Journal articles on the topic 'Rahian Noor'

“Welcome to Divinity College,” reads a welcome sign to the state-sponsored fieldtrips of the Iran-Iraq War (1980–1988) battlefields in Iran. Rahian-e Noor battlefield tours follow the model of Shia pilgrimage and commemorative rituals, while also tapping into nationalist discourses of the country as an ancient homeland. I ask whether these trips are a means of disseminating knowledge, and what forms of ignorance are assumed to prevail among the visitors that this “Divinity College” seeks to eliminate? Even more importantly, since the tours are state-sponsored, what ignorances are rendered possible, if not encouraged, at the cost of this selective knowledge dissemination? Drawing on fieldwork, I argue that the tours provide a space of encounter with what is presupposed as the visitors’ already acquired knowledge. On RN tours, both knowledge and ignorance are co-constitutive of the transformative power of pilgrimage, where ultimate knowledge is interpreted as putting the already-known-words into deeds.

ABSTRACT Implementation of the Balanced Scorecard as a Measuring Tool Performance at PT. Noor Thoibah Banjarbaru Yudi Rahman The purpose of this study is to provide input in terms of measuring the correct and relevant Balanced Scorecard based on the theory and standards of financial accounting which are a form of business accountability and company management performance. In this study the method used is the Balanced Scorecard. The Balanced Scorecard measures the company's performance from: 1. Growth and Learning Perspective, 2. Internal business process perspective, 3. Customer perspective, and 4. Financial perspective. The author analyzes PT Noor Thoibah Banjarbaru using data from 2017-2018 to analyze financial perspectives, while for other perspectives the writer analyzes through questionnaire calculations distributed to PT Noor Thoibah Banjarbaru staff and customers. From the results of the analysis conducted by the author, it is known that the performance of PT Noor Thoibah Banjarbaru as a whole is quite good. And of course with the use of the Balanced Scorecard Method will get accurate performance measurement results so it is very important for the management of PT. Noor Thoibah Banjarbaru both in the process of planning, decision making, and controlling, as well as in realizing the company's overall vision and mission.

Anna Maria Mouza Aprinalistria Aprinalistria Begoña Montero-Fleta Christine Barrow Emanuel Boussios Gamal Ibraheem Ghadah AlMurshidi Jasmine Harvey Jianquan Cheng Kareen Tonsing Karim GASSEMI Ludmila Ribeiro Luigia Simona Sica Maja Gori Manzoor Khan Afridi Mariano D. Perelman Matthew Dabros Máximo Jaramillo Md. Twyeafur Rahman Mei-Se Chien Michael Brooks Mohd. Noor Mat Yazid MUTABAZI Placide Parveen Kaur Patricia Wiener Paulito Valeriano Hilario Raymond Chan Robert Costello Roberto Franzini Tibaldeo Yaghoob Foroutan Zitha Mokomane

<p>Abstrak- Krisis ekonomi dan moneter yang terjadi di Indonesia pada kurun waktu 1997-1998 merupakan pukulan yang sangat berat bagi sistem perekonomian Indonesia. Dalam periode tersebut banyak lembaga-lembaga keuangan, termasuk perbankan mengalami kesulitan keuangan. Seiring dengan diberlakukannya dual banking system oleh Undang-Undang Nomor 10 Tahun 1998 Tentang PerbankanBerdasarkan. Undang – Undang Nomor 21 tahun 2008 tentang Perbankkan Syariah, pengertian Perbankkan Syariah adalah segala sesuatu yang menyangkut tentang Bank Syariah dan Unit Usaha Syariah., mencakup kelembagaan, kegiatan usaha, serta cara dan proses dalam melaksanakan kegiatan usahanya (pasal 1 angka 1). Sedangkan yang dimaksud dengan bank adalah badan usaha yang menghimpun dana dari masyarkaat dalam bentuk kredit dan/atau bentuk lainnya dalam rangka meningkatkan taraf hidup rakyat (pasal 1 angka 2) Dengan demikian, lembaga perbankan yang kegiatan usahanya berdasarkan pada prinsip-prinsip syariah maka dapat dikatakan sebagai perbankan syariah. Kerangka hukum pengembangan industri perbankan syariah diwadahi dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 1992 tentang Perbankan yang memperkenalkan “sistem bagi hasil” atau “prinsip bagi hasil” dalam kegiatan perbankan nasional. Setelah lahirnya UndangUndang Nomor 10 Tahun 1998 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 1992 tentang Perbankan, bank Islam tersebut tidak lagi dinamakan dengan “bank berdasarkan prinsip bagi hasil”, tetapi dengan nama baru, yakni “Bank Berdasarkan Prinsip Syariah”.</p><p>Kata Kunci: Kasus, Perbankkan, Hukum, .</p>

Penyajian Laporan Keuangan berdasarkan Standar Akuntansi Pemerintahan Nomor 71 Tahun 2010 Pada Inspektorat Kabupaten Enrekang. (dibimbing oleh dan Abdul Rahman Mus dan Darwis Lannai). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis penyajian laporan keuangan Inspektorat Kab. Enrekang telah sesuai dengan SAP. Data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder yaitu laporan keuangan Inspektorat Kabupaten Enrekang tahun 2019. Data diperoleh dengan melakukan dokumentansi dan wawancara. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah metode analisis deskriptif. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa laporan keuangan Inspektorat Kabupaten Enrekang telah menerapkan PP nomor 71 tahun 2010 tentang Standar Akuntansi Pemerintahan

<p><em>This article discusses the substance of fiduciary guarantees according to Law Number 42 of 1999 concerning fiduciary guarantees with the substance rahn tasjily according to fatwa Number 68 / DSN-MUI / III / 2008. In addition, it is also to find out the legal comparison between fiduciary guarantees according to Law Number 42 Year 1999 and rahn tasjily according to fatwa Number 68 / DSN-MUI / III / 2008. The method used in this research is descriptive comparative analysis. Namely by comparing the substance of fiduciary guarantees according to Law Number 42 of 1999 with rahn tasjily according to DSN Fatwa Number 68 of 2008 as well as the similarities and differences between the two. The conclusion of this research is that the substance of the fiduciary guarantee according to Law No. 42 of 1999 is an agreement in which the debtor binds his agreement to the creditor for the accounts receivable debt which makes proof of ownership of an object to be used as collateral accompanied by an interest. While the substance of rahn tasjily according to fatwa Number 68 / DSN-MUI / III / 2008, namely the rahin binding agreement to the murtahin by using the qardh agreement (accounts receivable debt) accompanied by a collateral / collateral in which the collateral remains in control (utilization) rahin and proof of ownership submitted to the murtahin and ijarah rates in exchange for the cost of maintaining proof of ownership of the collateral. The legal comparison between fiduciary guarantees according to Law Number 42 of 1999 and rahn tasjily according to fatwa Number 68 / DSN-MUI / III / 2008 has similarities in the status of the collateral, the form of the agreement, subject, termination or deletion of the agreement and the method of execution of the object be a collateral object. While the difference lies in the maintenance of objects that are used as collateral for debt, in terms of binding guarantees, in terms of cancellation or transfer of rights by one party, in terms of the transfer of ownership rights and in terms of the mechanism of practice.</em><em></em></p>

Sharia financial institutions are financial institutions that not only prioritize profit oriented, but also a financial institution that also puts the public good in accordance with the demands of sharia which is the foundation of all Islamic financial institutions. One application is to implement a moral and spiritual based service. This field research will answer the question. First, how is application of ujrah determination in contract of rahn in BMT UGT Branch Sidogiri Waru Sidoarjo? The second, how is the analysis of the DSN-MUI fatwa NUMBER 25/III /2002 on the determination of ujrah in the contract of rahn in BMT UGT Branch Sidogiri Waru Sidoarjo? Data collection techniques used are interview, document review, and observation, then analyzed by using descriptive analysis method, with deductive thought pattern, that is theory of rahn, ijarah, and fatwa of National Sharia Council (DSN) with general characteristics and then linked with the facts on the ground about the fatwa of DSN-MUI NUMBER 25/III/2002 on the establishment of ujrah in the contract of rahn in BMT UGT Branch Sidogiri Waru Sidoarjo with special characteristics. From the results of the study, the author concludes the application of the determination of ujrah in the covenant of rahn in BMT UGT Branch Sidogiri Waru Sidoarjo, namely the determination of ujrah through two contracts, namely rahn and ijarah contract. The procedures for the implementation of the contract are as follows: Rahin (customer) comes to murtahin (BMT) while delivering marhun (collateral goods) then the goods will be estimated. As a result of this, the rahin will be subject to administrative costs. Then rahin signs the agreement or contract of rahn. After that, to entrust the goods hock, rahin must implement contract of ijarah (contract to rent place). Consequently it arise ujrah. In this case, it means that customer must implement two barrage of contract. The determination of ujrah applied in BMT is not in accordance with the Fatwa DSN-MUI NO: 25/DSN-MUI/ III/2002 because the determination of ujrah is determined from the amount of the customer’s loan, while the difference is the discount given to the customer for applying smaller loan. The determination of discount is determined from ujrah or ijarah fee charged to the customer. This discount is calculated based on the percentage of estimated value of customer’s loan amount

The phenomenon that occurs is related to the taking over of the right to guarantee (execution) of fiduciary security and Rahn Tasjily in the execution of executions carried out by financial institutions that do not comply with applicable laws and regulations. This research uses Normative legal methods, with qualitative descriptive analysis and critical legal studies. The results of the study that the process of taking over the right to guarantee (execution) fiduciary regulated in article 29 (1) of the fiduciary guarantee law. Among the first, execution based on Grosse fiduciary guarantee certificate or executable title (fiat execution) contained in the Fiduciary Guarantee Certificate carried out by the fiduciary recipient. Second, an execution based on the execution of separate executions through public auctions by fiduciary recipients. Third, execution by sale under the hand by the creditor fiduciary himself, and fourth, fiduciary execution by claiming. Based on Islamic law, the process of expropriation of the right to guarantee (execution) Rahn Tasjily, that the procedure for executing Marhun (collateral object), if due. Murtahin must warn Rahin to pay off her debt immediately. If the Rahin still cannot repay its debt, then Marhun is forcibly sold/executed through an auction, according to sharia. Marhun sales proceeds used to pay off debt, maintenance, and storage costs that have not paid and sales costs. The excess proceeds from the sale belong to Rahin, and the shortcomings become Rahin obligations. The execution process carried out by sharia companies must be based on fatwa no. 25/DSN-MUI/III/2002, and fatwa no. 92/ DSN-MUI/IV/2014. Positive law and Islamic law, which become normative references, have not been well understood and applied by the finance parties, causing injustice and legal uncertainty.Keywords: expropriation of rights, fiduciary guarantee, rahn tasjily ABSTRAKFenomena yang terjadi terkait pengambilalihan hak atas jaminan (eksekusi) jaminan fidusia dan rahn tasjily pada pelaksanaan eksekus yang dilakukan oleh lembaga pembiayaan tidak mematuhi aturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode hukum Normatif, dengan analisis deskriptif kualitatif dan studi hukum kritis. Hasil penelitian bahwa, proses pengambilalihan hak atas jaminan (eksekusi) fidusia telah diatur dalam pasal 29 (1) undang-undang jaminan fidusia. Diantaranya pertama, eksekusi berdasarkan grosse sertifikat jaminan fidusia atau titel eksekutorial (secara fiat eksekusi) yang terdapat dalam Sertifikat Jaminan Fidusia yang dilakukan oleh penerima fidusia. Kedua, eksekusi berdasarkan pelaksanaan parate eksekusi melalui pelelangan umum oleh penerima fidusia. Ketiga, eksekusi secara penjualan di bawah tangan oleh kreditor pemberi fidusia sendiri, dan keempat, eksekusi fidusia secara mendaku. Berdasarkan hukum Islam, proses pengambilalihan hak atas jaminan (eksekusi) rahn tasjily, bahwa prosedur pengeksekusisan marhun (objek jaminan), apabila jatuh tempo. Murtahin harus memperingatkan Rahin untuk segera melunasi hutangnya. Apabila rahin tetap tidak dapat melunasi hutangnya, maka marhun dijual paksa/dieksekusi melalui lelang sesuai syariah. Hasil penjualan marhun digunakan untuk melunasi utang, biaya pemeliharaan dan penyimpanan yang belum dibayar serta biaya penjualan. Kelebihan hasil penjualan menjadi milik rahin dan kekurangannya menjadi kewajiban rahin. Adapun proses eksekusi yang dilakukan oleh perusahaan syariah harus berdasarkan fatwa Nomor: 25/DSN-MUI/III/2002, dan fatwa Nomor:92/DSN-MUI/IV/2014. Hukum positif dan hukum Islam yang menjadi rujukan normatif, belum difahami dan diterapkan dengan baik oleh pihak pembiayaan, sehingga menimbulkan ketidakadilan dan ketidakpastian hukum. Kata Kunci : jaminan eksekusi fidusia,pengambilalihan hak, rahn tasjily

