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1
Tuleneva, Tatyana. "Raiding as a Treat to Economic Security of Kuzbass Coal Mining Enterprises." E3S Web of Conferences 41 (2018): 04016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184104016.
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The paper deals with the phenomenon of raiding, which has become widespread and poses a threat to economic security of Russia in recent years. The wave of raiding is aimed at coal mining enterprises of Kuzbass, which have a stable holding structure and rising property prices due to development of strategic markets. In Russia almost all cases of hostile acquisition are accompanied by violation of civil, administrative, financial and criminal legislation. Raiding the market for corporate control caused by imbalance of current structure of ownership and control. The effect of raider acquisitions is damage to economy, social sphere and investment climate of Kuzbass and Russia. More aggressive and less civilized nature of raider acquisitions in Russia in comparison with other countries is conditioned by the specifics of socio-economic and institutional environment. In this regard, raiding in Russia doesn’t lead to effective distribution of rights to economic assets, but to aggravation of socio-economic and legal problems. Development trends of raiding currently characterized by a growing number of participants and complexity of forms of hostile acquisitions and ways of providing exposures.
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Horobets, N. S., and Ye S. Pylypenko. "Theoretical and legal bases of protection of business entities from raiders in Ukraine." Legal horizons, no. 25 (2020): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/legalhorizons.2020.i25.p51.
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The article is devoted to the study of theoretical and legal principles of protection of business entities from raids in Ukraine due to the low level of quality of the system of protection of private property rights in the state. It is stated that for small enterprises the lack of financial resources and the risk of illegal seizure or takeover, ie "raiding", is a more common problem, but large enterprises are also subject to raids. It was found that raiding is a real threat to the integrity of enterprises, stable economic development and information security of the state, its danger is confirmed by data on the number of raider seizures of property in Ukraine. It is noted that one of the areas of counteraction to raiding is the consolidation at the legislative level of a common understanding of this concept, but the Civil Code of Ukraine, the Law of Ukraine "On Joint Stock Companies" deals only with certain aspects of raiding. Features of "white", "gray", "black" raiding are revealed. There are two ways to warn and protect businesses from raiding: the use of government tools and self-preventive protection of the enterprise. The state instruments of warning and protection of enterprises from raids include: legislative guarantees of inviolability of property and protection of property rights of enterprises in case of violation, criminal liability for misappropriation of property, the procedure of state registration of property rights, the right to apply for protection of rights and interests to the court and the Office for Combating Raiding at the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine. It is emphasized that only 20% of enterprises independently protect themselves from raider encroachment, which explains the large number of raider seizures in Ukraine. Among the methods of such protection, emphasis is placed on creating a reliable system of protection of information about the company, ensuring timely and full payment of dividends to shareholders, preventing the mass purchase of shares and monitoring the current situation. It is concluded that it is expedient to develop and consolidate at the legislative level a common understanding of the concept of "raiding", guarantees of warning and protection of business entities from raiding in Ukraine, improving the powers of courts and the Office for Combating Raiding in Ukraine to consider issues of registration of property rights of enterprises.
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MACKENZIE, CATRINA A., RAJA R. SENGUPTA, and RIDHWANA KAOSER. "Chasing baboons or attending class: protected areas and childhood education in Uganda." Environmental Conservation 42, no. 4 (May 8, 2015): 373–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892915000120.
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SUMMARYThe influence of protected areas on childhood education is often assumed to be positive, and integrated conservation and development programmes (ICDPs) typically support childhood education by building schools, providing scholarships and improving education quality, which in turn helps build conservation attitudes. In this paper, the impact of a protected area on childhood education is examined within the broader socioeconomic context of villages bordering Kibale National Park (Uganda). Survey data from households and primary schools indicated ICDPs improved primary school enrolment and education for girls. However, crop raiding by Park-protected animals reduced the probability of boys completing four years of primary education because they were preferentially held back from school to guard crops. Since population growth around protected areas is a threat to conservation, and since extending education for both boys and girls helps reduce birth rates and improve future employment opportunities, helping children attain primary school completion supports both conservation and development objectives. The findings highlight the need to continue supporting childhood education near protected areas; however, additional focus should be placed on boys’ educational attainment, and the need for wildlife authorities, governments and conservation organizations to invest in crop-raiding defences to mitigate crop-raiding losses.
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Hobela, Volodymyr V., and Stepan I. Melnyk. "Offshoring as a Threat to the National Economic Security: Causes and Ways to Counteract." Scientific Bulletin of Mukachevo State University. Series «Economics» 8, no. 2 (June 24, 2021): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.52566/msu-econ.8(2).2021.9-16.
