Relevant bibliographies by topics / Rain and rainfall

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Rain and rainfall'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Rain and rainfall"

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Yao, Christian, Modeste Kacou, Ehouman Serge Koffi, Amidou Dao, Clément Dutremble, Maurice Guilliod, Bamory Kamagaté, et al. "Rainfall risk over the city of Abidjan (Côte d'Ivoire): first contribution of the joint analysis of daily rainfall from a historical record and a recent network of rain gauges." Proceedings of IAHS 385 (April 18, 2024): 259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-385-259-2024.

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Abstract. Every year, rains cause material damage and human losses, in Abidjan (Côte d'Ivoire). The objective of this study is to contribute to the characterization of the rain hazard in the District of Abidjan. The available data are made up of daily rainfall from a historical station “Abidjan airport” (1961–2014) and an academic network of rain gauges (21) progressively implemented in Abidjan since 2015. A descriptive analysis (date of occurrence, rainfall depth, mean wet days intensity and number of rainy days) on the Highest Cumulative Rainfall Periods (HCRP: 60 d) is conducted on the long-term station. The periods of highest risk of flooding during the long and short rainy seasons are characterized. The Experimental variograms of extreme rainfalls derived from the current network, allow to evaluate their extensions according to the rainy season.
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Palharini, Rayana, Daniel Vila, Daniele Rodrigues, Rodrigo Palharini, Enrique Mattos, and Eduardo Undurraga. "Analysis of Extreme Rainfall and Natural Disasters Events Using Satellite Precipitation Products in Different Regions of Brazil." Atmosphere 13, no. 10 (October 14, 2022): 1680. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13101680.

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The number of natural disasters triggered by extreme events is increasing worldwide and significantly impacts modern society. Extreme rainfall is one of the most important factors contributing to these events. A better understanding of the physical process that causes extreme rainfall can allow rapid responses from decision-makers to lessen the impact of natural disasters on the local population. Satellite monitoring is widely used for this purpose and is essential for regions where terrestrial observations are limited or non-existent. The primary purpose of this study is to describe the performance of satellite products for extreme rainfall events that caused natural disasters in various climate regimes in Brazil and discuss the contribution of mesoscale convective systems (MCS) to these events. We defined regions based on the climatological rainfall distribution. Cases with rain values above the 99th percentile during 2012–2016 were considered statistically extreme. Our analysis is based on three datasets, with precipitation from (i) rain gauge stations, (ii) different satellite-based estimates, and (iii) mesoscale convective tracking data. The methodology was based on identifying extreme rainfall events, analyzing the performance of satellite precipitation estimates and, finally, quantifying the influence of convective systems on extreme rain. Although all regions of Brazil may be affected by natural disasters caused by extreme rains, the results suggest that the impacts caused in each region are different in magnitude. Convective systems explained over 90% of extreme rains in the case analyzed in Brazil’s south and about 60% to 90% of extreme rains in the case analyzed in the Northeast. In general, satellite products have identified rain events; however, in the southern region of Brazil, products have tended to overestimate rainfall, while other regions have tended to underestimate extreme rain values. The methods used in satellite precipitation estimation products have limitations to accurately identifying specific extreme rain events.
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Hidayati, Nurul, SB Soeryamassoeka, and Henny Herawati. "RAINFALL ANALYSIS FOR CREATING INTENSITY-DURATION-FREQUENCY (IDF) CURVE OF PONTIANAK CITY." Jurnal Teknik Sipil 23, no. 4 (November 28, 2023): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.26418/jts.v23i4.66810.

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Pontianak is a lowland area prone to flooding if it rains with high rainfall intensity. Analysis of the planned flood discharge is needed to overcome the flood problem. The design flood discharge analysis can be calculated using the rational method, which requires rain intensity data in terms of duration and frequency, which can be described as an IDF curve.This research was conducted by calculating the average daily maximum rainfall after conducting consistency and homogeneity tests on the rainfall data used and determining the selected distribution based on the results of statistical parameters. The rain design with various return periods is calculated with the desired distribution that matches Pontianak City. The rainfall intensity calculation uses the Mononobe method because the rainfall data owned is daily rainfall data.The analysis results show that the Log Pearson Type III distribution corresponds to the data distribution in Pontianak. From the IDF curve, it can be seen that high rainfall intensity lasts for a short duration; this can prove the general nature of rain that the faster the rain stays, the higher the rainfall intensity and vice versa. The IDF curve can assist in calculating the design flood discharge.
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Kim, Min-Seong, and Byung Kwon. "Rainfall Detection and Rainfall Rate Estimation Using Microwave Attenuation." Atmosphere 9, no. 8 (July 24, 2018): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos9080287.