Almost human societies are not void of poverty, as the latter accompanied the emergence of humanity, and it, thus, represents an eternal problem. To advance an individual's reality and raise the level of the poor social classes, social security networks have been established. Such networks operate in society following social systems and laws to provide food, and material support. Besides, such networks help to rehabilitate the individual academically and vocationally. They empower vulnerable groups through the establishment of courses and workshop, provide (conditional) subsidies related to the health and educational aspects in order to achieve the sustainable development goals of (2030), and apply developmental roles of social safety nets that target the needy and poor groups living in slums, especially in the city of Baghdad. They further stand on the humanitarian and social conditions experienced by the residents of those areas. the study also examines the role of both formal and informal organizations in achieving sustainable development goals. The data of the study involves five complexes in Baghdad, specifically Al- Karkh side; these include the following: (Mu'amel Al-Masdar Complex, Al-Rahman Complex, Noor Complex), Al-Huda, Al-Raja’ Complex, and Al-Noor Village Complex). That is, the number of families was 250; 50 from each complex. A statistical program (SPSS) and scientific tools have been used to collect the data, such as observational questionnaire, interview, and groups focal point. The study has revealed that most of the respondents received food aids from different parties at a rate of (64.80%), especially during the crises that the country witnessed. The vast majority of the respondents, (1-87%), who benefited from the social assistance, do not have an alternative financial source.

<p>Secularism and hedonism are now increasingly heavily attacking Islamic education. Contamination of Islamic education by Western culture can lead to skepticism and increasingly distanced students from their Lord. Teachers as educators are the determining factors of success of any educational endeavor.This study examines the concept of educators based on al-Qur'an and hadith and understanding of salaf ulama so that it can replace secular conventional education theories as well as adjust to the competence of teachers contained in PP RI. 78 Year 2008. The results of this study are first, the competence of educators through the study of interpretation Q.S ar-Rahman verses 1-5, Q.S al-Mudatsir verses 1-7 and Q.S al-'Alaq verses 1-5, among them are; Competence of noble character, spiritual competence, competence of science, competence of Islamization of science and science, professional competence, and social competence. Secondly, although teacher competence in Government Regulation and educator's competence in al-Qur'an has relevance overall, but there are interesting concepts offered by the Qur'an that are not found in the Government Regulations on teacher competence. Among them are: spiritual competence and competence of Islamization of science and science.</p><p> </p><p> </p><strong>Keywords </strong>: Competence, Educator, Al-Qur’an

Penelitian ini menganalisis tentang hak memilih sebagai hak konstitusional setiap warga negara dalam kehidupan berdemokrasi khususnya dalam pelaksanaan Pilkades serentak di Desa Awiluar Kecamatan Lumbung Kabupaten Ciamis. Hak memilih merupakan hak konstitusional setiap warga negara yang diakui sebagai bagian dari hak atas kedudukan yang sama dalam hukum dan pemerintahan sebagaimana dijamin Undang-Undang Dasar 1945. Jaminan mengenai hak memilih dalam pilkades diatur dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 6 tahun 2014 Tentang Desa. Pasal 34 ayat (1) dinyatakan bahwa Kepala Desa dipilih langsung oleh penduduk desa. Pemilihan Kepala Desa serentak di kabupaten Ciamis dilaksanakan tanggal 12 April 2020. Pada bulan Maret 2020 terjadi Pandemi Covid-19, Pelaksanaan Pemilihan Kepala Desa Serentak ditunda dan pada akhirnya dilaksanakan pada hari sabtu tanggal 19 Desember 2020. Sebelum pelaksanaan pemungutan suara berdasarkan Surat Keputusan Bupati Ciamis Nomor 141/Kpts.577-Huk/2020, menetapkan bahwa panitia melakukan pencatatan, perbaikan daftar pemilih yang tadinya belum berusia 17 Tahun dan pada saat tanggal 19 Desember 2020 sudah berumur 17 Tahun dan melakukan perubahan kepada masyarakat yang berstatus Tentara NasioanaI Indonesia/Polisi Republik Indonesia Ketika sudah pensiun saat 19 Desember 2020 di masukan kedalam DPT. Pemutahiran data pemilih tidak dilakukan pemutahiran data DPS terlebihdahulu sehingga yang tadinya tidak masuk dalam DPS karena belum berdomisili selama 6 bulan pada akhirnya tidak dimasukan dalam DPT. Hasil dari pemungutan suara setelah dilakukan rekapitulasi perhitungan suara dinyatakan Sdr Momon Abdul Rahman mendapatkan perhitungan suara terbanyak dengan jumlah 1525 suara yang dinyatakan sah.

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pendayagunaan dana ZISWAF serta implementasinya untuk meningkatkan kualitas pendidikan mahasiswa di Universitas Airlangga. Studi ini dalam analisisnya menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif-deskriptif dengan menggunakan metode study case. Dalam menggali informasi pendayagunaan dana ZISWAF, menggunakan indikator kualitas pendidikan Griya Khadijah, diantaranya standar kompetensi lulusan, standar isi pembelajaran, standar proses pembelajaran, standar penilaian pendidikan pembelajaran, standar dosen dan tenaga kependidikan, standar sarana dan prasarana pembelajaran, standar pengelolaan pembelajaran, standar penelitian, standar pengabdian kepada masyarakat. Pola pikirnya berawal dari potensi ZISWAF di Universitas Airlangga melalui PUSPAS dan nazhir UNAIR. Informan kunci dalam penelitian ini melibatkan Pimpinan PUSPAS (Pusat Pengelolaan Dana Sosial), pengurus PUSPAS, mahasiswi yang menerima bantuan pendidikan di Universitas Airlangga, dan pakar kualitas pendidikan atau bagian kurikulum pada objek penelitian. Meskipun hanya beberapa indikator yang sesuai, namun hasil dalam penelitan ini menunjukkan bahwa adanya pendayagunaan dana ZISWAF yang optimal bagi kesejahteraan pendidikan mahasiswa UNAIR khususnya di Griya Khadijah. Kata kunci: Ziswaf, Pendidikan, Permendikbud, Puspas. ABSTRACT This study aims to analyze the utilization of ZISWAF funds and their implementation to improve the quality of student's education at Airlangga University. This research used a qualitative-descriptive method by using a case study. In exploring information on the utilization of ZISWAF funds, using indicators of education quality Griya Khadijah, including graduate competency standards, learning materials standards, learning process standards, learning grading standards, lecturers and education staff standards, learning facilities and infrastructure standards, learning management standards, social dedication standards. The background of the ZISWAF potential at Airlangga University through PUSPAS and UNAIR nazhir. The primary informants in this study involved the leader of PUSPAS (Social Fund Management Center), PUSPAS administrators, students who received a scholarship at Airlangga University, and education quality experts or the curriculum section of the research object. Even though there were compatible indicators, and the others were not, the result of this study indicates that there is an optimal utilization and management of ZISWAF funds for the educational welfare of UNAIR students, especially in Griya Khadijah. Keywords: Ziswaf, Education, Permendikbud, Puspas. DAFTAR PUSTAKA Abduh, M. (2019). The role of islamic social finance in achieving SDG number 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture. Al-Shajarah, 2019(Special Issue Islamic Banking and Finance 2019), 185–206. Bahroni, I. (2012). Streamlining education institution through waqf enlargement: An experience of Gontor System. Jurnal At-Ta’dib, 7(2), 339–361. http://dx.doi.org/10.21111/at-tadib.v7i2.79 DPR RI. (1999). Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 38 Tahun 1999 tentang pengelolaan zakat. Jakarta: DPR RI. DPR RI. (2004). Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 41 Tahun 2004 tentang waqaf. Jakarta: DPR RI. DPR RI. (2011). Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 23 Tahun 2011 tentang pengelolaan zakat. Jakarta: DPR RI. Hakim, M. A. R., & Ridlwan, A. A. (2020). Optimalisasi pendayagunaan dana ziswaf dalam bidang pendidikan di LAZ lembaga manajemen infaq. Jurnal Al-Amwal, 3(1), 17–24. Kemendikbud RI. (2020). Peraturan mendikbud nomor 3 tahun 2020 tentang standar nasional pernidikan tinggi. Jakarta: Kemendikbud RI. Khanifa, N. K. (2018). Penguatan peran ziswaf dalam menyongsong era SDGs: Kajian filantropi BMT Tamzis Wonosobo. Cakrawala: Jurnal Studi Islam, 13(2), 149–168. https://doi.org/10.31603/cakrawala.v13i2.2329 Nofi, F., Rahman, Z., & Anjarwati, R. (2015). Pengumpulan dan pendayagunaan zakat infak dan sedekah. Ziswaf: Jurnal Zakat dan Wakaf, 2(2), 279–285. http://dx.doi.org/10.21043/ziswaf.v2i2.1553 Sugita, A., Hidayat, A. R., Hardiyant, F., & Wulandari, S. I. (2020). Analisis Peranan Pengelolaan Dana Ziswaf Dalam Pemberdayaan Ekonomi Umat Pada Lazisnu Kabupaten Cirebon. 1(1), 9–18.

Adanya lembaga-lembaga keuangan yang berbasis syariah telah menunjukkan pertumbuhan ekonomi Islam berkembang dengan cukup baik. Sepertinya halnya dengan kegiatan pembiayaan gadai emas syariah. BSM Kantor Cabang Cirebon merupakan salah satu lembaga keuangan syariah yang menggunakan akad qard untuk menjalankan kegiatan pembiayaan gadai emas syariah. Pembiayaan ini merupakan pembiayaan yang sangat membantu nasabah yang sedang membutuhkan dana dalam jangka waktu yang cepat dan dengan proses yang sangat relatif mudah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui praktik akad qard dan analisis ekonomi Islam dalam pembiayaan gadai emas syariah di Bank Syariah Mandiri Kantor Cabang Cirebon. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Pengumpulan data menggunakan langkah wawancara dan dokumentasi yang dilakukan di PT Bank Syariah Mandiri KC Cirebon. Sedangkan untuk penganalisisannya, penulis menggunakan analisis deskriptif kualitatif, yaitu berupa data secara tertulis dan lisan tentang hal-hal yang perlu diamati. Hasil dari penelitian yang dilakukan bahwa dalam praktik akad qard pada pembiayaan gadai emas syariah di Bank Syariah Mandiri Kantor Cabang Cirebon digunakan sebagai pengikat pinjaman yang diberikan oleh bank kepada nasabah. Adapun mengenai fatwa Dewan Syariah Nasional Nomor 19/DSN-MUI/IV/2001 tentang al-qard. Akad qard digunakan sebagai akad yang mengantarkan murtahin untuk memberikan pinjaman terhadap rahin. Sesuai dengan konsep kontrak gadai modern, pada dasarnya gadai syariah berjalan di atas dua akad transaksi Islam. Hal ini menjadi kekhawatiran mengandung unsur-unsur yang tidak sejalan dengan Islam. Akan tetapi, dalam konsep ekonomi Islam saat ini, dua akad dalam transaksi gadai emas syariah dianggap tidak bertentangan dengan larangan dua akad dalam satu transaksi, karena akad dilakukan secara terpisah dalam artian akad qard sebagai akad untuk pinjaman uang yang kemudian akad rahn sebagai akad untuk penyerahan barang jaminan.

