Relevant bibliographies by topics / RAFT

Academic literature on the topic 'RAFT'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 25 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "RAFT"

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Melese, Fekadu. "Improved Performance of Raft Foundation Using Detached Pile Columns in Loose Subsoil Conditions." Advances in Civil Engineering 2022 (March 8, 2022): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4002545.

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Piles act as settlement reducers in case of connected piled-raft foundation and hence decrease the settlements of the raft. The design concept of the connected piled-raft foundations is to lessen the number of piles and utilize the bearing capacity of the system piled raft. Due to significant straining actions at the pile head-raft connection, an alternative technique is proposed to disconnect the piles from the raft. A granular layer (cushion) beneath the raft is incorporated. The disconnection has a beneficial effect on reducing axial load compared to connected piles. For small piled rafts, nonconnected piled rafts show less stiffness than connected piled rafts, and the soil is highly stressed and shows greater raft settlement. In the case of the large piled raft, nonconnected piled rafts show greater settlement efficiency. Cushion stiffness was realized to be more substantial for a nonconnected piled raft with shorter piles than one with longer piles. The results show that the load transfer mechanism in a nonconnected piled raft is mainly governed by the thickness and stiffness of the cushion layer and by the stiffness of the subsoil.
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Singh, Ajay Pratap, Rathor ., and Jitendra Kumar Sharma. "Engineering Significance of Annular Raft Foundations over Solid Raft FoundationsJ." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 9 (September 30, 2023): 930–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.55783.

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Abstract: Raft foundations play a pivotal role in distributing structural loads to the underlying soil, thereby ensuring the stability and integrity of various civil engineering structures. The choice between different types of raft foundations, such as solid and annular rafts, significantly impacts the overall performance and durability of a structure. This paper explores the engineering significance of annular raft foundations in comparison to solid raft foundations. The traditional solid raft foundation offers uniform load distribution and settlement control; however, it often encounters challenges when dealing with non-uniform soil profiles, differential settlements, and expansive soils. Annular raft foundations, a relatively innovative approach, address these challenges by featuring a central void within the raft. This void introduces a controlled differential settlement mechanism, enabling the foundation to accommodate non-uniform soil conditions effectively. Moreover, annular rafts offer improved structural performance in regions prone to ground movements, as the central void allows the foundation to adjust to soil displacements more flexibly than a solid raft. The engineering significance of annular rafts extends to their enhanced loadbearing capacity and reduction in material usage compared to solid rafts. The design of annular rafts takes advantage of the arching effect within the void, which enables the foundation to support heavier loads while minimizing the amount of concrete and reinforcement required. This not only contributes to cost savings but also aligns with sustainable construction practices by reducing the environmental impact associated with excessive material consumption.
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Leitinger, Birgit, and Nancy Hogg. "The involvement of lipid rafts in the regulation of integrin function." Journal of Cell Science 115, no. 5 (March 1, 2002): 963–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.115.5.963.

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Integrin activity on cells such as T lymphocytes is tightly controlled. Here we demonstrate a key role for lipid rafts in regulating integrin function. Without stimulation integrin LFA-1 is excluded from lipid rafts, but following activation LFA-1 is mobilised to the lipid raft compartment. An LFA-1 construct from which the I domain has been deleted mimics activated integrin and is constitutively found in lipid rafts. This correlation between integrin activation and raft localisation extends to a second integrin,α4β1, and the clustering of α4β1 is also raft dependent. Both LFA-1 and α4β1-mediated adhesion is dependent upon intact lipid rafts providing proof of the functional relevance of the lipid raft localisation. Finally we find that non-raft integrins are excluded from the rafts by cytoskeletal constraints. The presence of integrin in lipid rafts under stimulating conditions that activate these receptors strongly indicates that the rafts have a key role in positively regulating integrin activity.
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Tsuchiya, Hironori, and Maki Mizogami. "Interaction of drugs with lipid raft membrane domains as a possible target." Drug Target Insights 14, no. 1 (December 22, 2020): 34–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.33393/dti.2020.2185.

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Introduction: Plasma membranes are not the homogeneous bilayers of uniformly distributed lipids but the lipid complex with laterally separated lipid raft membrane domains, which provide receptor, ion channel and enzyme proteins with a platform. The aim of this article is to review the mechanistic interaction of drugs with membrane lipid rafts and address the question whether drugs induce physicochemical changes in raft-constituting and raft-surrounding membranes. Methods: Literature searches of PubMed/MEDLINE and Google Scholar databases from 2000 to 2020 were conducted to include articles published in English in internationally recognized journals. Collected articles were independently reviewed by title, abstract and text for relevance. Results: The literature search indicated that pharmacologically diverse drugs interact with raft model membranes and cellular membrane lipid rafts. They could physicochemically modify functional protein-localizing membrane lipid rafts and the membranes surrounding such domains, affecting the raft organizational integrity with the resultant exhibition of pharmacological activity. Raft-acting drugs were characterized as ones to decrease membrane fluidity, induce liquid-ordered phase or order plasma membranes, leading to lipid raft formation; and ones to increase membrane fluidity, induce liquid-disordered phase or reduce phase transition temperature, leading to lipid raft disruption. Conclusion: Targeting lipid raft membrane domains would open a new way for drug design and development. Since angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptors which are a cell-specific target of and responsible for the cellular entry of novel coronavirus are localized in lipid rafts, agents that specifically disrupt the relevant rafts may be a drug against coronavirus disease 2019.
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Bavari, Sina, Catharine M. Bosio, Elizabeth Wiegand, Gordon Ruthel, Amy B. Will, Thomas W. Geisbert, Michael Hevey, Connie Schmaljohn, Alan Schmaljohn, and M. Javad Aman. "Lipid Raft Microdomains." Journal of Experimental Medicine 195, no. 5 (March 4, 2002): 593–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20011500.

