Contents
Academic literature on the topic 'Raggi X: emissione'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Raggi X: emissione.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Raggi X: emissione"
RIGOSELLI, MICHELA. "X-ray emission from the magnetic polar caps of old rotation-powered pulsars." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/277373.
Full textNeutron stars are the remnants of massive stars whose cores collapse during the supernova explosions. The project of this PhD Thesis consisted in the study of the X-ray emission from isolated neutron stars older than about 100000 years. The work was based mainly on data obtained with the XMM-Newton satellite (ESA). To extract the best possible information from the data, I implemented a maximum likelihood (ML) technique and used it to derive the X-ray spectra and pulse profiles of several old pulsars, that were then studied with state-of-the-art models of X-ray emission. The Thesis is structured as follows: in the first three chapters I outline the main properties of neutron stars, with a major focus on the thermal and nonthermal processes that produce X-rays. The nonthermal X-rays are produced by relativistic particles accelerated by rotation-induced electric fields and moving along the magnetic field lines. A fraction of these particles is accelerated backward and returns on the stellar surface, heating the magnetic polar caps. The thermal component, that can be produced by the whole stellar surface or by small hot spots, can be described, in a first approximation, by a blackbody. However, the presence of intense surface magnetic fields strongly affects the properties of matter, and the emergent radiation is widely anisotropic. In Chapter 4, I describe how I generated synthetic spectra and pulse profiles using thermal emission models that consider polar caps covered by a magnetized hydrogen atmosphere or with a condensed iron surface. I relied on an existing software that, given a set of stellar parameters, evaluates the emerging intensity of the radiation. A second software, which I adapted on the sources I analyzed in the Thesis, collects the contribution of surface elements which are in view at different rotation phases from a stationary observer. Then, in Chapter 5, I describe how I implemented an analysis software that relies on the ML method. It estimates the most probable number of source and background counts by comparing the spatial distribution of the observed counts with the expected distribution for a point source plus an uniform background. I demonstrated that the ML method is particularly effective for dim sources, as most old pulsars are. Subsequently, I applied the methods described above to some old pulsars. In Chapter 6, I report the analysis of PSR J0726-2612, a radio pulsars that shares some properties with the radio-silent XDINSs, as the long period, the high magnetic field, and the thermal X-ray emission from the cooling surface. Thanks to an in-depth analysis of the combined spectrum and pulse profile, I showed that the presence of radio pulses from PSR J0726-2612, as well as the absence from the XDINSs, might simply be due to different viewing geometries. In Chapter 7, I present the case of PSR B0943+10, a pulsar with a nonthermal and thermal X-ray spectrum but that, despite being an aligned rotator, has a large pulsed fraction. I could reconcile the two opposite properties analyzing with the ML the spectrum and the pulse profile, and considering the magnetic beaming of a magnetized atmosphere model, that well fits the thermal component. In Chapter 8, I applied the ML method to seven old and dim pulsars, of which four had controversial published results, and three were so far undetected. I found convincing evidence of thermal emission only in the phase-averaged spectrum of two of them, plus a hint for a thermal pulsed spectrum in a third object. Finally, I considered all the old thermal emitters and I compared their observed temperatures, radii and luminosities to the expectations of the current theoretical models for these objects. In particular, I found that the emitting area are generally in agreement with the polar cap regions evaluated in a dipole approximation, if the combined effects of geometry projections plus realistic thermal models (as the magnetic atmosphere) are taken into account.
Pizzetti, Andrealuna. "Emissione di Bremsstrahlung e applicazioni astrofisiche." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/16370/.
Full textBATTOCCHIO, CHIARA. "STUDIO E CARATTERIZZAZIONE CON TECNICHE DI SPETTROSCOPIA FOTOELETTRONICA (XPS) E DI ASSORBIMENTO (NEXAFS) DI MACROMOLECOLE ORGANOMETALLICHE CONTENENTI LEGANTI pi-CONIUGATI." Doctoral thesis, La Sapienza, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11573/917313.
Full textBindi, Chiara. "Emissione di Bremsstrahlung ed applicazioni astrofisiche." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018.
Find full textDAL, MOLIN ANDREA. "Reconstruction of the velocity space of runaway electrons by spectral measurements of the hard x-ray emission in tokamaks." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/304289.
Full textThe growth of plasma instabilities can cause a sudden loss of thermal and magnetic energy. In this disruptive event, electrons can be accelerated to relativistic energies and gain a significant fraction of the energy stored in the tokamak magnetic field. At these velocities, Coulomb collisions with background plasma become negligible and the acceleration of the runaway electrons is only limited by relativistic effects and radiative losses. When the post-disruption magnetic field is lost, the energetic runaway electron beam can collide with the in-vessel plasma-facing components causing severe and localized damage. Unmitigated runaway electron events can hinder operation by forcing long shutdown periods of several months to allow repairs. The avoidance of these extreme scenarios is paramount to the success of large-scale tokamaks. The threat posed by runaway electrons is a primary focus of the fusion community. Extensive modelling and experimental campaigns are currently ongoing in most large and medium-scale tokamaks. During disruptions, runaway electrons can be accelerated up to energies in the order of several MeVs. One of the mechanisms that limit this acceleration is the emission of bremsstrahlung radiation caused by the interaction of the relativistic particles with the background plasma. Due to the extreme energy these electrons can reach, the bremsstrahlung radiation spectrum extends to several MeVs, in hard X-ray energy range. This work illustrates how information on the runaway electron velocity space can be extracted from the measured bremsstrahlung X-ray emission. In the first half of this work, the development, characterization and implementation of novel hard x-ray spectrometers optimized for runaway electron bremsstrahlung measurement are discussed. A new compact HXR spectrometer with high counting rate capabilities in excess of 1 MCps was developed for the array configuration of the tokamak DIII-D Gamma-Ray Imager system. This detector is based on a YAP:Ce scintillator crystal coupled with a silicon photomultiplier. The detector energy has a wide dynamic range in excess of 20 MeV and an energy resolution of approximately 9% at 661.7 keV. The design of this device was informed by the experimental results collected at DIII-D with a previous prototype based on a LYSO:Ce scintillator crystal coupled with a silicon photomultiplier. In this section, the development of the Runaway Electron GAmma-Ray Detection System (REGARDS) is also presented. REGARDS is a novel portable hard X-ray spectrometer designed for RE bremsstrahlung measurement. The detector is based on a LaBr3:Ce scintillator crystal coupled with a photomultiplier tube. The system has a wide dynamic range for HXR spectroscopy with an upper energy bound in excess of 20 MeV and an energy resolution of approximately 3% at 661.7 keV. REGARDS HXR detector gain is monitored by an external gain control system. REGARDS was deployed at the tokamaks AUG and COMPASS. In the second half of this thesis, analysis of the runaway electron experiments performed at the tokamaks AUG and JET is discussed. A full model of the bremsstrahlung emission is created using the GENESIS code and the HXR spectrometers response function is generated using MCNP. Tikhonov regularization is used to reconstruct the runaway energy distribution function from the measurements. The reconstructed runaway electron energy distribution functions allow for a quantitative description of the runaway electron beam throughout the discharge. The information collected with these techniques is crucial to understand runaway electron formation, to validate first-principle models and to evaluate the effectiveness of different runaway electron mitigation techniques such as massive gas injection (MGI), shattered pellet injection (SPI) and magnetic resonant perturbation (RMP).