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Eight microwave links operating at frequencies ranging from 6 to 8 GHz and with path lengths ranging from 5.7 to 37.4 km traversing the city of Seoul, Korea are used to detect rainfall and estimate path-averaged rainfall rates. Rainfall detection using rain-induced attenuation (dB) was validated by rain detectors installed at automatic weather stations, and the results confirmed that microwave links can be used to detect rainfall with an accuracy ≥80%. The power-law R-k relationships between rain-induced specific attenuation, k (dB km−1), and the rainfall rate, R (mm h−1), were established and cross-validated by estimating the path-averaged rainfall rate. The mean bias of the path-averaged rainfall rate, as compared to the rainfall rate from ground rain gauges, was between −3 and 1 mm h−1. The improved accuracy of rainfall detection led to the improved accuracy of the path-averaged rainfall rate. Hence, it was confirmed that microwave links, used for broadcasting and media communications, can identify rainy or dry periods (rain spells or dry spells) in a way comparable to rain detectors and provide high time-resolution rainfall rates in real time.
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Subiyanti, Hesti, Ahmad Rifa’i, and Rachmad Jayadi. "Analisis Kelongsoran Lereng Akibat Pengaruh Tekanan Air Pori di Saluran Induk Kalibawang Kulonprogo." Semesta Teknika 14, no. 1 (December 16, 2015): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18196/st.v14i1.566.

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During rainy seasons, landslide occurs every year in Talang Bawong, Kalibawang Irrigation Channel thatcan damage houses, school building, bridge and the channel. Considering this fact, a numerical analysis by modeling the slope at the site was conducted. The objectives of this research were to identify the rain characteristic in the research site and to recognize its influence towards the change of water pressure in soil as well as the slope failure. The input data of this analysis were slope topography, physical and mechanical properties of soil applied. Groundwater flow in the slope model was numerically simulated by using SEEP/W software. Designed rainfall with appropriate return period was determined by analizing the maximum daily rainfall data with the aid of HAVARA software, while rainfall depth distribution was completed by applying frequency analysis. The historical daily rainfall data (1985 – 2004) were obtained from Kalibawang rain stasiun. Six rainfall models, as follow: initial condition (no rain) (model I), heavy rain in a short duration (model II), normal rain 25 mm and 40 mm in a long duration (model III), normal rain 20 mm in a long duration (model IV), heavy rain followed by normal rain 20 mm (model V), and normal rain 20 mm followed by heavy rain (model VI) Were analyzed. The output of the simulation was water pressure distribution data, which in turn being used as input data in analyzing slope stability using the SLOPE/W software. The result of the research showed that the highest rainfall with 2-year-return period was 114 mm while the dominant duration was 4 hours/day, and it was applied in the model II. The result showed that, a normal rain in a long duration is more severely influenced the change in water pressure than a heavy rain in a short duration. The safety factors are 1,444 for no rain condition, 1,418 for 114 mm rain for 4 hours, 1,208 for 25 mm and 40 mm rains, 0,982 for 20 mm rain, 1,397 for heavy rain followed by normal rain, and 1,402 for normal rain followed by heavy rain. In addition, a 20 mm normal rain on the 61st day resulted in the most severe influence on the slope failure.
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Peleg, N., M. Ben-Asher, and E. Morin. "Radar subpixel-scale rainfall variability and uncertainty: a lesson learned from observations of a dense rain-gauge network." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, no. 1 (January 2, 2013): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-1-2013.

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Abstract. Hydrological models for runoff estimations and flash-flood predictions are very sensitive to rainfall's spatial and temporal variability. The increasing use of radar and satellite data in hydrological applications, due to the sparse distribution of rain gauges over most catchments worldwide, requires improving our knowledge of the uncertainties of these data. In 2011, a new super-dense network of rain gauges, containing 27 gauges covering an area of about 4 km2, was installed near Kibbutz Galed in northern Israel. This network was established for a detailed exploration of the uncertainties and errors regarding rainfall variability in remote-sensing at subpixel-scale resolution. In this paper, we present the analysis of the first year's record collected from this network and from the Shacham weather radar. The gauge–rainfall spatial correlation and uncertainty were examined along with the estimated radar error. The zero-distance correlation between rain gauges was high (0.92 on the 1-min scale) and increased as the time scale increased. The variance of the differences between radar pixel rainfall and averaged point rainfall (the variance reduction factor – VRF) was 1.6%, as measured for the 1-min scale. It was also found that at least four uniformly distributed rain stations are needed to represent the rainfall on the radar pixel scale. The radar–rain gauge error was mainly derived from radar estimation errors as the gauge sampling error contributed up to 22% to the total error. The radar rainfall estimations improved with increasing time scale and the radar-to-true rainfall ratio decreased with increasing time scale. Rainfall measurements collected with this network of rain gauges in the coming years will be used for further examination of rainfall's spatial and temporal variability.
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Fernández-Alvarez, José C., Albenis Pérez-Alarcon, Alfo J. Batista-Leyva, and Oscar Díaz-Rodríguez. "Evaluation of Precipitation Forecast of System: Numerical Tools for Hurricane Forecast." Advances in Meteorology 2020 (August 5, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8815949.

