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Journal articles on the topic 'Rain and rainfall Mathematical models'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Guideli, Leandro Canezin, André Lucas dos Reis Cuenca, Milena Arruda Silva, and Larissa de Brum Passini. "Road crashes and field rainfall data: mathematical modeling for the Brazilian mountainous highway BR-376/PR." TRANSPORTES 29, no. 4 (December 2, 2021): 2498. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/transportes.v29i4.2498.

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Recent studies analyze the influence of rainfall on traffic crashes, indicating that precipitation intensity is an important factor, for modeling crashes occurrence. This research presents a relationship between daily-basis traffic crashes and precipitation, from 2014 to 2018, in a rural mountainous Brazilian Highway (BR-376/PR), where field rain gauges were used to obtain precipitation data. Data modeling considered a Negative Binomial regression for precipitation influence in crash frequency. Separate regression models were estimated to account for the rainfall effect in different seasons, a

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Rauch, W., N. Thurner, and P. Harremoës. "Required accuracy of rainfall data for integrated urban drainage modeling." Water Science and Technology 37, no. 11 (June 1, 1998): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0441.

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It is standard practice in integrated urban water management to apply mathematical models of the total drainage system for calculating the frequency of occurrence of critical states in the receiving water body. The model input for such computations are long term time-series of rainfall data. However, it is inevitable that those rainfall data measurements deviate from reality. This is a result of inaccuracy of the measurement devices, errors in data transmission, local meteorological effects, etc. In this work we investigate the effect of such uncertainty in the rainfall data on the return peri

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Yakovleva, Valentina, Aleksey Zelinskiy, Roman Parovik, Grigorii Yakovlev та Aleksey Kobzev. "Model for Reconstruction of γ-Background during Liquid Atmospheric Precipitation". Mathematics 9, № 14 (11 липня 2021): 1636. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9141636.

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With regard to reconstructing the gamma background dose rate, existing models are either empirical with limited applicability or have many unknown input parameters, which complicates their application in practice. Due to this, there is a need to search for a new approach and build a convenient, easily applicable and universal model. The paper proposes a mathematical model for reconstructing the temporal evolution of the ambient equivalent γ-radiation dose rate during rain episodes, depending on the density of radon flux from the soil surface, as well as the duration and intensity of rain. The

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Cowpertwait, Paul, Valerie Isham, and Christian Onof. "Point process models of rainfall: developments for fine-scale structure." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 463, no. 2086 (July 18, 2007): 2569–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2007.1889.

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A conceptual stochastic model of rainfall is proposed in which storm origins occur in a Poisson process, where each storm has a random lifetime during which rain cell origins occur in a secondary Poisson process. In addition, each cell has a random lifetime during which instantaneous random depths (or ‘pulses’) of rain occur in a further Poisson process. A key motivation behind the model formulation is to account for the variability in rainfall data over small (e.g. 5 min) and larger time intervals. Time-series properties are derived to enable the model to be fitted to aggregated rain gauge da

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Ramesh, Nadarajah I., Gayatri Rode, and Christian Onof. "A Cox Process with State-Dependent Exponential Pulses to Model Rainfall." Water Resources Management 36, no. 1 (November 29, 2021): 297–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11269-021-03028-6.

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AbstractA point process model based on a class of Cox processes is developed to analyse precipitation data at a point location. The model is constructed using state-dependent exponential pulses that are governed by an unobserved underlying Markov chain. The mathematical formulation of the model where both the arrival rate of the rain cells and the initial pulse depth are determined by the Markov chain is presented. Second-order properties of the rainfall depth process are derived and utilised in model assessment. A method of moment estimation is employed in model fitting. The proposed model is

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Parsons, Scott A., and Robert A. Congdon. "Plant litter decomposition and nutrient cycling in north Queensland tropical rain-forest communities of differing successional status." Journal of Tropical Ecology 24, no. 3 (May 2008): 317–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467408004963.

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Abstract:Soil processes are essential in enabling forest regeneration in disturbed landscapes. Little is known about whether litterfall from dominating pioneer species in secondary rain forest is functionally equivalent to that of mixed rain-forest litter in terms of contribution to soil processes. This study used the litterbag technique to quantify the decomposition and nutrient dynamics of leaf litter characteristic of three wet tropical forest communities in the Paluma Range National Park, Queensland, Australia over 511 d. These were: undisturbed primary rain forest (mixed rain-forest speci

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Ke, Shitang, Wenlin Yu, and Yaojun Ge. "Wind Load Characteristics and Action Mechanism on Internal and External Surfaces of Super-Large Cooling Towers under Wind-Rain Combined Effects." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2018 (July 8, 2018): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2921709.