By narrating the development of sharia tourism, this article would like to explore the dynamics of the war of position practice between the Banyuwangi Culture and Tourism Office, TNI, and the Santen Island supervisory community group. It is based on the cracking of social capital in cooperation between the three entities. This issue is based on the orientation of different political-economic interests in each actor in sharia tourism practices. Therefore it is interesting to examine how the formation of the war of position conducted between the three entities in the sharia tourism floating discourse? In this study, data and information were obtained from an ethnographic approach through participant observation, interviews, and documentation. The data and information collected were then analyzed using the Gramscian perspective on hegemony and the concept of war position on the development of sharia tourism. The results showed a conflict of interest between the Culture and Tourism Office, TNI, and the Santen Island supervisory community group to achieve political economy orientation. It appears and represents the complexity of the problem of developing sharia tourism that has never been shown before. Keywords: Sharia Tourism, Political Interests, Position War Dengan menarasikan pengembangan wisata syariah, artikel ini hendak mengeksplorasi dinamika praktik perang posisi (war of position) diantara Dinas Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata Banyuwangi, TNI Banyuwangi, dan kelompok masyarakat pengawas Pulau Santen. Hal ini didasari oleh retaknya modal sosial dalam kerjasama diantara ketiga entitas tersebut. Persoalan ini didasari orientasi kepentingan ekonomi politik yang berbeda pada masing-masing entitas dalam praktik wisata syariah. Oleh karena itu menarik untuk diteliti bagaimanakah formasi perang posisi yang dilakukan diantara ketiga entitas tersebut dalam wacana pengambangan wisata syariah? Dalam penelitian ini, data dan informasi diperoleh dari pendekatan etnografi melalui observasi partisipan, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Data dan informasi yang didapat kemudian dianalisis dengan menggunakan perspektif Gramscian tentang hegemoni dan perang posisi pada pengembangan wisata syariah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya benturan kepentingan diantara Dinas Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata, TNI Banyuwangi, dan kelompok masyarakat pengawas Pulau Santen untuk meraih orientasi ekonomi politik. Hal tersebut tampil dan merepresentasikan kompleksitas persoalan pengembangan wisata syariah yang tidak pernah ditampilkan sebelumnya. Kata kunci: Wisata Syariah, Politik Kepentingan, Perang Posisi Daftar Pustaka Patria, Nezar dan Andi Arief. 2015. Antonio Gramsci: Negara dan Hegemoni. Yogyakarta: PUSTAKA PELAJAR. Rahman, Noer Fauzi. 2017. Land reform dan gerakan Agraria Indonesia. Yogyakarta: INSIST. Simon, Roger. 2004. Gagasan-gagasan Politik Gramsci. Yogyakarta: INSIST. Zainal, Arifin. 2011. Penelitian Pendidikan: Metode dan Paradigma Baru. Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya. Jurnal: Amin, Fahadil Al Hasan, 2017. Penyelenggaraan Pariwisata Halal di Indonesia (Analisis Fatwa DSN—UI tentang Pedoman Penyelenggaraan Pariwisata Berdasarkan Prinsip Syariah). Surakarta: Jurnal Ilmu Syari‟ah dan Hukum Fakultas Syari‟ah IAIN |Vol. 2, Nomor 1, Januari-Juni 2017 Hadi, Firdausa dan hadi, M. Khoirul al-Asy Ari. 2017. Kajian Potensi dan Strategi Pengembangan Wisata Pantai Syari’ah (Studi di Pulau Santen Kabupaten Banyuwangi). Yogyakarta: Jurnal Manajemen Dakwah, Fakultas Dakwah dan Komunikasi Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga | Vol. 3, No. 1, Januari- Juni 2017 Imam, Nur Subono. 2003. „Civil Society‟, Patriarki, dan Hegemoni. CIVIC Vol. 1 No. 2 Machdani Afala, Laode. 2017. Menalar Dinamika Konflik Wisata Goa Pindul. Universitas Brawijaya: Journal of Governance, Volume2, No.1 Marina, Ina., dan Arya Hadi Dharmawan. 2011. Analisis Konflik Sumberdaya Hutan di Kawasan Konservasi. IPB. ISSN: 19784333, Vol. 05, No. 01 Internet: https://travel.detik.com/travel-news/d4614080/pantai-pulau-santen-terkini-dibanyuwangi-tak-ada-pemisahan-pria-wanita (Diakses pada tanggal 08 Juli 2019 pukul 12.19 WIB)

From the beginning of Islam to date, the scholars interpreted the Holy Qurʾān, all over the world. They performed their responsibilities of explaining the Holy Qurʾān according to the circumstances. As result of this, they left massive heritage in the field of Tafsir. However a large number of these books could not be pupblished and vanished with the pasage of time and huge number of these scholarly works is available in two forms; published and manuscript. Libraries of Turkey, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Berlin, Leiden and Sub-continent, are proud to have antique manuscripts. Tafsir Talkhis-ud-Durar of Allama Abdul Hameed Bin Abdul Majeed Al-Hakimi (514 A.H) is one of the notable manuscripts scholarship in the field of Tafsir. The manuscript is available in Noor-e-Usmania Library, Istanbul, Turkey, which is famous for the preservation of Islamic literature. The manuscript of Tafsir Talkhis-ud-Durar, exists in one volumes of 425 sheets, each sheet contain two parallel pages. The language of the manuscript is Arabic, and scribe style is Arabic Naskh, while scribe used red color for Qurʾānic words and the black for the interpretation. This corpus of Tafsir is a valuable treasure of a well-learned and prolific brain of Allama Abdul Hameed Bin Abdul Majeed Al-Hakimi. He not only interprets the text of the Holy Qurʾān literally but also tries to relate the Qurʾānic message to the contemporary problems of his era, ranging from the life of individual to the broad spectrum of the collective sphere life. We may consider it among early interpretations of the Holy Qurʾān, which are far away from sectarianism and focus on message of the Holy Qurʾān and deal specifically with the social problems of the Muslims world. In the view of its important the Department of Tafsir and Quranic Sciences at the Faculty of Usuluddin, Internationa Islamic University made it a research project to be edited by four PhD students of the Department; the details are as follow: . Muhammad Esmaeel Haqani; from Sheet: 1 to 74 (Surah Al-Fatiha to Surah Al-Maida and first pard of the thesis containg introduction of the manuscript and the author and the scribe and mathodology of the author in detail.) Nasrullah tend to edit the manuscript of this interpretation and devided in to fifteen chapber beginning from Surah al-An’am to end of Surah Taha, (sheet no: 74 to 189 of the manuscript). The thesis also contains a a brief preface containing basic information about the manuscript, the scribe, the auhor and his mathodology in his Tafsir. Abdul Rahman tend to edit the manuscript of this interpretation beginning from Surah al-Anbia to end of Surah Ghafir, (sheet no: 189 to 306 of the manuscript). The thesis also contains a a brief preface containing basic information about the manuscript, the scribe, the auhor and his mathodology in his Tafsir 4 Jawed Ahmed tend to edit the manuscript of this interpretation, as a research project in terms of editing, annotating, clarification, critical analysis in the foot notes where necessary. The present thesis is from Sheet: 1 to 74 (Surah Al-Fatiha to Surah Al-Maida and first pard of the thesis containg introduction of the manuscript and the author and the scribe and mathodology of the author in detail.)

(IIUMEJ) IIUM ENGINEERING JOURNAL ISSN: 1511-788X E-ISSN: 2289-7860 Volume 19, Issue 2, December 2018 https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v19i2 CHIEF EDITOR Ahmad Faris Ismail, IIUM, Malaysia TECHNICAL EDITOR Erry Yulian Triblas Adesta, IIUM, Malaysia EXECUTIVE EDITOR AHM Zahirul Alam, IIUM, Malaysia ASSOCIATE EDITOR Anis Nurashikin Nordin, IIUM, Malaysia LANGUAGE EDITOR Lynn Mason, Malaysia COPY EDITOR Hamzah Mohd. Salleh, IIUM, Malaysia EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Abdullah Al-Mamun, IIUM, Malaysia Abdumalik Rakhimov, IIUM, Malaysia Amir Akramin Shafie, IIUM, Malaysia Erwin Sulaeman, IIUM, Malaysia Hanafy Omar, Saudi Arabia Hazleen Anuar, IIUM, Malaysia Konstantin Khanin, University of Toronto, Canada Ma'an Al-Khatib, IIUM, Malaysia Md Zahangir Alam, IIUM, Malaysia Meftah Hrairi, IIUM, Malaysia Mohamed B. Trabia, United States Mohammad S. Alam, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, United States Muataz Hazza Faizi Al Hazza, IIUM, Malaysia Mustafizur Rahman, National University Singapore, Singapore Nor Farahidah Binti Za'bah, IIUM, Malaysia Ossama Abdulkhalik, Michigan Technological University, United States Rosminazuin AB. Rahim, IIUM, Malaysia Waqar Asrar, IIUM, Malaysia INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE A. Anwar, United States Abdul Latif Bin Ahmad, Malaysia Farzad Ismail, USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia Hanafy Omar, Saudi Arabia Hany Ammar, United States Idris Mohammed Bugaje, Nigeria K.B. Ramachandran, India Kunzu Abdella, Canada Luis Le Moyne, ISAT, University of Burgundy, France M Mujtaba, United Kingdom Mohamed AI-Rubei, Ireland Mohamed B Trabia, United States Mohammad S. Alam, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, United States Nazmul Karim Ossama Abdulkhalik, Michigan Technological University, United States Razi Nalim, IUPUI, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States Syed Kamrul Islam, United States Tibor Czigany, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary Yiu-Wing Mai, The University of Sydney, Australia. AIMS & SCOPE OF IIUMENGINEERING JOURNAL The IIUM Engineering Journal, published biannually, is a carefully refereed international publication of International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM). Contributions of high technical merit within the span of engineering disciplines; covering the main areas of engineering: Electrical and Computer Engineering; Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering; Automation and Mechatronics Engineering; Material and Chemical Engineering; Environmental and Civil Engineering; Biotechnology and Bioengineering; Engineering Mathematics and Physics; and Computer Science and Information Technology are considered for publication in this journal. Contributions from other areas of Engineering and Applied Science are also welcomed. The IIUM Engineering Journal publishes contributions under Regular papers, Invited review papers, Short communications, Technical notes, and Letters to the editor (no page charge). Book reviews, reports of and/or call for papers of conferences, symposia and meetings, and advances in research equipment could also be published in IIUM Engineering Journal with minimum charges. 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Table of Content EDITORIAL............................................................................................... i CHEMICAL AND BIOTECHNOLOGY ENGINEERING CHLORELLA VULGARIS LOGISTIC GROWTH KINETICS MODEL IN HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF AQUEOUS AMMONIA................... 1 Azlin Suhaida Azmi, Nurain Atikah Che Aziz, Noor Illi Mohamad Puad, Amanatuzzakiah Abdul Halim, Faridah Yusof, Suzana Yusup SYNTHETIC ANTIMICROBIAL AGENT AND ANTIMICROBIAL FABRICS: PROGRESS AND CHALLENGES............. 10 Norashikin Binti Mat Zain, John Olabode Akindoyo, Mohammad Dalour Hossen Beg CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING PERFORMANCE OF HIGH STRENGTH LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE USING PALM WASTES................................... 30 Md. Nazmul Huda, Mohd Zamin Jumaat, Abul Bashar Mohammad Saiful Islam, Walid Abubaker Al-Kutti ELECTRICAL, COMPUTER AND COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING WIDE RANGE MODULATION INDEXES FEATURED CARRIER-BASED PWM STEPPED WAVEFORM FOR HALF- BRIDGE MODULAR MULTILEVEL CONVERTERS......................................................................................... 43 Majdee Tohtayong, Sheroz Khan, Mashkuri Yaacob, Siti Hajar Yusoff, Nur Shahida Midi, Musse Muhamud Ahmed A NOVEL METHOD TO ESTIMATE ECONOMIC REPLACING TIME OF TRANSFORMER USING MONTE CARLO ALGORITHM AND ANN............................................................................................... 54 Mehdi Zareian Jahromi, M. Hossein Mehrabanjahromi, Mohsen Tajdinian, Mehdi Allahbakhshi ADAPTIVE TRIMMED MEAN AUTOREGRESSIVE MODEL FOR REDUCTION OF POISSON NOISE IN SCINTIGRAPHIC IMAGES.......... 68 Khan Bahadar Khan, Muhammad Shahid, Hayat Ullah, Eid Rehman, Muhammad Mohsin Khan EVALUATION OF THE W-METRIC ROUTING USING RPL PROTOCOL IN LLNS........................................................................ 80 Rosminazuin Ab Rahim, Abdallah M. Awwad, Aisha Hasan Abdalla, Aliza Aini Md Ralib INVESTIGATION ON NEED FOR SPECIFIC PROPAGATION MODEL FOR SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENT BASED ON DIFFERENT TERRAIN CHARACTERISTICS...................90 Jide Julius Popoola, Akinlolu Adediran Ponnle, Yekeen Olajide Olasoji, Samson Adenle Oyetunji A STUDY ON LOW-COMPLEXITY TRANSMIT ANTENNA SELECTION FOR GENERALIZED SPATIAL MODULATION.................................................................................. 105 Simeon Olumide Ajose, Adewale Akanbi Alafia, Agbotiname Lucky Imoize A NEW SPECTRUM AND ENERGY AWARE ROUTING PROTOCOL IN COGNITIVE RADIO SENSOR NETWORK.............................. 118 Sara Moshtaghi, Sayyed Majid Mazinani RECENT TRENDS IN DENGUE DETECTION METHODS USING BIOSENSORS................................................................................ 134 Ahmad Anwar Zainuddin, Anis Nurashikin Nordin, Rosminazuin Ab Rahim NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF TUNNEL LED LIGHTING MAINTENANCE FACTOR.......................................................................... 154 Mehmet Sait Cengiz, Çiğdem Cengiz ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS AND APPLIED SCIENCE ABOUT THE SILICON SENSITIVITY OF THE DEEP LEVEL WITH ALTERNATING PRESSURE................................... 164 Ikrom Gulamovich Tursunov, Abdurahim Abduraxmonovich Okhunov, Odiljon Oxundadaevich Mamatkarimov THE HYDRODYNAMIC COEFFICIENTS FOR OSCILLATING 2D RECTANGULAR BOX USING WEAKLY COMPRESSIBLE SMOOTHED PARTICLE HYDRODYNAMICS (WCSPH) METHOD................................................................................. 172 Muhammad zahir ramli AN ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUE TO OBTAIN HIGHER-ORDER APPROXIMATE PERIODS FOR THE NONLINEAR OSCILLATOR................... 182 Md Sazzad Hossien Chowdhury, Md. Alal Hosen, Mohammad Yeakub Ali, Ahmad Faris Ismail MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING EFFECT OF POLY (ETHYLENE GLYCOL) ON THE INJECTABILITY, SETTING BEHAVIOR AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CALCIUM PHOSPHATE BONE CEMENT.........................................................192 Sufiamie Hablee, Iis Sopyan, Maizirwan Mel, Hamzah Mohd. Salleh, Md. Mujibur Rahman MECHANICAL AND AEROSPACE ENGINEERING STUDY OF MESH QUALITY IMPROVEMENT FOR CFD ANALYSIS OF AN AIRFOIL................................................ 203 Farah Aqilah, Mazharul Islam, Franjo Juretic, Joel Guerrero, David Wood, Farid Nasir Ani MECHATRONICS AND AUTOMATION ENGINEERING COLOR RECOGNITION WEARABLE DEVICE USING MACHINE LEARNING FOR VISUALY IMPAIRED PERSON................................... 213 Tarek Mohamed Bolad , Nik Nur Wahidah Nik Hashim, Noor Hazrin Hany Mohamad Hanif COMBINATION OF FUSED DEPOSITION MODELLING WITH ABRASIVE MILLING FOR ATTAINING HIGHER DIMENSIONAL ACCURACY AND BETTER SURFACE FINISH ..................................... 221 Abu Naser Mohammad Amanullah Tomal, Tanveer Saleh, Md Raisuddin Khan Whilst every effort is made by the publisher and editorial board to see that no inaccurate or misleading data, opinion or statement appears in this Journal, they wish to make it clear that the data and opinions appearing in the articles and advertisement herein are the responsibility of the contributor or advertiser concerned. Accordingly, the publisher and the editorial committee accept no liability whatsoever for the consequence of any such inaccurate or misleading data, opinion or statement. Published by: IIUM Press, International Islamic University Malaysia Jalan Gombak, 53100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Phone (+603) 6196-5014, Fax: (+603) 6196-6298 Website: http://www.iium.edu.my/office/iiumpress

