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McNeal, Cedric J. "Barrel wear reduction in rail guns : the effects of known and controlled rail spacing on low voltage electrical contact and the hard chrome plating of copper-tungsten rail and pure copper rails /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2003. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/03Jun%5FMcNeal.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S. in Applied Physics)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2003.Thesis advisor(s): William B. Maier II, Richard Harkins. Includes bibliographical references (p. 45-46). Also available online.
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Smith, Lindsey. "Rolling contact fatigue in wheel-rail contact." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.438385.
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Zhu, Yi. "Adhesion in the wheel-rail contact." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Tribologi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-133342.
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To attract more customers and compete with other modes of transportation, railway transport needs to ensure safety, punctuality, high comfort, and low cost; wheel–rail adhesion, i.e., the transmitted tangential force in the longitudinal direction during driving and braking, plays an important role in all these aspects. Adhesion needs to be kept at a certain level for railway operation and maintenance. However, wheel−rail contact is an open system contact. Different contaminants can present between the wheel and rail surfaces, forming a third-body layer that affects the adhesion. Prediction of wheel–rail adhesion is important for railway operations and research into vehicle dynamics; however, this prediction is difficult because of the presence of contaminants. This thesis deals with wheel–rail adhesion from a tribological perspective. The five appended papers discuss wheel–rail adhesion in terms of dry conditions, lubricated conditions, leaf contamination, iron oxides, and environmental conditions. The research methodologies used are numerical modelling, scaled laboratory experiments, and field tests. The research objective is to understand the mechanisms of the adhesion loss phenomenon. A numerical model was developed to predict wheel–rail adhesion based on real measured 3D surfaces. Computer simulation indicates that surface topography has a larger impact on lubricated than on dry contacts. Plastic deformation in asperities is found to be very important in the model. Ball-on-disc tests indicate that water can give an extremely low adhesion coefficient on smooth surfaces, possibly due to surface oxidation. Investigation of lubricated contacts at low speed indicates that oil reduces the adhesion coefficient by carrying a normal load, while adhesion loss due to water depends on the surface topography, water temperature, and surface oxidation. A field investigation indicates that leaves reduce the friction coefficient because of the chemical reaction between leaves and bulk materials. The thickness of the surface oxide layer was found to be an essential factor determining adhesion reduction. Pin-on-disc experiments found a transition in the friction coefficient with regard to the relative humidity, due to a trade-off between the water molecule film and the hematite on the surface.QC 20131031
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Saulot, Aurélien Berthier Yves Descartes Sylvie. "Analyse tribologique du contact roue-rail." Villeurbanne : Doc'INSA, 2006. http://docinsa.insa-lyon.fr/these/pont.php?id=saulot.
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Galas, Radovan. "Friction Modification within Wheel-Rail Contact." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-367508.
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Předložená disertační práce se zabývá experimentálním studiem modifikátorů tření a maziv pro temeno kolejnice, které jsou aplikovány do kontaktu kola a kolejnice za účelem optimalizace adheze a redukce hluku. Hlavním cílem práce bylo objasnit vliv aplikovaného množství a složení těchto látek na adhezi v kontaktu. Hlavní pozornost byla věnována zejména potencionálním hrozbám souvisejících s kriticky nízkou adhezí, která může nastat po aplikaci těchto látek. Experimentální studium probíhalo v laboratorních i reálných podmínkách, konkrétně v tramvajovém provozu. V případě laboratorních experimentů byl využit komerční tribometr a dvoudiskové zařízení umožňující simulovat průjezd vozidla traťovým obloukem. Kromě samotné adheze bylo při experimentech sledováno také opotřebení a míra hluku. Výsledky ukázaly, že maziva pro temeno kolejnice jsou schopna poskytovat požadované třecí vlastnosti, nicméně jejich chování je silně závislé na aplikovaném množství. V případě předávkování kontaktu dochází ke kriticky nízkým hodnotám adheze, které vedou k výraznému prodloužení brzdné dráhy. V případě modifikátorů tření bylo ukázáno, že chování těchto látek je výrazně ovlivněno odpařováním základního média. Výsledky také ukázaly, že nadměrné množství částic pro modifikaci tření může způsobit kriticky nízké hodnoty adheze. U obou výše zmíněných typů produktů byl prokázán pozitivní vliv na míru opotřebení a míru poškození povrchu, zatímco významná redukce hluku byla dosažena pouze v případech, kdy došlo ke značnému poklesu adheze. V závěru této práce jsou uvedena doporučení pro další výzkumné aktivity v této oblasti.
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Pang, Tao, and tony_pang@hotmail com. "Studies on Wheel/Rail Contact Impact Forces at Insulated Rail Joints." Central Queensland University. Centre for Railway Engineering, 2008. http://library-resources.cqu.edu.au./thesis/adt-QCQU/public/adt-QCQU20080410.154708.
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To investigate the wheel/rail contact impact forces at insulated rail joints (IRJs), a three-dimensional finite element model and strain gauged experiments are employed and reported in this thesis. The 3D wheel/rail contact-impact FE model adopts a two-stage analysis strategy in which the wheel-IRJ railhead contact is first established in the static analysis and the results transferred to dynamic analysis for impact simulations. The explicit FE method was employed in the dynamic analysis. The Lagrange Multiplier method and the Penalty method for contact constraint enforcement were adopted for the static and dynamic analyses respectively.
The wheel/rail contact-impact in the vicinity of the end post is exhibited via numerical examples from the FE modelling. The wheel/rail contact impact mechanism is investigated. The strain gauged experiments which consist of a lab test and a field test are reported. The signature of the strain time series from the field test demonstrates a plausible record of the dynamic responses due to the wheel/rail contact impact. By using the experimental data, both the static and the dynamic FE models are validated.
It is found that the stiffness discontinuity of the IRJ structure causes a running surface geometry discontinuity during the wheel passages which then causes the impact in the vicinity of the end post. Through a series of sensitivity studies of several IRJ design parameters, it is shown that the IRJ performance can be effectively improved with optimised design parameters.
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Martin, Michael. "The Effect of Geometrical Contact Input to Wheel-Rail Contact Model." Thesis, KTH, Spårfordon, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-239735.
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Wheel-rail contact is an important aspect of railway, the forces transferred between the wheel and rail are the one that guide, brake, or accelerate the train, and that is why the understanding of the contact between wheel and rail is an interesting research topic. In this master thesis wheel-rail contact model named ANALYN is used to see the effect of the different geometrical input, like undeformed distance, relative longitudinal curvature, and relative lateral curvature calculation affect the contact patch estimation formed at the wheel-rail contact. In the process, a geometrical contact search code is made to find the contact point between wheel and rail for certain lateral displacement, yaw angle, and roll angle of the wheelset. The codes used to calculate the three geometrical inputs are also prepared, with two methods are prepared for each input. The results that generated from combination of the geometrical contact search and geometrical input preparation are used as the input to ANALYN. The results showed that different geometrical input calculations do affect the shape of the contact patch, with the calculation of lateral curvature being the most important since it affects the shape of the contact patch greater than other geometrical inputs. It is also shown that taking yaw angle into account in the contact search will affect the shape of the contact patch.
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Wickramasinghe, Munidasa Widhana Pathiranage Isuru Udara. "Investigation of surface ratchetting due to rail/wheel contact." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2014. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/67800/1/Munidasa%20Widhana%20Pathiranage%20Isuru%20Udara_Wickramasinghe_Thesis.pdf.
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This project advances the knowledge of rail wear and crack formation due to rail/wheel contact in Australian heavy-haul railway lines. This comprehensive study utilised numerous techniques including: simulation using a twin-disk test-rig, scanning electron microscope particle analysis and finite element modeling for material failure prediction. Through this work, new material failure models have been developed which may be used to predict the lifetime and reliability of materials undergoing severe contact conditions.
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Duan, FangFang. "Numerical tribology of the wheel-rail contact : Application to corrugation defect." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ISAL0019/document.
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Depuis plus d'un siècle, l’usure ondulatoire représente un des problèmes de maintenance les plus important pour les réseaux ferroviaires. Celle-ci est à l’origine d’émissions sonores incommodantes pour le voisinage et de vibrations structurelles pouvant réduire la durée de vie des infrastructures et matériels ferroviaires. Ce phénomène périodique présent à la surface des rails est intimement lié à la dynamique du contact roue-rail qui résulte des paramètres régissant le frottement, la dynamique du train et de la voie… Afin de mieux appréhender les conditions menant à l’apparition de l’usure ondulation, un modèle numérique a été proposé pour compenser l’impossibilité d’instrumenter localement et de façon fiable un contact roue-rail dynamiquement. Tout d'abord, un outil approprié a été choisi pour modéliser la dynamique du contact roue-rail afin de reproduire numérique de l’usure ondulatoire des voies rectilignes. Le code d'éléments finis dynamique implicite Abaqus a été choisi pour instrumenter numériquement localement le contact roue-rail. Ainsi, tant l'origine que l'évolution de l’usure ondulatoire dans des phases transitoires (accélération / décélération) sont étudiées. Une étude de sensibilité a été menée pour mettre en évidence la sensibilité de l’usure ondulatoire apparaissant dans des conditions transitoires au passage d’une ou plusieurs roues ainsi que d’un défaut géométrique présent à la surface du rail. Des conditions dynamiques locales d’adhérence-glissement (stick-slip), liées à la dynamique de la roue et du rail couplés par le contact, est identifié comme origine de l’usure ondulatoire des voies rectilignes dans des conditions transitoires. Deuxièmement, les résultats obtenues avec le modèles précédent ont mis en évidence une décroissance de l’amplitude de l’usure ondulatoire reproduire numérique en fonction du nombre de roue passant sur le rail. Ce résultat semble être en contradiction avec les observations de rails réels. Ce problème est lié à la difficulté de gérer la dynamique de contact, et tout particulièrement dans le cas où il y a des impacts locaux, dans les modèles éléments finis classiques tels que ceux implémentés dans Abaqus. Pour palier ce problème, une méthode de masser redistribuée a été implémentée dans Abaqus et utilisée sur le cas précédent. Les résultats montrent un accroissement plus réaliste de l’usure ondulatoire en fonction du nombre de rouesFor more than a century, rail corrugation has been exposed as one of the most serious problems experienced in railway networks. It also comes with a series of problems for maintenance, such as rolling noises and structural vibrations that can reduce lifetime of both train and track. This periodical phenomenon on rail surface is closely linked to wheel-rail contact dynamic, which depends on friction, train dynamics… To better understand corrugation birth conditions, a numerical model is suggested to complement the experimental limitations and to instrument a wheel-rail contact both locally and dynamically. At first, an appropriate tool was chosen to create the dynamic wheel-rail contact model to reproduce straight-track corrugation, also called “short-pitch” corrugation. The implicit dynamic finite element code Abaqus was chosen to investigate the dynamic local contact conditions. Both the origin and the evolution of straight-track corrugation under transient conditions (acceleration / deceleration) are studied. The parametrical sensibility of corrugation is thus investigated both with single/multiple wheel passing(s) and with geometric defect. A stick-slip phenomenon, linked to both wheel and rail dynamics coupled through the contact, is identified as the root of straight-track corrugation under transient conditions. Secondly, results obtained with the previous model have highlighted a quick decrease of corrugation amplitude with the increase of wheel passings over the rail. This last result seems to be in contradiction with reality. This problem comes from the difficulty to reliably manage contact dynamics, and particularly with local impacts, with the use of classical finite element models such as the one implemented in Abaqus. To compensate for this lack, a mass redistribution method is implemented in Abaqus and used with the previous case. The results show a more realistic corrugation growth according to the number of wheel passings
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Jon, Sundh. "On wear transitions in the wheel-rail contact." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Maskinkonstruktion (Avd.), 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-11563.
