival of Shorea curtisii, Shorea multiflora and Shorea pauciflora over the subsequent year. The germination and seedling survival of Shorea curtisii was compared between canopy gaps and forest understorey sites.Under the shaded conditions none of the species grew beyond the two leaf stage over their first year. Shorea multiflora seedlings suffered a 72% mortality, significantly lower than that of Shorea pauciflora (89%) and Shorea curtisii (93%). The major cause of mortality appeared to be drought, though Shorea curtisii was also prone to predation by small mammals.In a gap, Shorea curtisii seeds probably germinated less well but seedling survival (28% versus 7%) and growth was better than canopy-shaded conspecifics. Seedlings in gaps escaped small mammal predation.

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Lim, Lee-Sim, Adura Mohd-Adnan, Akbar Zubaid, Matthew J. Struebig, and Stephen J. Rossiter. "Diversity of Malaysian insectivorous bat assemblages revisited." Journal of Tropical Ecology 30, no. 2 (February 6, 2014): 111–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467413000874.

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Abstract:To what extent tropical forest persisted in the Malay-Thai Peninsula during the Last Glacial Maximum, or contracted southwards with subsequent post-glacial expansion, has long been debated. These competing scenarios might be expected to have left contrasting broad spatial patterns of diversity of forest-dependent taxa. To test for a post-glacial northward spread of forest, we examined latitudinal clines of forest-dependent bat species at 15 forest sites across Peninsular Malaysia. From captures of 3776 insectivorous forest bats, we found that low richness characterized the north of the study area: predicted richness of 9–16 species, compared with 21–23 in the south. Predicted species richness decreased significantly with increasing latitude, but showed no relationship with either seasonality or peninsula width. Analyses of beta-diversity showed that differences between communities were not related to geographical distance, although there was evidence of greater differences in species numbers between the most distant sites. Assemblages were consistently dominated by six cave-roosting species from the families Rhinolophidae and Hipposideridae, while another 16 species were consistently rare. We suggest that these observed patterns are consistent with the hypothesized northward expansion of tropical rain forest since the Last Glacial Maximum, but emphasize that more surveys in the extreme north and south of the peninsula are required to support this assertion.

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Harrison, Rhett D., and Jean-Yves Rasplus. "Dispersal of fig pollinators in Asian tropical rain forests." Journal of Tropical Ecology 22, no. 6 (October 20, 2006): 631–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467406003488.

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Fig pollinators (Agaonidae, Chalcioidea) lay their eggs in fig inflorescences (Ficus, Moraceae). Reproductive success for both partners is thus largely dependent on the dispersal of these tiny wasps. Some are known to cover substantial distances (> 10 km) using wind above the canopy. However, fig ecology is extremely varied, and hence one might also expect a diversity of pollinator dispersal strategies. We studied fig pollinator dispersal in Sarawak (2001 and 2004) and Peninsular Malaysia (2003). The results indicate substantial differences in dispersal ecology between the pollinators of monoecious and dioecious figs. Monoecious-fig pollinators were common, and species composition and rank abundances were similar between years despite short sampling periods. Substantial temporal and spatial variation in their production is thus smoothed out by long-distance dispersal. Some species whose hosts do not occur at our Sarawak site and are rare throughout Borneo were caught, suggesting exceptionally long-distance dispersal in these species. Conversely, few dioecious-fig pollinators were caught and species overlap between years was low. Dispersal range in many dioecious-fig pollinators may be more restricted. At a finer scale, among genera pollinating monoecious figs we found marked differences in flight behaviour (height and time-of-dispersal). We relate these findings to the ecology of their hosts, and discuss the implications for fig–fig-pollinator coevolution.

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Kurokawa, Hiroko, and Tohru Nakashizuka. "LEAF HERBIVORY AND DECOMPOSABILITY IN A MALAYSIAN TROPICAL RAIN FOREST." Ecology 89, no. 9 (September 2008): 2645–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/07-1352.1.