ABSTRAK Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh dari adanya ukuran bank, umur bank, aktivitas sosial, dan probabilitas terhadap pengungkapan informasi inklusi keuangan di sektor perbankan pada bank pembiayaan rakyat syariah di Indonesia baik secara parsial maupun simultan. Model yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis regresi data panel dengan metode kuantitaif, Aplikasi statistik yang digunakan program Eviews 12. Hasil Penelitian ini menggambarkan dalam parsial bahwa umur BPRS dan CRS memiliki pengaruh positif signifikan terhadap pengungkapan informasi inklusi keuangan, sedangkan dalan ukuran BPRS memiliki pengaruh negative signifikan, kemudian ROA berpengaruh negatif tidak signifikan terhadap pengungkapan informasi inklusi keuangan pada bank pembiayaan rakyat syariah di Indonesia. Namun, secara simultan ukuran BPRS, CRS, umur BPRS dan ROA memiliki pengaruh positif signifikan terhadap pengungkapan informasi inklusi keuangan pada bank pembiayaan rakyat syariah di Indonesia dalam periode 2016-2020. Adapun keterbatasan objek dalam penelitain hanya 32 dari 163 BPRS yang terdaftar di OJK. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menjadi evaluasi ataupun masukkan bagi regulator dan BPRS, jika pengungkapan informasi inklusi keuangan sebaiknya diterapkan secara transparan oleh seluruh BPRS, maka dapat meningkatkan reputasi dan kepercayaan dalan menggunakan layanan BPRS. Kata Kunci: ukuran bank, aktivitas sosial, umur bank, profitabilitas, pengungkapan informasi inklusi keuangan. ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the existence of bank size, bank age, social activity, and probability on the disclosure of financial inclusion information in the banking sector at Islamic Rural banks in Indonesia either partially or simultaneously. The model used in this study was panel data regression analysis with quantitative methods, statistical applications used by the author was the Eviews 12 program. The results of this study illustrate in partial terms that the age of IRB and CRS has a significant positive effect on disclosure of financial inclusion information, while the size of the IRB has a significant positive effect on the disclosure of financial inclusion information. significant negative, then ROA has no significant negative effect on the disclosure of financial inclusion information in Islamic Rural Banks in Indonesia. However, simultaneously the size of the IRB, CRS, the age of the IRB and ROA have a significant positive effect on the disclosure of financial inclusion information in Islamic Rural bank in Indonesia in the 2016-2020 period. As for the limitations of the object in the research, only 32 out of 163 IRB are registered with the Financial Service Authority. This research is expected to be an evaluation or input for regulators and IRB, if disclosure of financial inclusion information should be implemented transparently by all IRB, it can increase reputation and trust in using IRB services. Keywords: bank size, social activity, bank age, profitability, disclosure of financial inclusion information. REFERENCES Afrin, S., Haider, M.Z. & Islam, M.S. (2017). Impact of financial inclusion on technical efficiency of paddy farmers in Bangladesh. Agricultural Finance Review, 77(4), 484-505. https://doi.org/10.1108/AFR-06-2016-0058 Ali, M.M., Devi, A., Furqani, H. & Hamzah, H. (2020). Islamic financial inclusion determinants in Indonesia: an ANP approach. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, 13(4), 727-747. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMEFM-01-2019-0007 Alm El-Din, M.M., El-Awam, A.M., Ibrahim, F.M. & Hassanein, A. (2022). 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ABSTRAK Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk mengetahui hubungan kualitas audit, komite audit, dan Dewan Pengawas Syariah (DPS) terhadap kinerja Bank Umum Syariah di Indonesia pada tahun 2015-2020 yang diproksikan dengan ROA, baik secara parsial dan simultan. Melalui pendekatan kuantitatif dengan teknik analisis regresi data panel, hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa secara parsial, kualitas audit yang dihasilkan KAP Big 4 berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap kinerja bank umum syariah. Pada variabel komite audit, ukuran komite audit tidak mempengaruhi kinerja bank umum syariah, sedangkan kompetensi dan frekuensi komite audit berpengaruh negatif signifikan terhadap kinerja bank umum syariah. Pada variabel DPS, ukuran dan frekuensi rapat DPS berpengaruh negatif signfikan terhadap kinerja bank umum syariah, sedangkan kompetensi DPS berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap kinerja bank umum syariah. Secara simultan, kualitas audit, komite audit, serta DPS berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap kinerja bank umum syariah. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat bermanfaat bagi manajemen perusahaan, sebagai bahan pertimbangan untuk meningkatkan efektivitas peran pengawasan dalam penerapan tata kelola perusahaan agar dapat mewujudkan kinerja perusahaan menjadi lebih baik. Kata Kunci: Kualitas audit, Komite audit, Dewan Pengawas Syariah, Kinerja Bank. ABSTRACT This study aims is to find out the relationship between audit quality, audit committee, and Sharia Supervisory Board (SSB) on the performance of Islamic Commercial Banks in Indonesia in 2015-2020 as proxied by ROA, both partially and simultaneously. Through a quantitative approach with panel data regression analysis techniques, the results of the study show that partially, the audit quality produced by KAP Big 4 has a significant positive effect on the performance of Islamic commercial banks. In the audit committee variable, the size of the audit committee does not affect the performance of Islamic commercial banks, while the competence and frequency of the audit committee have a significant negative effect on the performance of Islamic commercial banks. In the DPS variable, the size and frequency of DPS meetings have a significant negative effect on the performance of Islamic commercial banks, while DPS competence has a significant positive effect on the performance of Islamic commercial banks. Simultaneously, audit quality, audit committee, and DPS have a significant positive effect on the performance of Islamic commercial banks. This research is expected to be useful for company management, as a consideration for increasing the effectiveness of the supervisory role in the implementation of corporate governance in order to realize better company performance. Keywords: Audit Quality, Audit committee, Shariah Supervisory Board, Banks performance. 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Skripsi tidak dipublikasikan. Tulungagung: UIN SATU Zraiq, M. A., & Fadzil, F. H. (2018). The impact of audit committee characteristics on firm performance: Evidence from Jordan. Scholar Journal of Applied Sciences and Research, 1(5), 39–42.

ABSTRAK Penurunan profit bisnis kecil akibat implikasi ekonomi pasca pandemi COVID-19. Persoalan struktur permodalan menjadi kendala dalam mempertahankan dan meningkatkan usahanya secara terus menerus seiring kerubahan zaman. Koperasi Syariah sebagai salah satu lembaga keuangan Islam yang keislaman lebih dekat secara eksistensi maupun teritorial dengan masyarakat tingkat bawah sehingga menjadi alternatif pengembangan usaha masyarakat secara syariah sesuai persyaratan yang diberikan. Studi ini bertujuan untuk untuk menganalisis pengaruh literasi keuangan syariah dalam sikap, pengaruh sosial dan self-efficacy terhadap perilaku pemanfaatan produk koperasi syariah di Indonesia. Studi kuantitatif survey online dengan melibatkan 280 calon anggota koperasi syariah yang membutuhkan pembiayaan dan merupakan pemilik UMKM dijalankan dengan teknik analisis SEM PLS. Hasil studi menunjukkan pengaruh literasi keuangan terhadap sikap, pengaruh sosial dan self-efficacy lalu dilanjutkan arah jalur dukungan hipotesis terhadap niat untuk memilih Koperasi Syariah sebagai solusi kebutuhan finansial UMKM ditemukan. Strategi manajerial khususnya pemasaran dikembangkan dengan mempertimbangkan efek sikap positif, pengaruh sosial dan efikasi diri calon anggota sebagai pemilik bisnis atau produk keuangan syariah yang akan mereka tawarkan kepada pelanggan mereka akan berkontribusi pada pertumbuhan sektor UMKM khususnya UMKM Generasi Millenial dan UMKM Hijau di Indonesia melalui upaya promosi dan kerjasama. Kata Kunci: ASE Model, Ekonomi Islam, Koperasi Syariah, Pemberdayaan, UMKM. ABSTRACT The decline in small business profits due to the post-COVID-19 pandemic economy. The issue of capital structure is an obstacle in maintaining and increasing development continuously in line with the changing times. Sharia cooperatives as one of the Islamic financial institutions are closer in existence and territorially to the lower level of society so that they become an alternative for community business development in accordance with the requirements given. This study aims to analyze the effect of Islamic financial literacy on attitudes, social influence and self-efficacy on the application of Islamic cooperative products in Indonesia. Quantitative study of online surveys involving 280 prospective members of Islamic cooperatives who need financing and are MSME owners carried out with the PLS SEM analysis technique. The results of the study show the effect of financial literacy on attitudes, social influence and self-efficacy, then choosing the direction of hypothesis support for the intention to find Islamic Cooperatives as a solution to the financial needs of MSMEs. Managerial strategies especially marketing that are developed taking into account the effects of positive attitudes, social influence and self-efficacy of prospective members as owners or Islamic financial products that they will offer to their customers will increase the growth of the MSME sector, especially Millennial Generation MSMEs and Green MSMEs in Indonesia through promotional efforts and cooperation. Keywords: ASE Model, Islamic Economics, Sharia Cooperatives, Empowerment, MSMEs. REFERENCES Abourrig, A. (2021). Social influence in predicting Islamic banking acceptance: Evidence from Morocco. International Journal of Accounting, Finance, Auditing, 2(2), 42–56. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4641472 Ajzen, I. (1991a). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T Ajzen, I. (1991b). The theory of planned behavior. 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Financial information is one of the important information in decision making. However, many cases of fraud committed by management so that the information in the financial statements cannot be relied upon in decision making. Therefore, the auditor's job is to ensure that the company's financial statements are represented correctly (faithful representation) so that financial statement information becomes more quality and useful in making decisions. So this study aims to examine the effect of audit fee on audit quality. In addition, this study also examines important determinants of audit costs, namely company size, profitability, audit risk, complexity, and firm size. By using the purposive sampling method, samples of the financial and manufacturing industry in 2010-2017 used are 39 firms per year. This sample is used to examine the effect of audit fee on audit quality and the determinant of audit fee using simple linear regression analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. 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Makhdoom Maulana Muhammad Usman mityarwi, a muqallid of Hanafi School of thought, is an elderly personality and a great religious scholar of thirteenth Hijra. He was a student of Maulana Noor Muhammad Nopuri, a renowned student of Makhdoom Maulana Muhammad Hashim Thattawi, and contemporary of Maulana Abdul Wahid Seohani and Maulana Muhammad Ibrahim Thattawi. He was much keen and fond of ilm-e-Hadeeth as well as ilm-e-Fiqh (Islamic Juris-prudence). Among his famous students, are Mian Muhammad Zakir and his son Akhund Azizullah who were the first to translate the Holy Quran into Sindhi language. His son Maulana Makhdoom Abdul Kareem was an eminent Muhaddith of Sindh and also among the famous Ulama. Some of his books are: Muntakhab al-Mishkaat–manuscript, Sahih Bukhari with Taliqaat–manuscript, Persian translation of Shama'il Tirmizi.