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The volume of capital outflows from Ukraine to offshore jurisdictions has become quite large and poses a threat to the economic security of the state, however, measures to de-offshorise the economy are not effective. Therefore, this study is aimed at identifying factors that affect the level of offshoring of the economy, in addition to the state's tax policy, and at developing measures to de-offshorise the state economy. The study used general and special methods of cognition, economic, mathematical, and statistical analysis, the method of deduction and theoretical generalisation. A theoretical analysis of offshoring as an economic category is carried out, the scale of offshoring of the world economy and its impact on the economic security of the state is determined, which substantiated the relevance of the chosen research topic. The main factors influencing the level of offshoring of the economy, except for tax evasion, are highlighted. A methodology and algorithm for determining the total amount of capital outflow are proposed and calculations of the total amount of capital outflow from Ukraine for 2013-2019 are carried out. A correlation analysis was carried out to determine the level of influence of certain factors on the offshoring level of the Ukrainian economy. A mathematical model of the influence of these factors is constructed (x1 , x2 ... xn ) at the level of offshoring of the economy (y), which allowed identifying the factors that most contribute to the increase in the volume of capital outflows from Ukraine. A comparison of the level of corporate raiding, the coefficient of offshoring and the volume of capital outflow from Ukraine is carried out, and a conclusion is made about their stable interdependence. Based on the results of the study, the main ways of de-offshoring of the Ukrainian economy in the process of creating and forming the Bureau of Economic Security of Ukraine are developed. It is proposed to create a division within the specified bureau that will perform the functions of countering raiding and violation of property rights of business entities. It is assumed that these measures would contribute to the de-offshoring of the economy and ensure the economic security of the state. The findings of the study can be used to form legislative and institutional support for deoffshoring and ensure the economic security of the state. In particular, based on the results, it is recommended to form the main directions of work and functions of the newly created Bureau of Economic Security of Ukraine
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Bielienkova, Olha, Anton Moholivets, and Yana Loktionova. "MEASUREMENT OF THE LEVEL OF ECONOMIC SECURITY OF ENTERPRISES BY THE INDICATOR OF THE ATTRACTIVENESS FOR HOSTILE TAKEOVERS." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 7, no. 5 (December 27, 2021): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2021-7-5-29-40.
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The article deals with the assessment of economic security by a number of factors that reflect the probability of proxy battle. In recent decades, the number of such acquisitions in Ukraine has increased significantly, which seriously reduces the level of economic security of economic entities both at the microeconomic level, and at the level of sectors of the economy, as well as the entire economic system of the country. The purpose of the study was to determine the possible impact on the economic security of the enterprise (which is proposed to be determined by a multifactor indicator of the attractiveness of enterprises for raiders) factors of financial stability, reputation, business model efficiency and attractiveness to potential buyers. The methods used in the study are as follows: generalization, grouping, systematization, and content analysis (to identify factors that could potentially signal the threat of a hostile acquisition); correlation and regression analysis (to determine from the totality of factors that have the greatest impact on economic security), the method of theoretical generalization (to identify the approaches of various scholars and scientific schools to issues of economic security and raiding); comparative (to determine the state of economic security of the enterprises under study in different years). As a result, the authors propose an integral indicator of the economic security of the enterprise, which makes it possible to identify the potential attractiveness of the enterprise for raiders. It consists of the following components: profitability (determines the effectiveness of the business model), autonomy ratio (determines the financial stability), ownership of real estate in the city center (resale), reputation (delays in fulfilling contractual obligations). Content analysis of economic security factors of enterprises was conducted according to the data on the raiding seizures of Ukrainian enterprises of all industries and activities, and the Economic Security Indicator was created on the basis of materials of Ukrainian construction companies. However, the methodological approach proposed in the article can be used to identify threats to the loss of economic security by enterprises of any sector of the economy, subject to the adaptation of the model to industry specifics. The use of the created indicator cannot replace the full-fledged system of monitoring the economic security of the enterprise and identifying threats to further activities, but it can be used as an indicator of express-diagnostics of economic security of the enterprise and making decisions on in-depth study of economic security to identify adverse factors delight.
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Knighton, Ben. "The State as Raider Among the Karamojong: ‘Where There are no Guns, They use the Threat of Guns’." Africa 73, no. 3 (August 2003): 427–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afr.2003.73.3.427.
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AbstractThe article brings together archival material, past ethnography, and memory on the one hand, and up-to-date eye-witness and newspaper reports on the other, to set current traumatic events in the very long view. The presentism of contemporary developmental and research approaches has precluded such perspectives. Thus the current disarmament programme being forced on the Karamojong of north-east Uganda by the Uganda People's Defence Force is no more unprecedented than the armed conflicts it is intended to resolve. The advent of colonial administration and memories of it are examined to illuminate the constraints of the present exercise. Events are not occurring solely in a local context, still less just on the national scene, but in the global context directed by world power. Thus the significance of cattle-raiding, the nature of which has not been drastically changed by firearms, has been exaggerated as part of a threat to world peace that must be tackled by international action. This has provided the rationale for repeating the brutality of the small wars of imperialism on a larger scale and with less prospect of an ensuing peace. The article proposes a rediscovery of African agency in Karamojong religious ceremonies that are not controlled by world orders.