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Wear transitions in the wheel–rail contact are of increasing interest since the general trend in railway traffic is toward increased velocities and axle loads. Curving increases the risk of flanging, causing the contact to change from an almost pure rolling wheel tread–rail head contact to more of a sliding wheel flange–rail gauge contact on the high rail in curves. Under wheel flange–rail gauge contact conditions, wear transitions to severe or catastrophic wear will occur if the contact is improperly lubricated. Such a transition is the most undesirable transition in the wheel–rail contact, as it represents a very expensive operating condition for railway companies. The contact conditions responsible for this transition are very severe as regards sliding velocity and contact pressure, and thus place high demands on both the lubricant and the wheel and rail materials. The focus of this thesis is on the transitions between different wear regimes in a wheel–rail contact. Wear is discussed both in traditional tribological terms and in terms of the categories used in the railway business, namely mild, severe and catastrophic wear. Most of the work was experimental and was performed at the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Department of Machine Design. The effects of contact pressure, sliding velocity, and type of lubricant have been investigated, producing results that resemble those of other studies presented in the literature. The absence of research relating to the wheel flange–rail gauge contact is addressed, and it is concluded that a lubricant film must be present on rails in curves to prevent severe or catastrophic wear. The formulation of this lubricant can further increase its wear- and seizure-preventing properties. To obtain a deeper understanding of wear transitions, methods such as airborne particle measurement and electron microscopy have been used. Paper A presents the test methodology used to detect seizure and discusses the wear-reducing influence of free carbon in highly loaded contacts. Paper B presents the testing of seizure-initiating conditions for a range of environmentally adapted lubricants applied to wheel and rail materials; a transient pin-on-disc test methodology was used for the testing. Paper C presents the use of pin-on-disc methodology to study the wear-reducing effects of a wide range of lubricants. The best performing lubricant was a mineral oil containing EP and AW additives. Paper D relates wear rates and transitions to airborne particles generated by an experimentally simulated wheel–rail contact. The airborne particles generated varied in size distribution and amount with wear rate and mechanism. Paper E relates additional analysis techniques, such as FIB sectioning, ESCA analysis, airborne particle measurements, and SEM imaging of airborne wear particles, to the contact temperature.QC 20100721
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Shahzamanian, Sichani Matin. "Wheel-rail contact modelling in vehicle dynamics simulation." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Spårfordon, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-127949.
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The wheel-rail contact is at the core of all research related to vehicle-track interaction. This tiny interface governs the dynamic performance of rail vehicles through the loads it transmits and, like any high stress concentration zone, it is subjected to serious damage phenomena. Thus, a clear understanding of the rolling contact between wheel and rail is key to realistic vehicle dynamic simulation and damage analyses. In a multi-body-system simulation package, the essentially demanding contact problem should be evaluated in about every millisecond. Hence, a rigorous treatment of the contact is highly time consuming. Simplifying assumptions are, therefore, made to accelerate the simulation process. This gives rise to a trade-off between accuracy and computational efficiency of the contact models in use. Historically, Hertz contact solution is used since it is of closed-form. However, some of its underlying assumptions may be violated quite often in wheel-rail contact. The assumption of constant relative curvature which leads to an elliptic contact patch is of this kind. Fast non-elliptic contact models are proposed by others to lift this assumption while avoiding the tedious numerical procedures. These models are accompanied by a simplified approach to treat tangential tractions arising from creepages and spin. In this thesis, in addition to a literature survey presented, three of these fast non-elliptic contact models are evaluated and compared to each other in terms of contact patch, pressure and traction distributions as well as the creep forces. Based on the conclusions drawn from this evaluation, a new method is proposed which results in more accurate contact patch and pressure distribution estimation while maintaining the same computational efficiency. The experience gained through this Licentiate work illuminates future research directions among which, improving tangential contact results and treating conformal contacts are given higher priority.QC 20130911
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Carroll, Robert Ian. "Surface metallurgy and rolling contact fatigue of rail." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2006. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/14639/.
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This thesis presents the results of an investigation into the effect of surface metallurgy on the rolling contact fatigue behaviour of rail. The investigation has used laboratory based rolling/sliding twin disc testing of samples with a surface metallurgical feature simulated on them. The samples used in laboratory testing have been compared with samples of rail removed from track. Two surface metallurgical features have been investigated: decarburisation and white etching layer. Decarburisation is the loss of carbon from the surface of the rail due to oxidation at high temperatures, resulting in a softer layer at the surface (180HV compared to 250HV bulk). The decarburised layer has been simulated in this research by heat treating discs in a laboratory furnace with an air atmosphere. The results show that by increasing the depth of decarburisation the growth rate of cracks within the sample, along with the wear rate, increases. At the maximum depth of decarburisation allowed on rail by the standard (O.5mm) there was little difference in the wear or rolling contact fatigue behaviour with or without decarburisation. White etching layer (WEL) forms on the surface of rail due to the action of the wheels and is a very hard layer (>850HV) up to 250mm deep. White etching layer has been simulated in two ways: spot welding and gross sliding of the discs. The results have shown that cracks initiate preferentially at weak spots at the surface, such as the interface between the WEL and pearlite or along proeutectoid ferrite boundaries. It has been found that the growth of cracks below the surface depends on the strain history of the subsurface pearlite. The results indicate that white etching layer is detrimental to rail life through either the promotion of rolling contact fatigue and/or wear.
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Sato, Meiji. "Wear and rolling contact fatigue of rail steels." The Ohio State University, 1991. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1335372747.
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Zhu, Yi. "Adhesion in the wheel-rail contact under contaminated conditions." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Tribologi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-48441.
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Railway vehicles require a certain level of adhesion between wheel and rail to operate efficiently, reliably, and economically. Different levels of adhesion are needed depending on the vehicle running conditions. In the wheel tread–railhead contact, the dominant problem is low adhesion, as low adhesion on the railhead negatively affects railway operation: on one hand, the vehicle will lose traction resulting in delay when driving on low-adhesion tracks; on the other hand, low adhesion during deceleration will extend the braking distance, which is a safety issue. This thesis examines the influence of several contaminants, i.e., water, oil, and leaves, on the adhesion in the wheel tread–railhead contact. This study will improve our knowledge of the low-adhesion mechanism and of how various contaminants influence adhesion. The thesis consists of a summary overview of the topic and three appended papers (A–C). Papers A and B focus mainly on water and oil contamination examined using two methods, numerical simulation and lab testing. In paper A, real measured wheel and rail surfaces, low- and high-roughness surfaces, along with generated smooth surfaces are used as input to the numerical model for predicting the adhesion coefficient. Water-lubricated, oil-lubricated, and dry contacts are simulated in the model. In the research reported in paper B, scaled testing using a mini traction machine (MTM) was carried out to simulate the wheel–rail contact under lubricated conditions. Two types of disc surfaces of different roughnesses were run at different contact pressures and temperatures. A stylus machine and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to measure the surface topography. A study of leaf contamination on the railhead surface, based on field testing, is presented in paper C. Railhead surface samples were cut and the friction coefficient was measured on five occasions over the course of a year. Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) and glow discharge optical emission spectrometry (GD-OES) were used to detect the chemical composition of the leaf-contamination layer on the railhead surface. The main conclusion of the thesis is that different contaminants reduce the adhesion coefficient in different ways. Oil reduces the adhesion coefficient by carrying the normal force due to its high viscosity. Water can reduce the adhesion coefficient to different degrees depending on the surface topography and water temperature. The mixture of an oxide layer and water contamination may have an essential impact. A leaf-formed blackish layer causes low adhesion by means of a chemical reaction between the leaves and bulk material. The thickness of the friction-reducing oxide layer predicts the friction coefficient and the extent of leaf contamination.QC 20111123
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Qiu, Xiaonong. "Rolling contact fatigue behavior of three eutectoid rail steels /." Full text open access at:, 1987. http://content.ohsu.edu/u?/etd,153.
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Zhou, Yongji. "System-on-chip accelerator of wheel-rail contact laws." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.531591.
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Yao, C. W. "Experimental methods for measurement of wheel and rail contact." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.500083.
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Hosseini, SayedMohammad. "A Statistical Approach to Modeling Wheel-Rail Contact Dynamics." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/101864.
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The wheel-rail contact mechanics and dynamics that are of great importance to the railroad industry are evaluated by applying statistical methods to the large volume of data that is collected on the VT-FRA state-of-the-art roller rig. The intent is to use the statistical principles to highlight the relative importance of various factors that exist in practice to longitudinal and lateral tractions and to develop parametric models that can be used for predicting traction in conditions beyond those tested on the rig. The experiment-based models are intended to be an alternative to the classical traction-creepage models that have been available for decades. Various experiments are conducted in different settings on the VT-FRA Roller Rig at the Center for Vehicle Systems and Safety at Virginia Tech to study the relationship between the traction forces and the wheel-rail contact variables. The experimental data is used to entertain parametric and non-parametric statistical models that efficiently capture this relationship. The study starts with single regression models and investigates the main effects of wheel load, creepage, and the angle of attack on the longitudinal and lateral traction forces. The assumptions of the classical linear regression model are carefully assessed and, in the case of non-linearities, different transformations are applied to the explanatory variables to find the closest functional form that captures the relationship between the response and the explanatory variables. The analysis is then extended to multiple models in which interaction among the explanatory variables is evaluated using model selection approaches. The developed models are then compared with their non-parametric counterparts, such as support vector regression, in terms of "goodness of fit," out-of-sample performance, and the distribution of predictions.Master of Science
The interaction between the wheel and rail plays an important role in the dynamic behavior of railway vehicles. The wheel-rail contact has been extensively studied through analytical models, and measuring the contact forces is among the most important outcomes of such models. However, these models typically fall short when it comes to addressing the practical problems at hand. With the development of a high-precision test rig—called the VT-FRA Roller Rig, at the Center for Vehicle Systems and Safety (CVeSS)—there is an increased opportunity to tackle the same problems from an entirely different perspective, i.e. through statistical modeling of experimental data. Various experiments are conducted in different settings that represent railroad operating conditions on the VT-FRA Roller Rig, in order to study the relationship between wheel-rail traction and the variables affecting such forces. The experimental data is used to develop parametric and non-parametric statistical models that efficiently capture this relationship. The study starts with single regression models and investigates the main effects of wheel load, creepage, and the angle of attack on the longitudinal and lateral traction forces. The analysis is then extended to multiple models, and the existence of interactions among the explanatory variables is examined using model selection approaches. The developed models are then compared with their non-parametric counterparts, such as support vector regression, in terms of "goodness of fit," out-of-sample performance, and the distribution of the predictions. The study develops regression models that are able to accurately explain the relationship between traction forces, wheel load, creepage, and the angle of attack.