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Spatiotemporal aspects of filovirus entry and release are poorly understood. Lipid rafts act as functional platforms for multiple cellular signaling and trafficking processes. Here, we report the compartmentalization of Ebola and Marburg viral proteins within lipid rafts during viral assembly and budding. Filoviruses released from infected cells incorporated raft-associated molecules, suggesting that viral exit occurs at the rafts. Ectopic expression of Ebola matrix protein and glycoprotein supported raft-dependent release of filamentous, virus-like particles (VLPs), strikingly similar to live virus as revealed by electron microscopy. Our findings also revealed that the entry of filoviruses requires functional rafts, identifying rafts as the site of virus attack. The identification of rafts as the gateway for the entry and exit of filoviruses and raft-dependent generation of VLPs have important implications for development of therapeutics and vaccination strategies against infections with Ebola and Marburg viruses.
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Savla, Hemali M., Isha V. Naik, Chandrashekhar Gargote, Nischal Shashidhar, Sneha Nair, and Mala D. Menon. "Physicochemical properties of various alginate-based raft-forming antacid products: a comparative study." International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 10, no. 12 (November 22, 2021): 1330. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20214449.

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Background: Alginate-based, raft-forming antacid products with reflux suppressant activity are complex formulations expected to achieve effective raft formation and cause elimination or displacement of the acid pocket, which is typically manifested in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).Methods: In the present study, six alginate-based raft-forming products commercially available in the Indian market were compared in terms of their acid neutralization properties, strength, resilience and structural and thermal properties of their rafts. Percent alginate content was also determined.Results: Rafts of products containing calcium-based antacids formed voluminous, porous and floating rafts within seconds of addition to the simulated gastric fluid (SGF) compared with the products that contained aluminium and magnesium-based antacids. Marked differences were not evident in the ANC (acid neutralization capacity) values of the various products. No correlation was observed between ANC and raft-forming capacity or duration of neutralization. Raft structures affected their neutralization profiles. Rafts of porous and absorbent nature could retain their ANC probably due to release of trapped antacids. Further, raft strengths of only two products were above the British Pharmacopoeia specification of not less than 7.5 g. Sodium alginate content was within specifications (85-115%) for three of the six products.Conclusions: Raft-forming formulations with higher alginate content and calcium-based antacids have better physicochemical properties such as ANC, neutralization profiles, raft strength and raft resilience than those with lower alginate content or those containing aluminium or magnesium-based antacids.
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Kenworthy, Anne K., Benjamin J. Nichols, Catha L. Remmert, Glenn M. Hendrix, Mukesh Kumar, Joshua Zimmerberg, and Jennifer Lippincott-Schwartz. "Dynamics of putative raft-associated proteins at the cell surface." Journal of Cell Biology 165, no. 5 (June 1, 2004): 735–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200312170.

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Lipid rafts are conceptualized as membrane microdomains enriched in cholesterol and glycosphingolipid that serve as platforms for protein segregation and signaling. The properties of these domains in vivo are unclear. Here, we use fluorescence recovery after photobleaching to test if raft association affects a protein's ability to laterally diffuse large distances across the cell surface. The diffusion coefficients (D) of several types of putative raft and nonraft proteins were systematically measured under steady-state conditions and in response to raft perturbations. Raft proteins diffused freely over large distances (>4 μm), exhibiting Ds that varied 10-fold. This finding indicates that raft proteins do not undergo long-range diffusion as part of discrete, stable raft domains. Perturbations reported to affect lipid rafts in model membrane systems or by biochemical fractionation (cholesterol depletion, decreased temperature, and cholesterol loading) had similar effects on the diffusional mobility of raft and nonraft proteins. Thus, raft association is not the dominant factor in determining long-range protein mobility at the cell surface.
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Sharma, V. J., S. A. Vasanvala, and C. H. Solanki. "Behaviour of Load-Bearing Components of a Cushioned Composite Piled Raft Foundation Under Axial Loading." Slovak Journal of Civil Engineering 22, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sjce-2014-0020.

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Abstract In the last decade piled raft foundations have been widely used around the world as intermediate foundation systems between piles and rafts to control the settlement of foundations. However, when those piles are structurally connected to rafts, relatively high axial stresses develop in relatively small numbers of piles, which are often designed to fully mobilize their geotechnical capacities. To avoid a concentration of stress at the head of piles in a traditional piled raft foundation, the raft is disconnected from the piles, and a cushion is introduced between them. Also, to tackle an unfavourable soil profile for a piled raft foundation, the conventional piled raft has been modified into a cushioned composite piled raft foundation, where piles of different materials are used. In the current study the behavior of cushioned foundation components, which transfer the load from the structure to the subsoil, are analyzed in detail, i.e., the thickness of the raft, the length of a long pile and the modulus of a flexible pile.
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Shvartsman, Dmitry E., Mariana Kotler, Renee D. Tall, Michael G. Roth, and Yoav I. Henis. "Differently anchored influenza hemagglutinin mutants display distinct interaction dynamics with mutual rafts." Journal of Cell Biology 163, no. 4 (November 17, 2003): 879–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200308142.

