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Academic literature on the topic 'Railway standards'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 June 2021

Last updated: 3 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Railway standards"

STEVENSON, T. D. "RAILWAY GROUP STANDARDS: SETTING STANDARDS TO IMPROVE SAFETY ON THE RAILWAYS." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Transport 111, no. 4 (November 1995): 260–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/itran.1995.28028.

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Allan, J., and D. S. Armstrong. "The new European electromagnetic compatibility standards for railways." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 212, no. 2 (March 1, 1998): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954409981530742.

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The EC directive on electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) was first agreed in 1989. Generic EMC standards appeared in the early 1990s. However, a transition period was implemented throughout the community from 1992 until December 1995, largely in order for product-specific standards to appear and also to allow time for industry to adapt to the change in legislation. At radio frequencies, the railway industry in the United Kingdom had made use of a standard produced by the Railway Industry Association (RIA) Committee 18 prior to the European Commission (EC) directive. This committee has made a substantial contribution to the Cenelec (European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization) working groups which have produced five railway EMC pre-standards (ENV50121-1 to ENV50121-5) which were agreed in December 1995. There is a need in the period of two to three years from this date to develop the pre-standards and trial them with a view to turning them into full standards. Compliance with the EMC directive must be via the technical construction file route until the ENVs are converted to ENs and published in the official journal. This paper explains the standards used in the United Kingdom for EMC on railways prior to the EC directive and it describes the progress made towards developing the European pre-standards covering ‘A description of railway EMC’(ENV50121-1), ‘A method of measurement and cartography’ (ENV50121-2), ‘Railway vehicles’ (ENV50121-3), ‘Railway signalling’ (ENV50121-4) and ‘Fixed power installations’ (ENV50121-5). The paper shows the derivation of the major parts of the standards, including details of railway test data used to determine limits. The paper concludes by showing the implications for the railway industry in implementation and the expected progress in the next five years.

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Tanimura, Y. "Design Standards for Railway Structures." Concrete Journal 49, no. 5 (2011): 5_33–5_38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3151/coj.49.5_33.

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Krämer, Ludwig. "eu Policy and Law Regarding Railways and the Environment." Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law 13, no. 1 (April 18, 2016): 30–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18760104-01301003.

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For decades, railway issues were considered, in Europe, as being almost entirely in the responsibility of the Member States. This history is even reflected in the present eu approach on railway issues which has, as one of its political priorities, the objective to ensure the interoperability of national legal and technical standards all over the eu. The development of trans-European transport networks, the upcoming of high-speed transboundary trains and the internationalisation of railway freight transport which are of relative recent date, all contribute to the greater awareness of railway impacts on the environment. Policies can no longer promote railways with the argument that rail is the most environment-friendly means of transport, but are more and more obliged to take into consideration, during the planning and operation of railways, local, provincial and regional environmental concerns. The contribution passes in review the most relevant environmental concerns with regard to railways. After a short description of the regulatory frame, the different environmental aspects of railways – land use, nature conservation, noise, water, air pollution, and waste management – are discussed. Some concluding remarks follow.

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Ruzmetov, Yadgor, and Dilmira Valieva. "Specialized railway carriage for grain." E3S Web of Conferences 264 (2021): 05059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126405059.

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This article deals with the worked out specialized railway carriage for grain for the transportation process throughout the Republic of Uzbekistan railway network, with the unconditional provision of train traffic safety, which is one of the most important components of the rolling stock of railway transport. The features of the load-bearing structure of the railway carriage for grain are that it is made based on a four-axle platform and a universal container. Evaluation of the strength of the metal structure of the grain car was carried out following the requirements of the “Standards for the calculation and design of new and modernized cars of the railways of the Ministry of Railways with a gauge of 1520 mm (non-self-propelled)”. Based on theoretical studies, it was justified that the design of a railway carriage for grain with a capacity of 83.6 m3 and a carrying capacity of 65 tons. For the first test of a railway carriage for grain, the number 43925684 was assigned. The proposed new grain carriage will reduce operating costs and reduce rolling stock downtime during reloading operations. It will create the possibility of fulfilling contractual agreements drawn up for small volumes of traffic within the country.

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GILLIN, EDWARD J. "Tremoring transits: railways, the Royal Observatory and the capitalist challenge to Victorian astronomical science." British Journal for the History of Science 53, no. 1 (October 11, 2019): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087419000529.

