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Journal articles on the topic 'Railway standards'
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1
STEVENSON, T. D. "RAILWAY GROUP STANDARDS: SETTING STANDARDS TO IMPROVE SAFETY ON THE RAILWAYS." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Transport 111, no. 4 (November 1995): 260–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/itran.1995.28028.
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Allan, J., and D. S. Armstrong. "The new European electromagnetic compatibility standards for railways." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 212, no. 2 (March 1, 1998): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954409981530742.
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The EC directive on electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) was first agreed in 1989. Generic EMC standards appeared in the early 1990s. However, a transition period was implemented throughout the community from 1992 until December 1995, largely in order for product-specific standards to appear and also to allow time for industry to adapt to the change in legislation. At radio frequencies, the railway industry in the United Kingdom had made use of a standard produced by the Railway Industry Association (RIA) Committee 18 prior to the European Commission (EC) directive. This committee has made a substantial contribution to the Cenelec (European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization) working groups which have produced five railway EMC pre-standards (ENV50121-1 to ENV50121-5) which were agreed in December 1995. There is a need in the period of two to three years from this date to develop the pre-standards and trial them with a view to turning them into full standards. Compliance with the EMC directive must be via the technical construction file route until the ENVs are converted to ENs and published in the official journal. This paper explains the standards used in the United Kingdom for EMC on railways prior to the EC directive and it describes the progress made towards developing the European pre-standards covering ‘A description of railway EMC’(ENV50121-1), ‘A method of measurement and cartography’ (ENV50121-2), ‘Railway vehicles’ (ENV50121-3), ‘Railway signalling’ (ENV50121-4) and ‘Fixed power installations’ (ENV50121-5). The paper shows the derivation of the major parts of the standards, including details of railway test data used to determine limits. The paper concludes by showing the implications for the railway industry in implementation and the expected progress in the next five years.
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Tanimura, Y. "Design Standards for Railway Structures." Concrete Journal 49, no. 5 (2011): 5_33–5_38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3151/coj.49.5_33.
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Krämer, Ludwig. "eu Policy and Law Regarding Railways and the Environment." Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law 13, no. 1 (April 18, 2016): 30–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18760104-01301003.
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For decades, railway issues were considered, in Europe, as being almost entirely in the responsibility of the Member States. This history is even reflected in the present eu approach on railway issues which has, as one of its political priorities, the objective to ensure the interoperability of national legal and technical standards all over the eu. The development of trans-European transport networks, the upcoming of high-speed transboundary trains and the internationalisation of railway freight transport which are of relative recent date, all contribute to the greater awareness of railway impacts on the environment. Policies can no longer promote railways with the argument that rail is the most environment-friendly means of transport, but are more and more obliged to take into consideration, during the planning and operation of railways, local, provincial and regional environmental concerns. The contribution passes in review the most relevant environmental concerns with regard to railways. After a short description of the regulatory frame, the different environmental aspects of railways – land use, nature conservation, noise, water, air pollution, and waste management – are discussed. Some concluding remarks follow.
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Ruzmetov, Yadgor, and Dilmira Valieva. "Specialized railway carriage for grain." E3S Web of Conferences 264 (2021): 05059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126405059.
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This article deals with the worked out specialized railway carriage for grain for the transportation process throughout the Republic of Uzbekistan railway network, with the unconditional provision of train traffic safety, which is one of the most important components of the rolling stock of railway transport. The features of the load-bearing structure of the railway carriage for grain are that it is made based on a four-axle platform and a universal container. Evaluation of the strength of the metal structure of the grain car was carried out following the requirements of the “Standards for the calculation and design of new and modernized cars of the railways of the Ministry of Railways with a gauge of 1520 mm (non-self-propelled)”. Based on theoretical studies, it was justified that the design of a railway carriage for grain with a capacity of 83.6 m3 and a carrying capacity of 65 tons. For the first test of a railway carriage for grain, the number 43925684 was assigned. The proposed new grain carriage will reduce operating costs and reduce rolling stock downtime during reloading operations. It will create the possibility of fulfilling contractual agreements drawn up for small volumes of traffic within the country.
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GILLIN, EDWARD J. "Tremoring transits: railways, the Royal Observatory and the capitalist challenge to Victorian astronomical science." British Journal for the History of Science 53, no. 1 (October 11, 2019): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087419000529.
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AbstractBritain's nineteenth-century railway companies traditionally play a central role in histories of the spread of standard Greenwich time. This relationship at once seems to embody a productive relationship between science and capitalism, with regulated time essential to the formation of a disciplined industrial economy. In this narrative, it is not the state, but capitalistic private commerce which fashioned a national time system. However, as this article demonstrates, the collaboration between railway companies and the Royal Greenwich Observatory was far from harmonious. While railways did employ the accurate time the observatory provided, they were also more than happy to compromise the astronomical institution's ability to take the accurate celestial observations that such time depended on. Observing astronomical transits required the use of troughs of mercury to reflect images of stars, but the construction of a railway too near to the observatory threatened to cause vibrations which would make such readings impossible. Through debates over proposed railway lines near the observatory, it becomes clear how important government protection from private interests was to preserving astronomical standards. This article revises our understanding of the role of railway companies in the dissemination of standard time and argues that state intervention was essential to preserving Victorian British astronomical science.
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Kozachenko, D. M., A. I. Verlan, and R. H. Korobiova. "Development of Analytical Methods for Calculating Time Standards for Shunting Operations." Science and Transport Progress. Bulletin of Dnipropetrovsk National University of Railway Transport, no. 1(91) (February 15, 2021): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15802/stp2021/228097.