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Lipid rafts play important roles in cellular functions through concentrating or sequestering membrane proteins. This requires proteins to differ in the stability of their interactions with lipid rafts. However, knowledge of the dynamics of membrane protein–raft interactions is lacking. We employed FRAP to measure in live cells the lateral diffusion of influenza hemagglutinin (HA) proteins that differ in raft association. This approach can detect weak interactions with rafts not detectable by biochemical methods. Wild-type (wt) HA and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored HA (BHA-PI) diffused slower than a nonraft HA mutant, but became equal to the latter after cholesterol depletion. When antigenically distinct BHA-PI and wt HA were coexpressed, aggregation of BHA-PI into immobile patches reduced wt HA diffusion rate, suggesting transient interactions with BHA-PI raft patches. Conversely, patching wt HA reduced the mobile fraction of BHA-PI, indicating stable interactions with wt HA patches. Thus, the anchoring mode determines protein–raft interaction dynamics. GPI-anchored and transmembrane proteins can share the same rafts, and different proteins can interact stably or transiently with the same raft domains.
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Mańka, Rafał, Pawel Janas, Karolina Sapoń, Teresa Janas, and Tadeusz Janas. "Role of RNA Motifs in RNA Interaction with Membrane Lipid Rafts: Implications for Therapeutic Applications of Exosomal RNAs." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 17 (August 30, 2021): 9416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22179416.

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RNA motifs may promote interactions with exosomes (EXO-motifs) and lipid rafts (RAFT-motifs) that are enriched in exosomal membranes. These interactions can promote selective RNA loading into exosomes. We quantified the affinity between RNA aptamers containing various EXO- and RAFT-motifs and membrane lipid rafts in a liposome model of exosomes by determining the dissociation constants. Analysis of the secondary structure of RNA molecules provided data about the possible location of EXO- and RAFT-motifs within the RNA structure. The affinity of RNAs containing RAFT-motifs (UUGU, UCCC, CUCC, CCCU) and some EXO-motifs (CCCU, UCCU) to rafted liposomes is higher in comparison to aptamers without these motifs, suggesting direct RNA-exosome interaction. We have confirmed these results through the determination of the dissociation constant values of exosome-RNA aptamer complexes. RNAs containing EXO-motifs GGAG or UGAG have substantially lower affinity to lipid rafts, suggesting indirect RNA-exosome interaction via RNA binding proteins. Bioinformatics analysis revealed RNA aptamers containing both raft- and miRNA-binding motifs and involvement of raft-binding motifs UCCCU and CUCCC. A strategy is proposed for using functional RNA aptamers (fRNAa) containing both RAFT-motif and a therapeutic motif (e.g., miRNA inhibitor) to selectively introduce RNAs into exosomes for fRNAa delivery to target cells for personalized therapy.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "RAFT"

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Fleet, Reda. "RAFT mediated polysaccharide copolymers." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/1025.

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Suwattana, Siripan. "Biodegradable polymers via RAFT." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.549765.

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This research has shown that biodegradable monomer (5,6-benzo-2- methylene-1,3-dioxepane) (BMOO) can be achieved. Also its homo-and-eo- polymerisation can be successfully realised via RAFT and ROP polymerisation techniques. BMOO was synthesised with the modification via the dehydrobrornination of 5,6-benzo-2-(bromomethyl)-1,3-dioxepane in a good yield (95% yields). The homopolymerisation of BMOO were designed to produce a target OP of 200 via living "polymerisation" and complete ring-opening polymerisation. A narrow POI (1.09) and an M n= 4,697 g mol' were observed after 24 hours for the reaction in the presence of the CT A(MCPDB)' The copolymerisation of MMA and BMOO in the presence of the CT A(CPDB) gave better control over the polymerisation than that achieved using the CT A(MCPDB) and the CTA(ETSPE), at 120 "C. A narrow POI (1.36) and an Mn= 16,662 g mol' were observed after 24 hours. The copolymer was shown to be results of a combination of 1,2-addition polymerisation and of ring-opening copolymerisation. The reactivity ratio of the monomers was calculated using the Kelen- Tudos method (rMMA= 1.12 and rBMDO= 0.43). The copolymerisation of styrene with BMOO in the presence of the CTA(cPDB) gave the better control than that given by the CT A(MCPDB) and the CTA(ETSPE), at 120aC (Sty:BMOO, with an initial feed of 33%:67%). A narrow POI (1.18) and M n= 9,684 g rnol' were obtained after 24 hours. The % ratio of BMOO that was incorporated into the final polymeric chain was Sty:BMOO= 64.3%:35.7% and the copolymer was formed from ring-opening polymerisation only. The reactivity ratio of the monomers was calculated using the Kelen-TOdos method (rsty= 2',56 and rBMDO= 0.64). NMR, FTIR and UVlVis spectroscopy provided further evidence that the final polymers were the product of a ring-opening polymerisation. As required, thermal analysis techniques were used to ascertain the consequences of the copolymerisation, with respect to thermal consequences (decomposition) and compositional features.
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Antus, Joakim. "Reaching Consensus Using Raft." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för informationsteknologi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-301332.