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AbstractBritain's nineteenth-century railway companies traditionally play a central role in histories of the spread of standard Greenwich time. This relationship at once seems to embody a productive relationship between science and capitalism, with regulated time essential to the formation of a disciplined industrial economy. In this narrative, it is not the state, but capitalistic private commerce which fashioned a national time system. However, as this article demonstrates, the collaboration between railway companies and the Royal Greenwich Observatory was far from harmonious. While railways did employ the accurate time the observatory provided, they were also more than happy to compromise the astronomical institution's ability to take the accurate celestial observations that such time depended on. Observing astronomical transits required the use of troughs of mercury to reflect images of stars, but the construction of a railway too near to the observatory threatened to cause vibrations which would make such readings impossible. Through debates over proposed railway lines near the observatory, it becomes clear how important government protection from private interests was to preserving astronomical standards. This article revises our understanding of the role of railway companies in the dissemination of standard time and argues that state intervention was essential to preserving Victorian British astronomical science.

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Kozachenko, D. M., A. I. Verlan, and R. H. Korobiova. "Development of Analytical Methods for Calculating Time Standards for Shunting Operations." Science and Transport Progress. Bulletin of Dnipropetrovsk National University of Railway Transport, no. 1(91) (February 15, 2021): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15802/stp2021/228097.

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Purpose. The article is aimed to conduct a historical analysis of the development of analytical methods for standardizing the duration of shunting operations, as well as assessing their compliance with the existing operating conditions of railway transport. Methodology. The research in this article was carried out on the basis of an analysis of literary sources and methods of the theory of the organization of the operational work of railways. Findings. The standardization of the duration of shunting operations is one of the most important tasks of the theory of operational work of railways. The existing method of standardizing the duration of shunting operations developed in the first half of the 20th century and is used to this day. The performed analysis shows that the scientific principles underlying it generally correspond to the modern conditions of the railway transport. Additional research in this area can be associated with assessing the influence of the initial location of cars on the tracks on the average duration of shunting operations, taking into account the influence of length restrictions of the cars groups being moved, as well as monitoring the implementation of established norms by statistical methods. The article also shows that the values of modern time standards for shunting operations, in many cases, are set for technical means and technologies that were used in railway transport in the 50–70s of the 20th century and do not correspond to the operating conditions of real stations and sidings of industrial enterprises. Therefore, they require revision. Originality. In this paper, based on historical analysis, the process of development of methods for setting the time for shunting operations is described and the factors influencing the current value of norms are established. Practical value. The research results make it possible to identify the reasons for the discrepancy between the existing time standards for performing shunting operations and the real operating conditions of stations and sidings of industrial enterprises, as well as to establish the main elements of the methodology for standardizing the duration of shunting operations that require revision.

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Lewiński, Andrzej. "The threats of wire and wireless data transmission systems in rail traffic and management systems including cyber and terroristic attacks." Transportation Overview - Przeglad Komunikacyjny 2017, no. 6 (June 1, 2017): 13–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.35117/a_eng_17_06_02.

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The paper deals with presentation of up to date state of protection in dissipated, computer railway control and management systems, including the future systems implemented in Polish State Railways based on wireless standards with regard the ETMS/ETCS solutions.

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Lazarenko, Yu M., D. N. Arshintsev, O. N. Nazarov, and Yu S. Kireeva. "Results of comprehensive studies conducted by the Central Research Institute (VNIIZhT) and construction work of the Ministry of Railways (RZD) to increase the loading gauge of freight and passenger rolling stock on the railways of Russian Federation." Vestnik of the Railway Research Institute 78, no. 1 (May 13, 2019): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21780/2223-9731-2019-78-1-19-26.