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By focusing on wind-rain two-way coupling algorithm, simulation iterations of wind field and raindrops in the world highest cooling tower (210m) in northwest China were carried out using continuous phase and discrete phase models based on CFD numerical simulation. Firstly, influence laws of 9 wind velocity-rainfall intensity combinations on wind-induced rainfall, raindrop additional force, and equivalent pressure coefficient on internal and external surface of the tower body were discussed. On this basis, speed flow line, turbulence energy strength, raindrop running speed, and track on the tow

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Sansom, John, and Peter Thomson. "Fitting hidden semi-Markov models to breakpoint rainfall data." Journal of Applied Probability 38, A (2001): 142–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1239/jap/1085496598.

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The paper proposes a hidden semi-Markov model for breakpoint rainfall data that consist of both the times at which rain-rate changes and the steady rates between such changes. The model builds on and extends the seminal work of Ferguson (1980) on variable duration models for speech. For the rainfall data the observations are modelled as mixtures of log-normal distributions within unobserved states where the states evolve in time according to a semi-Markov process. For the latter, parametric forms need to be specified for the state transition probabilities and dwell-time distributions.Recursion

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Klamerus-Iwan, Anna, and Maciej Sporysz. "Laboratory determination of potential interception of young deciduous trees during low-intense precipitation." Folia Forestalia Polonica 56, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ffp-2014-0001.

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Abstract The research issue focuses on potential interception, which is the maximum amount of water that can be stored on plant surface. Tests under controlled conditions remain the best way to enhance knowledge on interception determinants in forest communities. Such tests can provide data for identification of mathematical models based on ecological criteria. The study presented in this paper concerned tree interception under simulated rain in a range from 2 to 11 mm/h. To perform the experiment a set of sprinklers was designed and built. The study included two deciduous species: beech (Fagu

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10

Wang, Zhenlong, Yingying Xu, Guoqiang Dong, Haishen Lv, Yue Fan, and Yining Wang. "Methods for calculating phreatic evaporation on bare grounds on rainy and dry days." Hydrology Research 51, no. 6 (July 7, 2020): 1221–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2020.017.

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Abstract In order to depict the impact of rainfall on phreatic evaporation, this study analyzes phreatic evaporation and the phreatic evaporation coefficient between surface evaporation and soil depth in Shajiang black soil and Fluyo-aquic soil. We have improved the existing commonly used mathematical framework, established two rainless day phreatic evaporation calculation models, and then calculated the calculation model of the phreatic evaporation reduction on rainy days. Finally, rainy day evaporation calculation models on two soils were proposed. The results show that the evaporation coeff

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Christofilakis, Vasilis, Giorgos Tatsis, Spyridon K. Chronopoulos, Alexandros Sakkas, Anastasios G. Skrivanos, Kostas P. Peppas, Hector E. Nistazakis, Giorgos Baldoumas, and Panos Kostarakis. "Earth-to-Earth Microwave Rain Attenuation Measurements: A Survey On the Recent Literature." Symmetry 12, no. 9 (September 1, 2020): 1440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12091440.

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Many works have been conducted relevant to rainfall measurements, while the first relevant ones were based on the power loss estimation function from wireless links located back to the early 1940s. It is notable, though, that this innovative idea conduced to many theoretical models correlating the signal attenuation to the rainfall intensity. This type of parameter strongly contributes to the mechanism of frequency attenuation above 10 GHz. Consequently, in the last twenty years, there has been a significant boost to this research topic. Researchers all around the world have worked thoroughly

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Head, P. C., D. H. Crawshaw, P. Dempsey, and C. J. Hutchings. "Bathing in the Rain - The Use of Mathematical Models for Storm Water Management to Achieve Bathing Water Quality (The Fylde Coast-NW England)." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 12 (June 1, 1992): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0337.

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One of the major problems in trying to design wastewater treatment schemes to protect bathing water for coastal communities with combined sewerage systems, is to ensure that discharges of storm water do not prejudice compliance with the requirements of the EC Bathing Water Directive. In order to develop an appropriate storm water management strategy for the Fylde coast it was necessary to integrate a number of mathematical models simulating the hydraulic behaviour of the sewerage system and the dispersion of discharges in the receiving waters. From the sewerage system modelling it was apparent

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Ávila-Dávila, Laura, Manuel Soler-Méndez, Carlos Francisco Bautista-Capetillo, Julián González-Trinidad, Hugo Enrique Júnez-Ferreira, Cruz Octavio Robles Rovelo, and José Miguel Molina-Martínez. "A Compact Weighing Lysimeter to Estimate the Water Infiltration Rate in Agricultural Soils." Agronomy 11, no. 1 (January 18, 2021): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11010180.