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Thomas, Sean C., and Kalan Ickes. "Ontogenetic Changes in Leaf Size in Malaysian Rain Forest Trees." Biotropica 27, no. 4 (December 1995): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2388954.

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Köhler, P., and A. Huth. "Towards ground-truthing of spaceborne estimates of above-ground biomass and leaf area index in tropical rain forests." Biogeosciences Discussions 7, no. 3 (May 5, 2010): 3227–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-7-3227-2010.

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Abstract. The canopy height of forests is a key variable which can be obtained using air- or spaceborne remote sensing techniques such as radar interferometry or lidar. If new allometric relationships between canopy height and the biomass stored in the vegetation can be established this would offer the possibility for a global monitoring of the above-ground carbon content on land. In the absence of adequate field data we use simulation results of a tropical rain forest growth model to propose what degree of information might be generated from canopy height and thus to enable ground-truthing of potential future satellite observations. We here analyse the correlation between canopy height in a tropical rain forest with other structural characteristics, such as above-ground biomass (AGB) (and thus carbon content of vegetation) and leaf area index (LAI). The process-based forest growth model FORMIND2.0 was applied to simulate (a) undisturbed forest growth and (b) a wide range of possible disturbance regimes typically for local tree logging conditions for a tropical rain forest site on Borneo (Sabah, Malaysia) in South-East Asia. It is found that for undisturbed forest and a variety of disturbed forests situations AGB can be expressed as a power-law function of canopy height h (AGB=a·hb) with an r2~60% for a spatial resolution of 20 m×20 m (0.04 ha, also called plot size). The regression is becoming significant better for the hectare wide analysis of the disturbed forest sites (r2=91%). There seems to exist no functional dependency between LAI and canopy height, but there is also a linear correlation (r2~60%) between AGB and the area fraction in which the canopy is highly disturbed. A reasonable agreement of our results with observations is obtained from a comparison of the simulations with permanent sampling plot data from the same region and with the large-scale forest inventory in Lambir. We conclude that the spaceborne remote sensing techniques have the potential to quantify the carbon contained in the vegetation, although this calculation contains due to the heterogeneity of the forest landscape structural uncertainties which restrict future applications to spatial averages of about one hectare in size. The uncertainties in AGB for a given canopy height are here 20–40% (95% confidence level) corresponding to a standard deviation of less than ±10%. This uncertainty on the 1 ha-scale is much smaller than in the analysis of 0.04 ha-scale data. At this small scale (0.04 ha) AGB can only be calculated out of canopy height with an uncertainty which is at least of the magnitude of the signal itself due to the natural spatial heterogeneity of these forests.

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Brown, Nick. "The implications of climate and gap microclimate for seedling growth conditions in a Bornean lowland rain forest." Journal of Tropical Ecology 9, no. 2 (May 1993): 153–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400007136.

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ABSTRACTPresent theories of tropical rain forest regeneration dynamics suggest that different tree species specialize on the microclimates of different sizes of canopy gap. A detailed analysis of the microclimates of closed forest and 10 canopy gaps of different sizes was carried out in lowland dipterocarp rain forest, Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. It reveals that gaps exhibit considerable spatial and temporal variation in microclimate. As a consequence the relationship between microclimate and gap sizes is not simple. Gaps of the same size do not necessarily have the same microclimate and may favour the growth of different seedling species. Chance location and timing of gap creation play an important role in regeneration dynamics.

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31

Fangliang, He, Pierre Legendre, and James V. LaFrankie. "Distribution patterns of tree species in a Malaysian tropical rain forest." Journal of Vegetation Science 8, no. 1 (February 1997): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3237248.

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32

Köhler, P., and A. Huth. "Towards ground-truthing of spaceborne estimates of above-ground life biomass and leaf area index in tropical rain forests." Biogeosciences 7, no. 8 (August 25, 2010): 2531–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-2531-2010.