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The article presents the content and results of a set of studies on the scientific and methodological support for the modernization of structures and devices built according to the old loading gauge standards or its expired durability, the entire 1520 (1524) mm gauge railway network under the loading gauge standard T for rolling stock, allowing to increase axle and running loads of cars and due to this — the mass of trains, as well as solve the global problem that arose in the middle of the last century to increase the efficiency of the most important branch of Russia — railway transport. Variants of increased loading gauges were developed (Тпр for any rolling stock, Тц for tanks, Та — for electric rolling stock, Тб — for passenger cars), which were included in the GOST 9238 – 83 “Loading gauges of railway rolling stock and structure clearance” and Ministry of railways instructions (no. TsP/4425 — for clearance of structures; no. TsV/4422 — for loading gauge of the rolling stock and no. TsD/4172 — for transportation of oversized and heavy (nonstandard) freights), as well as zonal and flatcars loading gauges. Scientific and methodological studies carried out by the institute during the half-century period (mid-XX — early XXI) identified structures and devices that limit the use of rolling stock of loading standard T, its elimination during 1982 – 2005, as well as transition of industrial enterprises to the production of new freight and passenger cars of increased loading standards Тпр and Та, developed by the Institute. This identification was made on the basis of the overall classification of all railway infrastructure and access railroads of the former USSR. New regulatory framework for railway rolling stock loading gauges and structure clearance (GOST 9238 – 2013) was developed based on a global survey of actual dimensions of all structures and infrastructure devices of the 1520 (1524) mm gauge railways (area 1520). Railway Research Institute of the Ministry of Railway Transport (currently, JSC “VNIIZhT”) made scientific and methodological support for the modernization of infrastructure objects, exhausted its life span for the 100-year period of operation. Scientific and methodological support carried out by the Institute allowed the creation and operation of rolling stock with an increased loading gauge standard Тпр: for freight traffic — with increased running loads by 2 ton/m or more compared to European railways; for passenger traffic — more comfortable and 39 % more spacious double-deck compartment cars. Increasing the loading gauge of the rolling stock provides increased efficiency of rail transport by increasing productivity, reducing the required fleet of cars for the transportation of equal volumes as well as operating costs. At the same time achieved annual total economic effect amounts to 2,205 billion rubles. Introduction of the flatcar loading gauge contributes to the organization of transportation of heavy trucks by rail and, therefore, improve the environmental situation.

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KAWAGOE, Takeshi, and Hiroshi OSHIMA. "CHANGES OF JAPANESE RAILWAY BALLAST QUALITY STANDARDS." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. D2 (Historical Studies in Civil Engineering) 77, no. 1 (2021): 53–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejhsce.77.1_53.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Railway standards"

Sangirieva, Irina. "The design of an overpass crossing on railway in Mirny, Arkhangelska Oblast, Russia." Thesis, KTH, Bro- och stålbyggnad, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-90319.

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Bridge design and construction practice in former USSR, especially Russia, is not much known to the foreign engineers. Many advanced structural theories and construction practices have been established. In 1931, Franklin D. Roosevelt said, “There can be little doubt that in many ways the story of bridge building is the story of civilization. By it, we can readily measure a progress in each particular country.” The development of bridge engineering is based on previous experiences and historical aspects. Certainly, the Russian experience in bridge engineering has its own specifics. Bridge design proceeds in accordance with local standards and specifications. This study considers the basic rules and standards in bridge design in the North of Russia, the work includes the overview of Russian design concepts. The paper shows the design of typical concrete bridges including all calculations and analyses for future bridge stability and also drawings for visualisation. The results of the work are conclusions based on performing the required design calculations, drawings, preparing a final estimate and preparations for the construction. There are also some notes concerning the Russian design systems, computer programs for designing and computing and, finally, comparison of the Russians design standards and the Eurocode.

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Cheng, Doasheng. "Uncertainty analysis of large risk assessment models with applications to the Railway Safety and Standards Board safety risk model." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2009. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=11806.

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Chan, Kwok-hung Paul. "Adopting ISO9000 standards as quality assurance system for an internal audit function /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19876762.

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Nordström, Åsa. "The effect of the update of the European standard EN 50128 : - The management of the safety of the software applications for railway applications." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Signaler och System, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-325580.

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The European standard EN 50128 "Railway applications - Communication, signalling and processing systems - Software for railway control and protection systems" is one of the European standards for European Railway systems. It is intended for software aspects, specifying procedures and technical requirements for the development of programmable Electronic systems, which are used in railway control and protection applications. Since 2017- 04-25 the original version EN 50128:2001 has been replaced by the updated new version EN 50128:2011. The update is quite extensive and will effect many parts of the existing Railway systems. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of the EN 50128 update. The work for this study includes literature study, document research and interview with the relevant supplies and experts. Qualitative and quantitative methods have been used in the study to reach the possible best results. The effects due to the EN 50128 update have been extensively investigated. The following issues have been addressed: - How can the update of the standard EN 50128 be done smoothly by the companies? - How much money have they spent to update their process to follow the 2011 version? - What parts of the process have been the most extensive and expensive to change due to the standard update? The results of the work are useful for an organized and professional assessor to help and support the companies dealing with this complex software, in order for them to be prepared for the upcoming standard update as well as possible. If the affected companies have been proactive in their own development of their methods/techniques, the 2011 version of the standard will not be a major work to follow for their process. A standard is a guideline and a support in the way to a safer system.