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This thesis project implements and evaluates log replication using the Raft consensus algorithm. Raft presents a new and easier to understand consensus protocol for log replication in a distributed system. This thesis aims to evaluate the correctness and robustness of Raft by implementing a scalable system that is easy to maintain and test for further development. This thesis gives an in-depth description of Raft as well as a detailed explanation of the implemented system together with an evaluation of the system performance with focus on correctness.
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Zong, Mengmeng. "RAFT polymerisation in supercritical CO2." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.537644.

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Nozari, Samira. "Towards understanding RAFT aqueous heterophase polymerization." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2005. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2005/580/.

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Reversible addition-fragmentation transfer (RAFT) was used as a controlling technique for studying the aqueous heterophase polymerization. The polymerization rates obtained by calorimetric investigation of ab initio emulsion polymerization of styrene revealed the strong influence of the type and combination of the RAFT agent and initiator on the polymerization rate and its profile. The studies in all-glass reactors on the evolution of the characteristic data such as average molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, and average particle size during the polymerization revealed the importance of the peculiarities of the heterophase system such as compartmentalization, swelling, and phase transfer. These results illustrated the important role of the water solubility of the initiator in determining the main loci of polymerization and the crucial role of the hydrophobicity of the RAFT agent for efficient transportation to the polymer particles. For an optimum control during ab-initio batch heterophase polymerization of styrene with RAFT, the RAFT agent must have certain hydrophilicity and the initiator must be water soluble in order to minimize reactions in the monomer phase. An analytical method was developed for the quantitative measurements of the sorption of the RAFT agents to the polymer particles based on the absorption of the visible light by the RAFT agent. Polymer nanoparticles, temperature, and stirring were employed to simulate the conditions of a typical aqueous heterophase polymerization system. The results confirmed the role of the hydrophilicity of the RAFT agent on the effectiveness of the control due to its fast transportation to the polymer particles during the initial period of polymerization after particle nucleation. As the presence of the polymer particles were essential for the transportation of the RAFT agents into the polymer dispersion, it was concluded that in an ab initio emulsion polymerization the transport of the hydrophobic RAFT agent only takes place after the nucleation and formation of the polymer particles. While the polymerization proceeds and the particles grow the rate of the transportation of the RAFT agent increases with conversion until the free monomer phase disappears.

The degradation of the RAFT agent by addition of KPS initiator revealed unambigueous evidence on the mechanism of entry in heterophase polymerization. These results showed that even extremely hydrophilic primary radicals, such as sulfate ion radical stemming from the KPS initiator, can enter the polymer particles without necessarily having propagated and reached a certain chain length. Moreover, these results recommend the employment of azo-initiators instead of persulfates for the application in seeded heterophase polymerization with RAFT agents.

The significant slower rate of transportation of the RAFT agent to the polymer particles when its solvent (styrene) was replaced with a more hydrophilic monomer (methyl methacrylate) lead to the conclusion that a complicated cooperative and competitive interplay of solubility parameters and interaction parameter with the particles exist, determining an effective transportation of the organic molecules to the polymer particles through the aqueous phase. The choice of proper solutions of even the most hydrophobic organic molecules can provide the opportunity of their sorption into the polymer particles. Examples to support this idea were given by loading the extremely stiff fluorescent molecule, pentacene, and very hydrophobic dye, Sudan IV, into the polymer particles.

Finally, the first application of RAFT at room temperature heterophase polymerization is reported. The results show that the RAFT process is effective at ambient temperature; however, the rate of fragmentation is significantly slower. The elevation of the reaction temperature in the presence of the RAFT agent resulted in faster polymerization and higher molar mass, suggesting that the fragmentation rate coefficient and its dependence on the temperature is responsible for the observed retardation.
Um neue Materialien mit außergewöhnlichen Eigenschaften zu erstellen, muss man in der Lage sein, die Struktur der Moleküle zu kontrollieren, aus denen die Materialien bestehen. Für das Maßschneidern solcher neuer Eigenschaften besitzen Polymere ein großes Potenzial: Dies sind sehr lange Moleküle, die aus einer großen Zahl von kleineren Einheiten aufgebaut sind. Proteine und DNS sind Beispiele für natürliche Polymere; Plastik und Gummi sind Beispiele für künstliche Polymere. Letztere werden üblicherweise durch das Zusammenfügen einer Reihe von kleineren Molekülen, den Monomeren, hergestellt. Schon lange versuchen Wissenschaftler, die Anordnung, Anzahl und Art dieser Monomere zu kontrollieren, die sich in der Struktur der Polymermoleküle widerspiegeln. Die gebräuchlichste Methode zur kommerziellen Produktion von Polymeren ist die so genannte freie radikalische Polymerisation. Die Strukturkontrolle durch diese Methode ist jedoch relativ schwierig und wurde maßgeblich erst im letzten Jahrzehnt entwickelt. Trotz der Existenz einiger effektiver Kontrollmethoden ist ihre industrielle Anwendung bislang sehr beschränkt, weil sie nicht für die Emulsionspolymerisation verwendbar sind. Die Emulsionspolymerisation ist die gängigste Technik in der industriellen Produktion von Polymeren. Es handelt sich dabei um ein vergleichsweise umweltfreundliches Verfahren, denn es werden keine organischen Lösungsmittel verwendet. Stattdessen dient Wasser als Lösungsmittel, in dem die Polymere in Form von kleinen, fein verteilten Partikeln vorliegen. In der Natur kommt dieses Prinzip beispielsweise in Pflanzen bei der Bildung von Kautschuk - allgemein als Latex bezeichnet - vor. Schließlich ist die Emulsionspolymerisation einfach durchzuführen: Das Produkt ist in vielen Fällen gebrauchsfertig, und es gibt viele technische Vorteile im Vergleich zu anderen Herstellungsprozessen.