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Abstract. The canopy height h of forests is a key variable which can be obtained using air- or spaceborne remote sensing techniques such as radar interferometry or LIDAR. If new allometric relationships between canopy height and the biomass stored in the vegetation can be established this would offer the possibility for a global monitoring of the above-ground carbon content on land. In the absence of adequate field data we use simulation results of a tropical rain forest growth model to propose what degree of information might be generated from canopy height and thus to enable ground-truthing of potential future satellite observations. We here analyse the correlation between canopy height in a tropical rain forest with other structural characteristics, such as above-ground life biomass (AGB) (and thus carbon content of vegetation) and leaf area index (LAI) and identify how correlation and uncertainty vary for two different spatial scales. The process-based forest growth model FORMIND2.0 was applied to simulate (a) undisturbed forest growth and (b) a wide range of possible disturbance regimes typically for local tree logging conditions for a tropical rain forest site on Borneo (Sabah, Malaysia) in South-East Asia. In both undisturbed and disturbed forests AGB can be expressed as a power-law function of canopy height h (AGB = a · hb) with an r2 ~ 60% if data are analysed in a spatial resolution of 20 m × 20 m (0.04 ha, also called plot size). The correlation coefficient of the regression is becoming significant better in the disturbed forest sites (r2 = 91%) if data are analysed hectare wide. There seems to exist no functional dependency between LAI and canopy height, but there is also a linear correlation (r2 ~ 60%) between AGB and the area fraction of gaps in which the canopy is highly disturbed. A reasonable agreement of our results with observations is obtained from a comparison of the simulations with permanent sampling plot (PSP) data from the same region and with the large-scale forest inventory in Lambir. We conclude that the spaceborne remote sensing techniques such as LIDAR and radar interferometry have the potential to quantify the carbon contained in the vegetation, although this calculation contains due to the heterogeneity of the forest landscape structural uncertainties which restrict future applications to spatial averages of about one hectare in size. The uncertainties in AGB for a given canopy height are here 20–40% (95% confidence level) corresponding to a standard deviation of less than ± 10%. This uncertainty on the 1 ha-scale is much smaller than in the analysis of 0.04 ha-scale data. At this small scale (0.04 ha) AGB can only be calculated out of canopy height with an uncertainty which is at least of the magnitude of the signal itself due to the natural spatial heterogeneity of these forests.

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Kurokawa, Hiroko, Toshiya Yoshida, Toshio Nakamura, Julaihi Lai, and Tohru Nakashizuka. "The age of tropical rain-forest canopy species, Borneo ironwood (Eusideroxylon zwageri), determined by 14C dating." Journal of Tropical Ecology 19, no. 1 (January 2003): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467403003018.

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Using 14C dating, the life span and growth rate of Borneo ironwood (Eusideroxylon zwageri, Lauraceae), which is a canopy tree species with extremely durable and decay-resistant wood distributed in tropical rain forests of South-East Asia, were studied. Timber segments collected from 15 logged stumps in Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia, were analysed by accelerator mass spectrometry and the obtained data were calibrated to determine the age of individuals. The 14C dating turned out to be an effective method for estimating ages of long-lived trees, such as E. zwageri, in the aseasonal tropics because the estimated error was small compared with estimated age. We found that E. zwageri can live more than 1000 y and that the growth rate of this species was very slow, with a mean radial growth rate of 0·058 cm y-1. The life span was much greater and the growth rate was much slower than those observed or estimated for trees of Dipterocarpaceae, the dominant family in this tropical forest. The long life span of this species may be caused by wood durability with a high specific gravity and abundant defensive compounds. Given equal carbon allocation, the high density and carbon-based defensive compounds may result in a reduced growth rate.

