Academic literature on the topic 'Rain-feed'
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Journal articles on the topic "Rain-feed"
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Schütz, KE, KV Clark, NR Cox, LR Matthews, and CB Tucker. "Responses to short-term exposure to simulated rain and wind by dairy cattle: time budgets, shelter use, body temperature and feed intake." Animal Welfare 19, no. 4 (November 2010): 375–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600001858.
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AbstractOur objective was to examine how short-term exposure to wind or rain, or the combination of wind and rain, influences behavioural and physiological responses and the motivation for shelter. Twenty-four, non-lactating, pregnant Holstein-Friesian cows were individually housed and allocated one of four treatments (control, wind, rain, wind and rain) created with fans and sprinklers. Feed intake and behavioural and physiological variables were recorded for 22 h. Motivation to use the shelter was assessed by creating a tradeoff between time spent feeding while exposed to the weather treatments and time spent in the shelter. Feeding times were manipulated by placing frames with three different mesh sizes over the feed; the purpose of the smaller mesh was to increase the time spent feeding. However, shelter use was unchanged by these costs. Cows reduced their feed intake by 62% when exposed to rain and the combination of rain and wind. Cows spent approximately 50% of their time in the shelters in all weather treatments and spent little time lying, especially under wet conditions (5.9, 4.4, 2.8, and 1.1 [± 1.4 h] per 22 h for control, wind, rain, and wind/rain treatments, respectively; mean [± SED]). Rain alone, and in combination with wind, decreased skin temperature by 26%, on average. The short-term response to wet conditions was characterised by a marked decline in lying time, feed intake and skin temperature. Wind alone had little effect on these responses, but magnified the effect of simulated rain on feeding behaviour. These results indicate that protection from both rain and the combination of rain and wind is likely to be important for animal welfare, but future work is needed to understand when and how to provide protection to pastured dairy cattle.
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Mostafa, H., S. I. S. Hassan, J. S. Mandeep, M. F. Ain, and H. A. Khedher. "Study of the Effect of Simulated Rain on the Offset Parabolic Antenna at Ku-Band with Different Elevation Angles." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2007 (2007): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/87525.
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Effect of rain on the receiver antenna is a major factor to degrade the system performance in a frequency above 10 GHz. This paper deals with the wet antenna attenuation at Ku-band with three different frequencies at different rain rates. During the Ku-band propagation experiment, it was discovered that rain water on the antenna caused a significant attenuation. It is necessary to estimate the losses caused by water on the antenna in order to separate these losses from the atmospheric propagation losses. The experiment was done at USM Engineering Campus to study the attenuation for these physical parameters. A Ku-band RF signal was generated by a signal generator and transmitted via horn antenna. The signal was received using a smooth offset antenna of 60 cm by 54 cm (Astro dish) and measured using spectrum analyzer. In order to simulate a rain, pipes with bores of a same distance were implemented. Three cases were considered: in the first case one pipe was used to simulate low rain rate, the second case two pipes were used to simulate medium rain rate, and the third case three pipes were used to simulate heavy rain rate. In addition, the tap was used to control the flow of water in order to get more values of rain rate. The total attenuation of RF signals due to water layer on the feed and on the reflector feed was found to be 3.1 dB at worst case. On the other hand, the attenuation of RF signal due to the feed only was 2.83 dB, so the major attenuation occur was due to feed.
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Manuel Tumanda Tabada Jr. and Michael Estela Loretero. "Innovative Configuration Design of Two-Wire Tip Mechanisms for a Tipping-Bucket Rain Gauge." International Journal of Engineering and Technology Innovation 10, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 156–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.46604/ijeti.2020.4772.