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Shahzamanian, Sichani Matin. "On Efficient Modelling of Wheel-Rail Contact in Vehicle Dynamics Simulation." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Spårfordon, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-181691.
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The wheel-rail contact is at the core of all research related to vehicletrackinteraction. This tiny interface governs the dynamic performanceof rail vehicles through the forces it transmits and, like any high stressconcentration zone, it is subjected to serious damage phenomena. Thus,a clear understanding of the rolling contact between wheel and rail is keyto realistic vehicle dynamics simulation and damage analysis. In a multi-body dynamics simulation, the demanding contact problemshould be evaluated at about every millisecond for several wheel-rail pairs.Hence, a rigorous treatment of the contact is highly time-consuming.Simplifying assumptions are therefore made to accelerate the simulationprocess. This gives rise to a trade-o between the accuracy and computationaleciency of the contact model in use. Conventionally, Hertz+FASTSIM is used for calculation of the contactforces thanks to its low computational cost. However, the elliptic patchand pressure distribution obtained by Hertz' theory is often not realisticin wheel-rail contact. Moreover, the use of parabolic traction bound inFASTSIM causes considerable error in the tangential stress estimation.This combination leads to inaccurate damage predictions. Fast non-elliptic contact models are proposed by others to tacklethis issue while avoiding the tedious numerical procedures. The studiesconducted in the present work show that the accuracy of these models iscase-dependent. To improve the accuracy of non-elliptic patch and pressure estimation,a new method is proposed. The method is implemented in an algorithmnamed ANALYN. Comparisons show improvements in patch and, particularly,pressure estimations using ANALYN. In addition, an alternative to the widely-used FASTSIM is developed, named FaStrip. Unlike FASTSIM, it employs an elliptic traction boundand is able to estimate the non-linear characteristic of tangential stressdistribution. Comparisons show more accurate estimation of tangentialstress and slip velocity distribution as well as creep forces with FaStrip. Ultimately, an ecient non-elliptic wheel-rail contact model consistingof ANALYN and FaStrip is proposed. The reasonable computationalcost of the model enables it to be used on-line in dynamics simulationand its accuracy can improve the damage predictions.QC 20160202
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Keylin, Alexander. "Analytical Evaluation of the Accuracy of Roller Rig Data for Studying Creepage in Rail Vehicles." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/49607.
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The primary purpose of this research is to investigate the effectiveness of a scaled roller rig for accurately assessing the contact mechanics and dynamics between a profiled steel wheel and rail, as is commonly used in rail vehicles. The established creep models of Kalker and Johnson and Vermeulen are used to establish correction factors, scaling factors, and transformation factors that allow us to relate the results from a scaled rig to those of a tangent track. �Correction factors, which are defined as the ratios of a given quantity (such as creep coefficient) between a roller rig and a track, are derived and used to relate the results between a full-size rig and a full-size track. Scaling factors are derived to relate the same quantities between roller rigs of different scales. Finally, transformation factors are derived by combining scaling factors with correction factors in order to relate the results from a scaled roller rig to a full-size tangent track. Close-end formulae for creep force correction, scaling, and transformation factors are provided in the thesis, along with their full derivation and an explanation of their limitations; these formulae can be used to calculate the correction factors for any wheel-rail geometry and scaling.For Kalker\'s theory, it is shown that the correction factor for creep coefficients is strictly a function of wheel and rail geometry, primarily the wheel and roller diameter ratio. For Johnson and Vermeulen\'s theory, the effects of creepage, scale, and load on the creep force correction factor are demonstrated. �It is shown that INRETS\' scaling strategy causes the normalized creep curve to be identical for both a full-size and a scaled roller rig. �It is also shown that the creep force correction factors for Johnson and Vermeulen\'s model increase linearly with creepage, starting with the values predicted by Kalker\'s theory. �Therefore, Kalker\'s theory provides a conservative estimate for creep force correction factors. �A case study is presented to demonstrate the creep curves, as well as the correction and transformation factors, for a typical wheel-rail configuration. �Additionally, two studies by other authors that calculate the correction factor for Kalker\'s creep coefficients for specific wheel-rail geometries are reviewed and show full agreement with the results that are predicted by the formulae derived in this study. �Based on a review of existing and past roller rigs, as well as the findings of this thesis, a number of recommendations are given for the design of a roller rig for the purpose of assessing the wheel-rail contact mechanics. �A scaling strategy (INRETS\') is suggested, and equations for power consumption of a roller rig are derived. Recommendations for sensors and actuators necessary for such a rig are also given. Special attention is given to the resolution and accuracy of velocity sensors, which are required to properly measure and plot the creep curves.
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Spangenberg, Ulrich. "Reduction of rolling contact fatigue through the control of the wheel wear shape." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/62796.
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Heavy haul railway operations permit the transport of huge volumes at lower cost than other modes of transport. The low cost can only be sustained if the maintenance costs associated with such railway operations are minimised. The maintenance costs are mainly driven by wheel and rail damage in the form of wear and rolling contact fatigue (RCF). Low wear rates in the wheel-rail interface have resulted in an increase in the prevalence of rail RCF, thereby increasing rail maintenance costs. The aim of this study is to develop an approach to reduce rail RCF on South Africa’s iron ore export line by managing the worn wheel shape. This approach is developed by evaluating wheel and rail profile shapes that contribute the most to RCF initiation, studying the influence of suspension stiffness and rail profile changes as well as a redesign of the wheel profile. The influence of wheel and rail profile shape features on the initiation of rolling contact fatigue (RCF) cracks was evaluated based on the results of multibody vehicle dynamics simulations. The damage index and surface fatigue index were used as two damage parameters to assess the influence of the different features. The damage parameters showed good agreement to one another and to in-field observations. The wheel and rail profile shape features showed a correlation to the predicted RCF damage. The RCF damage proved to be most sensitive to the position of hollow wear and thus bogie tracking. RCF initiation and crack growth can be reduced by eliminating unwanted shape features through maintenance and design and by improving bogie tracking. Two potential mitigation measures had been adapted from those published in literature to reduce RCF. The mitigation measures involved changes in suspension stiffness to spread wheel wear across the tread and the use of gauge corner relief rail profiles. These mitigation measures were evaluated by means of multibody dynamics and wear maintenance costs. These mitigation measures, however, did not prove to be successful in reducing RCF initiation while maintaining a low wheel wear rate. The current operating conditions on South Africa’s iron ore line, although still not optimal overall, were found to be better in terms of their wear and RCF performance than the two proposed RCF mitigation measures. Based on the finding of the study on two RCF mitigation measures it was recommended that a conformal wheel profile be developed to spread the wheel wear across the tread to reduce the occurrence and propagation of RCF cracks, while still maintaining low wheel wear rates. A comparative study of this new wheel profile design and the current wheel profile design was therefore performed using multibody dynamics simulation together with numerical wheel wear and RCF predictions. The advantages of the conformal wheel profile design were illustrated by evaluating the worn shape and resulting kinematic behaviour of the conformal design. The conformal design had a steadier equivalent conicity progression and a smaller conicity range compared with the current wheel profile design over the wheel’s wear life. The combination of a conformal wheel profile design with 2 mm hollow wear and inadequate adherence to grinding tolerances often result in two-point contact, thereby increasing the probability of RCF initiation. The conformal wheel profile design was shown to have many wear and RCF benefits compared with the current wheel profile design. However, implementation of such a conformal wheel profile must be accompanied by improved rail grinding practices to ensure rail profile compliance. Based on these findings an approach is proposed where the conformal wheel profile design together with improved compliance of the in-service rail profiles to the target rail profile are implemented. This has the potential to reduce RCF initiation on South Africa’s iron ore export line.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering
PhD
Unrestricted
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Shakleton, Philip Andrew. "An optimised wheel-rail contact model for vehicle dynamics simulation." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.515184.
Full textAbstract:
The wheel-rail interface is a complex component of the dynamic railway vehicle-track system. The wheel-rail interface governs the motion of a railway vehicle and is responsible for wheel and track damage such as wear and rolling contact fatigue. Wheelrail contact models are used extensively in railway engineering to calculate contact forces and stresses, in order to evaluate dynamic vehicle behaviour or assess track damage. Due to the complexity of the wheel-rail interaction, and computational limitations, all wheel-rail contact models make simplifying assumptions so that solutions may be obtained in an acceptable time. This thesis presents a survey of current wheel-rail contact models and theories, and associated literature, focussing on the various simplifications made by the different approaches. In order to allow an informative comparison of contact model performance a wheel-rail contact benchmark has been established, detailing carefully defined, challenging contact conditions. Interested parties were invited to submit solutions for the contact benchmark cases, and results from ten contributors were received and compared. From the analysis of current contact models and the contact benchmark results, a new wheel-rail contact model has been developed. The model is based on a novel relationship between the normal contact force and the intersecting volume found from virtually penetrating two, three dimensional contacting bodies. Results from the new contact model, named the 'Rectified Interpenetration method', were compared favourably to the recognised methods of Hertz and Kalker. To aid future validation of wheel-rail contact model and understanding of the wheel. rail interaction, a feasibility study of a new wheel-rail contact measurement technique has been undertaken. The technique is based on an established ultrasound method capable of measuring the normal contact pressure distribution for machined wheel and rail samples in laboratory conditions. The new technique aims to advance the state of the art to allow wheel-rail contact measurements under rolling conditions. The study concluded that there is scope for further development of the technique, and discusses the transitional difficulties in advancing the static method to rolling contacts.
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Gallardo, Hernandez Ezequiel Alberto. "Wheel and rail contact simulation using a twin disc tester." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2009. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/14924/.
Full textAbstract:
The contact between wheel and rail has been studied for many years in the field and using different test approaches. The wheel/rail contact in this work was simulated by a rolling-sliding twin disc contact machine. Currently this approach is widely accepted as a technique for studying different aspects of the wheel/rail contact such as; wear, rolling contact fatigue (RCF) crack propagation and issues concerning wheel/rail isolation.
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Lai, Van-Vuong. "Dynamic model of wheel/rail contact for curve squeal simulation." Thesis, Lille 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1I088/document.