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Infiltration estimation is made by tests such as concentric cylinders, which are prone to errors, such as the lateral movement under the ring. Several possibilities have been developed over the last decades to compensate these errors, which are based on physical, electronic, and mathematical principles. In this research, two approaches are proposed to measure the water infiltration rate in a silty loam soil by means of the mass values of a lysimeter weighing under rainfall conditions and different moisture contents. Based on the fact that with the lysimeter it is possible to determine acting s

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Cardoso, Dione Pereira, Fábio Ribeiro Pires, and Robson Bonomo. "Avaliação de modelos matemáticos para estimativa da erosividade da chuva na região de São Mateus-ES." Revista Verde de Agroecologia e Desenvolvimento Sustentável 11, no. 3 (August 14, 2016): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.18378/rvads.v11i3.4132.

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<p>Objetivou-se estimar a erosividade da chuva, mediante seis modelos matemáticos, de regressão linear avaliando entre estes, qual é mais indicado para as condições climáticas da região de São Mateus-ES. Os dados pluviométricos foram obtidos junto à Agência Nacional das Águas-ANA, sendo de 1947 a 2014 para Itauninhas, de 1971 a 2014 para Barra Nova, de 1981 a 2014 para São João da Cachoeira Grande e de 1993 a 2014 para Boca da Vala. Para estimar a erosividade da chuva, a partir da precipitação anual e do coeficiente de chuva, foram utilizadas diferentes equações utilizadas em outros esta

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van Dijk, J., and E. R. Morgan. "The influence of water and humidity on the hatching of Nematodirus battus eggs." Journal of Helminthology 86, no. 3 (July 26, 2011): 287–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x1100040x.

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AbstractThis paper examines the influence of water on the ecology of the eggs of Nematodirus battus, with a view to estimating the importance of including rainfall in mathematical models of parasite abundance. The literature suggests that, under pasture conditions, the availability of moisture is unlikely to be limiting for egg development, while eggs and infective larvae are highly resistant to desiccation. In the presented experiment, eggs that had been kept in salt sludges at 95% and 70% RH and were subsequently put at 15°C produced only a mildly accelerated, but not a mass, hatch, in the f

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Mendes, T. A., S. F. Sousa Júnior, and S. A. S. Pereira. "Implementation of the Green-Ampt Infiltration Model: Comparative between different numerical solutions." Trends in Computational and Applied Mathematics 22, no. 4 (October 26, 2021): 645–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5540/tcam.2021.022.04.00645.

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The phenomena of infiltration and the percolation of water in the soil are of fundamental importance for the evaluation of runoff, groundwater recharge, evapotranspiration, soil erosion and transport of chemical substances in surface and groundwater. Within this context, the quantitative determination of the infiltration values is extremely important for the different areas of knowledge, in order to evaluate, mainly the surface runoff. Several types of changes in vegetation cover and topography result in significant changes in the infiltration process, making it necessary to use mathematical m

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Salaeh, Nureehan, Pakorn Ditthakit, Sirimon Pinthong, Mohd Abul Hasan, Saiful Islam, Babak Mohammadi, and Nguyen Thi Thuy Linh. "Long-Short Term Memory Technique for Monthly Rainfall Prediction in Thale Sap Songkhla River Basin, Thailand." Symmetry 14, no. 8 (August 3, 2022): 1599. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14081599.

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Rainfall is a primary factor for agricultural production, especially in a rainfed agricultural region. Its accurate prediction is therefore vital for planning and managing farmers’ plantations. Rainfall plays an important role in the symmetry of the water cycle, and many hydrological models use rainfall as one of their components. This paper aimed to investigate the applicability of six machine learning (ML) techniques (i.e., M5 model tree: (M5), random forest: (RF), support vector regression with polynomial (SVR-poly) and RBF kernels (SVR- RBF), multilayer perceptron (MLP), and long-short-ter

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Delrieu, Guy, Anil Kumar Khanal, Frédéric Cazenave, and Brice Boudevillain. "Sensitivity analysis of attenuation in convective rainfall at X-band frequency using the mountain reference technique." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 15, no. 11 (June 3, 2022): 3297–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-3297-2022.

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Abstract. The RadAlp experiment aims at improving quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE) in the Alps thanks to X-band polarimetric radars and in situ measurements deployed in the region of Grenoble, France. In this article, we revisit the physics of propagation and attenuation of microwaves in rain. We first derive four attenuation–reflectivity (AZ) algorithms constrained, or not, by path-integrated attenuations (PIAs) estimated from the decrease in the return of selected mountain targets when it rains compared to their dry weather levels (the so-called mountain reference technique – MRT)

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Silva, Reginaldo Barboza da, Piori Iori, and Francisca Alcivania de Melo Silva. "PROPOSIÇÃO E VALIDAÇÕES DE EQUAÇÕES PARA ESTIMATIVA DA EROSIVIDADE DE DOIS MUNICÍPIOS DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO." IRRIGA 14, no. 4 (June 18, 2018): 533–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15809/irriga.2009v14n4p533-547.