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This paper evaluates the measurement accuracy of the three designs of an innovative Tipping-Bucket Rain Gauge (TBRG) tip mechanism. A water-level detecting circuit is used to replace the conventional reed switch sensor, which addresses the disadvantages of the magnetic sensing method that became a factor in quantification uncertainties. The TBRG configuration designs were the bucket-feed, which detects the presence of water inside the bucket, and the bottom-feed and the center-feed, which use the tip-impact method in measuring rainfall. The constant flow method is used in the experimentation. The bucket-feed shows potential in precision rainfall measurement for having -3.84% and -2.68% accuracy errors at 6 mL/min and 11 mL/min respectively, without correction algorithm applied. The tip-impact application for the bottom-feed and the center-feed resulted in a higher error percentage from the volumetric flow samples. The result indicates that actual detection in the bucket brings more measurement accuracy than the tip-counting technique.
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Irekhore, Oluwakemi, Akintunde Akinsoyinu, and Kazeem Bello. "The growth performance and nutrient digestibility of pigs fed rain tree (Albizia saman) pods as a replacement for maize." Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Belgrade 67, no. 3 (2022): 285–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jas2203285i.
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The growth performance and nutrient digestibility of pigs fed diets containing rain tree pods (RPs) were evaluated using 20 pigs. Five diets were formulated with RP replacing maize in the control diet at 10, 20, 30 and 40%. The pigs were randomly allotted to the 5 dietary treatments, with 4 replicates of one (1) pig per replicate, and fed ad libitum for eight weeks. Data were collected on initial weight, final weight (FW), daily feed intake (DFI), daily weight gain (DWG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), cost per kilogram feed (CKF), and feed cost per kilogram weight gain. At week eight, the pigs were moved into individual metabolic crates for a digestibility trial. Rain tree pods, feed and fecal samples were analyzed for proximate composition, and metabolic energy was calculated following standard procedures. The apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, ash, and nitrogen-free extract were calculated. Data generated were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance. The growth performance of pigs fed a 10% RP diet was similar to those fed a control diet. As the dietary inclusion of RP increased, the DFI, DWG and FW of the pigs decreased (p<0.001). The FCR increased while CKF reduced significantly (p<0.001) with an increasing level of RP in the diets. Apparent nutrient digestibility was depressed (p<0.01) with the inclusion of RP in the diets of pigs. This study concluded that the inclusion of 10% RP as a replacement for maize in the diet of growing pigs gave optimal growth performance and reduced feed cost.
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Sánchez-Cohen, Ignacio, Palmira Bueno-Hurtado, Gerardo Esquivel-Arriaga, and Miguel A. Velásquez-Valle. "Impact of crop sensitivity to water stress in rain feed areas of Mexico." Revista Chapingo Serie Zonas Áridas XIV, no. 1 (June 2015): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5154/r.rchza.2015.05.005.
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Nihayatu Aslamatis Solekah and Ulfi Kartika Oktaviana. "Penguatan Pengelolaan Ternak Wakaf Hibah Produktif melalui Fermentasi Pakan Ternak sebagai Alternatif Pemberdayaan Santri menuju Pesantren Yatim yang Mandiri." Engagement : Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat 1, no. 2 (November 30, 2017): 170–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.29062/engagement.v1i2.13.
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Strengthening of productive wakaf livestock management on Himmatun ayat foundation in the form of goat farming which originally amounted to 31 tail to 80 tails and 2 cattle, given the geographical condition of the cracked city that the land is limestone, the main problem is the availability of feed. Because the managers are orphaned students themselves then the initial get goat grant, a lot of goats are dead. The problem is quite serious is during the rainy season lack of supply of animal feed. In the dry season orphaned santri living herding goats in rain-fed rice fields that are not cultivated because it is a rain-fed rice field. Goat and cattle feed in the rainy season is a fermentation of mixed kale leaves, bran and yeast. So there is a symbiosis of mutualism in which the survival of orphaned santri is dependent on the productive grant of goats as well as vice versa. Some potentials that can be empowered to benefit from the social, economic and environmental aspects (1) It is necessary to analyze the feasibility level of goat farm management, especially the fulfillment of animal feed for productive grants, so that the farm will continue to grow so that the boarding school can be independent from the aspect of fulfilling the needs of the orphans living in the pesantren. (2) The need for fermented animal wakaf fermentation training for orphan students so as to create the fulfillment of animal wakaf feed throughout the year. (3) The need for assistance in the management of endowment grants productive goat farming, especially aspects of marketing and human resources aspects so that it will form the spirit of entrepreneurship orphan students to independently manage wakaf productive grant goat and cattle farms.