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Purpose. The article is aimed to conduct a historical analysis of the development of analytical methods for standardizing the duration of shunting operations, as well as assessing their compliance with the existing operating conditions of railway transport. Methodology. The research in this article was carried out on the basis of an analysis of literary sources and methods of the theory of the organization of the operational work of railways. Findings. The standardization of the duration of shunting operations is one of the most important tasks of the theory of operational work of railways. The existing method of standardizing the duration of shunting operations developed in the first half of the 20th century and is used to this day. The performed analysis shows that the scientific principles underlying it generally correspond to the modern conditions of the railway transport. Additional research in this area can be associated with assessing the influence of the initial location of cars on the tracks on the average duration of shunting operations, taking into account the influence of length restrictions of the cars groups being moved, as well as monitoring the implementation of established norms by statistical methods. The article also shows that the values of modern time standards for shunting operations, in many cases, are set for technical means and technologies that were used in railway transport in the 50–70s of the 20th century and do not correspond to the operating conditions of real stations and sidings of industrial enterprises. Therefore, they require revision. Originality. In this paper, based on historical analysis, the process of development of methods for setting the time for shunting operations is described and the factors influencing the current value of norms are established. Practical value. The research results make it possible to identify the reasons for the discrepancy between the existing time standards for performing shunting operations and the real operating conditions of stations and sidings of industrial enterprises, as well as to establish the main elements of the methodology for standardizing the duration of shunting operations that require revision.
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Lewiński, Andrzej. "The threats of wire and wireless data transmission systems in rail traffic and management systems including cyber and terroristic attacks." Transportation Overview - Przeglad Komunikacyjny 2017, no. 6 (June 1, 2017): 13–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.35117/a_eng_17_06_02.
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The paper deals with presentation of up to date state of protection in dissipated, computer railway control and management systems, including the future systems implemented in Polish State Railways based on wireless standards with regard the ETMS/ETCS solutions.
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Lazarenko, Yu M., D. N. Arshintsev, O. N. Nazarov, and Yu S. Kireeva. "Results of comprehensive studies conducted by the Central Research Institute (VNIIZhT) and construction work of the Ministry of Railways (RZD) to increase the loading gauge of freight and passenger rolling stock on the railways of Russian Federation." Vestnik of the Railway Research Institute 78, no. 1 (May 13, 2019): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21780/2223-9731-2019-78-1-19-26.
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The article presents the content and results of a set of studies on the scientific and methodological support for the modernization of structures and devices built according to the old loading gauge standards or its expired durability, the entire 1520 (1524) mm gauge railway network under the loading gauge standard T for rolling stock, allowing to increase axle and running loads of cars and due to this — the mass of trains, as well as solve the global problem that arose in the middle of the last century to increase the efficiency of the most important branch of Russia — railway transport. Variants of increased loading gauges were developed (Тпр for any rolling stock, Тц for tanks, Та — for electric rolling stock, Тб — for passenger cars), which were included in the GOST 9238 – 83 “Loading gauges of railway rolling stock and structure clearance” and Ministry of railways instructions (no. TsP/4425 — for clearance of structures; no. TsV/4422 — for loading gauge of the rolling stock and no. TsD/4172 — for transportation of oversized and heavy (nonstandard) freights), as well as zonal and flatcars loading gauges. Scientific and methodological studies carried out by the institute during the half-century period (mid-XX — early XXI) identified structures and devices that limit the use of rolling stock of loading standard T, its elimination during 1982 – 2005, as well as transition of industrial enterprises to the production of new freight and passenger cars of increased loading standards Тпр and Та, developed by the Institute. This identification was made on the basis of the overall classification of all railway infrastructure and access railroads of the former USSR. New regulatory framework for railway rolling stock loading gauges and structure clearance (GOST 9238 – 2013) was developed based on a global survey of actual dimensions of all structures and infrastructure devices of the 1520 (1524) mm gauge railways (area 1520). Railway Research Institute of the Ministry of Railway Transport (currently, JSC “VNIIZhT”) made scientific and methodological support for the modernization of infrastructure objects, exhausted its life span for the 100-year period of operation. Scientific and methodological support carried out by the Institute allowed the creation and operation of rolling stock with an increased loading gauge standard Тпр: for freight traffic — with increased running loads by 2 ton/m or more compared to European railways; for passenger traffic — more comfortable and 39 % more spacious double-deck compartment cars. Increasing the loading gauge of the rolling stock provides increased efficiency of rail transport by increasing productivity, reducing the required fleet of cars for the transportation of equal volumes as well as operating costs. At the same time achieved annual total economic effect amounts to 2,205 billion rubles. Introduction of the flatcar loading gauge contributes to the organization of transportation of heavy trucks by rail and, therefore, improve the environmental situation.
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KAWAGOE, Takeshi, and Hiroshi OSHIMA. "CHANGES OF JAPANESE RAILWAY BALLAST QUALITY STANDARDS." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. D2 (Historical Studies in Civil Engineering) 77, no. 1 (2021): 53–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejhsce.77.1_53.
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Wontorski, Paweł, and Magdalena Dzierżak. "Digital standard interfaces in railway traffic control systems." WUT Journal of Transportation Engineering 131 (December 1, 2020): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.7227.
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The article presents the issue of digital standard interfaces of railway traffic control systems. The digitization and standardization of interfaces are digital rail elements, an essential feature of integrating various devices, facilities, and processes in one coherent system. The authors described the problems of connecting computer systems, starting from the interface's definition, including technical and functional aspects. Examples of interface types selected problems resulting from connecting incompatible devices and attempts to solve them are presented. It then provides background information on the project to develop a digital interface standard for selected rail traffic control systems. The project described in this article, under the name of "Standardization of selected interfaces of railway traffic control equipment and systems" POIR.04.01.01-00-0005/17, has been created as part of the BRIK (Research and Development in Railway Infrastructure) program and has been cofinanced both by the NCBiR (The National Centre for Research and Development), as well as the PKP Polskie Linie Kolejowe S.A. (PKP PLK - Polish State Railways). The project's goal is to develop, through research, specifications, and requirements for interfaces used in railway traffic control systems, which will become a standard enabling linking of systems from different manufacturers. The project results will be dedicated to using on the railway network managed by PKP PLK (and potentially also by other infrastructure managers) and documentation containing descriptions of standards, guidelines for the application and design of these interfaces.
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Odinokov, A. S. "Corporate requirements and training of personnel for railway transport in the system of secondary vocational education." Transport Technician: Education and Practice 2, no. 1 (March 27, 2021): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.46684/2687-1033.2021.1.33-39.