Sharia financial institutions are financial institutions that not only prioritize profit oriented, but also a financial institution that also puts the public good in accordance with the demands of sharia which is the foundation of all Islamic financial institutions. One application is to implement a moral and spiritual based service. This field research will answer the question. First, how is application of ujrah determination in contract of rahn in BMT UGT Branch Sidogiri Waru Sidoarjo? The second, how is the analysis of the DSN-MUI fatwa NUMBER 25/III /2002 on the determination of ujrah in the contract of rahn in BMT UGT Branch Sidogiri Waru Sidoarjo? Data collection techniques used are interview, document review, and observation, then analyzed by using descriptive analysis method, with deductive thought pattern, that is theory of rahn, ijarah, and fatwa of National Sharia Council (DSN) with general characteristics and then linked with the facts on the ground about the fatwa of DSN-MUI NUMBER 25/III/2002 on the establishment of ujrah in the contract of rahn in BMT UGT Branch Sidogiri Waru Sidoarjo with special characteristics. From the results of the study, the author concludes the application of the determination of ujrah in the covenant of rahn in BMT UGT Branch Sidogiri Waru Sidoarjo, namely the determination of ujrah through two contracts, namely rahn and ijarah contract. The procedures for the implementation of the contract are as follows: Rahin (customer) comes to murtahin (BMT) while delivering marhun (collateral goods) then the goods will be estimated. As a result of this, the rahin will be subject to administrative costs. Then rahin signs the agreement or contract of rahn. After that, to entrust the goods hock, rahin must implement contract of ijarah (contract to rent place). Consequently it arise ujrah. In this case, it means that customer must implement two barrage of contract. The determination of ujrah applied in BMT is not in accordance with the Fatwa DSN-MUI NO: 25/DSN-MUI/ III/2002 because the determination of ujrah is determined from the amount of the customer’s loan, while the difference is the discount given to the customer for applying smaller loan. The determination of discount is determined from ujrah or ijarah fee charged to the customer. This discount is calculated based on the percentage of estimated value of customer’s loan amount. Keywords: Ujrah Determination, Rahn Contract, DSN-MUI Fatwa

From the beginning of Islam to date, the scholars interpreted the Holy Qurʾān, all over the world. They performed their responsibilities of explaining the Holy Qurʾān according to the circumstances. As result of this, they left massive heritage in the field of Tafsir; its large number was demolished by the time and huge number of their scholarly work is available in two forms; published and manuscript. Libraries of Turkey, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Berlin, Leiden and Sub-continent, are proud to have antique manuscripts. Tafsir Talkhis-ud-Durar of Allama Abdul Hameed Bin Abdul Majeed Al-Hakimi is one of the notable manuscripts and the early scholarship in the field of Tafsir. The manuscript is available in Noor-e-Usmania Library, Istanbul, Turkey, which is famous for the preservation of Islamic literature. The manuscript of Tafsir Talkhis-ud-Durar, exists in one volumes of 425 sheets, each sheet contain two parallel pages. The language of the manuscript is Arabic, and scribe style is Arabic Naskh, while scribe used red color for Qurʾānic words and the black for the interpretation. This corpus of Tafsir is a valuable treasure of a well-learned and prolific brain of Allama Abdul Hameed Bin Abdul Majeed Al-Hakimi.

Kebijakan Pemerintah Indonesia Terhadap Pengungsi Ditinjau dari Hukum IslamIda Susilowati, Adha Amir Ariefudien, Adhitya Sandy Wicaksono Hukum dan Perilaku Ekonomi: Etika KeagamaanMuh. Fudhail Rahman Hermeneutic Method: Solutions to Fiqh Muamalah Contemporary ProblemsWawan Afriadi, Surya Pati Renewal of Islamic Family Law: Relevance to the Nusyuz Settlement ProcessIzzy Al Kautsar, Ahdiana Yuni Lestari Analysis of Shafi'iyah Scholars' Thoughts On Bribery (Risywah)Muhammad Yusuf Hsb, Iqbal Katrino Relevansi Bimbingan Perkawinan Pranikah Dengan Tingginya Angka Perceraian: Studi Analisis Terhadap Pelaksanaan Bimbingan Perkawinan Pranikah Di KUA Kota MedanRafnitul Hasanah Harahap Kewarisan Adat Suku Lampung Pepadun Dalam Tinjauan Fikih IslamAida Humaira, Latifa Rahmi, Nurul Adhha Konsep Qaṭ-iy dan Ẓanniy dalam Epistemologi Hukum Islam: Telaah Model Ijtihad Masdar F MasudiImam Kamaludin, Ryan Arif Rahman, Adib Fattah Suntoro Akibat Hukum dari Pembatalan Perkawinan Sedarah (Putusan Pengadilan Agama Banyumas Nomor 1160/Pdt.G/2018/PA.Bms)Mohamad Bagja Azhari, Liza Priandini Politik Hukum Zakat di IndonesiaNurdin Analisis Komparatif Manajemen Wakaf Produktif LAZ HARFA dan Dompet Dhuafa BantenMohamad Ainun Najib, Najmudin, Isti Nuzulul Atiyah Dampak Penerapan Kebijakan Regulasi Merdeka Belajar Kampus Merdeka (MBKM) Terhadap Peningkatan Kinerja Dosen, Tenaga Kependidikan dan Mahasiswa di Fakultas Hukum Universitas Ibn Khaldun BogorIbrahim Fajri, Sri Hartini, Prihatini Purwaningsih, Desty Anggie Mustika, Rukmi Dwiastuti

Fenomena yang dikaji dalam penelitian ini adalah penerapan rahn syariah dalam Bank Mandiri Syariah, dimana para nasabah dalam melakukan transaksi rahn terutama masalah gadai emas secara syari’ah barang yang digadaikan berupa emas dengan kadar 24k kenyataan di bank tersebut hanya dihargai dengan emas kadar 23k, dengan transaksi tersebut jelas ada salah satu yang dirugikan dalam hal ini nasabah, sehingga menguntungkan bagi bank. Berdasarkan fenomena tersebut maka rumusan masalah dalam tesis ini adalah 1) Apakah penetapan harga pada pembiayaan rahn di Bank Mandiri Syariah sudah sesuai dengan kewajaran ? 2) Bagaimana tinjauan hukum ekonomi secara syariah pada pembiayaan rahn di Bank Mandiri Syariah?Penelitian yang dilakukan dalam tesis ini bersifat analisis deskriptif, Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah melalui penelitian kepustakaan dan observasi yang berlokasi di Bank Mandiri Syari’ah cab. Gresik. Bahan hokum dalam penelitian ini adalah Alqur-an dan Al Hadist, serta Undang-undang Nomor 21 tahun 2008 Tentang Perbankan Syari‟ah, Fatwa DSN Nomor 25/DSN-MUI/III/2002 tentang Rahn, Peraturan Mahkamah Agung RI no.2 tahun 2008 tentang Kompilasi Hukum Ekonomi Syari”ah. Fatwa DSN Nomor 26/DSN-MUI/III/2002 tentang Rahn Emas.Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah sebagai berikut: 1) Praktek penetapan harga dalam gadai emas / rahn di PT. Bank Syariah Mandiri Cabang Gresik penerima gadai (murtahin) adalah harga versi manajemen PT. Bank Syariah Mandiri yang tidak sesuai dengan standar harga pasaran dari segi kualitas emasnya yakni emas 24 karat milik rahin yang akan digadaikan dihargai sebesar harga emas 23 karat yang sesuai harga pasaran, sehingga tidak sesuai dengan kewajaran harga yang berlaku dipasaran, 2) Menurut Hukum Islam praktek jual beli yang dilakukan PT. Bank Syariah Mandiri, khususnya PT. Bank Syariah Mandiri Cabang Gresik, dengan memperhatikan kaidah Adapun norma atau etika dalam jual beli Islam khususnya dalam hal Menegakkan larangan memperdagangkan barang-barang yang diharamkan, Bersikap benar, amanah dan jujur serta Menegakkan keadilan dan mengharamkan bunga, realitanya terjadi ketidakadilan dari pihak manajemen PT. Bank Syariah Mandiri Cabang Gresik dalam menentukan harga barang rahn emas yang dimiliki oleh konsumen atau rahin di bank tersebut. Kata Kunci : Penetapan, Kewajaran Harga dan Pembiayaan Rahn

Abstract. Rahman DE, Rinaldi D, Kuswanda W, Siregar R, Noor CF, Hakim F, Arief H, Putro HR. 2019. Determining the landscape priority and their threats for the Critically Endangered Pongo tapanuliensis population in Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 3584-3592. Understanding the habitat preference and spatial distribution for the management of medium-large primates is important for conserving and enhancing biodiversity in the most isolated and remote Batang Toru landscape, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Based on the first extensive orangutan survey dataset during 2000 and 2007, we aimed to provide microhabitat preference and distribution assessment for the new species of orangutan (Pongo tapanuliensis), a poorly known and threatened primate endemic in Indonesia. To inform future conservation measures, we develop a predictive habitat suitability map and use this map to show the current threat for Tapanuli orangutan in their habitat and as the basis of proposed of the landscape boundary in Batang Toru ecosystem. In order to identify some environmental factors affecting conservation, we analyzed the microhabitat preference of Tapanuli orangutan using maximum entropy modeling (MaxEnt). The modeled orangutan distribution map covers 1.458,06 km2 (58,52% of Batang Toru’s landscape) and reveals three distinct distribution areas. The four most important environmental predictors are the distance from the cultivation area, NDVI, mean precipitation, and distance from the secondary forest edge. The distribution of the orangutan overlap with land-use categories reveals that 42,98% of the distribution lies in protected areas, but that 15,54% lies in natural forest concessions and area for other purposes (APL). Large scale land-use masterplan is needed to provide strategies and control for future development in the possibility of land uses and management are allowed in the landscape including its conservation policies. Moreover, collaborative management strategies are needed to develop a sustainable management system. We confirmed the Batang Toru landscape as the sole of Indonesia’s biodiversity hotspots and a critical area to preserve the Tapanuli orangutan.