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Treby, Donna L., Alan Horsup, and Peter J. Murray. "Field evaluation of supplementary feed and water for the northern hairy-nosed wombat, Lasiorhinus krefftii." Wildlife Research 34, no. 2 (2007): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr05116.
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The northern hairy-nosed wombat, Lasiorhinus krefftii, is listed as critically endangered in Australia and is restricted to a single population of ~90 animals in central Queensland. The area receives low rainfall and is regularly subjected to periods of drought and therefore is at risk from wildfire. There is a clear link between good wet seasons and higher levels of reproductive activity. A long-term management goal of the L. krefftii recovery program has been to determine preferred feed of wombats and to gain acceptance of supplementary feed and water by L. krefftii in order to mitigate the effects of drought and wildfire and potentially increase fecundity and survivorship rates in the population. Prior to this study, there had been several unsuccessful attempts to induce L. krefftii to take supplementary feed and water, but the current study, which was of a longer duration, has shown that L. krefftii will readily take supplementary feed and water. In addition, L. krefftii prefers certain feed types (Complete-O (primarily steam-flaked barley with molasses and lucerne and oaten chaff), and Town and Country pellet mix (primarily wheat, barley and sorghum, with canola and soybean meal)) and will visit sources of feed and water on a nightly basis. Visits by L. krefftii to supplementary feed and water sites were related to the occurrence of rainfall, with visits declining after rain.
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Rockström, Johan. "Water for food and nature in drought–prone tropics: vapour shift in rain–fed agriculture." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 358, no. 1440 (November 18, 2003): 1997–2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2003.1400.
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This paper quantifies the eco–hydrological challenge up until 2050 of producing food in balance with goods and services generated by water–dependent ecosystems in nature. Particular focus is given to the savannah zone, covering 40% of the land area in the world, where water scarcity constitutes a serious constraint to sustainable development. The analysis indicates an urgent need for a new green revolution, which focuses on upgrading rain–fed agriculture. Water requirements to produce adequate diets for humans are shown to be relatively generic irrespective of hydro–climate, amounting to a global average of 1300 m 3 cap −1 yr −1 . Present food production requires an estimated 6800 km 3 yr −1 of consumptive green water (5000 km 3 yr −1 in rain–fed agriculture and 1800 km 3 yr −1 from irrigated crops). Without considering water productivity gains, an additional 5800 km 3 yr −1 of water is needed to feed a growing population in 2050 and eradicate malnutrition. It is shown that the bulk of this water will be used in rain–fed agriculture. A dynamic analysis of water productivity and management options indicates that large ‘crop per drop’ improvements can be achieved at the farm level. Vapour shift in favour of productive green water flow as crop transpiration could result in relative water savings of 500 km 3 yr −1 in semi–arid rain–fed agriculture.
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Deeming, D. C. "Effect of Winter Climatic Conditions on the Behaviour of Adult Ostriches (Struthio Camelus) on a British Farm." Animal Welfare 7, no. 3 (August 1998): 307–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096272860002073x.