Doch bevor die Probleme beim Einsatz von Kontrollmethoden in der Emulsionspolymerisation gelöst werden können, müssen erst ihre Ursachen geklärt werden. Dies ist eine unverzichtbare Vorraussetzung zum Übertragen von Forschungsergebnissen auf das tägliche Leben.

Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Untersuchung der Probleme, die für die kontrollierte radikalische Polymerisation in Emulsion von Bedeutung sind. Die wichtigste Fragestellung in der Emulsionspolymerisation zielt auf die Löslichkeit der Reaktionskomponenten in den verschiedenen Phasen, wie z.B. in Wasser oder in den Polymerpartikeln. Die Kontrollmethode der Wahl für diese Arbeit ist "Reversibler Additions-Fragmentierungs Transfer" (RAFT). Die RAFT-Methode ist die modernste Kontrollmethode, und sie ist für viele Reaktionsbedingungen und viele Arten von Monomeren anwendbar.
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Conrad, Cathrin Sonja. "Polybutadien und Butadien enthaltende Copolymere mit gezielt eingebauten vulkanisierbaren Gruppen durch RAFT-Polymerisation." Doctoral thesis, Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0022-5E9E-D.

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Die RAFT-Polymerisation ("Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer") ist eine radikalische Polymerisation, die auf dem Prinzip des degenerativen Kettentransfers basiert. Es können Polymere hergestellt werden, die eine niedrige Dispersität aufweisen und komplexe makromolekulare Strukturen ausbilden. Für die Funktionalisierung von Polymerketten bietet sich die RAFT-Polymerisation ebenfalls an, da idealerweise jede auf diese Art hergestellte Polymerkette eine RAFT-Einheit trägt und so eine vollständige Funktionalisierung gewährleistet ist. Im Fokus dieser Arbeit stand die Funktionalisierung von Polybutadien und 1,3-Butadien enthaltenden Copolymeren mit gezielt eingebauten schwefelhaltigen Gruppen. Dabei wurden zwei verschiedene Ansätze verfolgt: Die α,ω-Funktionalisierung der Polymerketten mittels modifizierter RAFT-Agenzien sowie eine Funktionalisierung entlang der Polymerkette mit Hilfe von speziellen Monomeren. Da diese Polymere in technischen Anwendungen Verwendung finden sollen, standen einfache Synthesen, die sich gut auf den Technikums- und Industriemaßstab übertragen lassen, im Vordergrund. Da es sich bei der RAFT-Einheit auch um eine schwefelhaltige Gruppe handelt, wurden Strategien zur Funktionalisierung der Abgangsgruppe erarbeitet und experimentell untersucht, um so ein α,ω-funktionalisiertes Polymer zu erhalten. Neben klassischen RAFT-Agenzien wurden auch neuartige Makro-RAFT-Agenzien verwendet, bei denen die schwefelhaltige Gruppe während einer Polymerisation in situ angebunden wird. Darüber hinaus konnten erfolgreich Monomere synthetisiert werden, die wegen ihrer styrolähnlichen Struktur und der Ähnlichkeit der Monomere Styrol und 1,3-Butadien in ihrem Polymerisationsverhalten gut mit 1,3-Butadien copolymerisieren und dabei die schwefelhaltige Gruppe entlang der Polymerkette einbauen. Das Hauptaugenmerk weiterer Untersuchungen lag auf den Copolymerisationseigenschaften der Monomere. Dazu wurden umfangreiche Untersuchungen mit Styrol als Modellsystem für 1,3-Butadien durchgeführt und die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse in einer Copolymerisation der funktionalisierten Monomere mit 1,3-Butadien verifiziert. Es konnte weiterhin gezeigt werden, dass sich schaltbare RAFT-Agenzien für die Synthese von Poly(butadien)-block-poly(vinylacetat) eignen, obwohl es sich um zwei Monomere mit stark unterschiedlichen elektronischen Eigenschaften handelt, die in einer konventionellen radikalischen Polymerisation kein Copolymer bilden würden. Aufgrund der Ähnlichkeit der Monomere Vinylacetat und Ethylen eröffnet dies neue Wege in der kontrollierten radikalischen Polymerisation von Polybutadien-block-polyethylen und erweitert so das Spektrum der unpolaren Monomere in der RAFT-Polymerisation zur Herstellung von Blockcopolymeren.
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Gemici, Hesna. "Water soluble polymers by RAFT polymerisation." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.507717.

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Bray, Caroline. "Aqueous RAFT polymerisation of acrylamide monomers." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2018. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/111296/.