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Enoki, Tsutomu, Hideyuki Kawaguchi, Tohru Nakashizuka, and Abang A. Hamid. "Growth pattern and leaf morphology of Shorea parvistipulata saplings in a tropical rain forest of Sarawak, Malaysia." Journal of Tropical Ecology 21, no. 2 (February 16, 2005): 215–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467404002020.

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Spatial variation in canopy structure induces highly variable patterns of light availability for juveniles and understorey trees (Nicotra et al. 1999, Oberbauer et al. 1988, Tang et al. 1999). In the heterogeneous light environment, plasticity in resource use is essential for survival of juveniles and hence maintenance of populations (Valladares et al. 2000). One of the most striking characteristics of plants in their response to a given resource availability is their capacity to change morphological traits (Küppers 1994). Previous studies have attempted to understand the significance of morphological adaptations in their contribution to competitive ability, focusing on crown form (Kohyama 1987, Sterck et al. 2003), branching pattern (King 1998), shoot architecture (Canham 1988) and leaf shape (King & Maindonald 1999, Takenaka 1994, Yamada et al. 2000). Several studies have investigated the changes in morphology of saplings or seedlings growing under different light availability across canopy gaps (Ackerly & Bazzaz 1995, King 1994, Valladares & Pearcy 1998). However, the phenotypic plasticity in morphology of saplings adapting to the fluctuation of light availability has been investigated less (Blundell & Peart 2001, Poorter & Werger 1999).

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35

Turner, Edgar C., Jake L. Snaddon, Henry R. Johnson, and William A. Foster. "The impact of bird's nest ferns on stemflow nutrient concentration in a primary rain forest, Sabah, Malaysia." Journal of Tropical Ecology 23, no. 6 (October 29, 2007): 721–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646740700452x.

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Bird's nest ferns (Asplenium nidus complex) (Yatabe & Murakami 2003) are common epiphytes of the Old World tropics and house a high abundance of arthropods (Ellwood & Foster 2004). Through interception and retention of leaf litter (Paoletti et al. 1991, Piggott 1996, Richardson 1999), epiphytes interrupt litterfall dynamics (Clark et al. 1998, Nadkarni & Matelson 1991) and delay the return of nutrients to the forest floor (Nadkarni 1984). Precipitation percolating through the canopy as throughfall is enriched as nutrients are leached from plant surfaces (Levia & Frost 2006). Water flowing down the trunk of trees as stemflow is further enriched from prolonged contact and accumulated nutrient deposits on the trunk (Levia & Frost 2003, Liu et al. 2002). Epiphytes can alter stemflow nutrient concentrations by slowing water percolation and by nutrient uptake and release (Awasthi et al. 1995, Strigel et al. 1994).

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36

Primack, Richard B., and H. S. Lee. "Population dynamics of pioneer (Macaranga) trees and understorey (Mallotus) trees (Euphorbiaceae) in primary and selectively logged Bornean rain forests." Journal of Tropical Ecology 7, no. 4 (November 1991): 439–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400005836.

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ABSTRACTUsing data from forest sites in Sarawak, East Malaysia, a demographic comparison is made of pioneer species in the genus Macaranga with understorey trees of the primary forest in the closely related genus Mallotus. In primary forest, saplings and trees of these genera arc uncommon and have low growth rates. For the six years following disturbance by logging, a Macaranga population was characterized by high rates of diameter growth and recruitment. Eleven years after disturbance, seedling and sapling abundance had declined sharply. In contrast, the Mallotus population was stable in size class distribution and increased slightly in total population size during the 11 years after logging. Growth rates of Mallotus trees increased after logging but were still much less than Macaranga trees.A morphological comparison shows that most Macaranga species, in contrast with Mallotus species, have large hollow twigs that are occupied by ants and have larger, hairier, thicker, more toothed leaves with longer petioles, axillary inflorescences with more flowers, infructescences with more fruit, fruits that are smaller in size and smaller seeds.