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Gras, Thibaut. "Couplage de méthodes d'éléments finis standards (FEM) et ondulatoires (WFEM) pour le calcul de la réponse vibratoire d'une voie ferrée." Thesis, Compiègne, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017COMP2372/document.

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La prédiction du bruit de roulement ferroviaire est en enjeu majeur pour la maitrise des nuisances sonores. Au point de contact roue/rail, la roue et la voie sont excités de manière dynamique, ce qui enclenche le rayonnement du bruit de roulement. Les réponses vibratoires au point de contact ainsi que les taux de décroissance des ondes sont des données primordiales pour simuler de manière précise le bruit de roulement. Or, la dimension infinie de la voie ferrée conduit bien souvent à des modèles éléments finis coûteux et non adaptés à la recherche de solutions innovantes. La thèse a pour objectifs de proposer un modèle vibratoire de voie en éléments finis qui prenne en compte la dimension infinie périodique de la voie, mais aussi d’inclure une portion de voie non-périodique sur laquelle des solutions anti-vibratiles peuvent être testées. La propagation des vibrations est exprimée sous la forme d’une décomposition en ondes par la méthode WFE (Wave Finite Element). Le calcul de la réponse vibratoire de la voie périodique infinie est obtenu à partir du déplacement d’une cellule physique longue d’environ 0.6 m. Pour réduire les temps de calcul nécessaires à sa condensation dynamique, une méthode de bi-périodisation est proposée. Le couplage entre les méthodes éléments finis et WFE est développé pour prendre en considération les supports élastiques dans cette cellule. Les comparaisons avec des mobilités expérimentales ainsi que des taux de décroissance montrent un très bon accord calculs-mesures. Enfin, le modèle développé dans cette thèse a permis de tester l’efficacité d’une solution anti-vibratile innovante développée au sein du projet CERVIFER. Celle-ci offre un comportement bi-mode, elle assouplit les supports autour de la roue préservant ainsi l’infrastructure, mais elle rigidifie les supports loin de la roue pour augmenter les taux de décroissance. Les résultats numériques se révèlent prometteurs en termes d’efficacité du dispositif et entrevoient une poursuite du développement de cette solution anti-vibratile
Railway noise is a critical issue concerning environmental noise. At the wheel/rail contact point, both the wheel and the track are dynamically excited and vibrate together to emit the well known rolling noise. The point receptance of the rail and the track decay rates are important quantities to accurately predict wheel-rail noise emission. However, the infinite dimension of the track leads to cumbersome numerical finite-element (FE) models and not adapted to assist the research of innovative solutions. The goals of this thesis are to build an efficient numerical model for calculating the vibration from an infinite railway track, but also to include a central non-periodic part with the aim of testing anti-vibration solutions. The vibration propagation along the track is expressed as a sum of different waves using the WFEM (Wave Finite Element Method). The displacements of a 0.6 m unit cell lead to the computation of the whole track. To reduce the dynamic condensation of this cell, a bi-periodic method is proposed in this thesis. The FEM - WFEM coupling is proposed to easily include elastic supports inside the unit cell. Results show a good correlation between test and calculation. Finally, the model proposed in this thesis was used to test the efficiency of an innovative anti-vibration solution developed within the CERVIFER project. It is a dual mode device which makes the supports softer around the wheel to protect the infrastructure, and stiffer away from the wheel to increase the track decay rates. The numerical results revealed to be really promising, and they will permit to pursue the development of this anti-vibration solution

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Pala, Lukáš. "Návrh stykače VN pro trakční účely." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-442797.

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In the introduction a traction circuit is analyzed with different types of electric devices. The thesis describes power railway electric circuits, their loads and types of used contactors. Railway standards chapter summarizes requirements of standards for railway contactors. Follows literature focusing on power current switching and power switching devices design. Based on previous, a design procedure is developed for railway MV contactor in accordance with end-user and standards requirements. Thesis closes with pre-designing a railway contactor by calculating electrodynamic forces, heatflow and mechanical components.

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Stech, Pedro Henrique. "Parâmetros do projeto geométrico para trens de passageiros de alta velocidade e longo percurso." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3138/tde-30032012-121739/.