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The challenge of this project was to control the polymerisation of acrylamide monomers, particularly sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonate (Lubrizol trademark, AMPS®2405), via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerisation in aqueous solution. AMPS® based polymers are employed in a wide range of applications (e.g. medical, paint, oil recovery and water treatment), and are typically obtained via conventional radical polymerisation. Here, the use of the RAFT process to control the polymerisation of AMPS®2405 was reported, and well-defined polymeric architectures were obtained compared to materials obtained via free radical polymerisation (FRP). The chain transfer agent (CTA) of choice for this project was initially DDMAT (CTA-A, Z-group is C12H25), and a water soluble CTA synthesised by the Lubrizol corporation (USA) in tonne-scale. DDMAT is known to form aggregates in water ([CAC]DDMAT =0.005 M) and this is likely to disrupt the RAFT mechanism and consequently diminish the control over the polymerisation. To overcome this problem a chain transfer agent with a shorter alkyl chain (BDMAT, Z-group is C4H9) was used for comparison with DDMAT. The polymerisation of AMPS®2405 monomer was optimised, as discussed in CHAPTER 2, in aqueous solution using either DDMAT or BDMAT as a chain transfer agent. These conditions were found to be universal to other water soluble acrylamide monomers (N,N-dimethylacrylamide, N-hydroxyethyl acrylamide and 4-acryloylmorpholine). More complex architectures were designed, as described in CHAPTER 3, exploiting the high chain end fidelity and chain extensions. A small library of diblock copolymers using various comonomers (N,N-dimethylacrylamide, N-hydroxyethyl acrylamide, 4-acryloylmorpholine, acrylic acid and acrylamide) were first synthesised. The synthesis of star polymers using the arm first approach was further studied, and well-defined multiblock star copolymers were obtained by RAFT polymerisation. These structures synthesised were characterised, as discussed in CHAPTER 4, using diverse techniques (e.g. SAXS, DLS, SEC with triple detection and AFM). While copolymers prepared from AMPS®2405 can be used in numerous applications, the focus of this thesis, as discussed in CHAPTER 5, was to study their benefit as heparin-mimicking polymers.
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Elnakat, Hala. "Regulation of Folate Receptor Raft Recycling." University of Toledo Health Science Campus / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=mco1174569209.

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Pflughaupt, Robin L. "In pursuit of RAFT-functional polyethylene : exploration of a novel class of Sn-RAFT agents and the preparation and application of RAFT-functional polyethylene-like poly(ω-pentadecalactone)." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2014. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/64038/.

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This work explores the preparation of Reversible Addition-Fragmentation chain-Transfer (RAFT)-functional polyethylene (PE). Challenges in developing methods to control the polymerization of primary radicals and prepare functional polyethylene are significant. Modest control over ethylene polymerization demonstrated via F-RAFT polymerization inspired our interest in RAFT agent design and we envisaged that metallo-RAFT agents could present different reactivities towards primary radicals. Considering the challenge of attempting to develop chemistry for the controlled radical polymerization of primary radicals, preparation of RAFT-functional polyethylene-like poly(ω-pentadecalactone) (PPDL) was also investigated. We envisaged the preparation of RAFT-functional PPDL to be more convenient than reported strategies to prepare functional polyethylene all whilst being a “green” alternative to PE that may be suitable for some applications. Chapter 1 discusses challenges in preparing functional polyethylene via controlled radical polymerization techniques. Furthermore, metallo-RAFT chemistry and the ring-opening polymerization of macrocyclic esters are reviewed. Chapter 2 describes the synthesis of PPDL via enzymatic ring-opening polymerization (eROP). Using a bifunctional initiator appropriate for the RAFT polymerization of acrylic and styrenic monomers, RAFT-functional poly(ω-pentadecalactone) was prepared. Furthermore, chain extension of the macro-chain-transfer agent was utilized to prepare acrylic and styrenic block copolymers of PPDL. To our knowledge, this is the first preparation of block copolymers of poly(ω-pentadecalactone) via a combination of eROP and RAFT polymerization techniques. Chapter 3 describes the large scale synthesis and characterization of a selection of acrylic block copolymers of PPDL suitable for fuels applications. Furthermore, the fuels testing of these copolymers for cold flow applications is described. In general, all block copolymers of PPDL, in particular poly(ω-pentadecalactone)-b-poly(isodecyl acrylate) improved the cold flow performance of various diesel fuels. Chapter 4 reports the synthesis of Sn-RAFT agents and their subsequent use in the controlled radical polymerization of several vinylic monomers. Chapter 5 summarizes the findings in chapters 2 – 4 and Chapter 6 communicates the associated experimental data.
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Books on the topic "RAFT"

1

Baxter, Stephen. Raft. London: Grafton Books, 1991.

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Lewis, Ruark. Raft. Hannover: Sprengel Museum, 2001.

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Raft. Ormond, Vic: Hybrid Publishers, 2009.

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Saramago, José. Stone raft. London: Harvill, 1994.

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ill, Flesher Vivienne, ed. Lullaby raft. New York: Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers, 1996.

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Morgan, Alison. The raft. London: Blackie Children's Book, 1988.

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Trumbull, Robert. The raft. Annapolis, Md: Naval Institute Press, 1992.

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Yablonsky, Lewis. George Raft. San Francisco: Mercury House, 1989.

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Haskell, Bess C. The raft. [Falmouth, ME]: Kennebec River Press, 1988.

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M, Lockhart Barbara, ed. Rambling raft. Centreville, Md: Tidewater Publishers, 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "RAFT"

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Gooch, Jan W. "RAFT." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 607. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_9743.

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Buehl, Doug. "Raft." In Classroom Strategies for Interactive Learning, 173–76. 4th ed. New York: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781032680842-37.

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Kabayama, Kazuya, Hisao Kojima, and Yusuke Suzuki. "Glycolipid Raft." In Glycoscience: Biology and Medicine, 1–4. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54836-2_80-1.