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Nowag, Lisa. "From Climate Change to Conflict." Politikon: The IAPSS Journal of Political Science 47 (December 31, 2020): 60–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.22151/politikon.47.3.
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In recent years, debate and research on the effects of climate change have intensified. By contributing to natural disasters, sea-level rise and resource scarcity, changes in climate are anticipated to become a significant threat to environmental security. However, existing literature and case studies on the effects of climate change in relation to violence find diverging results. This research note therefore asks if and to what extent climate change can be regarded as a significant contributor to violent conflicts. By investigating climate-related effects on pastoral raiding in North-Western Kenya, the overall relationship between climate change and conflict is analysed on the basis of a practical case study. This analysis supports that climate change is a decisive factor in increasing violence. By multiplying previously existing socio-political tensions and triggering the outbreak of latent conflict, climate change can have impacts on both environmental and civil security. However, its effects are often not directly visible.
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Koirala, Pramila, Bijaya Neupane, Thakur Silwal, Bijaya Dhami, Siddhartha Regmi, and Deepa Dahal. "Distribution of Blue Bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus) and its Conservation Threats in Bardia National Park, Nepal." Journal of Forest and Natural Resource Management 2, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 50–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfnrm.v2i1.40220.
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Blue bull is Asia’s largest antelope, a species of least concern in IUCN Red data list of 2020. In Nepal, it is vulnerable and is often considered as a problem animal for its crop raiding habit. Although, its population is restricted in India and Nepal, there are insufficient studies conducted on the distribution and threats of the species at local level. This study aimed to assess the distribution of blue bull and its conservation threats in Bardia National Park and its buffer zone. Field survey was carried out to identify the potential area with the information provided by park staff and buffer zone people and by the transect method in the selected habitat to determine the distribution of blue bull population. Additionally, six focus group discussions (1 in each of thefive sites and 1 with park staff) and a half-day workshop (involving 25 participants representing each site and park office) were organized to assess the existing threats to the species. Data were analyzed descriptively using MS Excel, while the distribution map was prepared using Arc GIS. Also, 8 major identified threats were ranked using relative threat ranking procedure and classified into four severity classes. We found that the population of blue bull was dispersed from core area of Bardia National Park towards the buffer zone area. Open grazing, invasive species, predation by tiger and flash flood were the major threats to the blue bull as perceived by the local people. Habitat management activities including control of grazing, removal of invasive plant species, plantation of palatable grass species, increase in other prey species of tiger and control of flood in blue bull’s habitats are recommended to protect the species and thus sustain their threatened population.
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McLennan, Matthew R., David Hyeroba, Caroline Asiimwe, Vernon Reynolds, and Janette Wallis. "Chimpanzees in mantraps: lethal crop protection and conservation in Uganda." Oryx 46, no. 4 (October 2012): 598–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605312000592.
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AbstractA main concern of farmers worldwide is how to reduce crop losses to wildlife. Some potentially lethal crop protection methods are non-selective. It is important to understand the impact of such methods on species of conservation concern. Uganda has important populations of Endangered eastern chimpanzees Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii. Farmers sometimes use large metal mantraps to guard their fields against crop-raiding wildlife, particularly baboons Papio anubis and wild pigs Potamochoerus sp.. Chimpanzees that range onto farmland also step in these illegal devices and without rapid veterinary invention face severe injury or eventual death. Unlike inadvertent snaring of great apes in African forests, the problem of mantraps in forest–farm ecotones has received little attention. We report 10 cases of entrapped chimpanzees in the cultivated landscape surrounding Uganda's Budongo Forest during 2007–2011, undoubtedly only a portion of the actual number of cases. Mantraps currently present a substantial threat to ape populations in this important conservation landscape. Our data underscore the need for conservation programmes to consider the techniques used by rural farmers to protect their livelihoods from wild animals.
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Melton, Mallory A. "CROPPING IN AN AGE OF CAPTIVE TAKING: EXPLORING EVIDENCE FOR UNCERTAINTY AND FOOD INSECURITY IN THE SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY NORTH CAROLINA PIEDMONT." American Antiquity 83, no. 2 (January 14, 2018): 204–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aaq.2017.63.
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Engagement in sustained encounters with colonial actors had long-lasting demographic, social, and political consequences for Native American inhabitants of Southeastern North America during the colonial period (AD 1670–1783). Less clear is whether Native peoples who did not regularly trade with colonists also felt the destabilization experienced by more closely affiliated groups. This article explores Native lifeways in the seventeenth-century Eno River valley of the North Carolina Piedmont, a context for which archaeological and ethnohistoric evidence have produced divergent narratives. While extant archaeological findings suggest that daily life from 1650 to 1680 continued virtually unchanged from the preceding Late Woodland period, ethnohistoric accounts indicate that this area was victimized by Native slavers who abducted countless women and children. Seeking to reconcile these narratives, I conducted a diachronic analysis of botanical remains and architecture. Archaeobotanical data reveal that Jenrette site (AD 1650–1680) occupants adopted foodways that differed significantly from those of their Late Woodland predecessors, while architectural evidence indicates a brief village occupation. I argue that Eno River valley inhabitants introduced risk-averse subsistence practices that would have aided in coping with the threat and consequences of slave raiding and that these practices occurred within a social climate of fear and uncertainty that is documented ethnohistorically.