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PROPOSIÇÃO E VALIDAÇÕES DE EQUAÇÕES PARA ESTIMATIVA DA EROSIVIDADE DE DOIS MUNICÍPIOS DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO Reginaldo Barboza da Silva1; Piero Iori2; Francisca Alcivania de Melo Silva11 Universidade Estadual Paulista, Unidade de Registro, Registro, rbsilva@registro.unesp.br2 Departamento de Ciência do Solo, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG 1 RESUMO O uso e extrapolação de equações para localidades cujas características de solo e clima, ainda que parciais, distingam da localidade para a qual tenham sido geradas, ainda permeiam em estudos para estimativa da erosividade (EI30). Este tr

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Pasculli, Antonio, Jacopo Cinosi, Laura Turconi, and Nicola Sciarra. "Learning Case Study of a Shallow-Water Model to Assess an Early-Warning System for Fast Alpine Muddy-Debris-Flow." Water 13, no. 6 (March 10, 2021): 750. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13060750.

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The current climate change could lead to an intensification of extreme weather events, such as sudden floods and fast flowing debris flows. Accordingly, the availability of an early-warning device system, based on hydrological data and on both accurate and very fast running mathematical-numerical models, would be not only desirable, but also necessary in areas of particular hazard. To this purpose, the 2D Riemann–Godunov shallow-water approach, solved in parallel on a Graphical-Processing-Unit (GPU) (able to drastically reduce calculation time) and implemented with the RiverFlow2D code (versio

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Prein, A. F., R. M. Rasmussen, D. Wang, and S. E. Giangrande. "Sensitivity of organized convective storms to model grid spacing in current and future climates." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 379, no. 2195 (March 2021): 20190546. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0546.

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Mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) are complexes of thunderstorms that become organized and cover hundreds of kilometres over several hours. MCSs are prolific rain producers in the tropics and mid-latitudes and are the major cause of warm-season flooding. Traditionally, climate models have difficulties in simulating MCSs partly due to the misrepresentation of complex process interactions that operate across a large range of scales. Significant improvements in simulating MCSs have been found in kilometre-scale models that explicitly simulate deep convection. However, these models operate in th

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De Alcântara, Lucas Ravellys Pyrrho, Artur Paiva Coutinho, Severino Martins Dos Santos Neto, Tássia Dos Anjos Tenório de Melo, Larissa Fernandes Costa, Larissa Virgínia da Silva Ribas, Antonio Celso Dantas Antonino, and Edevaldo Miguel Alves. "Modelos probabilísticos para eventos de precipitações extremas na Cidade de Palmares-PE (Probabilistic modeling for extreme rainfall events in the city of Palmares - PE)." Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 12, no. 4 (October 15, 2019): 1355. http://dx.doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v12.4.p1355-1369.

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A estimava da probabilidade de excedência de eventos de precipitações pluviométricas máximas pode ser realizada a partir da associação entre as séries hidrológicas e modelos probabilísticos. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar a aderência da distribuição empírica de Precipitações Diárias Máximas Anuais (PDMA), as distribuições teóricas de probabilidade de Gumbel, Log-Normal de dois parâmetros, Generalizada de Valores Extremos, Fréchet, Weibull para 2 e 3 parâmetros, Gama, Pearson e Log-Pearson para 3 parâmetros. Foi utilizada uma série histórica de precipitação máxima diária anual ori

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Turco, M., and M. Milelli. "The forecaster's added value in QPF." Advances in Geosciences 25 (March 9, 2010): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-25-29-2010.

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Abstract. To the authors' knowledge there are relatively few studies that try to answer this question: "Are humans able to add value to computer-generated forecasts and warnings?". Moreover, the answers are not always positive. In particular some postprocessing method is competitive or superior to human forecast. Within the alert system of ARPA Piemonte it is possible to study in an objective manner if the human forecaster is able to add value with respect to computer-generated forecasts. Every day the meteorology group of the Centro Funzionale of Regione Piemonte produces the HQPF (Human Quan

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Kholodovsky, Vitaly, and Xin-Zhong Liang. "A generalized Spatio-Temporal Threshold Clustering method for identification of extreme event patterns." Advances in Statistical Climatology, Meteorology and Oceanography 7, no. 1 (April 21, 2021): 35–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ascmo-7-35-2021.