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Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal direcionar a tomada de decisões para a escolha dos diferentes parâmetros que envolvem o alinhamento horizontal e vertical do projeto geométrico ferroviário de trens de alta velocidade (TAV) e de longo percurso, bem como descrever conceitos teóricos para parâmetros de segurança e conforto, baseados em normas internacionais. A pesquisa se desenvolve através de consultas em revistas especializadas, artigos, publicações, normas técnicas e livros. Pela escassez de dados em língua nacional e material bibliográfico desatualizado, as pesquisas se concentram essencialmente em material internacional. Apesar do Brasil ser um dos países em desenvolvimento com maior ascensão no cenário global, tem apresentado, nas últimas décadas, sérios problemas de infra-estrutura devido a uma distribuição desequilibrada na área de transportes, com altíssima concentração no modo rodoviário, com aeroportos e rodovias operando acima da capacidade satisfatória, além de um leque limitado de alternativas de transporte. Devido à falta de investimentos no setor ferroviário, grande parte da malha ferroviária brasileira tornou-se inoperante ou até mesmo inexistente, resultando numa enorme diminuição da mão de obra qualificada e formação acadêmica nesse ramo. Como conseqüência, os estudos relacionados ao projeto ferroviário também foram afetados diretamente. Nesse contexto, é importante que se resgate normas, publicações, especificações técnicas e experiências adotadas em outros países com sólidas tradições ferroviárias, de modo a incorporar em nossa formação acadêmica tais conceitos, como é um dos objetivos dessa dissertação.
This dissertation has as main objective to guide in taking decisions for the selection of different parameters which involve the horizontal and vertical railway geometric design of high speed (HST) and long distance trains as well as theoretical concepts for describing security parameters and comfort, based on international standards. The research is developed through consultations in specialized magazines, articles, publications, standards and technical books. Due to the scarcity of data in the national language and outdated library materials, the research focuses primarily on international material. Although Brazil is a developing country with one of the highest rises in the global scene, the country has faced in recent decades serious infrastructure problems due to an uneven distribution in the area of transport, with high concentration in the road, and airports and roads operating above satisfactory capacity, resulted by a limited range of transportation alternatives. Due to the lack of investment in the railway sector, much of the Brazilian railway system became inoperative or even nonexistent, resulting in a tremendous decrease of skilled labor and academic training in this field. As a result, studies related to the railway project have also been directly impacted. In this context, it is important to rescue standards, publications, experiences and technical specifications adopted in other countries with strong tradition in railways in order to incorporate these concepts into our academic formation, which is one of the purposes of this dissertation.

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Jönsson, Per-Anders. "Dynamic Vehicle-Track Interaction of European Standard Freight Wagons with Link Suspension." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Järnvägsteknik, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4461.

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The link suspension is the most prevailing suspension system for freight wagons in Central and Western Europe. The system design is simple and has existed for more than 100 years. However, still its characteristics are not fully understood. This thesis investigates the dynamic performance of freight wagons and comprises five parts: In the first part a review of freight wagon running gear is made. The different suspension systems are described and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. The second part focuses on the lateral force-displacement characteristics of the link suspension. Results from stationary measurements on freight wagons and laboratory tests of the link suspension characteristics are presented. To improve the understanding of various mechanisms and phenomena in link suspension systems, a simulation model is developed. In the third part the multibody dynamic simulation model is discussed. The previous freight wagon model developed at KTH is able to explain many of the phenomena observed in tests. In some cases, however, simulated and measured running behaviour differ. Therefore, a new simulation model is presented and validated against on-track test results. The performance of standard two-axle freight wagons is investigated. The most important parameters for the running behaviour of the vehicle are the suspension characteristics. The variation in characteristics between different wagons is large due to geometrical tolerances of the components, wear, corrosion, moisture or other lubrication. The influence of the variation in suspension characteristics and other parameters on the behaviour of the wagon, on tangent track and in curves, is discussed. Finally, suggestions for improvements of the system are made. A majority of the traffic related track deterioration cost originates from freight traffic. With heavier and faster freight trains the maintenance cost is likely to increase. In the fourth part the possibility to improve ride comfort and reduce track forces on standard freight wagons with link suspension is discussed. The variation of characteristics in link suspension running gear is considerable and unfavourable conditions leading to hunting are likely to occur. Supported by on-track tests and multibody dynamic simulations, it is concluded that the running behaviour of two-axled wagons with UIC double-link suspension as well as wagons with link suspension bogies (G-type) can be improved when the running gear are equipped with supplementary hydraulic dampers. Finally in the fifth part the effects of different types of running gear and operational conditions on the track deterioration marginal cost — in terms of settlement in the ballast, component fatigue, wear and RCF — is investigated. Considerable differences in track deterioration cost per produced ton-km for the different types of running gear are observed. Axle load is an important parameter for settlement and component fatigue. Also the height of centre of gravity has significant influence on track deterioration, especially on track sections with high cant deficiency or cant excess.
QC 20100802

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Wennerkull, Hampus, and Robin Svensson. "Analys av en spännarmerad balkbro : Inverkan på spännvidd och armeringsåtgång." Thesis, KTH, Byggteknik och design, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-277905.