Full textAbstract:
Le bruit de crissement émis par les véhicules guidés sur rail dans les courbes serrées (rayon inférieur à 200 m) est caractérisé par un niveau de pression acoustique élevé et un spectre de raies à moyennes et hautes fréquences. La littérature est riche en modèles de simulation du crissement en courbe. Cependant, le mécanisme d'instabilité est toujours controversé. De plus, les modèles de crissement en courbe existants sont souvent simplifiés (lois de pseudo-glissement analytiques ou hypothèse de massif semi-infini élastique).Le premier objectif de la thèse est de contribuer à la compréhension du mécanisme de génération. Pour ce faire, une analyse de stabilité du contact de roulement roue/rail dans le cas du glissement latéral total est réalisée en utilisant un modèle de contact ponctuel et des bases modales roue et rail. On constate que même avec une hypothèse de coefficient de frottement de Coulomb constant, la flexibilité verticale dynamique du rail joue notamment un rôle important dans l'occurrence d'instabilité sans "décroissance du coefficient de frottement" ni sans "couplage de modes". Le second objectif de la thèse est de développer un modèle élément finis complet de contact roue/rail pour calculer des solutions de référence. Des techniques numériques appropriées sont développées pour résoudre les équations discrètes non linéaires. Ces méthodes sont ensuite appliquées à un modèle réaliste de contact roue/rail en courbe. On constate que la discrétisation de la zone de contact ne modifie pas les mécanismes d'instabilité mais les taux de divergence des modes instables en raison du couplage plus fort entre les degrés de liberté de contact normauxSqueal noise of railbound vehicles emitted in tight curves (radius lower than 200m) is characterized by high sound pressure levels at pure medium and high frequencies. State-of-the-art abounds with models trying to simulate curve squeal. However the instability mechanisms are still controversial. In addition, existing curve squeal models are often simplified (analytical frictional contact laws or elastic half-space assumption). The first aim of the thesis is to contribute to a clarification of the possible generation mechanisms. For this purpose, a stability analysis of wheel/rail rolling contact in the case of lateral full sliding is performed by using a point-contact model and wheel/rail modal bases. It is found that, even with a constant Coulomb friction coefficient, the rail vertical flexibility is notably found to play an important role on the instability occurrence without "falling friction" nor without "mode-coupling". The second aim of the thesis is to develop a full Finite Element model of wheel/rail contact in order to compute reference solutions and especially to verify the effects of the simplifications carried out in the point-contact model. Appropriate numerical techniques are used in order to solve the nonlinear discrete equations. In order to reduce the computational effort, reduction strategies are proposed for both domains. The methods are then applied in a realistic wheel/rail model in curve. It is found that the discretization of the contact zone does not substantially modify the instability mechanisms but the divergence rates of the unstable modes due to a stronger coupling between the normal contact degrees of freedom
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Reddy, Venkatarami. "Modelling and analysis of rail grinding and lubrication strategies for controlling rolling contact fatigue (RCF) and rail wear." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2004. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/15864/1/Venkatarami_Reddy_Thesis.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Rails play a significant role in transport of goods and passengers. In Australia railway transport industry contributes 1.6% of GDP with goods and services worth $AUD 8 billion each year which includes $ AUD 0.5 billion per year in exports (Australasian Railway Authority Inc, 2002).
Rail track maintenance plays an important role in reliability and safety. The Office for Research and Experiments (ORE) of the Union International des Chemins de Fer (UIC) has noted that maintenance costs vary directly (60-65 per cent) with change in train speed and axle load. It was also found that the increase in these costs with increased speed and axle load was greater when the quality of the track was lower
(ORR, 1999). Failures during operation are costly to rail players due to loss of service, property and loss of lives. Maintenance and servicing keep rail tracks in operating, reliable and safe condition. Therefore, technical and economical analysis is needed by rail players to reduce maintenance cost and improve reliability and safety of rail networks.
Over the past few years, there have been major advances in terms of increased speed, axle loads, longer trains, along with increased traffic density in corridors. This has led to increased risks in rail operation due to rolling contact fatigue (RCF) and rail wear. The infrastructure providers have less incentive to maintain a given infrastructure standard if its access charges are rigid and rolling stock standard is not achieved. It has been estimated that between 40 to 50 per cent of wagon maintenance costs and 25 per cent of locomotive maintenance costs are related to wheel
maintenance (Railway Gazette International, 2003). The economic analysis of Malmbanan indicates that about 50% of the total cost for maintenance and renewal were related to traffic on rails and 50% not related to traffic, such as signaling, electricity and snow-clearance. The results from the analysis have made it possible
for the mining company LKAB to start up the 30 Tonnes traffic with new wagons and locomotives on the Malmbanan line in year 2001 (Åhrén et al 2003). The rail infrastructure providers have challenges to maintain infrastructure due to government control on access charges and limited control on rail operations.
The aim of the research is to:
· Develop a maintenance cost model for optimal rail grinding for various operating conditions; and
· Develop integrated rail grinding and lubrication strategies for optimal
maintenance decisions.
In this research real life data has been collected, new models have been developed
and analysed for managerial decisions. Simulation approach is used to look into the
impact on various costs such as rail grinding, operating risk, down time, inspection,
replacement, and lubrication. The results of the models for costs and the effect of rail grinding and lubrication strategies are provided in this thesis.
In this research rail track degradation, rail failures and various factors that influence
rail degradation are analysed. An integrated approach for modelling rail track degradation, rail wear, rail grinding and lubrication is developed. Simulation model and cost models for rail grinding are developed and analysed. It has been found through this research that rail grinding at 12 MGT interval is economic decision for enhancing rail life. It was also found that lubrication is most effective compared to
stop/start and no lubrication strategies in steep curves.
Rail grinding strategies developed in this research have been considered by Swedish National Rail for analysing the effectiveness of their existing policies on grinding intervals. Optimal grinding and lubrication decisions have huge potential for savings in maintenance costs, improving reliability and safety and enhancing rail life.
26
Reddy, Venkatarami. "Modelling and analysis of rail grinding and lubrication strategies for controlling rolling contact fatigue (RCF) and rail wear." Queensland University of Technology, 2004. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/15864/.
Full textAbstract:
Rails play a significant role in transport of goods and passengers. In Australia railway transport industry contributes 1.6% of GDP with goods and services worth $AUD 8 billion each year which includes $ AUD 0.5 billion per year in exports (Australasian Railway Authority Inc, 2002). Rail track maintenance plays an important role in reliability and safety. The Office for Research and Experiments (ORE) of the Union International des Chemins de Fer (UIC) has noted that maintenance costs vary directly (60-65 per cent) with change in train speed and axle load. It was also found that the increase in these costs with increased speed and axle load was greater when the quality of the track was lower (ORR, 1999). Failures during operation are costly to rail players due to loss of service, property and loss of lives. Maintenance and servicing keep rail tracks in operating, reliable and safe condition. Therefore, technical and economical analysis is needed by rail players to reduce maintenance cost and improve reliability and safety of rail networks. Over the past few years, there have been major advances in terms of increased speed, axle loads, longer trains, along with increased traffic density in corridors. This has led to increased risks in rail operation due to rolling contact fatigue (RCF) and rail wear. The infrastructure providers have less incentive to maintain a given infrastructure standard if its access charges are rigid and rolling stock standard is not achieved. It has been estimated that between 40 to 50 per cent of wagon maintenance costs and 25 per cent of locomotive maintenance costs are related to wheel maintenance (Railway Gazette International, 2003). The economic analysis of Malmbanan indicates that about 50% of the total cost for maintenance and renewal were related to traffic on rails and 50% not related to traffic, such as signaling, electricity and snow-clearance. The results from the analysis have made it possible for the mining company LKAB to start up the 30 Tonnes traffic with new wagons and locomotives on the Malmbanan line in year 2001 (Åhrén et al 2003). The rail infrastructure providers have challenges to maintain infrastructure due to government control on access charges and limited control on rail operations. The aim of the research is to: · Develop a maintenance cost model for optimal rail grinding for various operating conditions; and · Develop integrated rail grinding and lubrication strategies for optimal maintenance decisions. In this research real life data has been collected, new models have been developed and analysed for managerial decisions. Simulation approach is used to look into the impact on various costs such as rail grinding, operating risk, down time, inspection, replacement, and lubrication. The results of the models for costs and the effect of rail grinding and lubrication strategies are provided in this thesis. In this research rail track degradation, rail failures and various factors that influence rail degradation are analysed. An integrated approach for modelling rail track degradation, rail wear, rail grinding and lubrication is developed. Simulation model and cost models for rail grinding are developed and analysed. It has been found through this research that rail grinding at 12 MGT interval is economic decision for enhancing rail life. It was also found that lubrication is most effective compared to stop/start and no lubrication strategies in steep curves. Rail grinding strategies developed in this research have been considered by Swedish National Rail for analysing the effectiveness of their existing policies on grinding intervals. Optimal grinding and lubrication decisions have huge potential for savings in maintenance costs, improving reliability and safety and enhancing rail life.
27
Adamy, Mark T. "An investigation of sliding electrical contact in rail guns and the development of grooved-rail liquid-metal interfaces." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2001. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA401370.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.S. in Applied Physics) Naval Postgraduate School, December2001.Thesis Advisor(s): Maier, II, William B. "December 2001." Includes bibliographical references (p. 25-29). Also available online.
28
Sundh, Jon. "An experimental study on wear transitions in the wheel-rail contact /." Stockholm : Institutionen för maskinkonstruktion, Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4389.
Full text
29
Tyfour, Wa'il Radwan Ali. "Interaction between wear and rolling contact fatigue in pearlitic rail steels." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/34715.
Full textAbstract:
The work presented in this thesis is aimed at investigating the interaction between wear and rolling contact fatigue, which are two of the most serious forms of deterioration caused by the wheel on rail contact stresses. Wheel-rail contact conditions were simulated by a two disc contact using the LEROS (LEicester university ROlling-Sliding wear testing machine). Investigation of the wear behaviour of BS11 pearlitic rail steel showed that steady state wear behaviour is established after a certain number of rolling-sliding cycles. Contact surface failure by ratchetting (accumulation of unidirectional plastic strain) was found to be the dominant failure mechanism during the period leading to the steady state. This mechanism was confirmed by the drop in the wear rates when the direction of rolling-sliding; i.e. strain in the surface layer, was reversed at predetermined numbers of cycles. The effect of repeated rolling direction reversals on crack morphology, propagation and rolling contact fatigue (RCF) life of BS11 rail steel was also investigated. It was established that rolling direction reversal has a beneficial effect on RCF life. A new mechanism, the "variable crack face friction mechanism", was proposed to explain this effect. Interaction between wear and RCF fatigue was investigated through rolling-sliding experiments where specimens were run dry for certain number of cycles, to induce different levels of wear damage, before the fatigue performance was investigated. It was shown that initial dry cycles above a critical number causes sudden and significant deterioration in RCF life. This deterioration has been explained in terms of the role of the accumulation unidirectional plastic strain (ratchetting) in initiating and propagating the early cracks during the dry phase. A strong correlation was found between the total ratchetting strain induced during the dry phase and the deterioration in RCF life. An empirical relationship to estimate this deterioration was concluded.
30
CHOLLET, HUGHES. "Etude en similitude mecanique des efforts tangents au contact roue-rail." Paris 6, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA066069.
Full textAbstract:
Le premier chapitre de cet ouvrage est consacre a la methodologie de la similitude mecanique, appliquee plus particulierement a la dynamique de mecanismes discrets, etendue a celle des systemes continus lorsque sont conserves les materiaux. Ce point cle implique la conservation des contraintes, donc la division des accelerations, y compris celle de la pesanteur, par le facteur d'echelle. Differentes extensions a d'autres domaines de la mecanique s'en deduisent. Les chapitres 2 et 3 sont consacres a l'etude quasi-statique du contact roue-rail, les forces et pseudo-glissements ayant ete mesures et compares avec differentes expressions theoriques. La theorie de kalker est confirmee. Un lien direct est fait entre les forces de derive mesurees et le bruit de crissement emis par les roues d'un essieu experimental. Un modele analytique simple des forces au contact roue-rail est utilise dans differents programmes de simulations des essais sur banc en similitude d'un essieu (chapitre 4) ou de bogies (chapitre 5). Ces recherches mettent en evidence la necessite de tenir compte de non-linearites, comme les frottements des pivots ou la conicite reelle de l'essieu ferroviaire
31
Hussain, I. "Multiple model based real time estimation of wheel-rail contact conditions." Thesis, University of Salford, 2012. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/38094/.