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Pandey, Sudip, and Siddhartha Bajra Bajracharya. "Crop Protection and Its Effectiveness against Wildlife: A Case Study of Two Villages of Shivapuri National Park, Nepal." Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 16, no. 1 (January 18, 2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v16i1.14352.
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A complex relationship between the residents and protected areas continue to be an obstacle to successful conservation of protected areas. Conflicts between park authority and people living around the park pose a threat to conservation. Moreover, crop depredation due to wildlife incurs a severe economic loss to communities living in the close vicinity of the park, affecting the livelihood and well-being of locals. Many studies have been carried out emphasizing the identification and quantification of crop damage, but studies highlighting the means used for the crop protection and their effectiveness are limited. This paper examines frequency of the crop damage by wildlife and efficacy of utilized management practices in Shivapuri National Park (SNP). Altogether 132 households were visited in two buffer zone villages namely, Sikre and Jhor Mahankhal of Shivapuri National Park, Nepal. The study suggested that crop depredation by wildlife was a function of several factors, namely, distance of the farmland from the park, size of the crop raiding animals, frequency of their attacks on the farmland, and the type of crops. Five different measures were identified by the communities which they regularly used to prevent crop damage. Both traditional as well as modern means were used by households to guard crops from invading wild animals. The means of crop protection from wildlife differed according to the type of animal and crop being protected. Biofencing and trenches were effective for the small animals. Watch tower “Machans” and throwing flaming sticks and making noises were the most effective and safest means of crop guarding from all kind of animals. Though crop guarding was intensive, no means were found to be able to prevent crop damage completely. Thus, site specific management strategies as well as technical and financial support from donor organizations would be most useful to minimize crop loss.Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 16, No.1 (2015) pp. 1-10
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Studinska, Galina. "Threats to the competition of Ukrainian construction enterprises (2020-2021)." University Economic Bulletin, no. 52 (March 18, 2022): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2306-546x-2022-52-129-135.
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The study of risks of reducing the competitiveness of construction companies in 2020-2021 through the use of non-market methods of competition, including eco-raiding, requires an in-depth look at their impact on economic efficiency of the entity, which determines the relevance and novelty of this study. The object of the research is non-market methods of competition of construction enterprises in modern conditions. The subject of this study are eco-raiding and eco-terrorism as risk factors for reducing the competitiveness of construction enterprises. The purpose of this work is to substantiate the need to strengthen the role of state control in the process of managing the construction industry in conditions of non-market competition. The practical significance of the results obtained is to determine recommendations for improving the quality of management of the construction industry through increased control over the pre-project processes of housing construction. To achieve this goal were used: system-parametric approach – to the scientific knowledge of modern non-market methods of competition in the construction market of Ukraine, which made it possible to reveal their negative role in strengthening the processes of monopolization; systematic analysis of the causes of illegal construction, which contributed to the formation of recommendations for solving this problem; managerial approach – to the role of the state in terms of strengthening the control function in the construction market. Conclusions. The construction industry is an external identifier of the «health» of the national economy. Unfinished objects reduce the investment attractiveness of the industry for domestic and foreign investors, show a negative overall situation in the domestic market. A significant reason for stopping the construction and bankruptcy of construction companies is eco-raiding - speculation on environmental issues, which blocks the activities of a construction company in order to taking possession of his property. The reasons for eco-raiding lie in the corruption of government agencies and their links with criminals. To overcome eco-raiding in the country it is necessary to form an effective institutional environment, certain legislation, an independent judiciary, which together will strengthen the system of control by public authorities and local governments. The construction industry will play a particularly important role in the post-war period, when domestic industrial and residential infrastructure will need large-scale reincarnation. European society provides for the functioning of economic mechanisms exclusively in market conditions, which should exclude the use of non-market methods of competition not only in the construction sector but also in the domestic economy as a whole.
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Thuppil, Vivek, and Richard G. Coss. "Playback of felid growls mitigates crop-raiding by elephants Elephas maximus in southern India." Oryx 50, no. 2 (March 18, 2015): 329–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605314000635.
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AbstractWe attempted to deter crop-raiding elephants Elephas maximus by using playbacks of threatening vocalizations such as felid growls and human shouts. For this purpose, we tested two sound-playback systems in southern India: a wireless, active infrared beam-triggered system to explore the effects of night-time uncertainty in elephants' assessment of predatory threats, and a passive infrared motion detector-triggered system for closer-range playbacks. Using the first system, we deterred 90% of crop-raiding attempts using tiger Panthera tigris growls, 72.7% using leopard Panthera pardus growls, and 57.1% using human shouts, with no statistically significant difference among the three sounds. Using the second system, playbacks of tiger and lion Panthera leo growls deterred 100 and 83.3% of crop-raiding attempts, respectively, with no statistically reliable difference between the two, although video evidence indicated that elephants were more fearful of tiger growls. Our results indicate that playbacks of threatening sounds can be effective in mitigating human–elephant conflict, particularly in bolstering existing deterrent methods.