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Heavy rainfall events, typically associated with tropical cyclones (TCs), provoke intense flooding, consequently causing severe losses to life and property. Therefore, the amount and distribution of rain associated with TCs must be forecasted precisely within a reasonable time to guarantee the protection of lives and goods. In this study, the skill of the Numerical Tool for Hurricane Forecast (NTHF) for determining rainfall pattern, average rainfall, rainfall volume, and extreme amounts of rain observed during TCs is evaluated against Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) data. A sample comprising nine systems formed in the North Atlantic basin from 2016 to 2018 is used, where the analysis begins 24 h before landfall. Several statistical indices characterising the abilities of the NTHF and climatology and persistence model for rainfalls (R-CLIPER) for forecasting rain as measured by the TRMM are calculated at 24, 48, and 72 h forecasts for each TC and averaged. The model under consideration presents better forecasting skills than the R-CLIPER for all the attributes evaluated and demonstrates similar performances compared with models reported in the literature. The proposed model predicts the average rainfall well and presents a good description of the rain pattern. However, its forecast of extreme rain is only applicable for 24 h.
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Hartono, Hartono, Farzand Abdullatif, Sugito Sugito, and Zaroh Irayani. "Design of Turbine-Based Rain Measurement System." Jurnal Teras Fisika 1, no. 1 (February 13, 2018): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.jtf.2018.1.1.359.

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Rain measurement systems have significantly developed. In this work, a novel modification to commonly used rain measurement systems is developed. It comprises a turbine with an infrared sensor to detect its rotation. The design of the rainfall collecting funnel refers to that of general use. The prototype of the design has been characterized with an artificial rainfall, namely continuously flowing water kept at a certain debit. For characterization purpose, the water debit is gradually changed to simulate variations in rainfalls. Important results based on the characterization are threshold value of 0.01 mm/min and average deviation of 1.36%, suggesting that this tool is able to detect even a weak rainfall.
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Bridger, Nguyen, and Chiao. "Developing Spatially Accurate Rainfall Predictions for the San Francisco Bay Area through Case Studies of Atmospheric River and other Synoptic Events." Atmosphere 10, no. 9 (September 12, 2019): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10090541.

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Rainfall patterns in the San Francisco Bay Area (SFBA) are highly influenced by local topography. It has been a forecasting challenge for the main US forecast models. This study investigates the ability of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to improve upon forecasts, with particular emphasis on the rain shadow common to the southern end of the SFBA. Three rain events were evaluated: a mid-season atmospheric river (AR) event with copious rains; a typical non-AR frontal passage rain event; and an area-wide rain event in which zero rain was recorded in the southern SFBA. The results show that, with suitable choices of parameterizations, the WRF model with a resolution around 1 km can forecast the observed rainfall patterns with good accuracy, and would be suitable for operational use, especially to water and emergency managers. Additionally, the three synoptic situations were investigated for further insight into the common ingredients for either flooding rains or strong rain shadow events.
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Barszcz, Mariusz Paweł. "Ocena przydatności disdrometru laserowego i radaru meteorologicznego do szacowania wielkości opadów deszczu = Assessment of the suitability of the laser disdrometer and meteorological radar for rainfall estimation." Przegląd Geograficzny 94, no. 4 (2022): 451–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.7163/przg.2022.4.3.

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Measurements of precipitation conducted at the WULS-SGGW meteorological station in Warsaw in 2012-2014 and 2019-2020 using a tipping-bucket rain gauge and the laser disdrometer (Parsivel) as well as data obtained from the meteorological radar allowed to collect data enabling the assessment of the usefulness of the disdrometer and radar for estimating rainfalls. The data for the entire study period were used for analysis the correlation relationship between the 24-hour rainfall depths estimated on the basis of the rain gauge and the disdrometer. From the data set for the years 2012-2014, 21 individual events were selected for further analysis, for which rainfall data estimated on the basis of radar in the form of a PAC hydrological product were also available. The rainfall data from the disdrometer and radar were used for analysis the correlation relationships between them and corresponding measurements from the rain gauge. The scope of the study also included a comparison of the values of rainfall totals estimated for 21 single events using the disdrometer and radar in relation to data measured with the rain gauge. The simple method of adjusting the depths of rainfall estimated on the basis of the disdrometer proposed in this paper, was able to reduce significantly the differences in the values of rainfall totals for single events between the data from the disdrometer and the rain gauge.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Rain and rainfall"

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To, Chun-hung. "Stochastic model of daily rainfall." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 1989. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31976098.

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Loong, Man-chun. "An investigation of the rainfall in Hong Kong in the past forty years." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 1989. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31976049.

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Faridhosseini, Alireza. "Evaluation of Summer Rainfall Estimation by Satellite Data using the ANN Model for the GCM Subgrid Distribution." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1998. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_etd_hy0021_m_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.

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Seed, Alan William. "Statistical problems in measuring convective rainfall." Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=74251.

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Simulations based on a month of radar data from Florida, and a summer of radar data from Nelspruit, South Africa, were used to quantify the errors in the measurement of mean areal rainfall which arise simply as a result of the extreme variability of convective rainfall, even with perfect remote sensing instruments. The raingauge network measurement errors were established for random and regular network configurations using daily and monthly radar-rainfall accumulations over large areas. A relationship to predict the measurement error for mean areal rainfall using sparse networks as a function of raining area, number of gauges, and the variability of the rainfield was developed and tested. The manner in which the rainfield probability distribution is transformed under increasing spatial and temporal averaging was investigated from two perspectives. Firstly, an empirical relationship was developed to transform the probability distribution based on some measurement scale, into a distribution based on a standard measurement length. Secondly, a conceptual model based on multiplicative cascades was used to derive a scale independent probability distribution.
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Welles, Edwin. "Comparison of rainfall sampling schemes using a calibrated Stochastic Rainfall Generator." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1994. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_etd_hy0062_m_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.