Full textAbstract:
The issue of low adhesion between the wheel and the rail has been a problem for the design and operation of the railway vehicles. The level of adhesion can be influenced by many different factors, such as contamination, climate, and vegetation, and it is extremely difficult to predict with certainty. Changes in the adhesion conditions can be rapid and short-lived, and values can differ from position to position along a route, depending on the type and degree of contamination. All these factors present a significant scientific challenge to effectively design a suitable technique to tackle this problem. This thesis presents the development of a unique, vehicle based technique for the real-time estimation of the contact conditions using multiple models to represent variations in the adhesion level and different contact conditions. The proposed solution exploits the fact that the dynamic behaviour of a railway vehicle is strongly affected by the nonlinearities and the variations in creep characteristics. The purpose of the proposed scheme is to interpret these variations in the dynamic response of the wheelset, developing useful contact condition information. The proposed system involves the use of a number of carefully selected mathematical models (or estimators) of a rail vehicle to mimic train dynamic behaviours in response to different track conditions. Each of the estimators is tuned to match one particular track condition to give the best results at the specific design point. Increased estimation errors are expected if the contact condition is not at or near the chosen operating point. The level of matches/mismatches is reflected in the estimation errors (or residuals) of the models concerned when compared with the real vehicle (through the measurement output of vehicle mounted inertial sensors). The output residuals from all the models are then assessed using an artificial intelligence decision-making approach to determine which of the models provides a best match to the present operating condition and, thus, provide real-time information about track conditions.
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Nicodeme, Claire. "Evaluation de l'adhérence au contact roue-rail par analyse d'images spectrales." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEM024/document.
Full textAbstract:
L’avantage du train depuis sa création est sa faible résistance à l’avancement du fait du contact fer-fer de la roue sur le rail conduisant à une adhérence réduite. Cependant cette adhérence faible est aussi un inconvénient majeur : étant dépendante des conditions environnementales, elle est facilement altérée lors d’une pollution du rail (végétaux, corps gras, eau, etc.). Aujourd’hui, les mesures prises face à des situations d'adhérence dégradée impactent directement les performances du système et conduisent notamment à une perte de capacité de transport. L’objectif du projet est d’utiliser les nouvelles technologies d’imagerie spectrale pour identifier sur les rails les zones à adhérence réduite et leur cause afin d’alerter et d’adapter rapidement les comportements. La stratégie d’étude a pris en compte les trois points suivants : • Le système de détection, installé à bord de trains commerciaux, doit être indépendant du train. • La détection et l’identification ne doivent pas interagir avec la pollution pour ne pas rendre la mesure obsolète. Pour ce faire le principe d’un Contrôle Non Destructif est retenu. • La technologie d’imagerie spectrale permet de travailler à la fois dans le domaine spatial (mesure de distance, détection d’objet) et dans le domaine fréquentiel (détection et reconnaissance de matériaux par analyse de signatures spectrales). Dans le temps imparti des trois ans de thèse, nous nous sommes focalisés sur la validation du concept par des études et analyses en laboratoire, réalisables dans les locaux de SNCF Ingénierie & Projets. Les étapes clés ont été la réalisation d’un banc d’évaluation et le choix du système de vision, la création d'une bibliothèque de signatures spectrales de référence et le développement d'algorithmes classification supervisées et non supervisées des pixels. Ces travaux ont été valorisés par le dépôt d'un brevet et la publication d'articles dans des conférences IEEEThe advantage of the train since its creation is in its low resistance to the motion, due to the contact iron-iron of the wheel on the rail leading to low adherence. However this low adherence is also a major drawback : being dependent on the environmental conditions, it is easily deteriorated when the rail is polluted (vegetation, grease, water, etc). Nowadays, strategies to face a deteriorated adherence impact the performance of the system and lead to a loss of transport capacity. The objective of the project is to use a new spectral imaging technology to identify on the rails areas with reduced adherence and their cause in order to quickly alert and adapt the train's behaviour. The study’s strategy took into account the three following points : -The detection system, installed on board of commercial trains, must be independent of the train. - The detection and identification process should not interact with pollution in order to keep the measurements unbiased. To do so, we chose a Non Destructive Control method. - Spectral imaging technology makes it possible to work with both spatial information (distance’s measurement, target detection) and spectral information (material detection and recognition by analysis of spectral signatures). In the assigned time, we focused on the validation of the concept by studies and analyses in laboratory, workable in the office at SNCF Ingénierie & Projets. The key steps were the creation of the concept's evaluation bench and the choice of a Vision system, the creation of a library containing reference spectral signatures and the development of supervised and unsupervised pixels classification. A patent describing the method and process has been filed and published
33
Saint-Aimé, Loïc. "Simulation numérique transitoire de la sollicitation cyclique du contact roue-rail." Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10227/document.
Full textAbstract:
Sous l’effet des sollicitations mécaniques répétées induites par les passages des trains, on observe l’apparition de fissures de fatigue de contact dans les rails. Une fois amorcées, celles-ci peuvent se propager et mener à la rupture du rail. Dans un contexte d’intensification du trafic, l’optimisation de la politique de maintenance devient stratégique pour les entreprises du transport ferroviaire. Dans ce contexte, un modèle 3D éléments finis du contact roue/rail en courbe a été développé pour reproduire les mécanismes d’amorçage des fissures "Head Check". Ce modèle permet de simuler la sollicitation répétée du contact roue/rail. Cette modélisation a permis d’analyser l’influence de la plasticité sur la distribution de la pression de contact et sur les champs mécaniques résiduels au sein du rail au cours du chargement cyclique. Il ainsi est montré que l’actualisation du contact au cours des chargements répétés est du premier ordre. Les résultats ont permis d’identifier des zones potentielles d’amorçage de fissures de Head Check correspondant à des points matériels sur lesquels la déformation plastique s’accumule de manière considérable. En effet, on observe une correspondance entre ces orientations « accommodées » de la déformation plastique principale et l’orientation des micro-fissures amorcées sur la surface des rails ayant cumulé un faible tonnage (0-10 MGT). Ceci conforte le fait que la méthode proposée est un outil prometteur pour la simulation 3D de la fatigue du contact roue-railAs a result of repeated loading induced by train passages, rails are subjected to rolling contact fatigue cracks. Once initiated, cracks could propagate and lead to rail failure. In a context of increased traffic, maintenance policy optimization becomes strategic for railway companies. Thus to define an enhanced planning of maintenance, a better understanding of rail fatigue damage mechanisms is crucial. Under the circumstances, a 3D wheel-rail rolling contact finite element model has been developed in order to reproduce « Head Check » cracks initiation mechanisms. This model allows sequential repeated wheel-rail rolling contact loading. Thus this calculation procedure is used to analyze the influence of plasticity on contact pressure distribution and consequently on residual mechanical fields in the rail during cyclic loading. It is shown that contact conditions evolution during repeated loading must be considered in the first order. The results allowed the identification of potential Head Check cracks initiation zones that correspond to material points on which plastic deformation accumulates significantly. Indeed, there is a correspondence between the « accommodated » principal plastic strain directions and orientation of micro-cracks initiated on rails surface subjected to low cumulative tonnage (0-10MGT). This reinforces the fact that our proposed method is a promising tool for 3D wheel-rail rolling contact fatigue simulation
34
Buckley-Johnstone, Luke. "Wheel/rail contact tribology : characterising low adhesion mechanisms and friction management products." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/17291/.
Full textAbstract:
Friction management and control of adhesion at the wheel/rail interface is vital for an efficient and cost effective railway network. The understanding of how the friction management products (grease and friction modifiers) work and effectively test these products is necessary to improve the performance of a railway network. The papers presented concern the effective benchmarking of wayside curve lubricants (grease) in a twin disc test rig. They compare the effectiveness of several greases in respect to adhesion, wear protection and retentivity (number of cycles of adequate lubrication). A new method for assessment of grease carry down has been trialled in the field. The modified pendulum was able to detect the difference between a dry and lubricated rail gauge face. Top of rail friction modifiers (TOR-FMs) have been tested at two different laboratory test scales. The results showed the difference in operational behaviour of the chosen TOR-FM when used in a laboratory versus the field. The ‘wet-rail’ phenomena, where low adhesion as a result of water on the rail head, has been investigated at two scales of laboratory test and results have been used to generate a model to predict adhesion coefficients for a range of water and iron oxide mixtures. The results presented show how the addition of small amounts of water to a wheel/rail contact can cause reduced adhesion to ‘low/ultra-low’ levels when combined with third body materials (iron oxides, wear debris etc.). A novel treatment method to protect the rail head using hydrophobic solutions was investigated using twin disc and pendulum testing. Tests showed that these products, when sufficiently diluted, do not reduce friction to dangerous levels or isolate the vehicle from the track circuit. However, the benefits of use in the field are questioned.
35
Enblom, Roger. "On Simulation of Uniform Wear and Profile Evolution in the Wheel - Rail Contact." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Dept. of aeronautics and vehicle engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4184.
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Merino, Pierrick. "Reproduction expérimentale du contact roue-rail à échelle réduite : Voies de formation des sources de défauts." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEI101.
Full textAbstract:
Face au développement du transport ferroviaire, la sécurité demeure la principale préoccupation des exploitants de réseaux ferrés. En particulier, la compréhension des phénomènes sources des défauts de fatigue de roulement (RCF) mettant en jeu l’intégrité du rail, est nécessaire pour limiter les risques d’accidents. La phase blanche, associée à la formation du défaut de squat, est difficile à reproduire mécaniquement en laboratoire. L’utilisation de bancs d’essai permet de reproduire plusieurs aspects du contact roue-rail selon des critères choisis, mais nécessite de faire des compromis. Le banc Triboring développé au LaMCoS avec la RATP, comble un manque en proposant notamment une géométrie galet sur rail circulaire pour reproduire au mieux les conditions tribologiques du contact roue-rail. Le développement d’un banc d’essai nécessite d’évaluer sa « signature », c’est-à-dire d’identifier et de discerner les phénomènes mesurés correspondant à la réponse intrinsèque du banc en fonctionnement, de ceux correspondant à la réponse de l’interaction roue-rail considérée. Une analyse notamment dynamique et cinématique a permis de caractériser le banc et d’optimiser sa réponse en faisant évoluer la géométrie des éprouvettes. La réponse tribologique du banc a été optimisée par l’introduction d’une couche qualifiée de « fusible tribologique », lors de la préparation des éprouvettes. Cette couche surfacique permet de retarder l’accommodation des vitesses par usure au profit du cisaillement des premiers corps et des Transformations Tribologiques de Surface (TTS), telles que la phase blanche. Deux couches fusibles, écrouies et corrodées ont été éprouvées, et permettent une nette réduction de l’usure. Les analyses tribologiques et métallurgiques des bandes de roulement en surface et des coupes ont permis d’appréhender l’effet des différentes sollicitations mécaniques sur l’évolution de la microstructure du rail en proche surface. La transformation de cette dernière amène le matériau vers la formation d’îlots de phase blanche d’origine mécanique à la surfaceThe safety issue is still the main concern of railway network due to the development of railway transportation and the increase of the amount of passengers. The understanding of the origin of the rolling contact fatigue (RCF) defect, is one key to safety requirements. The White Etching Layer associated to the initiation of the squat defect is hardly recreated. The use of laboratory test bench enable the replication of the wheel-rail contact. Nevertheless, only a fraction of the characteristic parameters is taken into account and compromises are necessary. The test bench “Triboring” built at LaMCoS, fulfills a gap in the existing apparatus. The “roller on circular rail” design was chosen to fit the tribological behavior of wheel-rail contact, and replicate RCF defects. The production of a test bench required to relate and differentiate the measured data to the phenomena corresponding to the operating from the phenomena corresponding to wheel-rail contact. The bench was characterized with dynamic and cinematic analysis. The design of the sample was improved. The tribological behavior of the bench was optimized with the preparation of the initial surface of the samples and the production of a tribological “fuse”. This layer delays the speed accommodation by wear and benefit the shear of the first bodies and the formation a Tribological Transformation of Surface (TTS), as the White Etching Layer. The two different fuse layer created (Run-in and oxidized), induced a significant wear reduction. The tribological and metallurgical analysis of the surfaces and cuts of the sample, enabled to the explanation of the evolution of the microstructure of the rail close to the surface, submitted to various mechanical solicitations. The transformation of this microstructure led to the formation of white etching layer mechanically formed
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Simon, Samuel. "De la dynamique ferroviaire à l’accommodation microstructurale du rail : Contribution des TTS à la réponse tribologique des aciers : Cas du défaut de squat." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ISAL0028/document.