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Abstract. Extreme weather and climate events such as floods, droughts, and heat waves can cause extensive societal damages. While various statistical and climate models have been developed for the purpose of simulating extremes, a consistent definition of extreme events is still lacking. Furthermore, to better assess the performance of the climate models, a variety of spatial forecast verification measures have been developed. However, in most cases, the spatial verification measures that are widely used to compare mean states do not have sufficient theoretical justification to benchmark extre

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Hu, Caihong, Chengshuai Liu, Yichen Yao, Qiang Wu, Bingyan Ma, and Shengqi Jian. "Evaluation of the Impact of Rainfall Inputs on Urban Rainfall Models: A Systematic Review." Water 12, no. 9 (September 5, 2020): 2484. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12092484.

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Over the past several decades, urban flooding and other water-related disasters have become increasingly prominent and serious. Although the urban rain flood model’s benefits for urban flood simulation have been extensively documented, the impact of rainfall input to model simulation accuracy remains unclear. This systematic review aims to provide structured research on how rain inputs impact urban rain flood model’s simulation accuracy. The selected 48 peer-reviewed journal articles published between 2015 and 2019 on the Web of Science™ database were analyzed by key factors, including rainfal

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Pendergrass, Angeline G., and Dennis L. Hartmann. "Two Modes of Change of the Distribution of Rain*." Journal of Climate 27, no. 22 (November 4, 2014): 8357–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00182.1.

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Abstract The frequency and intensity of rainfall determine its character and may change with climate. A methodology for characterizing the frequency and amount of rainfall as functions of the rain rate is developed. Two modes of response are defined, one in which the distribution of rainfall increases in equal fraction at all rain rates and one in which the rainfall shifts to higher or lower rain rates without a change in mean rainfall. This description of change is applied to the tropical distribution of daily rainfall over ENSO phases in models and observations. The description fits observat

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Benoit, Lionel, Mathieu Vrac, and Gregoire Mariethoz. "Dealing with non-stationarity in sub-daily stochastic rainfall models." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 22, no. 11 (November 19, 2018): 5919–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-5919-2018.

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Abstract. Understanding the stationarity properties of rainfall is critical when using stochastic weather generators. Rainfall stationarity means that the statistics being accounted for remain constant over a given period, which is required for both inferring model parameters and simulating synthetic rainfall. Despite its critical importance, the stationarity of precipitation statistics is often regarded as a subjective choice whose examination is left to the judgement of the modeller. It is therefore desirable to establish quantitative and objective criteria for defining stationary rain perio

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Rupp, D. E., P. Licznar, W. Adamowski, and M. Leśniewski. "Multiplicative cascade models for fine spatial downscaling of rainfall: parameterization with rain gauge data." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 16, no. 3 (March 6, 2012): 671–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-671-2012.

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Abstract. Capturing the spatial distribution of high-intensity rainfall over short-time intervals is critical for accurately assessing the efficacy of urban stormwater drainage systems. In a stochastic simulation framework, one method of generating realistic rainfall fields is by multiplicative random cascade (MRC) models. Estimation of MRC model parameters has typically relied on radar imagery or, less frequently, rainfall fields interpolated from dense rain gauge networks. However, such data are not always available. Furthermore, the literature is lacking estimation procedures for spatially

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Rupp, D. E., P. Licznar, W. Adamowski, and M. Leśniewski. "Multiplicative cascade models for fine spatial downscaling of rainfall: parameterization with rain gauge data." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 8, no. 4 (July 25, 2011): 7261–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-8-7261-2011.

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Abstract. Capturing the spatial distribution of high-intensity rainfall over short-time intervals is critical for accurately assessing the efficacy of urban stormwater drainage systems. In a stochastic simulation framework, one method of generating realistic rainfall fields is by multiplicative random cascade (MRC) models. Estimation of MRC model parameters has typically relied on radar imagery or, less frequently, rainfall fields interpolated from dense rain gauge networks. However, such data are not always available. Furthermore, the literature is lacking estimation procedures for spatially

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Sapan, Elenora Gita Alamanda, Joko Sujono, and Karlina Karlina. "Extreme Rainfall Characteristics Analysis Using Climate Models in the Mount Merapi Area." MEDIA KOMUNIKASI TEKNIK SIPIL 28, no. 1 (July 29, 2022): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/mkts.v28i1.36332.

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Extreme rainfall is one of the trigger factors for debris floods in stratovolcanos. It caused by volcanic materials will be easily eroded in large quantity with surface water flow as the result of extreme rainfall. Extreme rainfall is avnatural phenomenon which is often related with climate change. In the future, changes in extreme rainfall characteristics may occur. Therefore, it’s necessary to conduct extreme rainfall analysis for historical and future periods. In this study, the characteristics of rainfall analyzed were the variability of extreme rain as shown by trend analysis of extreme r

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Yussuff, A. I. O. "Analysis of Selected Earth-Space Rain Attenuation Models for a Tropical Station." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 3, no. 2 (August 1, 2016): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v3.i2.pp383-391.