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The modern system of secondary vocational education must meet the requirements of practice-orientedness, take into account the requirements of employers to the level of development of general and professional competencies of employees in specific specialties, taking into account the specifics of the type of professional activity. The core of the national qualifications system is represented by professional standards developed jointly with leading companies in the Russian national economy. Actual expectations and needs of employers are guidelines for them educational system of secondary vocational education in the process of modernizing educational standards and programs. Russian Railways, as a natural monopoly, takes an active part in the development of industry education and training for railway transport. The content of requirements for middle-level employees, who make up more than a quarter of the company’s staff, in specific areas of training is reflected in corporate standards.A brief historical review confirms the conclusion about the practical orientation of secondary vocational education in the field of railway transport, the significant accumulated experience of industry vocational education, the active participation of the relevant department, and then Russian Railways, in its optimization. The growing demand of the company for middle-level employees, skilled workers and employees is matched by the growth in the number of graduates of secondary vocational education institutions.The results of a comparative analysis of the content of the provisions of the Federal State Educational Standard of secondary vocational education and local acts of JSC Russian Railways related to the educational and professional training of technicians in the field of communication in railway transport are presented. The purpose of the study is to determine the similarities and differences in the requirements of corporate and educational standards for the composition and level of development of professional competencies among employees of this specialty. The findings will make it possible to identify ways to optimize the FSES of secondary vocational education in relation to the results of educational training, taking into account the expectations of the employer.
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Smirnov, L. A., V. A. Rabovskii, A. B. Dobuzhskaya, G. N. Yunin, and A. I. Borts. "Elaboration of standards and quality of railway rails." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 76, no. 12 (December 23, 2020): 1265–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2020-12-1265-1276.
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Russian national standards for rails establish technical requirements, acceptance rules and quality control methods. These are very important to ensure the quality and service durability of rails. Requirements for rail production variation within a period from 1960 to the present considered, peculiarities of their accounting in the standards shown. It was demonstrated that stricter requirements to rails resulted in the development of new steel compositions, the creation and introduction of new technological processes in steel production, rail rolling and heat treatment, as well as new methods of production quality control. Basic technical requirements for rails produced according to the national standard of theRussian Federationand to the European Norm presented. It was pointed out that the current national standard GOST R 51685‒2013 was elaborated accounting the requirements of the latest foreign standard EN 3674-1:2011+A1:2017. However, the former is not equivalent to the latter because it pertains to Russian rail types and contains requirements corresponding to the Russian climatic and geographical conditions, as well as the track facilities system used by OJSC RZD. It was shown that rails, meeting the current standard requirements, in terms of operational resistivity exceed the resistivity level of best foreign analogues. At present, a new standard is being elaborated accounting the need of increasing the service life of railway rails under conditions of high load, low climatic temperatures, higher-speed combined train operation and high-speed running, and high working capacity. The list of key issues presented, that are mirrored in the new standard draft, which accounts for the goal of mastering new rail categories and the increased requirements of OJSC RZD to rails quality.
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Brandejský, Tomáš. "PROBLEMS OF EN 50 128:2011 RAILWAY STANDARD." Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings 5 (September 15, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/app.2016.5.0001.
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The second version of railway standard EN50128:2011 published by CENELEC is used for five years and thus the CENELEC reasons about preparation of new version of this standard are coming, because the CENELEC defined 10-year cycle of its standards innovation. The paper discusses some observations of problems of this standard application from the position of safety assessor which gives us the contact with developers applying this standard into the real railway products.
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Shi, Min, Beibei Chen, Huili Gong, Xiaojuan Li, Wenfeng Chen, Mingliang Gao, Chaofan Zhou, and Kunchao Lei. "Monitoring Differential Subsidence along the Beijing–Tianjin Intercity Railway with Multiband SAR Data." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 22 (November 13, 2019): 4453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16224453.
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High-speed railways have strict standards of infrastructure deformation and post-construction settlement. The interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) has the ability to detect ground deformation with a high accuracy and wide coverage and is becoming a useful tool for monitoring railway health. In this study, we analyzed the Beijing–Tianjin Intercity Railway (BTIR) track using InSAR time-series analysis with different data sets. First, by using RADARSAT-2 images, we examined the areas along the BTIR with significant subsidence. Then, we characterized these areas by means of X-band TerraSAR-X data. We adopted the expectation (Ex) and entropy (En) method, combined with GIS spatial analysis, to analyze the ground settlement differences on both sides of the railway. The results show that the area with the most severe differential settlement occurs between 12 and 20 km along the railway and within 120 to 20 m on both sides of the Chaoyang–Tongzhou section (CTS). Thereafter, we analyzed the reasons for the large difference in this area by considering different factors, e.g., regional land subsidence, groundwater level changes, and the dynamic load. In addition, we studied the impact of regional subsidence on the safe operation of the BTIR. The results show that the maximum different settlement along the BTIR is within the safe range, according to the high-speed railway design standard between 2010 and 2015. This study aims to provide technical support for assessing the impact of subsidence on the safety of railway operations.
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Wang, Xu, Liangqin Wu, Yi Zhou, and Yanru Wang. "The Long-Term Settlement Deformation Automatic Monitoring System for the Chinese High-Speed Railway." Shock and Vibration 2015 (2015): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/147972.
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The Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railway is one of the milestones of China’s high-speed railway development and its security plays a significant role in China’s economic and social development. However, the evaluation methods used for large-scale security operations and important infrastructure systems, such as the high-speed railways, are discrete and nonlinear; thus they cannot issue emergency warnings in a timely manner. The emergence of optical fiber sensing technology can solve this problem. This technology has progressed rapidly in its application to the monitoring of railway security and it has attracted much attention within the industry. This study considers the newly built passenger railway line between Shijiazhuang and Jinan as an example. The web-based, all-in-one fiber Bragg grating static level is described as well as a set of online monitoring systems, which is automated, real-time, remote, visual, and adaptable to the standards of the Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railway. According to our theoretical analysis, the planned automated monitoring of settlement deformation for the Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railway and the real-time analysis and calculation of monitoring data can ensure the operational security of this section of China’s high-speed railway system.
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Zhao, Xiu Shao, Xin Hong Diao, and Jian Nong Zhu. "The Research of Existing Railway Survey and Evaluation Methods." Advanced Materials Research 255-260 (May 2011): 4008–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.255-260.4008.