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AbstractOstrich welfare on farms of is great importance, particularly because little is known about appropriate husbandry conditions for these birds in a northern European environment. Rain has been shown to influence the pattern of behaviour during the spring months. This study examined the effects of four different climatic conditions (raining, dull but overcast, bright but overcast and sunny) on the behaviour of ostriches during the winter. Compared with dry conditions, there was a significantly higher rate of sitting during rainy periods — apparently at the expense of foraging (from pasture) and pacing (around the perimeter). The rate of sitting was much lower than that reported for the same birds during rain in the spring. During all climatic conditions, feeding (on concentrate feed provided) and foraging were the most dominant behaviours. Feeding was not significantly affected by rain but the frequency of foraging was reduced. Standing was a common behaviour. There were significant gender differences for standing (males > females) and foraging (females > males). These results show that winter conditions require ostriches to feed and forage at higher rates than during the spring or summer, presumably to consume more energy for thermoregulation. Gender differences in pacing and feeding behaviours previously observed in breeding birds were absent in non-breeding ostriches (presumably because males were not defending territories); although non-breeding males appeared to be more vigilant than females and needed to consume more food. Improvements in ostrich husbandry should take into account the need to provide both adequate shelter and more concentrate rations during the cold weather of winter. Energy requirements will be higher at this time, yet the ability of the birds to forage will be diminished. Without such considerations, ostrich welfare during the winter in northern Europe will be compromised.
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Stewart, A. H., T. Acamovic, A. G. Taylor, and H. Fraser. "An evaluation of wheat specific weight as a determinant of nutritive value for pigs and poultry." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1997 (1997): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200595076.
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The north east of Scotland has seen poor harvest seasons in five out of the last ten years. The 1995 season was predicted to be one of the highest yields for a number of years, however, 14 days of continuous rain at harvest resulted in a high proportion of poor quality, sprouted and shrivelled grains, which, if not properly dried, were of dubious micro-biological status. The price of feed wheat is usually determined by the specific weight if it falls below the minimum standard of 72 kg/hl, however, de Lange et al (1993) expressed concern that bushel weight was not a good indicator of DE content. The objective of this experiment was to determine how the commercial assessment of such grains linked to feed value in poultry and the performance of pigs.
Book chapters on the topic "Rain-feed"
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Lallo, Cicero H. O., Sebrena Smalling, Audley Facey, and Martin Hughes. "The Impact of Climate Change on Small Ruminant Performance in Caribbean Communities." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 296–321. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-1607-1.ch011.
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Many Caribbean small ruminant management systems are forage-based, relying on rain to sustain pastures for feed. Animal performance is thus heavily dependent on forage availability. The nutritive value of pasture was highest during the intermediate season and lowest during the dry season, leading to under nutrition, and declined flock performance in the dry season. Climate change will therefore seriously hamper pasture availability and nutritive value. Hair sheep on pasture, without shade or water, experienced increased respiration rate, they were under chronic heat stress. However, where adequate shade and water were provided, heat stress was reduced. The current system of small ruminant production is prone to the negative impacts of climate change events due to its effect on nutrition, growth and reproduction. Immediate actions are needed to prepare farmers to respond by mitigation methods, to maintain and enhance animal productivity if the envisaged protein security goals set for this sector are to be realized.
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van Santen, Rutger, Djan Khoe, and Bram Vermeer. "Water for Life." In 2030. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195377170.003.0008.
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Over a billion people don’t have access to a safe water supply. And a third of the world’s population lacks basic sanitation with the result that more than 2 billion human beings are afflicted with infections that result in diarrhea and other diseases. Tens of millions of them die every year. Improving this state of affairs poses a massive challenge. Take sanitation: What if we could provide basic facilities for all those people over the next 20 years? You’d have to hook them up to the sewer system at the rate of half a million a day. We know how to install individual toilets and sewage pipes, but a project on that kind of scale is way beyond our capabilities. It would not only require new technology but a huge amount of money and political will, too. The challenges for providing all humanity with access to clean water are similarly gigantic. It’s not a matter of scarcity. There is enough drinking water for everyone on Earth even as its population continues to grow. According to the United Nations, a human being needs 20 liters of drinking water a day to live healthily. Every year, 100,000 cubic kilometers of rain fall on the earth, which translates into 40,000 liters per person per day. That would be plenty even if you only manage to tap a tiny fraction. Sufficient drinking water is available for all even in the driest regions of the earth. The problem is one of quality: People don’t die of thirst; they die from drinking water that’s not safe. The use of water for agriculture is another story. Roughly 70 percent of the human use of fresh water is for farming. People rarely realize just how much water agriculture requires. It takes 1,000 liters to grow the wheat for a single kilogram of fl our, for instance. Other products soak up even larger amounts of water. A kilogram of coffee needs 20,000 liters, and a liter of milk takes 3,000—mostly for the cattle feed and the grass consumed by the cow.