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Lau, Wai-hin. "Stochastic analysis of monthly rainfall in Hong Kong /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1991. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13028315.

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Michaud, Jene Diane. "RAINFALL-RUNOFF MODELING OF FLASH FLOODS IN SEMI-ARID WATERSHEDS." Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/614156.

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Flash floods caused by localized thunderstorms are a natural hazard of the semi -arid Southwest, and many communities have responded by installing ALERT flood forecasting systems. This study explored a rainfall- runoff modeling approach thought to be appropriate for forecasting in such watersheds. The kinematic model KINEROS was evaluated because it is a distributed model developed specifically for desert regions, and can be applied to basins without historic data. This study examined the accuracy of KINEROS under data constraints that are typical of semi -arid ALERT watersheds. The model was validated at the 150 km2, semi -arid Walnut Gulch experimental watershed. Under the conditions examined, KINEROS provided poor simulations of runoff volume and peak flow, but good simulations of time to peak. For peak flows, the standard error of estimate was nearly 100% of the observed mean. Surprisingly, when model parameters were based only on measurable watershed properties, simulated peak flows were as accurate as when parameters were calibrated on some historic data. The accuracy of KINEROS was compared to that of the SCS model. When calibrated, a distributed SCS model with a simple channel loss component was as accurate as KINEROS. Reasons for poor simulations were investigated by examining a) rainfall sampling errors, b) model sensitivity and dynamics, and c) trends in simulation accuracy. The cause of poor simulations was divided between rainfall sampling errors and other problems. It was found that when raingage densities are on the order of 1/20 km2, rainfall sampling errors preclude the consistent and reliable simulation of runoff from localized thunderstorms. Even when rainfall errors were minimized, accuracy of simulations were still poor. Good results, however, have been obtained with KINEROS on small watersheds; the problem is not KINEROS itself but its application at larger scales. The study also examined the hydrology of thunderstorm -generated floods at Walnut Gulch. The space -time dynamics of rainfall and runoff were characterized and found to be of fundamental importance. Hillslope infiltration was found to exert a dominant control on runoff, although flow hydraulics, channel losses, and initial soil moisture are also important. Watershed response was found to be nonlinear.
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To, Chun-hung, and 杜振雄. "Stochastic model of daily rainfall." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1989. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31976098.

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Loong, Man-chun, and 龍文俊. "An investigation of the rainfall in Hong Kong in the past forty years." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1989. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31976049.

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Tian, Daquan. "Rainfall spatial and seasonal variability analysis in semi-arid watersheds." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1993. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_etd_hy0256_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.

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Books on the topic "Rain and rainfall"

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Reed, Teresa. Rain, rain, go away. New York, N.Y: Aladdin Paperbacks, 1996.

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Laser, Michael. The rain. New York: Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers, 1997.

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Kelly, Andrew. Rain. [Santa Rosa, CA]: SRA, 1994.

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Donald, Crews, ed. Rain. New York: Scholastic Inc., 1993.

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Hernandez, Christopher. Rain. New York: Scholastic, 2012.

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Dineen, Jacqueline. Rain. New York: Bookwright Press, 1989.

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Pat, Robson, ed. Rain. Harlow: Longman, 1985.

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Ruiz, Andrés Llamas. Rain. New York: Sterling Pub., 1996.

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ill, Narahashi Keiko, ed. Rain talk. New York: Margaret K. McElderry Books, 1990.

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ill, Narahashi Keiko, ed. Rain talk. New York: Aladdin Books, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Rain and rainfall"

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Bandara, H. A. A. I. S., and Ryo Onishi. "High Resolution Numerical Weather Simulation for Orographic Precipitation as an Accurate Early Warning Tool for Landslide Vulnerable Terrains." In Progress in Landslide Research and Technology, 239–46. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44296-4_11.

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AbstractAccurate early warning for rain-induced landslides is still challenging due to regional and local variations of rainfall prediction due to low accuracy, and resolution. The “Multi-Scale Simulator for the Geoenvironment (MSSG)” system, developed by the Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology and Waseda University allows for high-resolution simulations and seamless modeling of weather and climate interactions, and employs advanced meteorological aspects.MSSG simulations compared with rainfall data recorded in the Aranayaka automated rain gauge for past events, including the devastating landslide in 2016. The simulations achieved satisfactory results in reproducing rainfall events. Higher-resolution simulations exhibited higher maximum rainfall intensity and cumulative rainfall accumulation. This study emphasizes the importance of considering finer scales in meteorological simulations to effectively capture the intricate variations associated with extreme rainfall events. This study places significant emphasis on the importance of considering finer scales in meteorological simulations in order to confirm the necessity of high resolutions to capture the temporal and spatial variations of orographic rainfall.
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Krajewski, Witold F. "Cokriging Radar-Rainfall and Rain Gage Data." In Collected Reprint Series, 9571–80. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118782071.ch4.