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Based on the contrast of survey method in existing railway, considering the actual situation on site, nuclear densimeter, Evd and light dynamic penetration methods were used in survey, and then analyze influencing factors of survey results in existing railway. Since there is no mathematical statistics method for survey evaluation in existing railway, taking "Quality inspection and evaluation standards for highway engineering" as reference, evaluation standard for existing railway at 200km/h was proposed. Filling materials segment method, task segment method and enforcement segment method were used for the evaluation in Ning-Qi existing railway, the road sections length that need reinforcement was reduced, which achieves good effect.
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Yoon, Byungsik, Junsik Kim, Sukjin Lee, Kyung-Hee Kim, Yong-Kyu Kim, and Duk-Kyu Park. "Technologies and Standards of Future Railway Mobile Telecommunication." Journal of the Korean society for railway 16, no. 6 (December 31, 2013): 519–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.7782/jksr.2013.16.6.519.
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Jadidi, Kazem, Morteza Esmaeili, Mehdi Kalantari, Mehdi Khalili, and Moses Karakouzian. "A Review of Different Aspects of Applying Asphalt and Bituminous Mixes under a Railway Track." Materials 14, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14010169.
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Asphalt is a common material that is used extensively for roadways. Furthermore, bituminous mixes have been used in railways, both as asphalt and as mortar. Different agencies and research institutes have investigated and suggested various applications. These studies indicate the benefits of bituminous material under railways, such as improving a substructure’s stiffness and bearing capacity; enhancing its dynamic characteristics and response, especially under high-speed train loads; waterproofing the subgrade; protecting the top layers against fine contamination. These potential applications can improve the overall track structure performance and lead to minimizing settlement under heavy loads. They can also guarantee an appropriate response under high-speed loads, especially in comparison to a rigid slab track. This review paper documents the literature related to the utilization of asphalt and bituminous mixes in railway tracks. This paper presents a critical review of the research in the application of asphalt and bituminous mixes in railway tracks. Additionally, this paper reviews the design and construction recommendations and procedures for asphalt and bituminous mixes in railway tracks as practiced in different countries. This paper also provides case studies of projects where asphalt and bituminous mixes have been utilized in railway tracks. It is anticipated that this review paper will facilitate (1) the exchange of ideas and innovations in the area of the design and construction of railway tracks and (2) the development of unified standards for the design and construction of railway tracks with asphalt and bituminous mixtures.
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Lewiński, Anrzej, and Tomasz Perzyński. "Public standards of wireless transmission wireless for safety improvement of raiway control." Transportation Overview - Przeglad Komunikacyjny 2016, no. 5 (May 1, 2016): 12–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.35117/a_eng_16_05_02.
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The paper deals concepts and solutions related to application of public, open wireless transmission in railway control and management systems. Presented concepts are connected with them research works, the obtained results confirm the possibility of such applications for safety transfer in railway systems corresponding to SIL classification. In all presented systems we can observe the improvement of safety in chosen elements of railway infrastructure and control. The proposed mathematical apparatus based on Markov processes allows to estimate the reliability parameters of all presented solutions.
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Abhishek, Kumar, M. P. Singh, Deepika Shukla, and Sachin Gupta. "OBDMR: An Ontology-Based Data Model for Railways." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 17, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 273–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2020.8662.
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The domain of the railway system is vast and complex since it includes several sub-domains hierarchy in it. These sub-domains include different branches of technology and operational hierarchy. Many types of research are running on and have happened in this vast domain along with different technologies. Among all available technologies ontology is the single one which talks about semantics and thus supports the decision support system. This paper proposes an OBDMR model for railway systems to integrate the information at the knowledge level. The paper has used railML (version 2.2) as a data resource as railML covers all the aspects of the railway system. railML (Railway Mark-up Language) is an open, XML-based data exchange format for data interoperability of railway application. The proposed ontology adds the semantics to the given data and even allows to infer new information from current data which XML cannot do. OBDMR is capable of taking decisions by automated reasoning using software agents. A generic model proposed in this paper satiates the standards and specifications of most countries’ railway systems. A use-case for Indian Railways is discussed with some examples.
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Markowska, Renata, and Zofia Wróbel. "Selected Issues of Safe Operation of the Railway Traffic Control System in the Event of Exposition to Damage Caused by Lightning Discharges." Energies 14, no. 18 (September 14, 2021): 5808. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14185808.
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Lightning discharge becomes a serious source of interference and damage for electronic and electrical power systems. Safe and reliable operation of railway traffic control systems requires proper protection against the effects of lightning. However, the current standards on lightning protection, PN-EN/EN/IEC 62305, do not cover railway objects. Moreover, there are no other standards or recommendations dedicated to the railway. The paper is an attempt to apply the procedure of lightning risk management according to PN-EN 62305-2 to select the proper protection measures in railway objects. A case study for the signal box with installed relaying and digital stations of the railway traffic control system is analyzed. The analysis comprises calculations based on the current standard PN-EN 62305-2:2012 but including the issues specific to railway traffic control. The risks of lightning losses have been calculated for two cases: without lightning protection measures and with protection measures proposed to decrease the risks below the tolerable values. The results show that a practically effective solution to reduce the risks is applying surge protective devices with proper characteristics. Another way is replacing unshielded incoming lines with shielded ones of given shield bonding way, and supplementing it with surge protective devices when necessary.
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Korshunov, Sergey, Aleksandr Skachkov, Sergey Samoshkin, Aleksandr Smirnov, and Dmitriy Goncharov. "FORMATION OF EXPERIMENTAL AND METHODICAL BASIS TO ESTIMATE STRENGTH CORRESPONDENCE OF DOMESTIC PASSENGER CAR BODIES TO EUROPEAN STANDARD BASIS." Bulletin of Bryansk state technical university 2021, no. 8 (August 9, 2021): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/1999-8775-2021-8-67-76.
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The development of the international trade and the entrance of domestic car manufacturers into international markets required bench equipment development for tests in accordance with the requirements of the European standards.
In this connection the purpose of this work is to develop an experimental and methodical basis for the estimation of the strength correspondence of export railway produce to the European standard basis.
In the work there is shown a description of the bench developed for static tests of rolling stock for loads corresponding to the European standard basis.
In the requirements mentioned there is used a more extended list of loads and combination of efforts and the necessity in the application of longitudinal loads to the elements of the end wall in three levels should be particularly emphasized.