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37

WU, CHAO, ZHEN YANG, CHUN-XIANG LIU, and CHENG ZONG. "Molpa: A newly recorded genus (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae) from China." Zootaxa 4365, no. 5 (December 20, 2017): 585. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4365.5.5.

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The genus Molpa Walker was previously considered to be disjunctly distributed in broad-leaf rain forests in India and Malaysia. Here we report one new species Molpa dulongensis sp. nov. from subtropic broad-leaf rain forests in southwestern Yunnan Province in China. This is a part of the Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot area. So we can infer that Molpa is continuously distributed in broad-leaf rain forests found in Oriental Region. Redescription of the genus Molpa and description of the new species Molpa dulongensis sp. nov. are provided. The types are deposited in Insect Collection of Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (IZCAS).

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38

Lee Grismer, L. "A New Species of Ingerophrynus (Anura: Bufonidae) from a Lowland Rain Forest in Southern Peninsular Malaysia." Journal of Herpetology 41, no. 2 (June 2007): 225–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1670/0022-1511(2007)41[225:ansoia]2.0.co;2.

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OSADA, NORIYUKI, HIROSHI TAKEDA, AKIO FURUKAWA, and MUHAMAD AWANG. "Fruit dispersal of two dipterocarp species in a Malaysian rain forest." Journal of Tropical Ecology 17, no. 6 (November 2001): 911–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467401001687.

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Seed dispersal is the predominant mobile stage for sessile plants, and critically affects the distribution patterns of the species (Nathan & Muller-Landau 2000). Thus, seed dispersal patterns are important in understanding the population dynamics of the species.

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Thomas, Sean C. "Reproductive allometry in Malaysian rain forest trees: Biomechanics versus optimal allocation." Evolutionary Ecology 10, no. 5 (September 1996): 517–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01237882.

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41

Lambert, Frank R., and Adrian G. Marshall. "Keystone Characteristics of Bird-Dispersed Ficus in a Malaysian Lowland Rain Forest." Journal of Ecology 79, no. 3 (September 1991): 793. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2260668.

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42

Hodgkison, Robert, Sharon T. Balding, Akbar Zubaid, and Thomas H. Kunz. "Habitat structure, wing morphology, and the vertical stratification of Malaysian fruit bats (Megachiroptera: Pteropodidae)." Journal of Tropical Ecology 20, no. 6 (October 14, 2004): 667–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467404001737.

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This study investigated the vertical stratification of Old World fruit bats (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) in relation to habitat structure and wing morphology, in a lowland Malaysian rain forest. In total, 352 fruit bats of eight species were captured within the subcanopy of the structurally complex old-growth forest during 72 306 m2 mist net hours of sampling. Fruit bat species that were grouped in relation to capture height were also grouped in relation to wing morphology – with those species predicted to have more manoeuvrable flight (i.e. lower wing-loadings and lower aspect-ratios) captured in increasingly cluttered airspaces. Thus, small differences in wing morphology are likely to be ecologically significant to the vertical stratification of bats. Hence, habitat heterogeneity may be a key factor promoting fruit bat species diversity in old-growth palaeotropical forests.

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Sprick, Peter, and Andreas Floren. "Diversity of Curculionoidea in Humid Rain Forest Canopies of Borneo: A Taxonomic Blank Spot." Diversity 10, no. 4 (October 23, 2018): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d10040116.

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From 1992 to 2009, 334 trees were sampled by insecticidal knockdown on Borneo, Malaysia. Here, we describe the taxonomic composition of the 9671 specimens and 1589 species Curculionoidea collected (with additional notes on Cerambycidae). We found a largely unknown fauna with an assumed proportion of over 80% of species new to science, including all 33 Apionidae and 26 Ceutorhynchinae species. Specialists could usually identify only a few specimens leaving the remaining beetles for further investigation. The samples contain numerous genera, two tribes (Egriini, Viticiini), one subfamily (Mesoptiliinae) and one family (Belidae) new to Borneo and several genera not recorded west of the Wallace line before. These data show how little is known about canopy diversity. The lack of taxonomic knowledge implies a respective lack of autecological knowledge and is alarming. Some taxa differed conspicuously between primary and disturbed forests. In contrast to common literature, our results let us conclude that current efforts to narrow down the extent of tropical diversity and its ecological importance must consider the enormous species diversity of the canopy.