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Tamaki, Motonori, Takatoshi Hiraki, Yoshihiro Nakagawa, Tomiki Kobayashi, Masahide Aikawa, and Mitsuru Shoga. "Study on Sampling Method of Rainfall, Throughfall, and Stemflow to Monitor the Effect of Acid Deposition on Forest Ecosystem." In Acid rain 2000, 1511–16. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0810-5_99.

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Huntley, Brian John. "Solar Energy, Temperature and Rainfall." In Ecology of Angola, 95–125. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18923-4_5.

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AbstractThe climatic forces that determine Angola’s biodiversity and ecosystem patterns (and all life forms on Earth) are based on the energy that comes from the Sun. This chapter examines the concepts and functioning of solar radiation and photosynthesis, the basis of primary production. Strong seasonality of temperature and rainfall and their variation across latitude and altitude result in the diversity of Angola biomes, including Guineo-congolian lowland rain forest, Afromontane forest, mesic savanna, arid savanna, desert and mangrove biomes. Driving the climatic gradients are the oceanic and atmospheric systems, dominated in the north by the Intertropical Convergence Zone and in the south by the South Atlantic and Botswana Anticyclones. The physical processes driving these systems are described, and the local influences of maritime, continental, altitudinal and aspect factors that account for subtle changes from one ecoregion to the next are illustrated graphically and statistically. The recent impacts of El Niño events are described and the anticipated impacts of climate change on Angola are outlined.
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Konagai, Kazuo, Asiri Karunawardena, Kithsiri N. Bandara, Kyoji Sassa, Ryo Onishi, Ryosuke Uzuoka, Shiho Asano, Katsuo Sasahara, Sanchitha Jayakody, and Imaya Ariyarathna. "Early Warning System Against Rainfall-Induced Landslide in Sri Lanka." In Progress in Landslide Research and Technology, Volume 1 Issue 1, 2022, 217–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16898-7_16.

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AbstractBased on solid evidence, scientists attribute the global warming trend observed since the mid-twentieth century to the human expansion of the “greenhouse effect.” Extreme rainfall events have become more frequent worldwide, resulting in hydro-meteorological hazards creating more deaths and devastation. One of the most remarkable disasters of rain-induced rapid long-traveling landslides (RRLL) in Sri Lanka took place at Aranayake, 70 km east of Colombo, in 2016 (JICA Survey Team (2016), Survey results of Aranayake Disaster, JICA. URL: https://www.jica.go.jp/srilanka/english/office/topics/c8h0vm00006ufwhl-att/160720.pdf [Last accessed: April 14, 2020]). The fluidized landslide mass ran over an about 2 km distance claiming the lives of 125 people. This tragic event highlighted the importance of reliable early warning and disaster management mechanisms even more than ever because the presence of these hidden unstable soil masses, as well as their run-out distances, are hardly predicted. Once they start sliding, it is almost impossible to stop them. Since 2020 (after the preceding period of 2019), both the National Building Research Organization, Sri Lanka (NBRO) and the International Consortium on Landslides (ICL) have jointly started a new 5-year research project, “Development of early warning technology of Rain-induced Rapid and Long-travelling Landslides (Project RRLL),” within the framework of SATREPS. SATREPS, standing for “Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development,” is a Japanese government program promoting international joint research. This article reports on the outline of the project, including its background, goals, plans of plots for developing critical technologies for the early warning system, etc.
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Smith, Eric A., and Throy D. Hollis. "Performance Evaluation of Level-2 TRMM Rain Profile Algorithms by Intercomparison and Hypothesis Testing." In Cloud Systems, Hurricanes, and the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), 207–22. Boston, MA: American Meteorological Society, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-878220-63-9_19.

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Choudhury, Biswajit, and Anil Kumar Kar. "Rain-Gauge Network Design and Rainfall Estimation—Case Study of Odisha Basins." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 537–46. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9147-9_43.

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Perales, Javier, Gianpierre Zapata, and Carlos Raymundo. "Energy Model Based on Fluvial Rainfall for the Rural Population with Torrential Rain." In Proceedings of the 4th Brazilian Technology Symposium (BTSym'18), 171–79. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16053-1_16.

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Shiba, S., R. Ito, and T. Sueishi. "Effect of Rainfall Intensity on Acid Rain Formation by Absorption of Sulfur Dioxide." In Water Pollution: Modelling, Measuring and Prediction, 735–48. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3694-5_51.

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Hakim, Bachir, Etsouri Salim, Smadhi Dalila, and Semar Ahcène. "Representation of Rainfall in Regions with a Low Distribution of Rain Gauging Stations." In Climate Change, Natural Resources and Sustainable Environmental Management, 262–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04375-8_30.

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Conference papers on the topic "Rain and rainfall"

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Kunhikrishnan, P. K., M. R. Sivaraman, N. V. P. Kiran Kumar, and Denny Alappatu. "Rain Observations with Micro Rain Radar (MRR) over a Tropical Station." In INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON RAINFALL RATE AND RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION (ISRR '07). AIP, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2767024.