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The restrained use of millimeter bands is due to severe rain attenuation. Attenuation is caused when rain cells intersects radio wave’s propagation path; resulting in deep fades. The effect of rainfall is more severe in tropical regions characterized by heavy rainfall intensity and large raindrops; hence, rain attenuation analyses are essential to study rain fade characteristics for use in earth-space link budget analysis, for outage prediction resulting from rain attenuation. Tropical regions are particularly challenged with signal outage, necessitating the formulation and development of suit

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Y. Mualem and S. Assouline. "Mathematical Model for Rain Drop Distribution and Rainfall Kinetic Energy." Transactions of the ASAE 29, no. 2 (1986): 0494–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.30179.

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Ko, Mu-Chieh, Frank D. Marks, Ghassan J. Alaka, and Sundararaman G. Gopalakrishnan. "Evaluation of Hurricane Harvey (2017) Rainfall in Deterministic and Probabilistic HWRF Forecasts." Atmosphere 11, no. 6 (June 22, 2020): 666. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11060666.

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Rainfall forecast performance was evaluated for the first time for the Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting (HWRF) model. This study focused on HWRF performance in predicting rainfall from Hurricane Harvey in 2017. In particular, two configurations of the 2017 version of HWRF were investigated: a deterministic version of the Basin-scale HWRF (HB17) and an ensemble version of the operational HWRF (H17E). This study found that HB17 generated reasonable rainfall patterns and rain-rate distributions for Hurricane Harvey, in part due to accurate track forecasts. However, the estimated rain ra

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Singh, Karuna Nidhan. "Development of Single Rain Strom Erosivity Models for Chitrakoot Region." International Journal of Students' Research in Technology & Management 4, no. 1 (March 9, 2016): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/ijsrtm.2016.415.

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In this paper, we review the erosivity studies conducted in Chitrakoot to verify the quality and representativeness of the results generated and to provide a greater understanding of the rainfall erosivity in Chitrakoot. We searched the Google Scholar databases and in recent journals and dissertations to obtain the following information: latitude, longitude, city, states, length of records (15-years from 1999 to 2013), precipitation (daily based), equations calculated and respective determination coefficient .The daily rainfall erosivity in Chitrakoot ranged from 39.846 to 61.841 MJ mm/ha/h. R

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Khudayorov, Zafar, Rakhmonberdi Khalilov, Irina Gorlova, Sherzodkhuja Mirzakhodjaev, and Azhargul Mambetsheripova. "Mathematical model of water drop trajectory in artificial rainfall." E3S Web of Conferences 365 (2023): 04011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202336504011.

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In the article, a mathematical model of the movement of a water drop flying out of a nozzle with a deflector nozzle during artificial rain was built. The resulting equations were solved by an approximate method using a specially developed program at EHM. The parameters affecting the irrigation process were analyzed based on the obtained results.

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Yang, Junho, Mikyoung Jun, Courtney Schumacher, and R. Saravanan. "Predictive Statistical Representations of Observed and Simulated Rainfall Using Generalized Linear Models." Journal of Climate 32, no. 11 (May 17, 2019): 3409–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-18-0527.1.

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Abstract This study explores the feasibility of predicting subdaily variations and the climatological spatial patterns of rain in the tropical Pacific from atmospheric profiles using a set of generalized linear models: logistic regression for rain occurrence and gamma regression for rain amount. The prediction is separated into different rain types from TRMM satellite radar observations (stratiform, deep convective, and shallow convective) and CAM5 simulations (large-scale and convective). Environmental variables from MERRA-2 and CAM5 are used as predictors for TRMM and CAM5 rainfall, respecti

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Manokij, Fuenglada, Peerapon Vateekul, and Kanoksri Sarinnapakorn. "Cascading Models of CNN and GRU with Autoencoder Loss for Precipitation Forecast in Thailand." ECTI Transactions on Computer and Information Technology (ECTI-CIT) 15, no. 3 (November 13, 2021): 333–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.37936/ecti-cit.2021153.240957.

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   It is a crucial task to accurately forecast precipitation, especially rainfall in Thailand, since it relates to flood prevention and agricultural planning. In our prior work, we have presented a model based on deep learning approach; however, its performance is still limited due to two main issues. First, there is an imbalance issue, where most rainfall is zero or no rain because Thailand has short rainy season. Second, predicted rainfall is still underestimated since moderate and heavy rainfall cases barely occurs. In this paper, we propose an enhanced deep learning model

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Cecinati, Francesca, Antonio Moreno-Ródenas, Miguel Rico-Ramirez, Marie-claire ten Veldhuis, and Jeroen Langeveld. "Considering Rain Gauge Uncertainty Using Kriging for Uncertain Data." Atmosphere 9, no. 11 (November 14, 2018): 446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos9110446.