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HAWTHORNE, WALTER. "NOURISHING A STATELESS SOCIETY DURING THE SLAVE TRADE: THE RISE OF BALANTA PADDY-RICE PRODUCTION IN GUINEA-BISSAU." Journal of African History 42, no. 1 (March 2001): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700007696.
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This essay examines the impact of the Atlantic slave trade on stateless societies, focusing on Balanta populations of present-day Guinea-Bissau. It demonstrates that some decentralized groups located on the ‘slaving frontiers’ of states managed not only to survive but also to thrive. In so doing, it shows how Balanta changed their settlement patterns and crop production techniques in response to threats posed by the slave raiding armies of Kaabu. From the mid-seventeenth century, Balanta produced and traded large quantities of paddy rice by organizing workers into age grades.
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Nadhurou, Bakri, Roberta Righini, Marco Gamba, Paola Laiolo, Ahmed Ouledi, and Cristina Giacoma. "Effects of human disturbance on the mongoose lemur Eulemur mongoz in Comoros: implications and potential for the conservation of a Critically Endangered species." Oryx 51, no. 1 (October 30, 2015): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605315000897.
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AbstractThe decline of the mongoose lemur Eulemur mongoz has resulted in a change of its conservation status from Vulnerable to Critically Endangered. Assessing the current threats to the species and the attitudes of the people coexisting with it is fundamental to understanding whether and how human impacts may affect populations. A questionnaire-based analysis was used to study the impact of agriculture and other subsistence activities, and local educational initiatives, on lemur abundance, group size and composition in the Comoros. On the islands of Mohéli and Anjouan we recorded 214 lemurs in 63 groups, the size and composition of which depended both on environmental parameters and the magnitude and type of anthropogenic pressure. There was no evidence of an impact of anthropogenic disturbance on abundance. In contrast, group size and composition were sensitive to human impacts. The most important threats were conflicts related to crop raiding, as well as illegal capture and hunting. The promotion of educational activities reduced the negative impact of hunting and illegal activities. These results highlight a need for urgent conservation measures to protect the species.
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Palei, Nimain Charan, Himanshu Shekhar Palei, Bhakta Padarbinda Rath, and Chandra Sekhar Kar. "Mortality of the Endangered Asian elephant Elephas maximus by electrocution in Odisha, India." Oryx 48, no. 4 (July 18, 2014): 602–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003060531400012x.
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AbstractElephants are threatened globally by habitat loss, poaching and accelerating levels of human–elephant conflict. In the state of Odisha, east India, electrocution by domestic electric power lines is causing mortality of the Asian elephant Elephas maximus. We collated data on elephant mortality from such electrocution in the villages surrounding elephant habitat for a period of 12 years (2001–2012). During this period 118 elephants were killed in 91 incidences. Most deaths (73.68%) were a result of accidental contact with electric power lines whilst elephants were moving into agricultural areas for crop raiding. The increasing human population, poor electrical infrastructure and ivory poaching pose serious threats to the continued survival of these elephants. To reduce elephant mortality from electrocution and to ensure the long-term survival of this population of elephants we recommend strengthening of the electrical infrastructure, minimizing habitat destruction, increasing public awareness of the problem, and stronger law enforcement.
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MEKONNEN, ADDISU, AFEWORK BEKELE, PETER J. FASHING, JEAN-MARC LERNOULD, ANAGAW ATICKEM, and NILS CHR STENSETH. "Newly Discovered Bale Monkey Populations in Forest Fragments in Southern Ethiopia: Evidence of Crop Raiding, Hybridization With Grivets, and Other Conservation Threats." American Journal of Primatology 74, no. 5 (February 6, 2012): 423–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajp.21999.
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Taran, Moitree, and Sourabh Deb. "Valuation of provisional and cultural services of a Ramsar site: A preliminary study on Rudrasagar lake, India." Journal of Wetlands Environmental Management 5, no. 1 (January 17, 2017): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jwem.v5i1.113.
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<p>Rudrasagar lake, a Ramsar site in India offers a variety of ecosystem services. The contribution of Rudrasagar lake to the society has not been estimated so far. The preliminary study aims to provide an economic valuation of the provisional and cultural services of the Rudrasagar lake. Official records of revenue collected by the Tourism Department of Tripura and a socio- economic survey was the source of information used in the economic valuation of the lake. The main provisional services provided by the lake are food (aquatic plants and fishes), fuel wood and timber whereas, the cultural services provided were boat raiding and tourism due to its historical importance. The provisioning and cultural services provided by the Rudrasagar lake are 40810 US$ and 33929.33 US$ per year respectively during the period of 2010-2015. The main threats to the wetland identified are increasing silt loads due to deforestation, expansion of agricultural land and land conversion due to population pressure. To alleviate the anthropogenic stress on the lake, better monitoring, planning and management are essential. By proper conservation and management it will be possible to enjoy the provisional and cultural services of the lake in a sustainable way.</p>
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Plumptre, Andrew J., Jean-Bosco Bizumuremyi, Fidele Uwimana, and Jean-Damascene Ndaruhebeye. "The effects of the Rwandan civil war on poaching of ungulates in the Parc National des Volcans." Oryx 31, no. 4 (October 1997): 265–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3008.1997.d01-15.x.