Full textAbstract:
Le squat est un défaut de fatigue de contact apparaissant à la surface du rail et dont le mécanisme d’amorçage est mal compris. Afin de pallier ce manque, une analyse tribologique locale de la bande de roulement du rail est mise en oeuvre à proximité d’un squat naissant. Cette caractérisation révèle une anisotropie importante des couches superficielles du rail associée aux développements de Transformations Tribologiques Superficielles. Ces résultats témoignent de conditions de contact roue/rail particulières dans la zone d’étude, notamment d’un niveau d’efforts de cisaillement inhabituel pour une voie en alignement. Dans le but de valider ces observations, plusieurs essais sont effectués. D’une part les conditions de contact roue/rail dans une zone de squats sont mesurées à partir d’un train instrumenté. D’autre part, la réponse tribologique de l’acier à rail à ces conditions de contact est étudiée à travers le suivi régulier d’une zone d’essais soumise à la circulation ferroviaire. Ces essais permettent d’identifier un déséquilibre important des efforts de traction sur les bogies moteurs et des glissements locaux élevés de la roue sur le rail. Différents mécanismes d’amorçage thermo-mécaniques sont alors proposés au sein d’un schéma global de la réponse tribologique de l’acier à railSquats have recently become recognised as one of the major rolling contact fatigue defects in modern railway networks for which there is currently no solution other than preventive grinding operations or costly rail renewal. To better understand the entire damage mechanism of squat, A tribological and metallurgical analysis of the rolling band and the near surface layer was performed close to an incipient squat. This characterization show a significant anisotropy of the rail surface layer associated with developments of Tribological Transformation of Surface. These results reflect some specific wheel/rail contact conditions in this squat area, including an unusual level of shear forces in a straight track. In order to validate this observations, two tests were performed. On the one hand, the contact conditions in a squat area were measured from an instrumented train. On the other hand, the tribological response of the rail steel was studied through regular monitoring of a test site subjected to railway traffic. These tests allow to identify a high imbalance of the traction forces and the presence of local slips at the wheel/rail interface. Several thermomechanical initiation mechanism of squats are then given in a overall diagram of the tribological response of rail steels
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Rinaldi, Elisa. "3D Finite Element Analysis of Wheel/Rail normal contact problem using ANSYS software." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018.
Find full textAbstract:
La meccanica del contatto fra ruota ferroviaria e rotaia, è una delle più importanti aree di studio nell’Ingegneria Ferroviaria. Ad oggi, un vasto numero di formulazioni analitiche sono state proposte dai ricercatori, con lo scopo di valutare i parametri di contatto tra ruota e rotaia ed arrivare ad una descrizione affidabile delle forze che agiscono nell’area di contatto. Comunque, solo alcuni dei metodi disponibili permettono di considerare, nelle loro elaborazioni, la reale geometria di contatto tra ruota e rotaia o la non linearità delle proprietà dei materiali impiegati. Un’alternativa ai metodi analitici per descrivere la fisica del contatto tra ruota e rotaia e di fare uso di tecniche computazionali numeriche quale l’Analisi agli Elementi Finiti (FEA – Finite Element Analysis). Il vantaggio di questo metodo è dato dalla possibilità di poter modellare complesse geometrie che permettono di simulare più accuratamente il contatto tra ruota e rotaia e determinare l’ampiezza degli stress e la loro distribuzione, oltre alla dimensione e forma dell’area di contatto.
Per questa ragione, un modello agli Elementi Finiti tridimensionale della ruota ferroviaria e della rotaia è stato creato utilizzando Ansys Parametric Design Language di ANSYS per studiare il problema di contatto normale. Per verificare l’accuratezza dei risultati forniti dal modello, questo è stato validato in confronto alla teoria di Hertz sul contatto elastico. Questa teoria rappresenta la base sulla quale la maggior parte dei modelli computazionali vengono sviluppati.
Il principali scopi di questa tesi sono quindi di studiare i problemi del contatto tra ruota e rotaia e di valutare l’influenza dei parametri operativi quali il coefficiente di frizione, lo spostamento laterale della sala montata e l’inclinazione della rotaia sul piano orizzontale, sulla fisica del contatto.
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White, Ben. "Using tribo-chemistry analysis to understand low adhesion in the wheel-rail contact." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/21007/.
Full textAbstract:
Low adhesion between wheel and rail is a recurrent problem for the rail industry. Low adhesion can lead to wheel slides and slips during acceleration and deceleration, which can cause large amounts of damage to the wheel and rail as well as causing safety issues and delays if a train cannot accelerate or decelerate when necessary. Adhesion in the wheel-rail contact is affected by the third body layer which is present in the contact patch between wheel and rail. It is composed naturally from steel wear debris and iron oxides, but often contains other contaminants such as organic matter, ballast dust, soil and grease. Different environmental conditions such as temperature, precipitation and humidity change the properties of this third body layer and therefore change adhesion conditions on the railway. Low adhesion has been well documented throughout the autumn season due to organic contamination, but also takes place throughout the year when no visible contamination is seen on the railhead, known as the “wet-rail” phenomenon. It is thought to occur when there are low levels of water on the railhead, formed by dew, mist or light rain, rather than heavy rain. The conditions and mechanisms that cause the phenomenon are not fully understood. Low adhesion does not occur very often and under what is likely to be a narrow window of conditions, which means that it can be difficult to simulate and study. The aim of this work was to use a combination of tribology and chemistry to better understand the cause of low adhesion throughout the year, known as the wet-rail phenomenon. It investigated low adhesion conditions that occur all year round, initially focusing on the role of iron oxide in low adhesion as it has previously been hypothesised that oxides could play a major role in the wet-rail phenomenon. Testing was carried out over a range of conditions on three different tribological test rigs to attempt to simulate low adhesion due to the wet-rail phenomenon, which produced valuable information about the causes of low adhesion. It was found that, under certain conditions, a combination of iron oxides and water could cause low adhesion in a simulated wheel-rail contact. Test methods were designed to simulate the wet-rail phenomenon, which can be used as a platform to better understand the causes of low adhesion and to test future mitigation methods.
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Lewis, Stephen Robert. "Measurement, control and enhancement of friction/traction in a simulated wheel/rail contact." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2011. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/12868/.
Full textAbstract:
The focus on rail transportation has shifted in recent years to be a viable alternative to road based means of travel and freight distribution. With a finite stockpile of the world's natural hydrocarbon based fuels and ever increasing road congestion, rail research has become a prime topic of late. In this thesis the focus has been on the wheel/rail contact and the measurement of rail head friction. The initial project was the development of an alternative technique to measure railhead friction. Adhesion loss is a major problem on railways around the world and is common during the autumn, at times for no obvious reason. Currently there are hand-pushed Tribometers which are used by rail networks to periodically measure and record friction on their rails. These devices however, are large bulky items and due to their design can only measure friction over a relatively large distance. However, most adhesion loss problems are caused by localised phenomena. A pendulum tester was chosen as a potentially viable alternative to the Tribometer as it could measure over shorter lengths of track (i. e. 13 cm compared to 3 in as in the case of the Salient Systems Tribometer). The pendulum is also relatively small and hence is convenient to transport. After a series of laboratory and field based tests the pendulum has been shown to match very well with Tribometer and twin-disc data. Friction modifiers are commonly used on railways around the world and are promoted to have many benefits such as reduced fuel consumption, reduced wear and damage to wheels and rails and reductions in operating noise. These products have been adopted in many different countries. It was noticed in the literature that very little study had been done on how the performance of these products is affected by varying atmospheric conditions or levels of railhead contamination. Another aspect of this thesis has been the measurement of one of the leading brands of top of rail friction modifier using a pin-on-disc tester with attached atmospheric chamber. It was found that humidity and the presence of iron oxide have a far greater effect on the friction modifier than temperature. In the final two chapters a study was carried out to measure the performance of traction enhancing products. These are intended to restore traction in cases of adhesion loss from, for example, leaves on the line. It is critical that correct levels of adhesion/traction are maintained for braking and acceleration purposes. A twin-disc tester was used in this study and a technique for forming a crushed leaf layer on the discs was developed. The traction enhancers consist of sand particles of uniform size suspended in a water based gel. There were four products tested each using a different sand grain size. The first series of tests measured the performance of each product in terms of traction compared to that of a leaf layer alone. It was found that the smaller particles showed the best performance by restoring the traction to uncontaminated levels in the shortest time. The second series of tests focused on the impact these products had on wheel and rail wear and track signalling. Wear was also measured in terms of mass lost from the discs. An A. C. circuit operating at 2 kHz was used to simulate a T121 track circuit which is used in the UK as part of the signalling system. Impedance caused by each product was measured and compared to impedance levels for uncontaminated discs. It was found that the impedance of a leaf layer plus the product was lower than the impedance of the leaf layer alone. There also seemed to be no correlation between particle size and impedance. The impedance levels seen with the products were not deemed to be enough to cause a significant issue to the signalling system.