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Rajasekhar, M., B. V. Appa Rao, A. K. Ghosh, U. Abdul Rahim, K. Prakasam, and G. V. Rama. "Heavy Rain Rate Characteristics over Sriharikota." In INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON RAINFALL RATE AND RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION (ISRR '07). AIP, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2767015.

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Roy, Surendra Kr, Santosh Kr Jha, and Lallan Jha. "Theoretical Analysis of Rain Attenuation Probability." In INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON RAINFALL RATE AND RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION (ISRR '07). AIP, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2767035.

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Suresh, S. "Short Term Rain Prediction For Sustainability of Tanks in the Tropic Influenced by Shadow Rains." In INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON RAINFALL RATE AND RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION (ISRR '07). AIP, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2767021.

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Zrnic, Dusan S. "Rain Characteristic Revealed with the Polarimetric Radar." In INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON RAINFALL RATE AND RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION (ISRR '07). AIP, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2767010.

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Maheskumar, R. S., S. B. Morwal, and R. Vijayakumar. "A Micro Rain Radar for Precipitation Characterization." In INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON RAINFALL RATE AND RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION (ISRR '07). AIP, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2767041.

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KIM, Jaekwang. "Seasonal Heavy Rain Forecasting Method." In 2nd International Conference on Soft Computing, Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning (SAIM 2021). AIRCC Publishing Corporation, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2021.111002.

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In this study, we study the technique for predicting heavy / non-rain rainfall after 6 hours from the present using the values of the weather attributes. Through this study, we investigated whether each attribute value is influenced by a specific pattern of weather maps representing heavy and non-heavy rains or seasonally when making heavy / non-heavy forecasts. For the experiment, a 20-year cumulative weather map was learned with Support Vector Machine (SVM) and tested using a set of correct answers for heavy rain and heavy rain. As a result of the experiment, it was found that the heavy rain prediction of SVM showed an accuracy rate of up to 70%, and that it was seasonal variation rather than a specific pattern that influenced the prediction.
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Rao, S. Vijaya Bhaskara. "Rain Attenuation Studies in Tropics — A Critical Review." In INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON RAINFALL RATE AND RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION (ISRR '07). AIP, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2767013.

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Amitai, Eyal. "Studying Rain Rate from Space and Ground Observations." In INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON RAINFALL RATE AND RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION (ISRR '07). AIP, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2767009.

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Sinha, R., and A. Kumar. "Study of Radio Wave Attenuation by Rain Drops." In INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON RAINFALL RATE AND RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION (ISRR '07). AIP, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2767032.

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Reports on the topic "Rain and rainfall"

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Rivera-Giboyeaux, Arelis. RADAR DERIVED RAINFALL AND RAIN GAUGE MEASUREMENTS AT SRS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1602977.

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Downing, W. Logan, Howell Li, William T. Morgan, Cassandra McKee, and Darcy M. Bullock. Using Probe Data Analytics for Assessing Freeway Speed Reductions during Rain Events. Purdue University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317350.

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Rain impacts roadways such as wet pavement, standing water, decreased visibility, and wind gusts and can lead to hazardous driving conditions. This study investigates the use of high fidelity Doppler data at 1 km spatial and 2-minute temporal resolution in combination with commercial probe speed data on freeways. Segment-based space-mean speeds were used and drops in speeds during rainfall events of 5.5 mm/hour or greater over a one-month period on a section of four to six-lane interstate were assessed. Speed reductions were evaluated as a time series over a 1-hour window with the rain data. Three interpolation methods for estimating rainfall rates were tested and seven metrics were developed for the analysis. The study found sharp drops in speed of more than 40 mph occurred at estimated rainfall rates of 30 mm/hour or greater, but the drops did not become more severe beyond this threshold. The average time of first detected rainfall to impacting speeds was 17 minutes. The bilinear method detected the greatest number of events during the 1-month period, with the most conservative rate of predicted rainfall. The range of rainfall intensities were estimated between 7.5 to 106 mm/hour for the 39 events. This range was much greater than the heavy rainfall categorization at 16 mm/hour in previous studies reported in the literature. The bilinear interpolation method for Doppler data is recommended because it detected the greatest number of events and had the longest rain duration and lowest estimated maximum rainfall out of three methods tested, suggesting the method balanced awareness of the weather conditions around the roadway with isolated, localized rain intensities.
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Douglas, Thomas, Merritt Turetsky, and Charles Koven. Increased rainfall stimulates permafrost thaw across a variety of Interior Alaskan boreal ecosystems. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41050.