On the test bench there are carried out static tests of the car of model 61-4514 for Egyptian national railways and the body of the motor-rail car of model 2853 for the railway infrastructure of Serbia.
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Chrzan, Marcin. "The modernization problem for high-speed tracks and adaptation to EU standards." WUT Journal of Transportation Engineering 124 (March 1, 2019): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.6630.
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The article will present aspects related to the construction (modernization) of railway lines in Poland on the example of the modernized section of the railway line E20 Warsaw-Terespol. The purpose of the modernization of this line was to adjust its technical parameters to the EU standards and requirements of AGC (European Agreement on Main International Railway Lines) and AGTC (European Agreement on Main International Combined Transport Lines and Associated Facilities) agreements, which provide for a maximum permissible speed of 160 km/h for steam passenger trains and 120 km/h for freight trains, with a permissible axle load of 22.5 tons. It will present the previous results of measurements on selected sections and the original concept of rail measurements using ultrasonic defectoscopy and satellite navigation.
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Kour, Ravdeep, Ramin Karim, and Adithya Thaduri. "Cybersecurity for railways – A maturity model." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 234, no. 10 (October 18, 2019): 1129–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954409719881849.
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With the advancements in and widespread adoption of information and communication technologies in infrastructures, cyber-attacks are becoming more frequent and more severe. Advanced cybersecurity threats with automated capabilities are increasing in such sectors as finance, health, grid, retail, government, telecommunications, transportation, etc. Cyber-attacks are also increasing in railways with an impact on railway stakeholders, e.g. threat to the safety of employees, passengers, or the public in general; loss of sensitive railway information; reputational damage; monetary loss; erroneous decisions; loss of dependability, etc. There is a need to move towards advanced security analytics and automation to identify, respond to, and prevent such security breaches. The objective of this research is to reduce cyber risks and vulnerabilities and to improve the cybersecurity capabilities of railways by evaluating their cybersecurity maturity levels and making recommendations for improvements. After assessing various cybersecurity maturity models, the Cybersecurity Capability Maturity Model (C2M2) was selected to assess the cybersecurity capabilities of railway organizations. The contributions of this research are as follows. First, a new maturity level MIL4 (Maturity Indicator Level 4) is introduced in the C2M2 model. Second, the C2M2 model is adapted by adding advanced security analytics and threat intelligence to develop the Railway-Cybersecurity Capability Maturity Model (R-C2M2). The cybersecurity maturity of three railway organizations is evaluated using this model. Third, recommendations and available standards & guidelines are provided to the three railway organizations to improve maturity levels within different domains. In addition, they are given an action plan to implement the recommendations in a streamlined way. The application of this model will allow railway organizations to improve their capability to reduce the impacts of cyber-attacks and eradicate vulnerabilities. The approach can also be extended to other infrastructures with necessary adaptations.
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Lefsrud, Lianne, Renato Macciotta, and Anne Nkoro. "Performance-based regulations for safety management systems in the Canadian railway industry: an analytical discussion." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 47, no. 3 (March 2020): 248–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2018-0513.
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The Canadian Railway Safety Act regulations require that railways implement safety management systems (SMS). The intent of this requirement was to promote companies’ safety culture, better management of safety risks, and demonstration of compliance with rules and engineering standards in day-to-day operations, while also reflecting on their processes and becoming more innovative. Yet, the railway disaster at Lac Mégantic in 2013 — which claimed 47 lives — demonstrated that SMS have been applied unevenly by railroads. A Canadian Pacific railroad derailment on 3 February 2019 with strikingly similar circumstances — which claimed 3 lives — demonstrates that these safety issues persist. In this article, we discuss and propose the adaptation of enhanced SMS implementation, within clearer performance-based regulation and risk management methods. We draw from other jurisdictions and research to demonstrate how this would encourage continuous improvement and innovation by railway operators and in concert with partners and relevant stakeholders.
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Zhang, Ai Jun, Ming Zhou Bai, Zhao Yi Xu, and Peng Cheng Wang. "The Research of Technical System about Safety Management during the Construction of the Beijing Subway Line 10." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 6373–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.6373.
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Aiming at the safety management of the Beijing subway line 10 in the construction, the technical system research of safety management in the underground railway engineering construction were discussed including the objective management of safe production, field safety standards, the founding method for safety management system. The contents of responsibility system for safe production and the contents of safe-education and safe-inspection for workers were also studied. Safety precautions and Safe checkage standards were established during the railway’s tunnel construction.
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Zhai, W. M., Q. C. Wang, Z. W. Lu, and X. S. Wu. "Dynamic effects of vehicles on tracks in the case of raising train speeds." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 215, no. 2 (March 1, 2001): 125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954409011531459.
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In order to enhance the efficiency of railway transportation, Chinese Railways has decided to raise the speed of trains on the existing railway main lines. A theoretical model and the corresponding simulation software, VICT, based on the vehicle-track coupling dynamics are employed to analyse dynamic effects of trains on track structures caused by raising train speeds. Chinese passenger cars and freight cars running on the lines where speed has been raised were chosen for investigation. It is shown that raising train speeds on the existing railway lines obviously intensifies the dynamic effects of vehicles on tracks, especially in the turnouts, in the welded rail joints, and in the sections of bridge-subgrade connections. The occurrence of wheel flats becomes more general after raising train speeds. An unfavourable peak of dynamic effects of wheel flats on tracks is observed in the speed range from 140 to 160 km/h, which is just the region of running speeds for passenger trains after the increase in the speed. Some basic countermeasures, including stricter maintenance standards for the speed-raised railways, are proposed to solve these problems, on the basis of dynamic analysis.
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Karpushchenko, Nikolay Ivanovich, Anton Viktorovich Bystrov, and Pavel Stanislavovich Trukhanov. "Turnout maintenance manning standards in modern railway track operation." Transport of the Urals, no. 4 (2015): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.20291/1815-9400-2015-4-34-39.
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Bessant, Graham T. "London Underground: nineteenth century railway, twenty-first century standards." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Forensic Engineering 164, no. 2 (May 2011): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/feng.2011.164.2.59.
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Fabijański, Mariusz, Paweł Kowalik, and Elżbieta Naduk. "Requirements for wood products used in railway transport." WUT Journal of Transportation Engineering 129 (June 1, 2020): 27–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.2460.