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One of the greatest threats that the mountain gorilla Gorilla gorilla beringei faces is the repeated setting of snares for ungulates by people living adjacent to the Parc National des Volcans in Rwanda. Two vets (one expatriate and one Rwandan) are permanently employed to monitor the health of habituated groups of mountain gorillas and to remove snares if an animal becomes caught in one. This study examined how snaring has changed as a result of the Rwandan civil war and how ungulates in the park have been affected. In the region around the Karisoke Research Station ungulate numbers have remained stable and in the case of the black-fronted duiker Cephalophus nigrifrons they have increased at higher altitudes. However, a questionnaire survey among local people showed that there has been a perceived decrease in crop raiding by all ungulates in the west of the park, suggesting a decline in numbers. In the east of the park there appears to have been a decrease in the numbers of black-fronted duikers but an increase in the number of buffaloes Syncerus caffer. The price of bushmeat in real terms has decreased since the war, despite the increase in the price of domestic meat, and poachers interviewed were selling bushmeat more frequently than they did before the war. The level of poaching, therefore, appears to have increased since the war.
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Malyi, Ivan, and Tetiana Koroliuk. "Informatization of society and public economic security administration." INNOVATIVE ECONOMY, no. 5-6 (August 2019): 181–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.37332/2309-1533.2019.5-6.26.
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Purpose. The aim of the article is description of the interdependencies of the development of informatization of society and the improvement of public administration in overcoming the economic threats to the existence of the state of Ukraine. Methodology of research. Achieving this goal is based on the use of the research methodology of the innovative and informational type of economic development and public (state) management. The following specific methods are used: systematic – to disclose the directions of the influence of information transformation on all spheres of the functioning of society; ecumenical (interdisciplinary) – to disclose institutional changes in public administration due to new threats to territorial integrity and economic security; analysis – to characterize the trends in the application of information technology in economics and management; statistical methods – to assess the magnitude of economic threats to the functioning of society and the substantiation of anti-crisis measures by the state. Findings. It is established that the study of the interaction between informatization of society and new public administration for the purpose of localization of economic threats to statehood necessarily implies the use of systematic analysis, ecumenical (interdisciplinary) approach, theories of institutional changes and systemic crisis of civilization. The principles of the mechanism of interaction “informatization of society – new public administration – guarantees of national economic security” are substantiated, based on the following logic: the fundamental instinct of self-preservation of the person leads them to unification in the state as the highest and long-lasting social, legal, political and economic forms of joint activity of people; and the state, first and foremost protecting the interests of the people who shape the public interest as a whole, is obliged to protect them as national in the international arena, including national economic security. It is proved that the rapid development of information transformation and new innovative products in the economy undermines the hierarchy of relationships, contributes to the active expansion of network structures that radically change human values, the format of interaction of citizens (consumers) with business and the state, puts new requirements for the game from the state. It is revealed that the new public administration is characterized by productivity, marketing approach to studying the needs of citizens and threats to their lives; decentralization; reporting on the results that is possible under the conditions of introduction of electronic governance and changes in the legislative field. It is substantiated that strategic goals of implementation of electronic government are overcoming information inequality, restructuring of relations with citizens, improvement of technology of public management and administration in order to ensure transparency, accessibility and convenience of receiving public services by citizens, which opens the possibility of their real participation in making public management decisions in order to localize corruption, shadowing, raiding as factors of economic threats to statehood. Originality. The scientific novelty of the study is to substantiate the author’s approach to the dialectics of the interaction of “informatization of society – the new public administration – national economic security” in the context of continuous information transformation, institutional changes and global challenges. Practical value. The theoretical approaches developed by the authors to the analysis of the influence of informatization of society, new public administration and national economic security can become the fundamental basis for the development of anti-crisis policies in Ukraine with the aim of ensuring territorial integrity, the safety of citizens and their well-being. Key words: informatization of society; new public administration; economic security; state sovereignty; openness; transparency; electronic governance.
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Grytsyshen, Dymytrii. "Methodology of implementation of the state criminal policy in the field of prevention and counteraction to economic crime in the context of interaction with other types of state policy." Public administration aspects 8, no. 5 (October 30, 2020): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/152098.