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Earth’s high latitudes are projected to experience warmer and wetter summers in the future but ramifications for soil thermal processes and permafrost thaw are poorly understood. Here we present 2750 end of summer thaw depths representing a range of vegetation characteristics in Interior Alaska measured over a 5-year period. This included the top and third wettest summers in the 91-year record and three summers with precipitation close to mean historical values. Increased rainfall led to deeper thaw across all sites with an increase of 0.7 ± 0.1 cm of thaw per cm of additional rain. Disturbed and wetland sites were the most vulnerable to rain-induced thaw with ~1 cm of surface thaw per additional 1 cm of rain. Permafrost in tussock tundra, mixed forest, and conifer forest was less sensitive to rain-induced thaw. A simple energy budget model yields seasonal thaw values smaller than the linear regression of our measurements but provides a first-order estimate of the role of rain-driven sensible heat fluxes in high-latitude terrestrial permafrost. This study demonstrates substantial permafrost thaw from the projected increasing summer precipitation across most of the Arctic region.
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Charley, William J. The Estimation of Rainfall for Flood Forecasting Using Radar and Rain Gage Data. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada200802.

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Wagner, Anna, Christopher Hiemstra, Glen Liston, Katrina Bennett, Dan Cooley, and Arthur Gelvin. Changes in climate and its effect on timing of snowmelt and intensity-duration-frequency curves. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41402.

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Snow is a critical water resource for much of the U.S. and failure to account for changes in climate could deleteriously impact military assets. In this study, we produced historical and future snow trends through modeling at three military sites (in Washington, Colorado, and North Dakota) and the Western U.S. For selected rivers, we performed seasonal trend analysis of discharge extremes. We calculated flood frequency curves and estimated the probability of occurrence of future annual maximum daily rainfall depths. Additionally, we generated intensity-duration-frequency curves (IDF) to find rainfall intensities at several return levels. Generally, our results showed a decreasing trend in historical and future snow duration, rain-on-snow events, and snowmelt runoff. This decreasing trend in snowpack could reduce water resources. A statistically significant increase in maximum streamflow for most rivers at the Washington and North Dakota sites occurred for several months of the year. In Colorado, only a few months indicated such an increase. Future IDF curves for Colorado and North Dakota indicated a slight increase in rainfall intensity whereas the Washington site had about a twofold increase. This increase in rainfall intensity could result in major flood events, demonstrating the importance of accounting for climate changes in infrastructure planning.
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Brewer, K. D. Water level data from the Bells Corners Borehole Calibration Facility (2019-2021), Ottawa, Ontario. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/330087.

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The Geological Survey of Canada's deep borehole test site at the Bells Corners Borehole Calibration Facility in Ottawa, Ontario, has been in use since the 1980's for the development and calibration of geophysical logging instrumentation. In more recent times, the need for monitored deep borehole sites in Canada is increasingly important for long-term research into groundwater flow through fractured bedrock, and surface to groundwater interaction. In 2019, the facility underwent repairs to reopen deep boreholes, replace surface casings, and install atmospheric monitoring equipment. This report documents new groundwater level datasets in three of the six boreholes in the well cluster from March 2019 to October 2021. The compilation also integrates rainfall and air temperature data from a rain gauge installed on the site which provides insight into the rapid response times of this fractured bedrock system. This new water level information augments the growing number of datasets supporting the ongoing study of hydrogeological conditions at the calibration facility.
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Agassi, Menahem, Michael J. Singer, Eyal Ben-Dor, Naftaly Goldshleger, Donald Rundquist, Dan Blumberg, and Yoram Benyamini. Developing Remote Sensing Based-Techniques for the Evaluation of Soil Infiltration Rate and Surface Roughness. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7586479.bard.

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The objective of this one-year project was to show whether a significant correlation can be established between the decreasing infiltration rate of the soil, during simulated rainstorm, and a following increase in the reflectance of the crusting soil. The project was supposed to be conducted under laboratory conditions, using at least three types of soils from each country. The general goal of this work was to develop a method for measuring the soil infiltration rate in-situ, solely from the reflectance readings, using a spectrometer. Loss of rain and irrigation water from cultivated fields is a matter of great concern, especially in arid, semi-arid regions, e.g. much of Israel and vast area in US, where water is a limiting factor for crop production. A major reason for runoff of rain and overhead irrigation water is the structural crust that is generated over a bare soils surface during rainfall or overhead irrigation events and reduces its infiltration rate (IR), considerably. IR data is essential for predicting the amount of percolating rainwater and runoff. Available information on in situ infiltration rate and crust strength is necessary for the farmers to consider: when it is necessary to cultivate for breaking the soil crust, crust strength and seedlings emergence, precision farming, etc. To date, soil IR is measured in the laboratory and in small-scale field plots, using rainfall simulators. This method is tedious and consumes considerable resources. Therefore, an available, non-destructive-in situ methods for soil IR and soil crusting levels evaluations, are essential for the verification of infiltration and runoff models and the evaluation of the amount of available water in the soil. In this research, soil samples from the US and Israel were subjected to simulated rainstorms of increasing levels of cumulative energies, during which IR (crusting levels) were measured. The soils from the US were studied simultaneously in the US and in Israel in order to compare the effect of the methodology on the results. The soil surface reflectance was remotely measured, using laboratory and portable spectrometers in the VIS-NIR and SWIR spectral region (0.4-2.5mm). A correlation coefficient spectra in which the wavelength, consisting of the higher correlation, was selected to hold the highest linear correlation between the spectroscopy and the infiltration rate. There does not appear to be a single wavelength that will be best for all soils. The results with the six soils in both countries indeed showed that there is a significant correlation between the infiltration rate of crusted soils and their reflectance values. Regarding the wavelength with the highest correlation for each soil, it is likely that either a combined analysis with more then one wavelength or several "best" wavelengths will be found that will provide useful data on soil surface condition and infiltration rate. The product of this work will serve as a model for predicting infiltration rate and crusting levels solely from the reflectance readings. Developing the aforementioned methodologies will allow increased utilization of rain and irrigation water, reduced runoff, floods and soil erosion hazards, reduced seedlings emergence problems and increased plants stand and yields.
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Rantanen, Mika, Kimmo Ruosteenoja, Sanna Luhtala, Meri Virman, Havu Pellikka, Suraj Polade, Reija Ruuhela, and Anna Luomaranta. Ilmastonmuutos pääkaupunkiseudulla. Finnish Meteorological Institute, May 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361737.