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Precast concrete sleepers are commonly used in the construction of railways. They have many advantages and features that have made them a permanent element of the railway infrastructure. However, wooden sleepers are still used; they have many advantages, such as good vibration damping and temperature resistance. Due to their weight, they are used on routes where there is a problem with the trackbed. Economics is also one of the reasons for their use. Wood is a natural material that decomposes under the influence of biological and environmental factors without adequate protection. It is, therefore, necessary to adequately protect wood material against the effects of the environment in which it is used. The paper discusses the requirements that must be met by wooden products used to build the railway pavement. The types of wood from which the wooden materials of the railway superstructure are made are presented. The structure of wood and the properties of hard and soft wood were also discussed. The current regulations and standards classifying the kinds and types and dimensions of wood materials and regulating the requirements for wood materials of the railway superstructure are also presented. Issues arising from the ambiguities and shortcomings of these provisions and standards were also raised. The process of impregnating wood materials of the railway pavement with creosote oil using the Rüping vacuum-pressure method was also discussed. These types of oil are not neutral to the environment, especially those of the older generation that contained large amounts of highly toxic and carcinogenic substances, especially benz-a-pyrene. The analyzed material shows that there are some deficiencies as to the brightness, exact and explicit requirements for wood and impregnation. This is a certain problem for the entire range of products used.
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Fei, Jianbo, Guangbin Ni, Xuetao Wang, and Yuxin Jie. "Cluster analysis on railway infrastructure standards in China and its application to railway efficiency improvement." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 467 (April 9, 2020): 012191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/467/1/012191.
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Kozioł, Krzysztof. "Reduction of vibration in railway surfaces." MATEC Web of Conferences 285 (2019): 00007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201928500007.
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Presented paper concerns the problem of reduction of the impact of vibrations generated by the metro on neighboring buildings and people staying inside. The issue of acceptable levels of these impacts in accordance with Polish standards and ISO (International Standard Organization) has been discussed. Basing on the example of research carried out by the author in the Warsaw Metro and his experience acquired during the design of vibroisolations of the final section of the first subway line in Warsaw, methods of testing dynamic interactions and predicting their level using FEM and simulation calculations on models were presented
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Lodge, Martin. "The Wrong Type of Regulation? Regulatory Failure and the Railways in Britain and Germany." Journal of Public Policy 22, no. 3 (September 2002): 271–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x02002015.
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Regulatory reform is often seen as a road paved by good intentions, but leading to ‘policy hell’. The example of the railways seems to represent a prime example of regulatory failure, not only in Britain but also in Germany. This article analyses the notion of ‘regulatory failure’ in the railway domain by taking an analytical and a comparative perspective. First, it introduces a variety of explanations as to why regulation can go wrong. Second, it considers the design and the consequent evolution of the regulatory regimes for the railways in Britain and Germany since the early 1990s. Both countries offer similar life-cycles of regulatory reform, however differing in design, perceived failures and advocated solutions. Finally, it discusses how the literature on regulatory failure contributes to the understanding of British and German railway regulation and argues that any regulatory regime is not only characterised by a conflict of interests, but also by conflicts of standards of appropriateness that lead to inherent tension and potential causes for failure.
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Patlasov, Oleksandr, Yelyzaveta Fedorenko, and Denys Shulha. "Development of methods to increase the efficiency of railway maintenance." ScienceRise, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2313-8416.2021.001816.
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Object of research: technology of track maintenance optimization
Solved problem: In the development of decisions to optimize the decision-making system in the content of the upper structure of the track used methods of control theory, systems analysis, methodology of optimal control.
Main scientific results: An analysis of the degrees of research on improving the efficiency of the technical management of railways showed that there was no systematic approach and that existing developments in the organization, in particular the relative optimization, Separate track repair standards or take into account parameter models, process requirements and conditions.
Area of practical use of research results: industrial enterprises, railway stations.
Providing the stable support of the railway, sustainable and rhythmic operation of railway traffic is ensured. About 7.3 thousand km are exploited in the ferrous metallurgy of Ukraine. More than 70 % of routes are up to 500 km long and belong to a large company. Consequently, an important task is to maintain the technical state of railways at the production demands level.
Innovative technological product: combined transportations that can interact with similar networks of foreign countries.
Scope of application of innovative technological product: formation and effective functioning of railway-transport complex, improvement of tariff policy, substantiation of perspective parameters of transportation process and its technical means, creation of advanced technologies, choice of rational structure of transport network, formation of transport corridors, development of fundamentally new management systems.
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Ai, Bo, Ruisi He, Zhangdui Zhong, Ke Guan, Binghao Chen, Pengyu Liu, and Yuanxuan Li. "Radio Wave Propagation Scene Partitioning for High-Speed Rails." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/815232.
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Radio wave propagation scene partitioning is necessary for wireless channel modeling. As far as we know, there are no standards of scene partitioning for high-speed rail (HSR) scenarios, and therefore we propose the radio wave propagation scene partitioning scheme for HSR scenarios in this paper. Based on our measurements along the Wuhan-Guangzhou HSR, Zhengzhou-Xian passenger-dedicated line, Shijiazhuang-Taiyuan passenger-dedicated line, and Beijing-Tianjin intercity line in China, whose operation speeds are above 300 km/h, and based on the investigations on Beijing South Railway Station, Zhengzhou Railway Station, Wuhan Railway Station, Changsha Railway Station, Xian North Railway Station, Shijiazhuang North Railway Station, Taiyuan Railway Station, and Tianjin Railway Station, we obtain an overview of HSR propagation channels and record many valuable measurement data for HSR scenarios. On the basis of these measurements and investigations, we partitioned the HSR scene into twelve scenarios. Further work on theoretical analysis based on radio wave propagation mechanisms, such as reflection and diffraction, may lead us to develop the standard of radio wave propagation scene partitioning for HSR. Our work can also be used as a basis for the wireless channel modeling and the selection of some key techniques for HSR systems.
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Snell, J. R. "Key issues in the application of unified railway axle standards." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 218, no. 4 (July 2004): 279–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954409043125914.
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Pongjirawut, Siripong, Wasaporn Techapeeraparnich, and Waranon Dilokkhunanan. "A comparative study of performance measurement standards of railway operator." MATEC Web of Conferences 138 (2017): 07014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201713807014.