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In urban hydrological models, rainfall is the main input and one of the main sources of uncertainty. To reach sufficient spatial coverage and resolution, the integration of several rainfall data sources, including rain gauges and weather radars, is often necessary. The uncertainty associated with rain gauge measurements is dependent on rainfall intensity and on the characteristics of the devices. Common spatial interpolation methods do not account for rain gauge uncertainty variability. Kriging for Uncertain Data (KUD) allows the handling of the uncertainty of each rain gauge independently, mo

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Shi, Li Juan, Ting Jing, Xiao Hong Chen, and Dong Xiu Ou. "The Effects of Rainfalls on Expressway Travel Time." Applied Mechanics and Materials 361-363 (August 2013): 2255–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.361-363.2255.

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This paper presents an investigation of the effects of rainfall with different levels of precipitation intensity on urban expressway travel time under free-flow speed conditions. The traffic data and corresponding weather data from the expressway section of Longyang in Shanghai for more than one year were used. Statistical analysis was applied to investigate the effects of rainfall on travel time quantitatively. There are two major contributions of this paper. Firstly, four levels of rainfall have varying degrees of significant impacts on travel time in terms of average travel time. Slight rai

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Davidsen, Steffen, Roland Löwe, Nanna H. Ravn, Lina N. Jensen, and Karsten Arnbjerg-Nielsen. "Initial conditions of urban permeable surfaces in rainfall-runoff models using Horton's infiltration." Water Science and Technology 77, no. 3 (November 16, 2017): 662–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2017.580.

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Abstract Infiltration is a key process controlling runoff, but varies depending on antecedent conditions. This study provides estimates on initial conditions for urban permeable surfaces via continuous simulation of the infiltration capacity using historical rain data. An analysis of historical rainfall records show that accumulated rainfall prior to large rain events does not depend on the return period of the event. Using an infiltration-runoff model we found that for a typical large rain storm, antecedent conditions in general lead to reduced infiltration capacity both for sandy and clayey

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Pendergrass, Angeline G., and Dennis L. Hartmann. "Changes in the Distribution of Rain Frequency and Intensity in Response to Global Warming*." Journal of Climate 27, no. 22 (November 4, 2014): 8372–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00183.1.

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Abstract Changes in the frequency and intensity of rainfall are an important potential impact of climate change. Two modes of change, a shift and an increase, are applied to simulations of global warming with models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). The response to CO2 doubling in the multimodel mean of CMIP5 daily rainfall is characterized by an increase of 1% K−1 at all rain rates and a shift to higher rain rates of 3.3% K−1. In addition to these increase and shift modes of change, some models also show a substantial increase in rainfall at the highest rain r

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Lanza, L. G. "A conditional simulation model of intermittent rain fields." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 4, no. 1 (March 31, 2000): 173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-4-173-2000.

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Abstract. The synthetic generation of random fields with specified probability distribution, correlation structure and probability of no-rain areas is used as the basis for the formulation of a stochastic space-time rainfall model conditional on rain gauge observations. A new procedure for conditioning while preserving intermittence is developed to provide constraints to Monte Carlo realisations of possible rainfall scenarios. The method addresses the properties of the convolution operator involved in generating random field realisations and is actually independent of the numerical algorithm u

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Gallus, William A., and Moti Segal. "Does Increased Predicted Warm-Season Rainfall Indicate Enhanced Likelihood of Rain Occurrence?" Weather and Forecasting 19, no. 6 (December 1, 2004): 1127–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/820.1.

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Abstract The likelihood of simulated rainfall above a specified threshold being observed is evaluated as a function of the amounts predicted by two mesoscale models. Evaluations are performed for 20 warm-season mesoscale convective system events over the upper Midwest of the United States. Simulations were performed using 10-km versions of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction Eta Model and the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, with two different convective parameterizations tested in both models. It was found that, despite large differences in the biases of these diffe

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Rakhmalia, Riza Indriani, Agus M. Soleh, and Bagus Sartono. "PENDUGAAN CURAH HUJAN DENGAN TEKNIK STATISTICAL DOWNSCALING MENGGUNAKAN CLUSTERWISE REGRESSION SEBARAN TWEEDIE." Indonesian Journal of Statistics and Its Applications 4, no. 3 (November 30, 2020): 473–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/ijsa.v4i3.667.

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Rainfall prediction is one of the most challenging problems of the last century. Statistical Downscaling Technique is one of the rainfall estimation techniques that are often used. The goal of this paper is to develop the modeling of cluster-wise regression with rainfall data set that has Tweedie distribution. The data used in this paper were the precipitation from Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) version 2 as the predictor variables and rainfall from BMKG as the response variable. Data were collected from January 2010 to December 2019 on the Bogor, Citeko, Jatiwangi, and Bandung rain

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Jones, Robbie, Vern Manville, Jeff Peakall, Melanie J. Froude, and Henry M. Odbert. "Real-time prediction of rain-triggered lahars: incorporating seasonality and catchment recovery." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 17, no. 12 (December 13, 2017): 2301–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-17-2301-2017.