Conference papers on the topic "Rain-feed"
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Cryer, Robert, and Mark O’Connell. "Testing the Impact on Emergency Diesel Performance of Water in Diesel Fuel." In 2016 24th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone24-60214.
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This paper focuses on testing results of the impact of water contamination in diesel fuel on the ability of an emergency diesel generator (EDG) to successfully start and operate during an emergency. This testing program resulted from the discovery of degraded vent pipes on diesel fuel feed tanks that could have allowed rain water to enter and collect at the bottom of the diesel fuel system and potentially prevent satisfactory engine start-up and operation. The nuclear regulator notified the nuclear plant of a potential yellow finding. The initial analysis effort focused on the use of diesel engine combustion software (Ricardo’s WAVE© 1D engine performance simulation software). Two medium-speed diesel engine models were analyzed with added water content ranging from 10% to 40% water in the diesel fuel. The analyses demonstrated that the engines could start and operate with those percentages of water in the fuel, but that the engine output would experience a power loss or derate proportional to the water content. The regulator was not convinced that the analysis was sufficient. The validity of the analytical findings above was demonstrated by full-scale tests conducted by MPR Associates on a large diesel engine. To accomplish this, Entergy, the nuclear power plant owner constructed a simulation of the diesel fuel supply system at a facility having the same make and model EDG. Water was introduced into the diesel fuel day tank by two different approaches; slow trickle flow and large slugs of water. These conditions simulated either a steady rainfall while the EDG was operating or a large volume of water collected in the system while the EDG was in standby. Under both water contamination scenarios, which consisted of more than 50 hours of testing, the diesel engine and generator set responded with negligible loss of frequency or voltage. Further, the engine was confirmed to have undergone no increased wear or degradation as a result of the high levels of water in the combustion chambers. Following a detailed review of the test program and the successful results, the regulator concluded that neither a non-cited violation nor a penalty was warranted.
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Dygert, Joseph P., Melissa L. Morris, Erik M. Messick, and Patrick H. Browning. "Feasibility of an Energy Efficient Large-Scale Aquaponic Food Production and Distribution Facility." In ASME 2014 8th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2014-6567.
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Today the United States is plagued by societal issues, economic insecurity, and increasing health problems. Societal issues include lack of community inclusion, pollution, and access to healthy foods. The high unemployment coupled with the rising cost of crude oil derivatives, and the growing general gap between cost of living and minimum wage levels contribute to a crippled consumer-driven US economy. Health concerns include increasing levels of obesity, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes. These epidemics lead to staggering economic burdens costing Americans hundreds of billions of dollars each year. It is well-known that many of the health issues impacting Americans can be directly linked to the production, availability, and quality of the food. Factors contributing to the availability of food include reduction of United States farmland, an increase in food imported from overseas, and the cost of goods to the consumer. The quality of food is influenced by the method of growth as well as imposed preservation techniques to support food transportation and distribution. At the same time, it has become increasingly common to implement biotechnology in genetically modified crops for direct human food or indirectly as a livestock feed for animals consumed by humans. Crops are also routinely dosed with pesticides and hormones in an attempt to increase productivity and revenue, with little consideration or understanding of the long term health effects. Research shows that community gardens positively impact local employment, community involvement and inclusivity, and the diets of not only those involved in food production, but all members of their households. The purpose of this work is to determine the feasibility of an energy efficient large-scale aquaponic food production and distribution facility which could directly mitigate growing socioeconomic concerns in the US through applied best practices in sustainability. Aquaponics is a symbiotic relationship between aquaculture and hydroponics, where fish and plants grow harmoniously. The energy efficient facility would be located in an urban area, and employ solar panels, natural lighting, rain water reclamation, and a floor plan optimized for maximum food yield and energy efficiency. Examples of potential crops include multiple species of berries, corn, leafy vegetables, tomatoes, peppers, squash, and carrots. Potential livestock include responsibly farmed tilapia, shrimp, crayfish, and oysters. The large scale aquaponic facility shows a lengthy period for financial return on investment whether traditional style construction of the building or a green construction style is used. However many forms of federal government aid and outside assistance exist for green construction to help drive down the risk in the higher initial investment which in the long run could end up being more profitable than going with a traditionally constructed building. Outside of financial return there are many proven, positive impacts that a large-scale aquaponic facility would have. Among these are greater social involvement and inclusivity, job creation, increased availability of fresh food, and strengthening of America’s agriculture infrastructure leading to increased American independence.