Rahn merupakan salah satu akad yang diberlakukan dalam usaha pegadaian syariah di Indonesia, selain sebagai akad konsep rahn juga merupakan nama produk di Pegadaian Syariah. Pegadaian syariah adalah pegadaian yang dalam menjalankan operasionalnya berpegang teguh kepada prinsip syariah. Gadai syariah dalam hal pemenuhan prinsip-pripsip syariah berpegang pada Fatwa DSN MUI No. 25/DSN-MUI/III/2002 tentang rahn, Fatwa DSN MUI No. 26/DSN-MUI/III/2002 tentang gadai emas, Fatwa DSN MUI No. 68/DSN-MUI/III/2008 tentang Rahn Tasjily, Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 103 Tahun 2000. Pembentukan Pegadaian Syariah selain karena tuntutan idealisme juga disebabkan oleh keberhasilan terlembaganya bank, BMT, BPR dan asuransi syariah, maka pegadaian mendapat perhatian untuk dibentuk di bawah naungan suatu lembaga tersendiri. Aspek syariah tidak hanya menyentuh bagian operasionalnya saja, pembiayaan kegiatan dan pendanaan bagi nasabah, harus diperoleh dari sumber yang benar-benar terbebas dari unsur riba. Lembaga Keuangan Syariah di Indonesia menerapkan berbagai macam produk dan akad dalam menjalankan kegiatan usahanya, salah satu produknya adalah akad rahn yang ada di Pegadaian Syariah, adanya kebebasan untuk mendesain bentuk akad akan memberikan keberagaman produk, Namun demikian analisis fiqh dilakukan untuk menghindari hal-hal yang dilarang, mrngingat salah satu kaidah dalam ushul fiqh adalah pada dasarnya semua transaksi diperbolehkan kecuali ada dalil yang jelas melarangnya. Berdasarkan rukun akad rahn secara praktik mulai dari marhun, marhun bih, shighah, dan ‘aqidaini sudah sesuai dengan dengan teori syariah, tetapi masih ada beberapa hal yang harus diperjelas untuk mendapatkan praktik yang benar secara teori syariah. Yaitu tentang pemanfaatan barang gadai yang belum dijelaskan secara rinci tentang pemanfaatan dari pihak rahin maupun dari pihak murtahin.

CHIEF EDITOR Ahmad Faris Ismail, IIUM, Malaysia EXECUTIVE EDITOR AHM Zahirul Alam, IIUM, Malaysia ASSOCIATE EDITOR Anis Nurashikin Nordin, IIUM, Malaysia LANGUAGE EDITOR Lynn Mason, Malaysia COPY EDITOR Hamzah Mohd. Salleh, IIUM, Malaysia EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Abdullah Al-Mamun, IIUM, Malaysia Abdumalik Rakhimov, IIUM, Malaysia Amir Akramin Shafie, IIUM, Malaysia Erry Yulian Triblas Adesta, IIUM, Malaysia Erwin Sulaeman, IIUM, Malaysia Hanafy Omar, Saudi Arabia Hazleen Anuar, IIUM, Malaysia Konstantin Khanin, University of Toronto, Canada Ma'an Al-Khatib, IIUM, Malaysia Md Zahangir Alam, IIUM, Malaysia Meftah Hrairi, IIUM, Malaysia Mohamed B. Trabia, United States Mohammad S. Alam, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, United States Muataz Hazza Faizi Al Hazza, IIUM, Malaysia Mustafizur Rahman, National University Singapore, Singapore Nor Farahidah Binti Za'bah, IIUM, Malaysia Ossama Abdulkhalik, Michigan Technological University, United States Rosminazuin AB. Rahim, IIUM, Malaysia Waqar Asrar, IIUM, Malaysia INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE Anwar, United States Abdul Latif Bin Ahmad, Malaysia Farzad Ismail, USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia Hanafy Omar, Saudi Arabia Hany Ammar, United States Idris Mohammed Bugaje, Nigeria K.B. Ramachandran, India Kunzu Abdella, Canada Luis Le Moyne, ISAT, University of Burgundy, France M Mujtaba, United Kingdom Mohamed AI-Rubei, Ireland Mohamed B Trabia, United States Mohammad S. Alam, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, United States Nazmul Karim Ossama Abdulkhalik, Michigan Technological University, United States Razi Nalim, IUPUI, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States Syed Kamrul Islam, United States Tibor Czigany, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary Yiu-Wing Mai, The University of Sydney, Australia. AIMS & SCOPE OF IIUMENGINEERING JOURNAL The IIUM Engineering Journal, published biannually, is a carefully refereed international publication of International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM). Contributions of high technical merit within the span of engineering disciplines; covering the main areas of engineering: Electrical and Computer Engineering; Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering; Automation and Mechatronics Engineering; Material and Chemical Engineering; Environmental and Civil Engineering; Biotechnology and Bioengineering; Engineering Mathematics and Physics; and Computer Science and Information Technology are considered for publication in this journal. Contributions from other areas of Engineering and Applied Science are also welcomed. The IIUM Engineering Journal publishes contributions under Regular papers, Invited review papers, Short communications, Technical notes, and Letters to the editor (with publication charge). REFEREES’ NETWORK All papers submitted to IIUM Engineering Journal will be subjected to a rigorous reviewing process through a worldwide network of specialized and competent referees. Each accepted paper should have at least two positive referees’ assessments. SUBMISSION OF A MANUSCRIPT A manuscript should be submitted online to the IIUM-Engineering Journal website: https://journals.iium.edu.my/ejournal. Further correspondence on the status of the paper could be done through the journal website and the e-mail addresses of the Executive Editor: zahirulalam@iium.edu.my Faculty of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Jan Gombak, 53100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Phone: (603) 6196 4529, Fax:(603) 6196 4488. Published by International Islamic University Malaysia Jalan Gombak, 53100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Phone (+603) 6196-5018, Fax: (+603) 6196-6298 Website: http://www.iium.edu.my/office/iiumpress Whilst every effort is made by the publisher and editorial board to see that no inaccurate or misleading data, opinion or statement appears in this Journal, they wish to make it clear that the data and opinions appearing in the articles and advertisement herein are the responsibility of the contributor or advertiser concerned. Accordingly, the publisher and the editorial committee accept no liability whatsoever for the consequence of any such inaccurate or misleading data, opinion or statement. IIUM ENGINEERING JOURNAL ISSN: 1511-788X E-ISSN: 2289-7860 Volume 20, Issue 1, June 2019 Table of Content Editorial Page COVER PAGE CHEMICAL AND BIOTECHNOLOGY ENGINEERING COMPARATIVE METAGENOMICS ANALYSIS OF PALM OIL MILL EFFLUENT (POME) USING THREE DIFFERENT BIOINFORMATICS PIPELINES Adibah parmen, MOHD NOOR MAT ISA, FARAH FADWA BENBELGACEM, Hamzah Mohd Salleh, Ibrahim Ali Noorbatcha 1 - 11 PDF LIPASE IMMOBILIZATION ON FIBERS GRAFTED WITH POLYGLYCIDYL METHACHRYLATE Maan Alkhatib, Nik Adlin Bahrudin, HAMZAH M. SALLEH, Teo M. Ting 12 - 23 PDF COLONY COMPOSITION AND BIOMASS OF MACROTERMES GILVUS HAGEN (BLATTODEA: TERMITIDAE) IN INDONESIA NIKEN SUBEKTI, Priyantini Widiyaningrum, Dodi Nandika, Dedy Duryadi Solihin 24 - 28 PDF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING A SURVEY OF MATLAB EFFICIENCY IN DAMAGE DETECTION OF CONCRETE GRAVITY IN CONCRETE GRAVITY DAMS Sajad Esmaielzadeh, Hassan Ahmadi, Seyed Abbas Hosseini 29 - 48 PDF IMPLEMENTATION OF GOVERNMENT ASSET MANAGEMENT USING TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNER (TLS) AS PART OF BUILDING INFORMATION MODELLING (BIM) Asep Yusup Saptari, S. Hendriatiningsih, Dony Bagaskara, Levana Apriani 49 - 69 PDF THE ANALYSIS OF LIQUEFACTION PHENOMENON OF THE FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT USING SEISMIC MONITORING EQUIPMENT RINI KUSUMAWARDANI, Untoro Nugroho, Sri Handayani, Mareta Aspirilia Fananda 70 - 78 PDF ELECTRICAL, COMPUTER AND COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING PSG DYNAMIC CHANGES IN METHAMPHETAMINE ABUSE USING RECURRENCE QUANTIFICATION ANALYSIS Sayyed Majid Mazinani, GHASEM SADEGHI BAJESTANI 79 - 89 PDF FINITE ELEMENT SIMULATION OF MEMS PIEZOELECTRIC ENERGY SCAVENGER BASED ON PZT THIN FILM Aliza Aini Md Ralib, Nur Wafa Asyiqin Zulfakher, Rosminazuin Ab Rahim, Nor Farahidah Za'bah, Noor Hazrin Hany Mohamad Hanif 90 - 99 PDF Evaluation on the Effectiveness of Visual Learning Environment on Programming Course From Students’ Perspectives Nasa Zata Dina, Eto Wuryanto, Rachman Sinatriya Marjianto 100 - 107 PDF TOWARDS AN EFFICIENT TRAFFIC CONGESTION PREDICTION METHOD BASED ON NEURAL NETWORKS AND BIG GPS DATA Wiam Elleuch, Ali Wali, Adel M. Alimi 108 - 118 PDF AUGMENTATIVE AND ALTERNATIVE COMMUNICATION METHOD BASED ON TONGUE CLICKING FOR MUTE DISABILITIES NIK NUR WAHIDAH NIK HASHIM, MUHAMMAD AMIRUL AMIN AZMI, HAZLINA MD. YUSOF 119 - 128 PDF A COMBINED DEEP LEARNING MODEL FOR PERSIAN SENTIMENT ANALYSIS Zahra Bokaee Nezhad, Mohammad Ali Deihimi 129 - 139 PDF MODIFIED CAPACITOR ASSISTED EXTENDED BOOST QUASI Z-SOURCE INVERTER FOR THE GRID-CONNECTED PV SYSTEM N Hemalatha, Seyezhai Ramalingam 140 - 157 PDF A NOVEL USER PROFILE-BASED FUZZY APPROACH FOR EVALUATING TRUST IN SEMANTIC WEB SOMAYEH ASHTARI, MALIHE DANESH, hossein shirgahi 158 - 176 PDF PLL-BASED 3?; INVERTER CIRCUIT FOR MICROGRID SYSTEM OPERATED BY ELECTROSTATIC GENERATOR S.M.A Motakabber, Tawfikur Rahman, Muhammad I. Ibrahimy, A. H. M. Zahirul Alam 177 - 193 PDF INTELLIGENT CONTROL SYSTEM OF A WHEELCHAIR FOR PEOPLE WITH QUADRIPLEGIA PARALYSIS hayder Fadhil; Saif Hussam; Yasseen Sadoon 194 - 201 PDF MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING Adsorptive removal of Pb (II) using exfoliated graphite adsorbent:influence of experimental conditions and magnetic CoFe2O4 decoration Thi Thuong Nguyen, Thi Ngoc Thu Nguyen, Long Giang Bach, Duy Trinh Nguyen, Thi Phuong Quynh Bui 202 - 215 PDF Grease Quality Issues on Middle Voltage Switchgear: Corrosivity, Resistivity, Safety and Ageing Mohd Sabri Mahmud, Sanuri Ishak, Mohd Najib Razali, Mohd Aizudin Abdul Aziz, Musfafikri Musa 216 - 228 PDF MECHANICAL AND AEROSPACE ENGINEERING A RANS K-? SIMULATION OF 2D TURBULENT NATURAL CONVECTION IN AN ENCLOSURE WITH HEATING SOURCES mehdi ahmadi, Seyed Ali Agha Mirjalily, Seyed Amir Abbas Oloomi 240 - 255 PDF MECHATRONICS AND AUTOMATION ENGINEERING MAGNETICALLY INDUCED PIEZOELECTRIC ENERGY HARVESTER VIA HYBRID KINETIC MOTION Huda Azam, Noor Hazrin Hany Mohamad Hanif, Aliza Aini Md Ralib 256 - 268 PDF