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Today, the issue of cooperation is facing the processes of formation and implementation of state criminal policy in the field of prevention and combating economic crime. This issue is especially relevant for Ukraine and needs to be studied from the standpoint of public administration science. In view of this, the purpose of the study is to determine the methodology of state criminal policy in the field of prevention and combating economic crime in the context of interaction with other types of public policy. The types of economic crimes that are the greatest threats to national security have been identified. Each direction of state policy to combat economic crime is considered by the following most common types: unfair competition, legalization (laundering) of proceeds from crime and terrorist financing, raiding, misuse of budget funds, tax evasion, corruption) sectors of public administration. It is proved that the process of prevention and counteraction of unfair competition is realized through various types of state policy, namely: state anti-corruption policy, state competition policy and state investment policy. It is determined that corruption can penetrate all spheres of public life and be a source of a set of risks in the economic, social, political and legal systems, the consequences of which are a low level of national security and can cause danger at the regional and international levels. For each type of economic crime, the types of state policy are defined: anti-terrorist policy; investment policy; competition policy; monetary policy; budget policy; fiscal policy; anti-corruption policy; state criminal policy. The conclusions substantiate the peculiarities of the implementation of state policy in terms of preventing and combating economic crime, which is the basis for the formation of its conceptual and methodological provisions.
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Harcourt, Robert. "Maternal aggression in the South American fur seal in Peru." Canadian Journal of Zoology 70, no. 2 (February 1, 1992): 320–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z92-048.
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Maternal aggression was examined with regard to its role in maternal defense of offspring in the South American fur seal (Arctocephalus australis) at Punta San Juan, Peru (15°22′S, 75°12′W). Female fur seals' responses to conspecifics and to predatory southern sea lions (Otaria byronia) were examined pre- and post-partum. Although the defense of offspring from predators may be expected to be a major component of maternal care, mothers rarely defended their offspring from raiding sea lions, possibly due to the high risks involved in attacking a large and potentially very dangerous predator. The costs of defending the pup from sea lions appeared to outweigh the potential benefit of increased survival of the pup, due to the already high pup mortality at the site. Maternal defense from conspecifics may also be a possible function of female aggression. Females with newborn pups were more aggressive towards other females than were females without pups, particularly during the perinatal attendance period. They threatened a higher proportion of approaching females and won more aggressive encounters postpartum. However, mothers of surviving pups did not appear to be any more aggressive, their pups did not receive any fewer threats from unrelated females, nor did they reside in areas of less aggression, than mothers whose pups died. Aggression towards male conspecifics appeared to serve a further purpose, as females threatened approaching adult and subadult males regardless of whether the females had a pup. Unlike colonially breeding phocid pinnipeds, there seems to be no correlation between increased maternal aggression and neonate survival in the South American fur seal. This may be because females have to leave their offspring to forage when the offspring are still vulnerable to attack by unrelated conspecifics. Alternatively, maternal aggression may have been subjected to such intense selection that although it is responsible for increased pup mortality at the site, there is insufficient variability to measure differential consequences.
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Trofimov, Oleg, and Valeriya Kiryuchenkova. "Bankruptcy raiding as a threat to the economic security of a business." Economy under Guard, May 18, 2020, 62–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.36511/2588-0071-2020-1-62-65.
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The article discusses the concept of economic security of business, focuses on such a threat as raiding. The examples of raiding in bankruptcy are given. Also, a case of bankruptcy of an organization in the Nizhny Novgorod region due to one of the manifestations of a raider attack is described. The methods of establishing control over the enterprise in the bankruptcy procedure are considered.
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Zgadova, Nataliy, Lidiy Rogatina, and Vitaliy Gubko. "RAIDING IN UKRAINE – A THREAT TO THE ECONOMIC SECURITY OF ENTERPRISES." Economic scope, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32782/2224-6282/159-9.
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Given the formation of a market economy in Ukraine, which is based on small and medium-sized businesses, the question of their economic security, because economic security is one of the main components of the needs of not only the state, various associations, but also individual enterprises. Therefore, it is very important to have effective tools to protect enterprises from the information support. With the intensive spread of crises in Ukraine's economy, financial and political instability, increased competition and the negative impact of environmental factors, the problem of financial and economic security of the enterprise has become especially important, namely in the manifestation of information warfare and raids on enterprises of various forms of ownership. Economic information is considered as the main factor of effective activity of the enterprise in the conditions of market economy. Until the early 1990s (Soviet period), domestic enterprises, in particular agro-industrial enterprises, felt virtually no risk in their activities, as they were state-owned and bound by government contracts. In turn, the state interests in the field of economy were strictly protected by law enforcement agencies and special services. Now the situation has changed dramatically. Any business entity, regardless of the size of its working assets, is surrounded by a variety of risks, and therefore vulnerable to various raider attacks, which can instantly destroy financial and material resources. At the same time, the state structures that are supposed to defend entrepreneurship do not actually operate. In today's economic system, one of the most important tasks of economic security of the enterprise was the preservation of its property, resistance to raiding – forceful, unscrupulous seizure of someone else's property. This phenomenon has become a real threat to the economy as a whole, destroying domestic business, entrepreneurship and production, increasing tensions in the economic space of the country, as almost any company can be the object of a raider attack. Therefore, we can say that the problem of raiding in today's market conditions is quite relevant and threatens the economic security of enterprises and must be addressed immediately.