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Zhang, Xu, Chunfa Zhao, Wanming Zhai, Can Shi, and Yang Feng. "Investigation of track settlement and ballast degradation in the high-speed railway using a full-scale laboratory test." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 233, no. 8 (December 11, 2018): 869–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954409718812231.
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This paper presents a full-scale laboratory test for investigating the track settlement and ballast degradation of the ballasted track–subgrade system on the high-speed railways. The test was carried out on a full-scale test platform with a ballasted track–subgrade system constructed exactly according to the construction standards of high-speed railways in China. In this test, four million cycles of cyclic loads simulating repeated high-speed train loads with an axle load of 140 kN were applied to the ballasted track–subgrade system through a specialized loading system. The vertical displacement and settlement of the rail, the sleepers and the subgrade at various sections and depths were recorded during the test. The test results show that the settlement of the high-speed railway ballasted track is very less. A logarithmic model was proposed for predicting the settlement of the high-speed railway ballasted track by fitting the measured data. Moreover, some painted ballast samples were embedded into the tested track to investigate the ballast degradation. After the test, it was found that more than 80% of the painted ballast grains remained intact and less than 20% were degraded. Four different ballast degradation phenomena were observed: corner or edge breakage, surface scratch, surface crack and the production of fine particles. The test results indicate that the high-speed railway ballasted tracks in China are very stable and the settlement is less under long-term cyclic loads, which could significantly benefit the track geometry and the railway maintenance work.
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Liu, Pengyu, Bo Ai, Zhangdui Zhong, and Xiaojuan Zhou. "A Novel Train-to-Train Communication Model Design Based on Multihop in High-Speed Railway." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/475492.
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Railway telematics applications are currently attracting attention and are under intense research. Reliable railway telematics applications increasingly tend to require a subsidiary means to help existent control system make train operation safer and more efficient. Since 2006, train-to-train communication has been studied to respond to such requirements. A key characteristic of train-to-train communication is that operation control to avoid possible accidents is conducted among trains without help of a base station. This paper proposes a novel train-to-train communication model in a physical layer based on multihop and cooperation, taking a high-speed railway propagation channel into account. The mechanism of this model lies in the idea that a source train uses trains on other tracks as relays to transmit signals to destination train on the same track. Based on occurrence of these potential relays, such mechanism can be divided into three cases. In each case, BER is applied to evaluate properties of the proposed communication model. Simulation results show that BER of the train-to-train communication model decreases to10−6when SNR is 10 dB and that the minimum receiving voltage of this model is −84 dBm, which is 8 dBm lower than the standards established by the International Union of Railways (UIC) in a high-speed railway scenario.
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Peng, Bin, Nan Zhang, and Yu Lan Gao. "Static and Dynamic Analysis of Railway Reinforced System with Cross-Beams." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/513606.
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To fulfill the design requirement of railway reinforced system with cross-beams, the model for the static analysis of the railway reinforced system is optimized, the dynamic response is calculated by the vehicle-rail interaction method, the standards of both static and dynamic analysis are established, and the calculation results of many cases with different parameters are evaluated. It is found that, compared with simplified model, the optimized model simulated the conditions of construction site better, so that results are improved; the acceleration and the offloading factor of reinforced system is obtained by the dynamic analysis, whose vibration and resonance phenomenon can be simulated. The calculated result and the railway reinforcement design are safer by adopting the proposed standard in both static and dynamic analysis.
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Gladkykh, I. V., and N. V. Lupitko. "RESEARCH OF THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC EFFECT ON THE RAILWAY TRANSPORT ENTERPRISES." Railbound Rolling Stock, no. 22 (2021): 18–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.47675/2304-6309-2021-22-18-31.
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The article deals with the study of the negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the world economy. The impact on industrial production and particularly on machine-building industry of Ukraine is considered. The figures of freight and passenger cars manufactured by plants of Ukraine are given. The issue of importing old-aged freight wagons to the territory of Ukraine, which caused an overbalance of life-expired wagons, was considered. This has become a huge problem at such challenging times for domestic freight wagons manufacturers. The activities aimed at bringing the current technical condition of wagons with expired service life to normative condition, reducing the risks of man-made disasters, increasing the competitiveness of rail transportation and engaging the operators of freight cars in the purchase of new freight wagons manufactured by Ukrainian producers are proposed. The paper presents the results of the impact of quarantine restrictions on railway transport. The data on the drop in railway transportation caused by the pandemic in Ukraine and in the countries of the European Union, and the results of the comparative analysis are given. The volumes of the downfall in the production of freight cars and their reasons are analyzed, suggestions on the overcoming the crisis in machine building industry are defined, which will allow to resume the work of rail transport and related industries. This provides a real vision of the possible course of economic processes that will have an immediate effect on the standards of the social life. Key words: economic crisis, COVID-19, economic recession, industry, machine-building industry, railway transport, railcar-building industry, freight transportation, passenger transportation, EU railways.
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Bogusz, Witold, and Tomasz Godlewski. "Geotechnical design of railway embankments – requirements and challenges." MATEC Web of Conferences 262 (2019): 11002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201926211002.
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Intensive development of railway infrastructure in Poland is associated with significant support provided for that purpose by the European Union, especially, by investments in the modernization of existing railway lines. Together with the improvement of the infrastructure in less developed countries, an interoperability of rail system at the international level is sought through the technical harmonization, mostly by the introduction of European regulations and technical standards. The paper presents the main requirements associated with the geotechnical aspects of design of railway embankments, mostly relating to their overall stability and maintenance of serviceability. Some aspects of the European standards as well as international, national, and internal regulations, are discusses in the context of challenges encountered by designers. The main geotechnical issues are associated with safety requirements, loading conditions, geometry of railway embankments, as well as the scope of geotechnical investigation necessary to make an informed decision on a final design solution.
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Bereza, I. V. "METHODOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES OF DEFINITION OF EFFICIENCY OF INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS ON THE BASIS OF COST-NORMATIVE VALUE." Economic innovations 19, no. 3(65) (December 19, 2017): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/ei.2017.19.3(65).8-14.