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Concrete girder bridges are a commonly used type of bridge which can be reinforced withboth regular and post-tensioned reinforcement. At a certain span length, the use of tensionreinforcement becomes a must because regular reinforcement won’t be enough. To get anidea of where this boundary lies, we studied a bridge in this research which is a half-throughbridge intended for railway traffic with the use of post-tensioned reinforcements. Thisbridge has a span of 22,15 metres and it is compared to bridges at the same span andshorter span using regular reinforcements. The analysis in this thesis is made using the finiteelementsprogram Brigade Standard.Two previously executed projects are used as references. A literature study will be carriedout initially, where Eurocodes, old examination projects and other literature on tensionreinforcement are examined.The acquired result is that the tension-reinforced bridge relates to a bridge with about 3/4span with regards to torque over the middle support. The torque over the support is thelimiting factor which causes an exponential increase in the amount of reinforcement atlonger spans. At about 20 metres the amount of necessary reinforcement starts to increaseexponentially and above this span post-tensioning is the preferred method.Torsion at the end support is also a crucial parameter since a regular-reinforced bridge with20-metre span cannot be reinforced to handle this with the current geometry. At a 20-metrespan, actions are therefore required to improve the torsion capacity, for example, increasingthe girder width. This increased girder width could be considered a saving in materials dueto the avoided increment of concrete in the case of tension-reinforced design, where thisincreased width is unnecessary.The total amount of reinforcement, independent of the reinforcement type, is greater in themiddle support of the regular reinforced bridge than the tension reinforced with the samespan. However, the total amount of reinforcement over the entire bridge is higher in thetension reinforced alternative.The result also shows that the tension reinforcement increases the compression force in thebridge and eliminates tension cracks which were expected according to our literature study.

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Yildirim, Siho, and Omar Rashid. "Effektivisering av teknikhusens grundläggningar längs järnvägar : Ett arbete som behandlar behovet om att effektivisera standarden för grundläggningen av ett teknikhus." Thesis, KTH, Byggteknik och design, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-213712.

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Trafikverket har ansvaret för ett av Sveriges största infrastrukturprojekt, nämligen att ersätta det nuvarande signalsystemet längs landets järnvägar till ERTMS. Med bytet av signalsystemet kommer behovet av att byta ut 1 500 teknikhus. Syftet med arbetet är att genom en analys av kostnader för den nuvarande grundläggningsstandarden med U-betongplintar för teknikhus, försöka hitta billigare lösningar. Arbetet utförs främst genom en analys av alternativa material- och grundläggningstyper, men hänsyn tas även till tillverkning, installation, logistik, påverkande laster och geologi. Delmålet är att kunna sänka den nuvarande kostnaden för projektet och huvudmålet är att hitta en ny framtida standard för grundläggningen av Trafikverkets teknikhus. De vanligaste grundläggningstyperna för teknikhusen visade sig vara kryp- och plintgrunder, utav plåt respektive betong. I arbetet presenteras även markskruvar, som är en ny idé för teknikhusen. Slutsatsen av rapporten är att markskruvar är det billigaste och smidigaste grundläggningsvalet för teknikhus. Även plåtramar, som idag är ett mer vanligt förekommande alternativ för teknikhus, är billigare än den nuvarande standarden. Arbetets totala besparing för projektet är nära 34 miljoner kronor med markskruvar, och därför har delmålet uppnåtts. Huvudmålet om att hitta en ny standard kräver däremot framtida undersökningar av Trafikverket innan fastställning. En rekommendation för Trafikverket är att vidareundersöka priset för utländska leverantörers markskruvar och avgöra om installationen ska utföras på egen hand. För vidare studier rekommenderas en noggrann analys på transportkostnader för grundläggningar och hur stora kostnader de fribärande teknikhusen tillför.
Trafikverket is responsible for one of Sweden’s largest infrastructure project, namely replacing the current signal system along the countries railway to ERTMS. With the replacement of the signal system comes the need to replace 1 500 equipment shelters. The task is to analyze costs for the equipment shelter’s current foundation standard and try to find cheaper solutions. The work is mainly executed by analyzing alternative materials and foundations, but also manufacturing, installation, logistics, impacting loads and geology. One of the goals is to reduce the current costs of the project, and the main task is to find a new foundation standard that Trafikverket can use for future equipment shelters. The most common foundation types for equipment shelters turned out to be crawling spaces and plinth foundations out of sheet-metal and concrete. The report also presents ground screws, which is a new idea for equipment shelters. The report’s conclusion is that ground screws are the cheapest and most flexible foundation for equipment shelters. Even sheet-metal frames, which are a more common option today, proved to be a more economical choice than the current standard. The total saving turned out to be near 34 million SEK with ground screws and therefore one of the objectives has been achieved. The main goal of possibly finding a new standard, however, requires future investigations by Trafikverket before it can be determined possible. A recommendation to Trafikverket is to further investigate the price of foreign suppliers’ ground screws and determine if the installation is to be carried out on its own. For further studies, a detailed cost analysis of cantilevered houses and transports is recommended.