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Cardoso, Gabriel, Rafael Costa, Ronnie Paskin, and Rejane Spitz. "VRestaurant: challenges and opportunities in developing immersive projects in times of social distance." In LINK 2021. Tuwhera Open Access, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/link2021.v2i1.120.
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VRestaurant is an installation of electronic art, design, gastronomy and multi-sensoriality. Its objective is to explore the potential of virtual reality (VR) to discuss issues related to healthy eating and sustainability. In it, we articulate academic research, linked to the Electronic Art Laboratory at PUC-Rio, with design project development practices, to achieve, through experimentation, an innovative result that contributes to changing people's behavior towards the future of food on the planet. For this, we searched for conceptions of experiences in VR, as well as “teaching-learning” methodologies (ALVES, 2008) in Design. In the methodology we use theoretical, field research, brainstorming and development. We work in a cyclical format, where each step is evaluated and validated. In the conceptual field, we ask: In 2050 will we be able to feed 10 billion people in a healthy and sustainable way to the planet? Humans produce food on a scale that has affected the climate and diverse ecosystems. The conversion of forests to pastures harms the migration of birds and alters the rain and planting periods. The foods produced are often of low nutritional value, which leads to unhealthy diets, causing malnutrition and obesity. Therefore, through awareness, engagement and emotion, we provide participants with a reflection that will stimulate changes in individual behavior, which can generate broader social changes. In the field of Design, we chose VR and its immersiveness, interactivity, multi-sensoriality and sense of presence, to provoke in the user a concrete experience. These areas are capable of producing emotional reactions in human beings. The feeling of experiencing an unfamiliar environment can be a pleasant experience for some and a difficult one for others. However, these sensations added to VR are invariably strong and impactful (SPITZ, 2021). With the restrictions imposed by Sars-Cov-2, the activities were directed to our homes, bringing a reality mediated by screens, which can be exhausting. Immersive technologies make these activities and contact with other people more enjoyable. Interactive possibilities also provide greater collaboration in task development. These potential allies to remote communication were the guiding points of VRestaurant. The development team is multidisciplinary, made up of professors, graduate students, undergraduates, professionals in design, gastronomy, arts, law, architecture, software engineering and cinema. By ensuring that each area is dealt with by those who have expertise, or who show interest in going deeper, even without experience. In our processes, we adapt the universe of VR headsets, through schematic representations, storyboards, videos, animations and text documents, always shared for everyone's analysis and consideration. The result of the process observed in the team is partial, but we conclude that in this multiplicity of profiles, origins and ages, there is a rich exchange of knowledge where subject “A” learns and teaches simultaneously with subject “B”. This approach, which prioritizes horizontal relationships (FREIRE, 1987), generated a vast theoretical, experimental and practical repository, in addition to an environment for creative development. Our academic and technical contribution demonstrates that working on the creation of VRestaurant also represented emotional support for the team in times of pandemic.