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Greenhouse gas emissions caused by human activity have already warmed the climate of Earth by more than one degree. Significant changes have been observed e.g. in the intensity of heatwaves and heavy rainfall. Future climate change depends on human emissions, but it is likely that the global mean temperature still rises by another 1–2 degrees by the end of this century. The ongoing global warming is already visible in the climate of the capital region. Many of the observed changes are consistent with what human-caused intensification of the greenhouse effect will bring. During the past 60 years, the average temperatures have risen in all seasons, but the strongest warming has been observed in winter. Precipitation has increased in the winter season, but no statistically significant trends in precipitation can be observed in other seasons. In addition to the average climatic conditions, heatwaves have intensified with a stronger increase in the inland regions than on the coast. In this report, the latest climate change projections based on CMIP6 climate models and SSP greenhouse gas scenarios used in the IPCC's Sixth Assessment Report are presented. According to the moderate SSP2-4.5 emission scenario, the average temperatures are predicted to rise in the capital region by 2.5–3 degrees in all months from the period 1981–2010 by the period 2040–2069. The warming is slightly weaker than in Finland on average, and the changes are somewhat larger in winter than in summer. A milder winter climate results in a further decrease in snow and ice cover. The rising temperatures in summer bring stronger heatwaves, heavy rainfalls and prolonged periods of droughts. There are no clear signs of change in the windiness, and thus winter storms are not predicted to be notably stronger in the future than they are now. Instead, the amount of precipitation induced by winter cyclones increases and comes more often as rain than snow. The sea level is not projected to rise much by the mid-century, but by the end of the century it is estimated to rise by about 25 cm from its current level. Even according to the most optimistic emission scenario, the climate in the capital region would warm by more than one degree by the 2080s. The climate change by the end of the century experienced by future generations is highly dependent on human emissions, and one must be ready to prepare for some degree of change. On the other hand, the climate in the capital region is subject to significant natural variability, and therefore cold periods of weather may occur also in the future.
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Näslund-Hadley, Emma, María Clara Ramos, Juan Roberto Paredes, Ángela Bolivar, and Gustavo Wilches-Chaux. Our Climate is Changing. Inter-American Development Bank, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006273.

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People used to take the weather and climate for granted -butnot anymore! They are both now studied intensively by scientists and discussed by celebrities and newscasters as they become increasingly important to our own daily lives. Every place on Earth has a climate. A climate includes factors that remain fairly constant for at least 30 years, such as temperature, humidity, the amount of water present in the air, and rainfall. The region between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn is called the intertropical (or equatorial) region. This is Earth's "waist" where there are no seasons. The weather tends to remain constant throughout the year. When discussing areas in these regions, instead of referring to seasonal weather changes, we might refer to them as having a rainy climate, meaning it rains frequently all year long. The weather in countries above and below the intertropical region are affected by seasons. For example, these climates may be rainy in the winter and dry in the summer. Weather refers to short-term conditions in a particular area that can quickly change, sometimes within minutes. Climate, however, does not normally change at a rapid pace. In fact, it can take years, decades, or even longer before changes in the climate can be felt.
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Valencia-Amaya, Mauricio G., and Dolores de la Mata. The Health Impacts of Severe Climate Shocks in Colombia. Inter-American Development Bank, July 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011649.

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This paper studies the link between severe weather shocks in Colombia and municipality-level incidence of dengue and malaria. The unexpectedly high variability of the 2010 rainfalls relative to previous periods and their regional heterogeneity are exploited as an identification strategy. A differences-indifferences DD) strategy is thereby implemented where the period 2007-2009 is defined as the pre-treatment period and 2010-2011 as the post-treatment period. The treatment group is all municipalities that experienced higher intra-year rain variability in 2010 than in 2007-2009. The results from the different specifications confirm that the relationship between climate events and vector-borne diseases is intricate. The 2010 weather shocks are associated with not only an increase in the number of dengue cases, in the case of high variability (but not extreme) yearly rain, but also a decrease in its incidence, in particular in the presence of extreme rain events. Floods seem to have decreased the number of dengue cases.
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