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Eichhorn, Markus P., K. C. Fagan, Stephen G. Compton, Daisy H. Dent, and Sue E. Hartley. "Explaining Leaf Herbivory Rates on Tree Seedlings in a Malaysian Rain Forest." Biotropica 39, no. 3 (May 2007): 416–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2007.00264.x.

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Osada, Noriyuki, Hiroshi Takeda, Akio Furukawa, and Muhamad Awang. "Leaf dynamics and maintenance of tree crowns in a Malaysian rain forest stand." Journal of Ecology 89, no. 5 (October 2001): 774–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0022-0477.2001.00590.x.

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Zhang, Liwen, Sandy Nurvianto, and Rhett Harrison. "Factors Affecting the Distribution and Abundance of Asplenium nidus L. in a Tropical Lowland Rain Forest in Peninsular Malaysia." Biotropica 42, no. 4 (December 21, 2009): 464–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2009.00607.x.

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Imai, Nobuo, Kanehiro Kitayama, and Jupiri Titin. "Distribution of phosphorus in an above-to-below-ground profile in a Bornean tropical rain forest." Journal of Tropical Ecology 26, no. 6 (October 11, 2010): 627–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467410000350.

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Abstract:Ecosystem pool of phosphorus (P) was determined as the sum of above-ground vegetation, roots, necromass and soils to 1 m deep in a tropical rain forest in Sabah, Malaysia. Relationships among soil P fractions, acid phosphatase activity and fine-root biomass across soil horizons were also determined to understand P availability. Ecosystem pools of P, and of simultaneously quantified nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) were 3.4, 12 and 370 Mg ha−1, respectively. Only 2.6% of the total ecosystem P was in the above-ground vegetation, contrasting to C (60%) and N (16%). Canopy foliage of dominant tree species showed an extremely high N to P ratio of 31.5, which implied the excessively short supply of P compared with ample N. Soil P primarily consisted of recalcitrant occluded fractions (78–91%) and only 4% was labile. Approximately three-quarters of labile soil P was an organic fraction (Po). The concentration of labile Po did not differ between soil horizons, while both phosphatase activity and fine-root density were the greatest in the topsoil (top 5 cm) and dramatically decreased with depth. This suggests that trees depend on the acquisition of P from the labile Po in the topsoil, despite a greater amount of labile P in the subsoil. Trees with a high foliar N/P ratio may invest N to acquire P from the topsoil by secreting phosphatase that consists of proteins, rather than investing C to extending roots to scavenge P in the subsoil.

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Akutsu, Kosuke, Chey Vun Khen, and Masanori J. Toda. "Assessment of higher insect taxa as bioindicators for different logging-disturbance regimes in lowland tropical rain forest in Sabah, Malaysia." Ecological Research 22, no. 4 (October 24, 2006): 542–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11284-006-0052-6.

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SUN, I.-FANG, YU-YUN CHEN, STEPHEN P. HUBBELL, S. JOSEPH WRIGHT, and NUR SUPARDI MD NOOR. "Seed predation during general flowering events of varying magnitude in a Malaysian rain forest." Journal of Ecology 95, no. 4 (July 2007): 818–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2007.01235.x.

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Ickes, Kalan, Saara J. Dewalt, and Sean C. Thomas. "Resprouting of woody saplings following stem snap by wild pigs in a Malaysian rain forest." Journal of Ecology 91, no. 2 (April 2003): 222–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2745.2003.00767.x.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Rain forest ecology Malaysia'

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