Sitting in near darkness about eighteen inches from the screen, he turned the channel selector every half minute or so, sometimes much more frequently. He wasn't looking for something that might sustain his interest. Hardly that. He simply enjoyed jerking the dial into fresh image-burns. He explored content to a point. The tactile visual delight of switching channels took precedence, however, transforming even random moments of content into pleasing territorial abstractions. -- Don DeLillo (16) DeLillo captures in a few lines key aspects of a cultural narrative concerning how technology has sped up human lives. The speeds at which forms are transmitted and affect the ways we apprehend the world. Speed is enjoyable. Speed abstracts. Speed is visceral. Speed fragments. We are both agents of its processes and subject to its force. Like DeLillo's channel surfer then you may explore the content of this 'speed' issue of M/C with a certain mobility, and yet you are constrained to pass through at some speed. If you're interested please hang around for a while... This issue acknowledges the reification of speed, its elevation into a mysterious quality continuous with general cultural conditions. It has ceased to be a variable among and equal to others, or one that gains its value from local happenings. It is a cultural dominant. And in this usage speed has, of course, come to stand for high speed, not slow or any speed. Virilio, the founder of dromology, is perhaps the outstanding contemporary theorist of inherent speed culture. He urges that political analysis must start from a recognition of speed, viewing it as intertwined with current conditions of technology and capitalism. The force of speed needs thinking through though. Is it Virilio's generalised tyranny, a global accident? What is at stake? One possible answer to this question can be drawn from the very definition of 'speed': as anyone who has ever rushed to make a date they were late to would know, speed expresses a relationship between space and time, between a distance covered and a time elapsed. As the noted Polish sociologist Zygmunt Bauman writes, "'distance' is a social product; its length varies depending upon the speed with which it may be overcome (and, in a monetary economy, on the cost involved in the attainment of that speed" (12). The higher the speed, the greater the distance covered in any given time period -- and the secret to attaining the speed is the ability to pay the price. For those who can meet the price, space is dematerialised: communication, movement, the satisfaction of desires, is instantaneous. The residents of the first world who are empowered by the new economic processes, who can pay for the speed, "live in a perpetual present, ... are constantly busy and perpetually 'short of time'". For those who -- for whatever reason -- cannot afford the speed, time is decomposed by space, trapped by and in space. As Bauman argues, those without the access to speed are "marooned in the opposite world ... crushed under the burden of abundant, redundant and useless time they have nothing to fill with" (88). As Bauman succinctly and pithily puts it: "rather than homogenising the human condition, the technological annulment of temporal/spatial distances tends to polarise it" (18). Speed is a cultural dominant because its possession -- or the lack thereof -- defines people's social and economic future: it marks one's cards, determines one's destiny, more precisely, more forcefully and more thoroughly than any genetic sequence identified by the Human Genome Project ever could. In this light, our contributors take us through an excursus of the range, limits and functions of speed. Our feature writer, Esther Milne, takes a historical perspective on the perceptual reconfigurations of space and time that come with changes in communications and transport technologies. She observes how twentieth-century commentators including Marinetti, Harvey and Castells have heralded the arrivals of new temporal regimes on the basis of technological and economic changes. However, by examining eighteenth- and nineteenth-century English reactions to the use of the mail coach, train and telegraph to relay messages, she identifies a longer tradition of commentary on communication technologies, which sets up themes -- such as the possible alienation of messages from physical bodies -- that are still applied today. Claudia Mesch, in her contribution "Racing Berlin: the Games of Run Lola Run", takes us into the Berlin of Tom Tykwer's recent movie Run Lola Run. Playfully using the multiple narrative style of the movie, Mesch alternately discusses the film's narrative and visual form to comment upon its characterisations; its physical and spatial location to comment upon its intra- and extra-diagetic textualities; and its filmic tropes and conventions to comment upon the historical, geo-political and mythic existence of Berlin as a lived space. In a timely review article of Virilio's latest book The Information Bomb, John Armitage reflects upon Virilio's current thinking about speed, digital technologies and the state of the world. He outlines the metaphors of the militarisation of information that Virilio is using to describe the social and political effects of an explosively fast technoculture, and contrasts Virilio's thinking with that of Negroponte and Baudrillard. Sadeq Rahimi explores the shrinking of time and the virtualisation of space to question how identity is redefined in the postmodern condition. Utilising the work of Helga Nowotny, Paul Virilio, Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, amongst others, Rahimi argues that the self-identity constructed by these changing social conditions can no longer be described as human -- bound as this is by both space and time -- and calls for the theoretical and philosophical development of a new, posthuman theory of identity. Writing at the time of millennium fever McKenzie Wark takes a 'detour' away from the incessant media multiplication of a single moment by contemplating the enduring architectural media of ancient Egypt. Wark is thereafter able to put into relief how the twentieth century mummified change itself and in doing so has created new media empires designed to extend their dominion through momentary saturations of space. The tour stops by Valery, Innis, Microsoft, Time-Warner and the London Millennium Dome. Brian Ward draws our attention to the social and cultural experience of speed, and the ways to which speed is the result of an obsession, under capitalist rationalities, with notions of progress, advancement and unique sensation. Discussing the function of speed within the proto-Fascist philosophy of the Italian Futurist movement, Ward points to the way its overt fascination with speed foregrounds a more latent, yet no less obsessive, preoccupation with speed and progress within contemporary Western metaphysics. In "Fleshing Out the Maelstrom" Paul Taylor shows how the recent Biopunk fiction of Jeff Noon and Michael Marshall Smith plays out a contemporary ontological confusion between the physical and the informational. Going beyond Cyberpunk's exaggeration of digital abstractions, Biopunk metaphorises information's colonisation of the physical world as a "an alarming maelstrom of biological uncertainty" in which a fecund capitalism breeds mergers, images, and a smorgasbord of private products that overrun social life. In "Waiting for Instantaneity" Maya Drozdz reflects upon the temporal paradoxes of cyberspace. She questions Virilio's and Baudrillard's suppositions of realtime mediation arguing that movement in cyberspace is "subordinate to connection speed and loadtime", which means all online content is mediated by the temporalities of its transmission. She outlines online narratives that have arisen to accommodate and investigate the discrepancy between transmission time 'as it happens' and its perception and draws parallels with filmic techniques for creating temporal continuity. Kate Eichhorn also examines speed of the Net applying it to arguments about the effectivity of hate speech. She shows how the "speed and subsequent loss of orientation" that Virilio associates with virtual environments may actually prove the grounds for its recuperation. While cyberhate may still injure, the speed at which it may be recontextualised by parody, critique and the mobility of the reader disrupt its perlocutionary effects. In contrast to Ward, Gwendolyn Stansbury argues against the speed of contemporary life. Extrapolating the Slow Food movement's critique of fast food, she posits the negative effect that the modern pace of life has on the communal experience of preparing and eating food together. Finally, as a special feature this issue, we bring you a recording of a seminar recently presented by the noted Dutch media activist and theorist Geert Lovink at the Media and Cultural Studies Centre at the University of Queensland. Entitled "Directions for Cyberculture in the New Economy", it reprises a paper he presented at the "Tulipomania" conference held not long ago in Amsterdam, exploring the changes and potential of online activism and culture as it speeds headlong towards complete commercialisation. Greg Hearn and David Marshall respond to Lovink's views, and a lively audience discussion, ranging from AOL users to cyberwarriors, follows. Geert Lovink visited Brisbane as a participant in Alchemy, an International Masterclass for New Media Artists and Curators, which was organised by the Australian Network for Art and Technology in association with the Brisbane Powerhouse -- Centre for the Live Arts from 8 May to 9 June 2000. M/C and the Media and Cultural Studies Centre are highly grateful to ANAT and Geert Lovink as well as the Australian Key Centre for Cultural and Media Policy for making this event possible. Guy Redden & Sean Aylward Smith -- 'Speed' Issue Editors References Baudrillard, Jean. "The Ecstasy of Communication." The Anti-Aesthetic. Essays on Postmodern Culture. Ed. Hal Foster. Washington: Bay Press, 1983. Bauman, Zygmunt. Globalization: The Human Consequences. New York: Columbia UP, 1998. DeLillo, Don. Players. New York: Random House, 1989. Jameson, Frederic. "Postmodernism, or The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism." New Left Review 146 (1984). Citation reference for this article MLA style: Guy Redden, Sean Aylward Smith. "Editorial: 'Speed'." M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 3.3 (2000). [your date of access] <http://www.api-network.com/mc/0006/edit.php>. Chicago style: Guy Redden, Sean Aylward Smith, "Editorial: 'Speed'," M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 3, no. 3 (2000), <http://www.api-network.com/mc/0006/edit.php> ([your date of access]). APA style: Guy Redden, Sean Aylward Smith. (2000) Editorial: 'speed'. M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 3(3). <http://www.api-network.com/mc/0006/edit.php> ([your date of access]).