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Saulot, Aurélien. "Analyse tribologique du contact roue-rail : modélisation et expérimentations : cas de l'usure ondulatoire." Lyon, INSA, 2005. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2005ISAL0115/these.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Depuis plus d'un siècle, les rails des transports urbains ferrés (tramways, métros) sont affectés d'une usure périodique de leur surface de contact appelée "usure ondulatoire". Lors du passage d'un train sur une voie en étant affectée, il apparaît d'importantes nuisances sonores et vibratoires dont les niveaux dépassent fréquemment les normes fixées par la loi. Les réseaux urbains sont alors contraints de procéder à des opérations coûteuses et répétées d'abrasion mécanique de la surface des rails par meulage, actuellement le seul moyen efficace de contrôle du développement de l'usure ondulatoire. Depuis des décennies, cette usure a été l'objet d'études centrées principalement sur des analyses vibratoires de ses conséquences plutôt que sur des analyses temporelles des interactions locales de contact à l'origine de sa formation. Afin de pallier ce manque, une démarche centrée sur l'analyse tribologique locale du contact roue-rail est proposée et appliquée aux cas particuliers de l'usure ondulatoire des voies rectilignes en zone d'accélération et celle des voies courbes de faible rayon. Tout d'abord, les résultats des analyses tribologiques des surfaces frottantes ont permis, dans les deux cas, de caractériser le circuit tribologique de l'usure ondulatoire établie. Cependant, l'influence de sa géométrie sur les débits qui ont mené initialement à sa formation reste à déterminer. Dans le cas de l'usure ondulatoire des voies rectilignes, un modèle numérique longitudinal en 2-dimensions de contact roue-rail a été mis en œuvre pour pallier le manque d'instrumentation physique du contact. Dans des conditions reproduisant l'accélération d'un train, des régimes d'instabilités (adhérence-glissement) se développent naturellement dans le contact et ont pour conséquence d'induire des températures de contact et des déformations plastiques périodiques de la surface du rail qui sont comparables à celles de l'usure ondulatoire étudiée expérimentalement. Dans le cas de l'usure ondulatoire des voies courbes, une instrumentation sur site à l'échelle de la roue et du rail (collaboration RATP et Railtech) a été mise en œuvre. Des glissements latéraux périodiques spécifiques des zones d'usure ondulatoire ont alors été identifiés. Confirmés par des essais sur banc visant à reproduire ce type d'usure (collaboration Lucchini et Politecnico di Milano), ces glissement latéraux périodiques sont bien à l'origine de la formation de l'usure ondulatoire des voies courbes
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Mai, Si Hai. "Etude de dégradation des voies ferrées urbaines." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00659068.
Full textAbstract:
Ce travail réalisé dans le cadre d'une collaboration industrielle avec la société ALSTOM Transport porte sur l'étude de la dégradation des voies ferrées urbaines. Les composantes de voie retenus pour cette étude sont le rail et la dalle de voie en béton. Concernant le rail, différents problèmes sont abordés : contact roue - rail, usure du rail, usure ondulatoire du rail, et fatigue de contact de roulement (RCF) du rail. Un outil numérique avec des interfaces graphiques, nommé CONUS, est développé pour le problème de contact roue - rail et le problème d'usure du rail. Des théories classiques (Hertz, Kalker, Archard, etc.) sont implantées dans cet outil. La méthode stationnaire est implantée dans un code de calcul par éléments finis pour étudier l'état asymptotique de l'acier du rail sous le chargement répété des trains. Ceci nous permet de prédire les régimes de RCF du rail. La mécanique de l'endommagement est utilisée pour prédire la fatigue du matériau béton. Le formalisme de Marigo couplé avec le modèle d'endommagement de Mazars permet de modéliser la dégradation progressive de la rigidité du matériau sous chargement cyclique. Une campagne d'essais de fatigue du béton en flexion a été réalisée. Elle a pour but de valider le modèle théorique et d'identifier les paramètres du matériau. Le dimensionnement d'une dalle de voie en béton a fait l'objet d'une application de cette méthode. Le modèle de réseau de poutres (lattice model) a été utilisé pour étudier la propagation des fissures dans les structures en béton. Ce modèle a été implanté dans le logiciel de calcul par éléments finis, CESAR-LCPC. Les résultats numériques (propagation de fissures) obtenus pour les structures simples sous chargement statique sont en tout point comparables avec les résultats d'essais expérimentaux. Ce modèle a ensuite été utilisé pour étudier la fissuration sous chargement de fatigue. Pour cela un modèle d'endommagement simple modélisant la dégradation des éléments "poutres" s'est avéré suffisant pour décrire la cinématique de propagation des fissures
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Lundberg, Oskar Erik. "Vibrations induced by surface roughness in nonlinear rolling contacts." Licentiate thesis, KTH, MWL Marcus Wallenberg Laboratoriet, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-155049.
Full textAbstract:
For efficient transportation in either trains, busses or passenger cars, rolling elements such as wheels, tyres, bearings and transmission elements are fundamental. The energy efficiency and the generation of noise and vibrations in rolling contacts depend on the surface roughness of contacting bodies. In order to optimize the surfaces of rolling elements, prediction of its impact on the dynamic response from rolling excitation is required. A computationally efficient method to include surface roughness in the modelling of rolling contacts is presented. More specifically, nonlinear effects on the contact force due to the threedimensional shape and roughness of the contacting surfaces are introduced in a moving point force formulation. As a consequence of the point force approximation follows the assumption that any dynamic wave motion within the contact area is negligible.The rolling contact force is nonlinear due to a varying relative displacement between contacting bodies and is therefore referred to as state-dependent. A study case for the state-dependent method consisting of a steel ball rolling on a steel beam showed good agreement between numerical predictions and measured beam vibrations. Furthermore, an application to the wheel-rail interaction show that roughness-induced contact nonlinearities have a significant impact on the dynamic response caused by rolling excitation.QC 20141103
ECO2 Vehicle Design
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Meymand, Sajjad Zeinoddini. "State of the Art Roller Rig for Precise Evaluation of Wheel-Rail Contact Mechanics and Dynamics." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/64920.
Full textAbstract:
The focus of this study is on the development of a state-of-the-art single-wheel roller rig for studying contact mechanics and dynamics in railroad applications. The use of indoor-based simulation tools has become a mainstay in vehicle testing for the automotive and railroad industries. In contrast to field-testing, roller rigs offer a controlled laboratory environment that can provide a successful path for obtaining data on the mechanics and dynamics of railway systems for a variety of operating conditions. The idea to develop a laboratory test rig started from the observation that there is a need for better-developed testing fixtures capable of accurately explaining the complex physics of wheel-rail contact toward designing faster, safer, and more efficient railway systems. A review of current roller rigs indicated that many desired functional requirements for studying contact mechanics currently are not available. Thus, the Virginia Tech Railway Technologies Laboratory (RTL) has embarked on a mission to develop a state-of-the-art testing facility that will allow experimental testing of contact mechanics in a dynamic, controlled, and consistent manner. VT roller rig will allow for closely replicating the boundary conditions of railroad wheel-rail contact via actively controlling all the wheel-rail interface degrees of freedom: cant angle, angle of attack, and lateral displacement. Two sophisticated independent drivelines are configured to precisely control the rotational speed of the wheels, and therefore their relative slip or creepage. A novel force measurement system, suitable for steel on steel contact, is configured to precisely measure the contact forces and moments at the contact patch. The control architecture is developed based on the SynqNet data acquisition system offered by Kollmorgen, the motors supplier. SynqNet provides a unified communication protocol between actuators, drives, and data acquisition system, hence eliminating data conversion among them. Various design analysis indicates that the rig successfully meets the set requirements: additional accuracy in measurements, and better control on the design of experiments. The test results show that the rig is capable of conducting various contact mechanics studies aimed for advancing the existing art. Beyond developing the experimental testing fixture for studying contact mechanics, this study provides a comprehensive review of the contact models. It discusses the simplifying assumptions for developing the models, compares the models functionality, and highlights the open areas that require further experimental and theoretical research. In addition, a multi-body dynamic model of the entire rig, using software package SIMPACK, is developed for conducting modal analysis of the rig and evaluating the performance of the rig's components. A MATLAB routine is also developed that provides a benchmark for developing creep curves from measurements of the rig and comparing them with existing creep curves.Ph. D.
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Zong, Nannan. "Development of optimal designs of insulated rail joints." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2013. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/61125/1/Nannan_Zong_Thesis.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Proper functioning of Insulated Rail Joints (IRJs) is essential for the safe operation of the railway signalling systems and broken rail identification circuitries. The Conventional IRJ (CIRJ) resembles structural butt joints consisting of two pieces of rails connected together through two joint bars on either side of their web and the assembly is held together through pre-tensioned bolts. As the IRJs should maintain electrical insulation between the two rails, a gap between the rail ends must be retained at all times and all metal contacting surfaces should be electrically isolated from each other using non-conductive material. At the gap, the rail ends lose longitudinal continuity and hence the vertical sections of the rail ends are often severely damaged, especially at the railhead, due to the passage of wheels compared to other continuously welded rail sections.
Fundamentally, the reason for the severe damage can be related to the singularities of the wheel-rail contact pressure and the railhead stress. No new generation designs that have emerged in the market to date have focussed on this fundamental; they only have provided attention to either the higher strength materials or the thickness of the sections of various components of the IRJs. In this thesis a novel method of shape optimisation of the railhead is developed to eliminate the pressure and stress singularities through changes to the original sharp corner shaped railhead into an arc profile in the longitudinal direction. The optimal shape of the longitudinal railhead profile has been determined using three nongradient methods in search of accuracy and efficiency: (1) Grid Search Method; (2) Genetic Algorithm Method and (3) Hybrid Genetic Algorithm Method. All these methods have been coupled with a parametric finite element formulation for the evaluation of the objective function for each iteration or generation depending on the search algorithm employed.
The optimal shape derived from these optimisation methods is termed as Stress Minimised Railhead (SMRH) in this thesis. This optimal SMRH design has exhibited significantly reduced stress concentration that remains well below the yield strength of the head hardened rail steels and has shifted the stress concentration location away from the critical zone of the railhead end. The reduction in the magnitude and the relocation of the stress concentration in the SMRH design has been validated through a full scale wheel – railhead interaction test rig; Railhead strains under the loaded wheels have been recorded using a non-contact digital image correlation method. Experimental study has confirmed the accuracy of the numerical predications.
Although the SMRH shaped IRJs eliminate stress singularities, they can still fail due to joint bar or bolt hole cracking; therefore, another conceptual design, termed as Embedded IRJ (EIRJ) in this thesis, with no joint bars and pre-tensioned bolts has been developed using a multi-objective optimisation formulation based on the coupled genetic algorithm – parametric finite element method. To achieve the required structural stiffness for the safe passage of the loaded wheels, the rails were embedded into the concrete of the post tensioned sleepers; the optimal solutions for the design of the EIRJ is shown to simplify the design through the elimination of the complex interactions and failure modes of the various structural components of the CIRJ.
The practical applicability of the optimal shapes SMRH and EIRJ is demonstrated through two illustrative examples, termed as improved designs (IMD1 & IMD2) in this thesis; IMD1 is a combination of the CIRJ and the SMRH designs, whilst IMD2 is a combination of the EIRJ and SMRH designs. These two improved designs have been simulated for two key operating (speed and wagon load) and design (wheel diameter) parameters that affect the wheel-rail contact; the effect of these parameters has been found to be negligible to the performance of the two improved designs and the improved designs are in turn found far superior to the current designs of the CIRJs in terms of stress singularities and deformation under the passage of the loaded wheels. Therefore, these improved designs are expected to provide longer service life in relation to the CIRJs.
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Moas, Eduardo. "Investigation of the finite element method for computing wheel/rail contact forces in steady curving." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/50064.