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Tamaki, Chihiro, Mamoru Takata, and Kenji Matsuura. "The lose-to-win strategy of the weak: intraspecific parasitism via egg abduction in a termite." Biology Letters 17, no. 12 (December 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2021.0540.
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Predation by larger conspecifics poses a major threat to small juveniles in many animal species. However, in social insects, raids perpetrated by large colonies may provide smaller colonies with opportunities for parasitization. Herein, in the termite Reticulitermes speratus , we demonstrate that small incipient colonies parasitize large mature colonies through egg abduction when attacked by raiding conspecifics. We observed that the eggs of incipient colonies were brought into raiding colonies while their parents were killed during the attack. In this species, unmated females found new colonies with female–female (FF) cooperation, in addition to the typical monogamous colony foundation. Interestingly, the abducted eggs of FF pairs developed into nymphs (reproductive caste) in the raiding colonies, whereas the eggs of male–female (MF) pairs developed into workers (non-reproductive caste). Parthenogenetic eggs are known to be developmentally predisposed to becoming female reproductives owing to genomic imprinting in termites. This study demonstrates that the plundering of small colonies by larger conspecific colonies not only results in the extinction of the weaker colonies, but also serves as a strategy that incipient colonies use to obtain the reproductive position in large colonies by stealth. The results elucidate the diversity and complexity of inter-colonial interactions in social insects.
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Joshi, Poorva, and Milind Watve. "Non-palatable Medicinal Plants as a Solution to Crop Raiding by Wild Herbivores around Protected Areas." Journal of Ecological Society 29, no. 1 (April 1, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.54081/jes.025/03.
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The Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserve (TATR) is an important nature conservation area for the country having a good population of wild animals. However, on the fringes of this national park, there are issues of human-wildlife conflict such as crop raiding by wild animals, which is an underestimated problem. The constant threat of crop predators and perceived loss in crop produce has discouraged agriculture in close vicinity of the park. Farming is the main livelihood for the people living near TATR, therefore it is an urgent need to keep under review the alternative options that can contribute to farmers’ welfare. Considering the developing medicinal plant demand, there is potential in cultivating non-palatable traded medicinal plant species that are resistant to crop-raiding by wildlife. The paper suggests such a model for farmers. We focus on research, awareness, motivation, facilitation and establishing market linkages.
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Ibrahim, Saifullahi Sani, Huseyin Ozdeser, Behiye Cavusoglu, Aminu Abdullahi Shagali, and Shu’aibu Mukhtar. "Rural attachment and income inequality in rural communities of Nigeria under the threat of cattle raiding." GeoJournal, November 12, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10708-020-10335-9.
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Tulchynska, S., and O. Solosich. "THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF THE ORGANIZATION OF RAIDING ACTIVITIES AS A KEY THREAT TO THE POWER COMPONENT OF THE ECONOMIC SECURITY OF THE ENTERPRISE." Efektyvna ekonomika, no. 12 (December 26, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.32702/2307-2105-2020.12.1.
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Blokhin, Pavlo. "STATE POLICY OF PEACEBUILDING AND ITS IMPACT ON THE ECONOMIC SECURITY OF THE STATE." Economic scope, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32782/2224-6282/169-7.
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The article discusses the priorities of the state policy of peacebuilding and strengthening the economic security of the state. Monitoring of measures was carried out, aimed at reintegration of the temporarily occupied territories, minimization of the negative impact of risks and threats of military and hybrid aggression to maintain the trajectory of sustainable holistic socio-economic development of the country and its regions. Institutional and legal support of the policy of reintegration of the temporarily occupied territories was systematized and analytical evaluation of official transfers of local budgets of Donetsk and Luhansk regions. The adopted State Target Program for Restoration and Peacebuilding in the Eastern Regions of Ukraine was studied, deoccupation Strategy, and reintegration of the temporarily occupied territories. The issues of restoration and integration of housing infrastructure of Donetsk and Luhansk regions into the general state transport and logistics infrastructure were studied. A number of advantages and disadvantages of the state policy of peacebuilding in Ukraine are proposed and define their consequences for ensuring the reintegration of the occupied territories. The key obstacles to peacemaking in Donetsk and Luhansk regions at the present stage of development have been identified: slowdown in GDP growth; small export volumes; limited external and internal investments, opacity of sources of their attraction; high levels of hidden unemployment and insufficient employment of the population, intensification of external labor migration processes, business and intellectual capital migration; presence of manifestations of corruption, raiding and insecurity of private property rights; insufficiently high level of quality of life of the population and a significant share of internally displaced persons. The priority directions of public policy in the Strategy and a number of guiding documents are studied, which indicate the main benchmarks. The issue of operational and tactical activities of authorities of different levels in terms of peacekeeping has been studied, strengthening the economic security of the state with tools of economic stimulation of reintegration and ensuring the socioeconomic development of conflict territories.