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Books on the topic "Railway standards"

Cevelev, Aleksandr. Material and technical support of railway transport. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1417121.

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The textbook covers topical issues of the implementation of the policy of JSC "Russian Railways" in the field of material and technical support of structural divisions of railway transport. Based on the results of theoretical studies of the system management of business processes of material and technical support of railway transport, the diversification of the activities of supply authorities, the concept was formulated and a tree of management goals was developed, as well as the formalization of the existing business processes of the MTO system for the current period was carried out and the supply efficiency management system was considered in accordance with the SRT of JSC Russian Railways. Recommendations on the implementation of the developed algorithms and models are of a long-term nature and will improve the efficiency of the system of providing services for providing material and technical resources to structural divisions and enterprises of railway transport. Meets the federal state educational standards of the latest generation in the areas of training: 38.03.01 "Economics", 38.03.02 " Management "(profiles: "Corporate Management", "Logistics and Supply Chain Management"). It is intended for students of railway transport universities of economic and engineering specialties, as well as for managers and specialists of material and technical support of JSC "Russian Railways" who are interested in the issues of material, information and financial support of railway transport.

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Chicago & North Western Historical Society. C&NW standards book. [Chicago]: The Society, 1998.

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Tracks across continents, paths through history: The economic dynamics of standardization in railway gauge. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009.

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Evstaf'ev, Andrey, Aleksandr Maznev, Dmitriy Pegov, Anton Sychugov, and Vitaliy Vasil'ev. Structures and electrical equipment for high-speed ground transport. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1012744.

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The issues of the history of the development of high-speed transport, the principles of operation and the device of mechanical and electrical equipment, the features of maintenance and operation of modern high-speed trains are considered. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. It is intended for students of railway transport universities studying in the specialty "Rolling Stock of railways" and the direction "Electric power and electrical Engineering", and can also be useful for engineering and technical workers associated with the operation and maintenance of high-speed trains.

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Blaine, David G. A report covering the railroads of the Peoples Republic of China operations, rolling stock, standards and planning effects of interface and technology transfer between North American railways, railway supply companies, and the Association of American Railroads (AAR). [New York, N.Y.?]: American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Rail Transportation Division, 1986.

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Grenard, Ross. Colorado & Southern: A personal memory of the standard gauge. Andover, N.J. (Box 1160, Andover 07821): Andover Junction Publications, 1987.

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Dixon, Thomas W. Chesapeake & Ohio standard structures. Clifton Forge, Va: Chesapeake & Ohio Historical Society, 1991.

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Luk'yanov, Mihail. Collection of problems in strength of materials. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/989326.

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Given objectives for all sections of the course "strength of materials", studied by students in accordance with the existing program for Russian universities. Along with the classical methods of assessing strength are the basic concepts of fracture mechanics and methods of calculations on strength, stiffness and stability of structures. Detailed solution of the task allows the subject to students of day and correspondence forms of training. The unconventional construction of the book are aimed at improving the learning material. Almost all tasks are accompanied by answers. In the Appendix to the book gives some reference materials: table of Standards, values, functions, A. N. Krylov and hyperbolic functions, as well as data relevant to the calculation of strength under cyclic stresses. Meets the requirements of Federal state educational standards of higher education of the last generation. Designed for students in all specialties of railway transport, the study of mechanics of materials.

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Railway Correspondence and Travel Society. A detailed history of British Railways standard steam locomotives. Peterborough: Railway Correspondence and Travel Society, 2003.

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Jefferys, Grady. Crossties over Saluda: A portrait of Southern Railway power on the Nation's steepest, standard gauge, main line railway grade, with a 2000 update of post-merger NS motive power. Raleigh, N.C: J.F. Gilbert, Gilbert Design/Crossties Press Books, 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "Railway standards"

Boulanger, Jean-Louis. "Railway Standards." In CENELEC 50128 and IEC 62279 Standards, 13–30. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119005056.ch2.