Full textAbstract:
The understanding of rail vehicle steady-state and dynamic curving has increased
substantially in the last few years. Contemporary curving models include such nonlinear
effects as two-point contact, creep force saturation, and rail flexibility. The
usual approximation concerning the contact geometry is that the Iocalized wheel and
rail curvatures at the center of the contact patch are constant throughout the contact
patch. This approximation allows computation of contact stresses using Hertzian
theory, and it allows the computation of contact patch forces using one of Kalker’s
theories.
ln vehicle curving, contact usually occurs at or near the wheel flange, where the
wheel/rail contact geometry is non·Hertzian. Furthermore, after being in service for
some time, the wheel and rail profiles provide non·Hertzian geometry due to wear.
Both of these effects tend to invalidate the assumption of Hertzian contact geometry
in the contact region.
This work uses a generic wheelset model which is the basic component of any rail
vehicle model. The wheel/rail interaction is modelled using the finite element
method. The wheel is generated as a surface of revolution of its tread profile, and the
rail is generated as an extrusion of the rail head profile. Three—dimensional contact
elements are used to characterize the wheel/rail interface. A simple stick/slip friction
model is used wherein relative motion is permitted if the tangential force exceeds the
adhesion limit, and no relative motion occurs otherwise.
The results show that the finite element method was successfully used to solve the
static contact problem. Both Hertzian and non-Hertzian contact problems were ana-
Iyzed correctly. However, the application of the finite element method to the rolling
contact problem was not completely successful. The finite element method results
for tangential contact forces were about 25 percent lower than forces predicted by
Kalker’s theory. Recommendations for extending the analysis to solve the rolling
contact problem are made. The report includes a derivation of the wheelset steadystate
equations of motion, as well as a solution algorithm for the nonlinear, algebraic
equations.Master of Science
incomplete_metadata
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Wrobel, Shannon Alicia. "Multi-Function LIDAR Sensors for Non-Contact Speed and Track Geometry Measurement in Rail Vehicles." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/23134.
Full textAbstract:
A Doppler LIght Detection And Ranging (LIDAR or lidar) system is studied for the application of measuring train ground speed in a non-contacting manner, as an alternative to the current train speed measurement devices such as wheel-mounted tachometers or encoders. The ability to accurately measure train speed and distance is a critical part of monitoring track geometry conditions.Wheel-mounted tachometer speed measurements often fluctuate due to wheel vibrations, change in wheel diameter, or wheel slip affecting the measurement accuracy. Frequent calibrations are needed to account for changes in wheel diameter due to wear. Additionally, the high levels of vibrations at the wheel can cause occasional mechanical failure of the encoder.
This thesis examines LIDAR as a non-contact train speed measurement device as a direct retrofit for wheel-mounted encoders. LIDAR uses Doppler technology to accurately measure train speed. The LIDAR system consists of two laser sensors and can be installed on either the car body or the truck on the underside of the train. The sensors measure the true ground speed of each rail, from which the track curvature can then be assessed based on the difference between the right and left rail speeds. The LIDAR train speed, distance, and curvature results are then evaluated against encoder readings and other conventional train measurement devices.
Various tests were performed, including field-testing onboard a track geometry railcar operated by Norfolk Southern for evaluating the efficacy, accuracy, and durability of the LIDAR system; and laboratory tests on a 40-foot rail panel for assessing the ability to obtain measurements at super low speeds.
The test results indicate that when compared with other conventional means used by the railroad industry, LIDAR is capable of accurately measuring train speed and distance from speeds as slow as 0.3 mph and up to 100 mph. Additionally, the curvature
measurements proved to be as accurate as Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) that are commonly used in track geometry measurement railcars.
Master of Science
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Kothari, Karan. "Accurate Wheel-rail Dynamic Measurement using a Scaled Roller Rig." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/96633.
Full textAbstract:
The primary purpose of this study is to perform accurate dynamic measurements on a scaled roller rig designed and constructed by Virginia Tech and the Federal Railroad Administration (VT-FRA Roller Rig). The study also aims at determining the effect of naturally generated third-body layer deposits (because of the wear of the wheel and/or roller) on creep or traction forces. The wheel-rail contact forces, also referred to as traction forces, are critical for all aspects of rail dynamics. These forces are quite complex and they have been the subject of several decades of research, both in experiments and modeling. The primary intent of the VT-FRA Roller Rig is to provide an experimental environment for more accurate testing and evaluation of some of the models currently in existence, as well as evaluate new hypothesis and theories that cannot be verified on other roller rigs available worldwide.
The Rig consists of a wheel and roller in a vertical configuration that allows for closely replicating the boundary conditions of railroad wheel-rail contact via actively controlling all the wheel-rail interface degrees of freedom: angle of attack, cant angle, normal load and lateral displacement, including flanging. The Rig has two sophisticated independent drivelines to precisely control the rotational speed of the wheels, and therefore their relative slip or creepage. The Rig benefits from a novel force measurement system, suitable for steel on steel contact, to precisely measure the contact forces and moments at the wheel-rail contact.
Experimental studies are conducted on the VT ��" FRA Roller Rig that involved varying the angle of attack, wheel and rail surface lubricity condition (i.e., wet vs. dry rail), and wheel wear, to study their effect on wheel-rail contact mechanics and dynamics. The wheel-rail contact is in between a one-fourth scale AAR-1B locomotive wheel and a roller machined to US-136 rail profile. A quantitative assessment of the creep-creepage measurements, which is an important metric to evaluate the wheel-rail contact mechanics and dynamics, is presented. A MATLAB routine is developed to generate the creep-creepage curves from measurements conducted as part of a broad experimental study. The shape of the contact patch and its pressure distribution have been discussed. An attempt is made to apply the results to full-scale wheels and flat rails. The research results will help in the development of better simulation models for non-Hertzian contact and non-linear creep theories for wheel-rail contact problems that require further research to more accurately represent the wheel-rail interaction.MS
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Panunzio, Alfonso. "Influence des irrégularités de la voie sur la fatigue du rail." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLC016/document.
Full textAbstract:
La réponse dynamique d’un train roulant sur une voie réelle dépend de plusieurs paramètres. Certains d’entre eux ne peuvent pas être correctement identifiés et doivent être considérés comme incertains. L’objectif de cette thèse est la construction d’un modèle probabiliste de la fatigue du rail, en considérant la géométrie de la voie et l’usure des rails comme champs aléatoires modélisés en utilisant le développement de Karhunen-Loève. Ce dernier requiert le calcul des fonctions et des valeurs propres de l’opérateur de covariance pour la représentation modale du champ. Cette étape peut devenir très coûteuse si le domaine est beaucoup plus grand que la longueur de corrélation. Pour résoudre ce problème, une adaptation de la technique est proposée. Les distributions multivariées des coefficients de projection sont identifiées à l’aide d’un développement en Chaos Polynomiaux, qui est calibré sur des données de mesures. Le rayon de courbure, l’âge du rail et la vitesse opérationnelle du train induisent des effets non stationnaires qui doivent être pris en compte dans le modèle. La validation du modèle probabiliste des quantités d’entrée est faite en comparant des données de mesure des efforts de contact roue-rail avec les résultats des simulations. Une analyse de sensibilité globale est menée sur des quantités d’intérêts dynamiques pour quantifier l’impact des irrégularités aléatoires sur la dynamique du véhicule et l’initiation à fatigue du railThe dynamical response of a train rolling on a real track depends on several parameters. Most of them cannot be accurately identified and have to be considered as uncertain. The aim of this thesis is the construction of a probabilistic model of the rail fatigue life considering the track geometry and the rail wear as random fields modelled with the Karhunen-Loève expansion. This latter requires the modal decomposition of the covariance operator. This step can be very expensive if the domain if much larger than the correlation length. To deal with this issue, an adaptation of the KLE, consisting in splitting the domain in sub-domains where this modal decomposition and the sample generation can be comfortably computed, is proposed. A correlation between the KLE coefficients of each sub-domain is imposed to ensure the desired correlation structure. The multivariate distributions of the random projection coefficients are characterized using a Polynomial Chaos Expansion (PCE) calibrated on measurements data of the track irregularities. The curve radius, the rail age and the train operational velocity introduce nonstationary effects that have to be taken into account to model the track. A validation of the random models is therefore performed using a set of measurements of the wheel-rail contact forces.A global sensitivity analysis is performed on some dynamical quantities of interest in order to quantify the impact of the random fields on the vehicle dynamics and the rail fatigue initiation. Since this step is computationally expensive, a PCE-based meta-modelling technique is employed to estimate the fatigue index
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Almeida, Fabio Cardoso. "Análise das forças de contato e comportamento dinâmico de rodeiro ferroviário." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3152/tde-05092006-113355/.
Full textAbstract:
Sistemas dinâmicos ferroviários são modelados levando-se em consideração as forças de contato roda trilho. As equações de movimento são fortemente influenciadas pela determinação dessas forças, o que requer o conhecimento da mecânica de contato, ferramenta imprescindível na previsão do comportamento de uma composição ferroviária. O rodeiro é responsável por receber as excitações na forma de irregularidades e imperfeições da via e transferi-la para a suspensão primária. A proposta dessa dissertação consiste em realizar simulações no domínio do tempo, da resposta do comportamento dinâmico do rodeiro ferroviário de 2 graus de liberdade. O modelo matemático equivalente é desenvolvido. A rigidez de contato e a conicidade são linearizados em torno de um ponto de operação, próximo ao centro da via. É apresentada a influência da velocidade na estabilidade para o modelo linearizado e para a conicidade variando de 0.1 a 1.0. Os respectivos modos de vibrar também são apresentados. Em seguida, o modelo matemático não linear do rodeiro ferroviário é gerado por software especializado na criação de sistemas de multicorpos, VAMPIRE, que permite a criação das equações de movimento através da topologia do sistema. O modelo é criado seguindo a proposta do benchmarck apresentada pela International Association of Vehicle System Dynamics (IAVSD). O rodeiro recebe uma força lateral crescente que se estabiliza em 20kN. O rodeiro é excitado com a aplicação de outra força lateral a uma taxa de 50kN/s até o descarrilamento. As forças longitudinais, laterais que aparecem no contato, o ângulo do plano de contato, ângulo de yaw e afastamento lateral são comparados com o benchmarck e outros autores.Railway dynamics systems are modeled regarding the creep forces between wheel-rail. The equations of movement are strongly influenced by these forces, what requests the knowledge of the theory in mechanical of contact, necessary tool to foresee the behavior of a railway vehicle. The wheelset is responsible by receiving the perturbations of irregularities and transfer them to the primary suspension. A railway vehicle is composed by primary and secondary suspensions. The proposal is based on performing simulations in the time domain, dynamic mresponse of a railway wheelset of two degrees of freedom. The mathematical model is developed. The stiffness of contact and conicity are linearized around an operation point, near to track center. The influence of speed is determined to linearized model and to a range of 0.1 to 1.0 in the conicity. The eigenvectors are presented. In the following, the non linear model of the wheelset is generated using a specialized package of multi body system, VAMPIRE. The package creates equations of movement after the generation of the topology. The non linear mathematical model are defined by the benchmark proposed by International Association of Vehicle System Dynamics (IAVSD). The wheelset is submitted to 20kN at the rail level. In a second case, the wheelset is submitted to a rate of 50kN/s of lateral force until derailing. The determined longitudinal and lateral forces on contact, yaw angle and displacement of the center of gravity of the wheelset, contact angle are compared with the benchmark results and other authors.