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Abstract. Rain-triggered lahars are a significant secondary hydrological and geomorphic hazard at volcanoes where unconsolidated pyroclastic material produced by explosive eruptions is exposed to intense rainfall, often occurring for years to decades after the initial eruptive activity. Previous studies have shown that secondary lahar initiation is a function of rainfall parameters, source material characteristics and time since eruptive activity. In this study, probabilistic rain-triggered lahar forecasting models are developed using the lahar occurrence and rainfall record of the Belham Rive

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Yang, Ruxin, Genxu Wang, Junfang Cui, Li Guo, Fei Wang, and Xiangyu Tang. "Improving the Estimation of Throughfall Amounts in Primeval Forests along an Elevation Gradient on Mountain Gongga, Southwest China." Atmosphere 13, no. 4 (April 18, 2022): 639. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13040639.

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Differences in rainfall partition into throughfall among different primeval forests distributed along an altitude gradient are inadequately investigated and understood. Through continuous and automatic monitoring of natural rainfall and throughfall along an elevation gradient on Mountain Gongga, we examined the response of throughfall to various rainfall patterns in the broadleaved forest (BF), broadleaved-coniferous mixed forest (MF), and coniferous forest (CF) across individual rain events from May to October in 2019. A series of linear models that estimate throughfall amount were obtained a

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Jackson, Lawrence S., Declan L. Finney, Elizabeth J. Kendon, John H. Marsham, Douglas J. Parker, Rachel A. Stratton, Lorenzo Tomassini, and Simon Tucker. "The Effect of Explicit Convection on Couplings between Rainfall, Humidity, and Ascent over Africa under Climate Change." Journal of Climate 33, no. 19 (October 1, 2020): 8315–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-19-0322.1.

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AbstractThe Hadley circulation and tropical rain belt are dominant features of African climate. Moist convection provides ascent within the rain belt, but must be parameterized in climate models, limiting predictions. Here, we use a pan-African convection-permitting model (CPM), alongside a parameterized convection model (PCM), to analyze how explicit convection affects the rain belt under climate change. Regarding changes in mean climate, both models project an increase in total column water (TCW), a widespread increase in rainfall, and slowdown of subtropical descent. Regional climate change

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Setiono, Rintis Hadiani, Edo Erlangga, and Solichin. "Rainfall Simulation at Bah Bolon Watershed with Backpropagation Artificial Neural Network Based on Rainfall Data Using Scilab." Applied Mechanics and Materials 845 (July 2016): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.845.10.

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Abstract. Rainfall simulation is a method of obtaining precipitation data on rainfall station based on precipitation data of other stations in same watershed at the same time, using a linear mathematical model constructed by Artificial Neural Network (ANN) method. The application of the simulation result is useful to provide information for the decision-makers. ANN backpropagation method is the one used in modeling the rainfall in a watershed because it can solve a complex mathematic problem. The objective of research was to find out the hydrologic model and its application to predict precipit

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Franch, Gabriele, Daniele Nerini, Marta Pendesini, Luca Coviello, Giuseppe Jurman, and Cesare Furlanello. "Precipitation Nowcasting with Orographic Enhanced Stacked Generalization: Improving Deep Learning Predictions on Extreme Events." Atmosphere 11, no. 3 (March 7, 2020): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11030267.

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One of the most crucial applications of radar-based precipitation nowcasting systems is the short-term forecast of extreme rainfall events such as flash floods and severe thunderstorms. While deep learning nowcasting models have recently shown to provide better overall skill than traditional echo extrapolation models, they suffer from conditional bias, sometimes reporting lower skill on extreme rain rates compared to Lagrangian persistence, due to excessive prediction smoothing. This work presents a novel method to improve deep learning prediction skills in particular for extreme rainfall regi

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Bell, V. A., and R. J. Moore. "The sensitivity of catchment runoff models to rainfall data at different spatial scales." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 4, no. 4 (December 31, 2000): 653–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-4-653-2000.

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Abstract. The sensitivity of catchment runoff models to rainfall is investigated at a variety of spatial scales using data from a dense raingauge network and weather radar. These data form part of the HYREX (HYdrological Radar EXperiment) dataset. They encompass records from 49 raingauges over the 135 km2 Brue catchment in south-west England together with 2 and 5 km grid-square radar data. Separate rainfall time-series for the radar and raingauge data are constructed on 2, 5 and 10 km grids, and as catchment average values, at a 15 minute time-step. The sensitivity of the catchment runoff mode

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