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Kasahara, Kohji. "Raft Signaling." In Glycoscience: Biology and Medicine, 1–6. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54836-2_81-1.

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Kabayama, Kazuya, Hisao Kojima, and Yusuke Suzuki. "Glycolipid Raft." In Glycoscience: Biology and Medicine, 1181–84. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54841-6_80.

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Kasahara, Kohji. "Raft Signaling." In Glycoscience: Biology and Medicine, 1185–90. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54841-6_81.

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George Parsons, Kimberly S., and Shiyong Wu. "Lipid Raft." In Encyclopedia of Cancer, 1–4. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27841-9_3375-7.

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Quemener, Damien. "RAFT Chemistry." In Encyclopedia of Membranes, 1708–10. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44324-8_2100.

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George Parsons, Kimberly S., and Shiyong Wu. "Lipid Raft." In Encyclopedia of Cancer, 2510–13. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46875-3_3375.

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Quemener, Damien. "RAFT Chemistry." In Encyclopedia of Membranes, 1–2. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40872-4_2100-1.

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Conference papers on the topic "RAFT"

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Wang, Xinxin, Fenfang Zhao, Yanli Tang, Liuyi Huang, Rong Wan, and Hui Cheng. "Numerical Analysis of Submersible Mussel Raft for Exposed Marine Environment." In ASME 2017 36th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2017-61682.

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To study the hydrodynamic characteristics of the submersible mussel raft in waves and currents, the numerical model of the submersible raft was established based on the finite element method and kinematics theory. The finite element program Aqua-FE™ was applied to simulate the impacts of waves and currents on the hydrodynamic responses of the surface and submerged rafts, respectively. Morison Equation was applied to compute the tension of the mooring lines. Apart from the wave condition, the flow has a significant effect on the mooring line tension of the submersible raft. The submerged raft is useful for reducing the mooring loads. The submergence depth of the mussel raft can be adjusted depending on the marine environment. The results show that the submerged raft wave response was found to be reduced relative to the surface raft. The vertical motion of mussel rope connection points was significantly reduced by submergence, resulting in reduced potential for mussel drop-off. Compared the performance of the submerged raft in the same condition, the motion amplitude of the framework of the raft decreased significantly while increasing the submergence depth. At the same period, the trend of the decrease followed by levelling off with an increasing wave height. However, the submergence depth had no significant effect on the mooring line tension.
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Mak, Lawrence, Andrew Kuczora, Michel B. DuCharme, James Boone, Rob Brown, Brian Farnworth, Kerri-Ann Evely, Fabien A. Basset, and Scott MacKinnon. "Assessment of Thermal Protection of Life Rafts in Passenger Vessel Abandonment Situations." In ASME 2008 27th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2008-57398.

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Inflatable life rafts are currently used on almost all passenger, fishing and commercial vessels, and offshore oil installations. Worldwide, life rafts are the primary evacuation system from fishing vessels with relatively small crews to large Roll on/Roll off passenger vessels with over a thousand passengers and crew. While International Maritime Organization (IMO) standards currently require inflatable life raft components to “provide insulation” or “be sufficiently insulated”, there are no performance criteria for these requirements (IMO, 1996). In a passenger ship abandonment situation in cold water, passengers may be wearing very little personal protective clothing. Therefore, life rafts provide the only significant thermal protection against the cold ocean environment while they await rescue. Manufacturers equip life rafts with an insulated floor to reduce heat loss from direct contact with the cold ocean water. The insulation provided is critically important for life raft occupants who have little protective clothing. The heat loss of unprotected persons is drastically increased if there is a layer of water on the floor as would likely be the case when someone climbs into the life raft from the ocean or if water is splashed into the life raft in heavy weather. Experiments were conducted in mild cold (16°C water temperature and 19°C air temperature) and cold conditions (5°C water temperature and 5°C air temperature) to assess the thermal protection of a 16-person, Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) approved, commercially available life raft. This paper presents results in the mild cold condition only. It has been found that the wave height effect may be ignored as a first approximation to reduce the number of environmental variables because the results demonstrated that wave height effect is less important with leeway. Heat conductance decreases considerably with floor inflation. Heat conductance is about the same with floor inflated 50% and 100%. The CO2 concentration in the 11-person test exceeded 5000 ppm in less than an hour inside the life raft, with closed canopy and no active ventilation. This hostile microclimate inside the life raft suggests that active ventilation at a known rate is required to keep the CO2 level at a safe controlled level when longer duration tests are to be conducted in the future. Wet clothing has a significant effect on occupant heat loss.
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Manukovskiy, Andrey, A. Rubanov, and N. Nedovesov. "INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF WATER TRANSPORT OF THE FOREST TO INCREASE THE HYDRODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF THE RAFT." In Modern machines, equipment and IT solutions for industrial complex: theory and practice. FSBE Institution of Higher Education Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/mmeitsic2021_80-85.