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Lei, Xiaoyan. "Track Dynamics Research Contents and Related Standards." In High Speed Railway Track Dynamics, 1–36. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2039-1_1.

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Ciancabilla, Attilio, and Stephan Griebel. "Holistic View on the Charm and Challenge of CENELEC Standards for Railway Signaling." In Handbook of RAMS in Railway Systems, 689–96. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, CRC Press, 2018.: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b21983-38.

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Lewiński, Andrzej, Tomasz Perzyński, and Andrzej Toruń. "The Analysis of Open Transmission Standards in Railway Control and Management." In Telematics in the Transport Environment, 10–17. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-34050-5_2.

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Ferrari, Alessio, Mario Fusani, and Stefania Gnesi. "Are Standards an Ambiguity-Free Reference for Product Validation?" In Reliability, Safety, and Security of Railway Systems. Modelling, Analysis, Verification, and Certification, 251–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68499-4_17.

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Mathew, Avin, Michael Purser, Lin Ma, and David Mengel. "Creating an asset registry for railway electrical traction equipment with open standards." In Engineering Asset Lifecycle Management, 724–32. London: Springer London, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-320-6_84.

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Uebel, Helmut, André Fitzke, and Joachim Warlitz. "European Standards in the Field of Railway Signalling and their Influence on Software Testing Methods." In Software Quality, 209–24. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56529-8_16.

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Ponsard, Christophe, Jeremy Grandclaudon, Philippe Massonet, and Mounir Touzani. "Assessment of Emerging Standards for Safety and Security Co-Design on a Railway Case Study." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 130–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02852-7_12.

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van Noort, Carolijn. "The Standard Gauge Railway in Kenya." In China's Communication of the Belt and Road Initiative, 135–70. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003184713-6.

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Kwon, Seok Jin, Dong Hyung Lee, Jung Won Seo, and Hyun Mu Hur. "Mechanical Properties of Railway Wheel for Standard Reinforcement." In Advanced Materials Research, 1247–50. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-463-4.1247.

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Conference papers on the topic "Railway standards"

Burrage, K. W. "Railway safety standards." In International Conference on Electric Railways in a United Europe. IEE, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp:19950197.

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Elliot, A. "Changing standards." In IET Seminar on Railway Human Factors in a Changing World. IEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:20060181.

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Alston, B. "Railway safety viewpoint." In IEE Seminar INTER-operability or IN-operability, do standards help or hinder? IEE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:20010081.

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Wainwright, N. "Enhancing knowledge of railway EMC standards." In IET Seminar on EMC in Railways 2009. Building your Knowledge and Ensuring Compliance. IET, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic.2009.0101.

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Allan, J. "EMC process and standards." In 2nd IEE Residential Course on Railway Electrification Infrastructure Systems. IEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:20050631.

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McKendrick, B. "Asset management standards & practice." In IET Professional Development Course on Railway Signalling and Control Systems (RSCS 2010). IET, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic.2010.0087.

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Amanna, Ashwin, Ambuj Agrawal, and Majid Manteghi. "Active RFID for Enhanced Railway Operations." In ASME 2010 Rail Transportation Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/rtdf2010-42006.

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RFID tags have been used by railways for many years, RFID has proven its worth in inventory management, yet this technology is underutilized for enhancing railway operations and health monitoring due to limitations of passive RFID technology. Active RFID provides enhanced capabilities with potential to improve railway operations. Active technology differs from passive RFID by incorporating an onboard power source enabling longer ranges, changeable data fields, and the ability to transmit independently of the reader. This paper compares the advantages and disadvantages of active compared to passive RFID in terms of power requirements, transmission range, and dynamic data. A survey of existing products and vendors is presented. The existing active RFID standards are reviewed and elements of the data tag protocols are detailed as well as protocols for mitigating collisions of data packets. Finally, specific railway applications utilizing active RFID are discussed.

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Hu Da and Chen Yafei. "Discussion on the applicable standards of railway environmental noise." In 2011 Second International Conference on Mechanic Automation and Control Engineering (MACE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mace.2011.5988335.

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Barrow, R. "Setting new boundaries - applying the UML to railway standards." In IEE Seminar on UML Systems Engineering. IEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:20050128.

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Guerrieri, M., and D. Ticali. "Design Standards for Converting Unused Railway Lines into Greenways." In International Conference on Sustainable Design and Construction (ICSDC) 2011. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41204(426)80.

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