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The methodical approaches to cost management in the organization of work on the reconstruction and overhaul of railway buildings and structures on the basis of the cost-standard method with the use of the method of estimating the cost of the life cycle as an economic analysis of the total expenses for the performance of repair and construction works are developed and proposed. For the implementation of local estimated estimates of the cost of reconstruction and overhaul of railway structures on the basis of normative and technical documentation and initial data (on the design of the building or structure, the machine complex and the length of time provided for the works ("window" or "closed transfer")), according to collections of estimated standards, the selection of appropriate prices for the complexes of works in the technological sequence, the corresponding version of work execution is carried out. In order to account for additional costs to individual prices, correction factors are used in accordance with the conditions of their application and are stipulated in the general provisions of the relevant price lists. The estimated cost of work on the railways of railways and structures is determined by the basic-index method. Data on the resources obtained from the estimated calculations for the considered options, make it possible to compare resource indicators in both quantitative and cost terms and determine the maximum values for the main elements of expenditure that can be used in additional conditions, at the option of an economically feasible option of repair- construction works. Proceeding from the above developed methodology for calculating the normative estimated cost of work on RCR railway buildings and structures on the basis of a normative method using the author's developed methodological recommendations for the formation of cost-regulatory documents and current indexes of change in the estimated cost of articles and elements of expenditure.
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Čamaj, Juraj, Lenka Černá, Adrián Šperka, and Ekaterina Zmeškal. "Qualitative and Quantitative Indicators of Railway Stations." Transport technic and technology 16, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ttt-2020-0004.
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AbstractThe liberalization of the rail freight market has been booming in recent years. On a pan-European scale, new freight carriers are increasing year after year. Support for the liberalization of the railway sector is mainly implemented through the so-called railway packages and one of the tools is the quantitative and qualitative indicators of the individual railway stations. The relevance of the article is mainly to propose measures for railway stations, where freight transport is declining despite the liberalized market. These are main railway stations located on regional lines and railway stations with a smaller scope of transport work. The aim of this paper will be to propose measures to support freight transport in the Slovak Republic by setting minimum requirements (standards) for railway stations depending on their performance, respecting their current technical level of railway operation.
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Ryazanov, V. Yu. "Analysis of the regulatory framework for confi rmation of the functional safety requirements compliance of microprocessor-based railway automation systems." Automation on Transport 6, no. 4 (December 2020): 435–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.20295/2412-9186-2020-6-4-435-465.
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The article analyzes the current regulatory framework for proof of safety, quality assurance, and confi rmation of the conformity of microprocessor-based railway automation and remote control systems in the EAEU. CENELEC standards are briefl y discussed. A brief overview is provided as regards measures to ensure the required level of safety of microprocessor-based railway automation and remote control systems from the point of view of quality management of development, safety management, and confi rmation of the proper functioning of microprocessor systems. The practice of confi rming the railway transport automated process control systems comply with standards in the form of a declaration of conformity per TR CU 003/2011 has been analyzed. It is concluded that there is a need to develop a regulatory framework to ensure regulated analysis and assessment of railway automation and remote control systems following the requirements of functional safety, as well as further development of standardization documents to regulate methods for assessing functional safety.
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Dąbrowski, Józef. "Does complying with the norms for railway sleepers with anchoring ensure that the requirements of the standard for the track are met?" Transportation Overview - Przeglad Komunikacyjny 2019, no. 8 (August 1, 2019): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.35117/a_eng_19_08_03.
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The paper points out that compliance with the requirements of standards in the scope of the electrical parameter of the railway sleeper with the attachment of rails does not directly lead to meeting the requirements of the standard for a track electrified with DC current, which were made of such sleepers.
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Song, Ling, Ying Wang, and Xiaofeng Li. "Energy performance and environmental quality of typical railway passenger stations in northern China." Indoor and Built Environment 27, no. 3 (October 5, 2016): 296–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x16672509.
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In recent 20 years, the energy performance of public buildings has attracted substantial attention due to the potential for significant energy savings. As semi-open structures, railway passenger stations are noticeably distinct from other public buildings. This paper investigated current energy consumption situation of 36 railway passenger stations in northern China. The energy consumption of the railway passenger stations was divided into high, medium and low levels, with the annual average energy use indexes being 423 kWh/m2, 222 kWh/m2 and 101 kWh/m2, respectively. Heating and cooling are the main energy consumers for major building services. The analysis also established a linear relationship between energy consumption and passenger flow density. However, the linear correlation was not evident where inconsistent operation and management occurred, as was often the case for small and medium sized stations. To further explore, the environmental quality which can reflect the operation and management levels was also tested in eight small- and medium-sized stations. The result showed that stations with high operational and management standards more closely approximated the linear curve and that stations with low standards were further away. Hence, the linear curve would represent the energy consumption levels of railway stations with high standards of operation and management.
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Mariscotti, Andrea. "Measuring and Analyzing Power Quality in Electric Traction Systems." International Journal of Measurement Technologies and Instrumentation Engineering 2, no. 4 (October 2012): 21–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijmtie.2012100103.
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Power Quality phenomena in a broad sense, stationary and transient, are considered focusing on railway applications: dc and ac traction lines are considered, identifying the main sources (fixed, like substations, and moving, like vehicles), their characteristic emissions, how they propagate and combine along the traction lines and back to the three-phase ac supply lines. The analysis covers the railway standards applicable to the traction line and the industrial standards applicable to the ac feeding lines. The peculiarity of railway applications, that is the presence of moving distorting loads interconnected by a non-ideal transmission line and characterized by variable operating conditions and by the superposition of multiple sources with different dynamics, requires specific processing, analysis and visualization methods, that are addressed by means of examples based on real data.
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Tomicic-Torlakovic, Mirjana, and Svetislav Stefanovic. "Railway noise and vibration: Current European legislation and research and measurements on Serbian railway." Facta universitatis - series: Architecture and Civil Engineering 8, no. 2 (2010): 145–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuace1002145t.
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In this paper certain current European noise legislation, standards and research including the Physical Agents Directive, the Environmental Noise Directive 2002/49/EC and the Technical Specifications for Interoperability are summarized and their implications in terms of maintaining the track are discussed. In the Environmental Noise Directive a number of research projects investigated noise mapping. From this Directive the action plans for control of noise on the environment follow. Measurements of noise and vibrations on Serbian Railway, before and after track reconstruction, are presented at the end.