Photo by Sébastien Goldberg on Unsplash ABSTRACT Rohingya women face challenges that ought to be acknowledged and addressed to ensure that when they seek health care, they can act autonomously and decide freely among available options. Self-determination theory offers valuable insight into supporting these women within their unique situations. INTRODUCTION In August of 2017, military and paramilitary forces in Myanmar began purging the Rohingya Muslim population from the country, motivated by anti-Muslim prejudice of the Buddhist political and social majority. Mass murder, property destruction, kidnapping, torture, and sexual violence still affect Rohingya communities. As a result, more than a million individuals have fled Myanmar.[1] As of February 2021, approximately 880,000 Rohingya Muslims have taken refuge in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh, the site of the largest refugee camps in the world.[2] The public health focus in these camps is on treatment of physical ailments and infectious diseases.[3] While women of reproductive age and adolescent girls experience the highest level of violence among Rohingya communities in both Myanmar and Bangladesh, they have consistently lacked access to sufficient sexual and reproductive care. In 1994, the Women’s Commission for Refugee Women and Children exposed issues surrounding the sexual and reproductive health of displaced populations and propelled the recognition of SRH as a human right.[4] Human rights interventionists and public health officials have made progress in the integration of sexual and reproductive health education, facilities, and resources into refugee camps in Cox’s Bazar. This includes the introduction of menstrual cleanliness facilities and educational conversations. However, Rohingya women and male cultural leaders, or gatekeepers, remain reluctant to accept these resources and education.[5] The prevalence of gender-based violence against women and restrictive policies enforced by the Bangladesh government heighten the barriers to the effective introduction of sexual and reproductive health resources and services.[6] A wealth of literature has pushed for the extension of clinical duties of beneficence and non-maleficence in the diagnosis and treatment of refugee and asylum-seeking communities.[7] Additionally, extensive research on Rohingya refugee communities has searched for ways to work around the complex social history and to accommodate power structures by integrating gatekeepers into SRH discussions.[8] However, as interventions have sought to overcome cultural and religious barriers, they have largely overlooked the protection of autonomy of sexual and reproductive health patients in Cox’s Bazar. This paper argues two points. First, attempts at improving outcomes in Cox’s Bazar ought to lead to Rohingya women’s autonomy and self-determination, both in mitigating control of male leaders over sexual and reproductive decisions and in ensuring the understanding and informed consent between patients and providers. Second, policy decisions ought to ensure post-treatment comprehensive care to shield Rohingya women from retribution by male community members. Self-determination theory offers guidance for state leaders and healthcare providers in pursuing these goals. l. Barriers to Sexual and Reproductive Health Services for Rohingya Women As part of its anti-Muslim narrative, the Buddhist majority has painted Rohingya women as hyper-reproductive. False narratives “of a Rohingya plan to spread Islam by driving demographic shifts” and accusations against Rohingya women for having “unusually large families” have motivated violent behavior and discriminatory regulations against Rohingya communities.[9] In reality, demographic data shows that “the Rohingya population has remained stable at 4% since 1980.”[10] In 2013, the government of Myanmar imposed regulations on Rohingya families in the Rakhine state, the region with the highest population of Rohingya Muslims, enforcing a two-child limit and requiring that Rohingya women obtain government authorization to marry and take a pregnancy test before receiving such permission. The majority has also subjected Rohingya females to acts of sexual violence to ostracize them and “dilute” Rohingya identity.[11] As a result, Rohingya women in Cox’s Bazar experience unique illnesses and vulnerabilities requiring imminent treatment. Due to national policies in Bangladesh, “Rohingya [women] cannot receive HIV/AIDS testing and treatment in camps; birth control implants delivered by midwives; and comprehensive abortion care.”[12] Additionally, in accordance with patriarchal Rohingya community structure, male gatekeepers hold high authority over sexual and reproductive decisions of women, evidenced by the persistence of gender-based violence within refugee camps and traditional practices such as the marriage of minor girls to older Rohingya men.[13] Surveys of community members reveal that cultural and religious stigma against sexual and reproductive health care exists among these male gatekeepers as well as Rohingya women.[14] Due to their cultural and political position, Rohingya women are subject to unique power relations. This paper analyzes the ethical dilemmas that arise from two of those power relations: Rohingya women’s relationships with male gatekeepers and their relationships with interventionist healthcare providers. ll. Ethics of Including Male Community Members in Decisions Affecting Women’s Healthcare Autonomy A November 2019 survey of Rohingya women in Cox’s Bazar that had married or given birth within the past two years found that “around one half of the female Rohingya refugees do not use contraceptives, mainly because of their husbands’ disapproval and their religious beliefs.”[15] There are widespread misconceptions such as the belief that Islam does not permit the use of contraceptives.[16] The existence of such misconceptions and the power husbands and male leaders hold over the delivery of treatment creates dilemmas for healthcare practitioners in conforming to ethical principles of care. lll. Beneficence in Providing Care to Refugees While public health scholars and government officials hold divided opinions on the level of treatment required to fulfill refugees’ right to sexual and reproductive health care, most support enough care to ensure physical and psychological well-being.[17] Beneficence requires that healthcare providers and states “protect the rights of others[,] prevent harm from occurring to others[, and] remove conditions that will cause harm to others.”[18] Under the principle of beneficence, there is a duty to provide sexual and reproductive treatment to Rohingya women in Cox’s Bazar that is comparable to that received by citizens of the host state. In addition, the ethical principle of nonmaleficence may call for the creation of specialized care facilities for refugee communities, because a lack of response to refugees’ vulnerability and psychological trauma has the potential to generate additional harm.[19] In response to gendered power relations among the Rohingya community, husbands and male leaders are included in decisions surrounding maternal health and sexual and reproductive care for women. For example, healthcare professionals “have been found to impose conditions on SRH [sexual reproductive health] care that are not stated in the national… [menstrual regulation] guidelines, such as having a husband’s permission.”[20] The refugee healthcare community could do more to mitigate the potential of retribution taken by male community members against women that accept care by dispelling common misconceptions and precluding male community members from influencing female reproductive choices.[21] However, some current practices allow the infiltration of male community leaders and husbands into the diagnosis, decision-making, and treatment spaces. Deferring decisions to male leaders for the sake of expediency risks conditioning women’s access to care on male buy-in and diminishes Rohingya women’s autonomy over their sexual and reproductive health. lV. Male Influence and Female Autonomy Ensuring patients control their own treatment decisions is an essential component of the ethical obligation of healthcare professionals to respect patients’ autonomy. While patients can exercise their autonomy to accept the direction of the community, their autonomy is undermined when “external sources or internal states… rob [such persons]… of self-directedness.”[22] Sexual and reproductive health research on Rohingya women revealed that the presence of male family members during conversations “made female respondents uncomfortable to speak openly about their SRH [sexual and reproductive health]related experiences.”[23] The same study found that when male family members were absent, Rohingya women were more transparent and willing to discuss such topics.[24] These findings indicate that the mere presence of male family members exerts control over Rohingya women in conversations with practitioners. Male involvement also stalls conversations between providers and Rohingya women which may harm the achievement of understanding and informed consent in diagnosis and treatment spaces.[25] Women do have the option of bringing their male community leaders and family members into sexual health discussions. Yet healthcare providers ought to monitor patients individually and avoid programmatic decision making regarding male involvement in the treatment space. While it is the ethical imperative of health interventionists and the state of Bangladesh to fulfill the duties of care required by the principles of beneficence and non-maleficence, the sole prioritization of expanding sexual and reproductive health care in Cox’s Bazar risks ignoring autonomy. V. Ethics of Paternalism in Provide-Patient Relations Rohingya women’s negative beliefs about contraceptives, such as the belief that they cause irreversible sterilization, are the second largest factor inhibiting their use.[26] To an extent, the Rohingya are justified in their skepticism. Prior to the 1990’s, Bangladesh used nonconsensual sterilization as a mechanism of population control to attain access to international aid. Though the international conversation surrounding reproduction shifted its focus towards reproductive rights following the 1994 UN International Conference on Population and Development, delivery of reproductive care in the global South is frequently characterized by lack of transparency and insufficient patient understanding of the risks and consequences of treatment. Additionally, women’s lack of control impacts follow-up care and long-term contraception. For example, when women seek the removal of implantable contraceptives, healthcare professionals often refuse to perform the requisite operation.[27] Patients must understand the risks of treatment in their own culture and circumstances where societal views, misconceptions, or fears may influence healthcare practices. Healthcare providers need to recognize the coercive potential they hold in their relations with patients and guard against breaches of patient autonomy in the delivery of treatment. In accordance with the principle of beneficence, healthcare providers treating refugees or individuals seeking asylum ought to abide by the same fiduciary responsibilities they hold toward citizens of the host state.[28] When patients show hesitancy or refusal toward treatment, healthcare providers ought to avoid achieving treatment by paternalistic practice such as “deception, lying, manipulation of information, nondisclosure of information, or coercion.”[29] Although well-intentioned, this practice undermines the providers’ obligation to respect patients’ autonomy.[30] The hesitancy of Rohingya women to accept some sexual or reproductive health care does not justify intentional lack of transparency, even when that treatment furthers their best health interests. However, paternalistic actions may be permissible and justified during medical emergencies.[31] Vl. Informed Consent Respecting Rohingya women’s autonomy also places affirmative duties on healthcare providers to satisfy understanding and informed consent. However, language barriers and healthcare providers’ misconceptions about Rohingya religion and culture impede the achievement of these core conditions of autonomy for Rohingya women.[32] In an interview, a paramedic in Cox’s Bazar described the types of conversations healthcare providers have with Rohingya women in convincing them to accept menstrual regulation treatment, a method to ensure that someone is not pregnant after a missed period: “We tell them [menstrual regulation] is not a sin… If you have another baby now, you will get bad impact on your health. You cannot give your children enough care. So, take MR [menstrual regulation] and care for your family.”[33] This message, like others conveyed to Rohingya women in counseling settings, carries unvalidated assumptions regarding the beliefs, needs, and desires of clients without making a proper attempt to confirm the truth of those assumptions. Healthcare providers’ lack of cultural competence and limited understanding of Bangladesh’s national reproductive health policy complicates communication with Rohingya women. Additionally, the use of simple language, though recommended by the WHO’s guideline on Bangladesh’s policy, is inadequate to sufficiently convey the risks and benefits of menstrual regulation and other treatments to Rohingya women.[34] For informed consent to be achieved, “the patient must have the capacity to be able to understand and assess the information given, communicate their choices and understand the consequences of their decision.”[35] Healthcare providers must convey sufficient information regarding the risks, benefits, and alternatives of treatment as well as the risks and benefits of forgoing treatment.[36] Sexual and reproductive health policies and practices must aim to simultaneously mitigate paternalism, promote voluntary and informed choice among Rohingya women, and foster cultural and political competency among healthcare providers. Vll. Self-Determination Theory Self-determination theory is a psychological model that focuses on types of natural motivation and argues for the fulfillment of three conditions shown to enhance self-motivation and well-being: autonomy, competence, and relatedness.[37] According to the theory, autonomy is “the perception of being the origin of one’s own behavior and experiencing volition in action;” competence is “the feeling of being effective in producing desired outcomes and exercising one’s capacities;” and, relatedness is “the feeling of being respected, understood, and cared for by others.”[38] Bioethicists have applied self-determination theory to health care to align the promotion of patient autonomy with traditional goals of enhancing patient well-being. Studies on the satisfaction of these conditions in healthcare contexts indicate that their fulfillment promotes better health outcomes in patients.[39] Like principlism, self-determination theory in Cox’s Bazar could allow for increased autonomy while maximizing the well-being of Rohingya women and behaving with beneficence Fostering self-determination requires that healthcare professionals provide patients with the opportunity and means of voicing their goals and concerns, convey all relevant information regarding treatment, and mitigate external sources of control where possible.[40] In Cox’s Bazar, health care organizations in the region and the international community can act to ensure women seeking health care are respected and able to act independently. A patient-centered care model would provide guidelines for the refugee setting.[41] Providers can maximize autonomy by utilizing language services to give SRH patients the opportunity and means to voice their goals and concerns, disclose sufficient information about risks, benefits, and alternatives to each procedure, and give rationales for each potential decision rather than prescribe a decision. They can promote the feeling of competence among patients by expressly notifying them of the level of reversibility of each treatment, introducing measures for health improvement, and outlining patients’ progress in their SRH health. Finally, they can promote relatedness by providing active listening cues and adopting an empathetic, rather than condescending, stance.[42] Healthcare organizations ought to provide training to promote cultural competency and ensure that practitioners are well-versed on national regulations regarding sexual reproductive health care in Bangladesh to avoid the presumption of patients’ desires and the addition of unnecessary barriers to care. Increased treatment options would make autonomy more valuable as women would have more care choices. Given the historical deference to international organizations like the UN and World Bank, multilateral and organizational intervention would likely bolster the expansion of treatment options. International organizations and donors ought to work with the government of Bangladesh to offer post-treatment comprehensive care and protection of women who choose treatment against the wishes of male community members to avoid continued backlash and foster relatedness.[43] CONCLUSION Rohingya women in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh face unique power relations that ought to be acknowledged and addressed to ensure that when they seek health care, they are able to act autonomously and decide freely among available options. While providers have duties under the principles of beneficence and non-maleficence, patient well-being is hindered when these duties are used to trump the obligation to respect patient autonomy. Current approaches to achieving sexual and reproductive health risk the imposition of provider and communal control. Self-determination theory offers avenues for global organizations, Bangladesh, donors, and healthcare providers to protect Rohingya women’s autonomous choices, while maximizing their well-being and minimizing harm. DISCLAIMER: As a male educated and brought up in a Western setting, I acknowledge my limitations in judgement about Rohingya women’s reproductive care. Their vulnerability and health risks can never be completely understood. To some extent, those limitations informed my theoretical approach and evaluation of Rohingya women's SRH care. Self-determination theory places the patients’ experiences and judgement at the center of decision-making. My most important contributions to the academic conversation surrounding Rohingya women are the identification of dilemmas where autonomy is at risk and advocating for self-determination. - [1] Hossain Mahbub, Abida Sultana, and Arindam Das, “Gender-based violence among Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh: a public health challenge,” Indian Journal of Medical Ethics (June 2018):1-2, https://doi.org/10.20529/IJME.2018.045. [2] “UN teams assisting tens of thousands of refugees, after massive fire rips through camp in Bangladesh,” United Nations, last modified March 23, 2021, https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/03/1088012#:~:text=The%20Kutupalong%20camp%20network%2C%20which,(as%20of%20February%202021). [3] Hossain et al., “Gender-based violence,” 1-2. [4] Benjamin O. Black, Paul A, Bouanchaud, Jenine K. Bignall, Emma Simpson, Manish Gupta, “Reproductive health during conflict,” The Obstetrician and Gynecologist 16, no. 3 (July 2014):153-160, https://doi.org/10.1111/tog.12114. [5] Margaret L. Schmitt, Olivia R. Wood, David Clatworthy, Sabina Faiz Rashid, and Marni Sommer, “Innovative strategies for providing menstruation-supportive water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) facilities: learning from refugee camps in Cox's bazar, Bangladesh,” Conflict and Health Journal 15, no. 1 (Feb 2021):10, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13031-021-00346-9. [6] S M Hasan ul-Bari, and Tarek Ahmed, “Ensuring sexual and reproductive health and rights of Rohingya women and girls,” The Lancet 392, no. 10163:2439-2440, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32764-8. [7] Janet Cleveland, and Monica Ruiz-Casares, “Clinical assessment of asylum seekers: balancing human rights protection, patient well-being, and professional integrity,” American Journal of Bioethics 13, no. 7 (July 2013):13-5, https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2013.794885.; Christine Straehle, “Asylum, Refuge, and Justice in Health,” Hastings Center Report 49, no. 3 (May/June 2019):13-17, https://doi.org/10.1002/hast.1002. 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[41] Podlog and Brown, “Self-determination Theory.” [42] Podlog and Brown, “Self-determination Theory.” [43] Podlog and Brown, “Self-determination Theory.”