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Of all the known modern types of water transport of the forest, the most promising is timber rafting, which, when used, has both positive and negative properties. Negative indicators include such indicators as: seasonality of work, since use in the winter period is impossible, loss of wood when unloading logs onto water and a raft, large dimensions, complexity of management, the need to unload a raft when unloading it. Passes through non-standard sections of the river bed and subsequent formations, special requirements for the dimensions of the waterway, speed limits and others. One of the most acute problems caused by huge hydrodynamic resistance to movement, which increases with an increase in towing speed, is the limitation of the speed of movement of the raft in the water area. In this regard, the maximum speed of the raft in calm weather reaches no more than 1 1.2 m / s, while two or more powerful tugs are involved. The limited time frame for rafting on wooden rafts is due to the flood period during the spring floods and floods, and they have fallen on hard times. Increasing the raft’s allowable towing speed will shorten the raft’s transport time. A decrease in hydrodynamic resistance when the raft is moving will increase the maximum allowable speed of its towing, which will have a positive effect on the efficiency of timber rafting. Based on the analysis of existing known designs of modern rafts, as well as methods of influencing the reduction of hydrodynamic resistance in the field of shipbuilding, a number of methods have been proposed for reducing the hydrodynamic resistance to the movement of the raft. Methods of reducing the resistance to the movement of the raft by changing the features of its formation by placing separate sections or beams in the streamlined material, the introduction of hydrodynamic fairings are considered. The proposed methods for reducing the hydrodynamic resistance can significantly increase the efficiency of timber rafting.
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Mak, Lawrence, Andrew Kuczora, and Antonio Simo˜es Re´. "An Empirical Method for the Estimation of Towing Resistance of a Life Raft in Various Sea States." In ASME 2007 26th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2007-29059.

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Current IMO regulations require life rafts to be tow tested only in calm water. In real evacuation situations, life rafts are deployed in the prevailing environmental conditions, with wind and waves. Added wave resistance is small at low wave heights but increases nonlinearly with increased wave height. If life rafts are to be towed in moderate seas (up to 4 m significant wave height), tow force estimates based only on calm water tow resistance become less reliable. Tow patches, towline, towing craft etc. also need to be designed to withstand dynamic wave loading in addition to mean load. Therefore, mean tow force, tow force variation and maximum tow force are important. A full-scale 16-person, commercially available, SOLAS approved life raft was towed in the tank, in upwind, head seas with significant wave height of 0.5 m. The measured tow force showed that it could be treated as a linear system with wave amplitude, by demonstrating that tow force is mainly inertial and follows a Rayleigh distribution. Therefore, extreme-value statistics used for waves can be applied to developing equations for predicting tow force. A method is proposed to predict life raft tow force at different tow speeds and in various sea states, with waves and wind. The method involved using tank experiments to obtain tow force response for one sea state. The information can then be used to predict life raft tow force in wind and waves for different sea states. Three equations are proposed to demonstrate that a simple tank experiment could provide valuable information necessary to empirically estimate the mean tow force, tow force variation and maximum tow force for a specific life raft in different sea states. The equations are developed for upwind, head seas. These equations were extensively validated using tow force measured in the tank. They were partially validated with limited sea trial data, by towing the same 16-person life raft and a 42-person life raft in upwind, head seas with significant wave height of 1.3 m. The equations were able to predict maximum tow forces to within 15% of the measured.
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Quiané-Ruiz, Jorge-Arnulfo, Christoph Pinkel, Jörg Schad, and Jens Dittrich. "RAFT at work." In the 2011 international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1989323.1989460.

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Howard, Heidi, and Richard Mortier. "Paxos vs Raft." In EuroSys '20: Fifteenth EuroSys Conference 2020. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3380787.3393681.

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Cao Van, Hoa, and Tuan Nguyen Anh. "Establishing a Graphical Method for Calculation of Raft Thickness in Piled Raft, Pile Group and Raft Foundation." In 2020 3rd International Conference on Information and Computer Technologies (ICICT). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icict50521.2020.00056.

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MOON, JOON SHIK, and WOOJEONG PARK. "Analysis of Piled Raft Foundation Behavior Considering Raft Pile Soil Interaction." In International Conference on Advances in Civil, Structural and Mechanical Engineering - ACSM 2015. Institute of Research Engineers and Doctors, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15224/978-1-63248-039-2-27.

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Poulos, Harry G. "Piled Raft and Compensated Piled Raft Foundations for Soft Soil Sites." In Geo-Frontiers Congress 2005. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40772(170)2.

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Xu, Zichen, Christopher Stewart, and Jiacheng Huang. "Elastic, geo-distributed RAFT." In IWQoS '19: IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Quality of Service. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3326285.3329046.

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Reports on the topic "RAFT"

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Ogden, Kimberly, Daniel Anderson, Shay Simpson, Wayne Van Voorheis, Judith Brown, Michael Huesemann, Murat Kacira, RIchard Skaggs, and Peter Waller. Regional Algal Feedstock Testebed (RAFT) Final Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1492217.

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Cender, Clinton, Catherine Thomas, Benjamin Greeling, Bradley Sartain, Ashley Gonzalez, and Martin Page. Pilot-scale optimization : Research on Algae Flotation Techniques (RAFT). Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), October 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/47722.

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The impacts of harmful algal blooms (HABs) on US national waterways continue to cause significant economic and environmental damage. Re-searchers at the US Army Engineer Research and Development Center successfully demonstrated the Research on Algae Flotation Techniques (RAFT) project at pilot scale. This study was designed to show that the sur-face concentrations of algal biomass can be effectively increased with near linear scalability utilizing the natural methods by which some algae entrap air within excreted mucilage for flotation. The surface concentration of cyanobacteria measured as phycocyanin pigment increased by six-fold after RAFT flocculation treatment. Further optimization of chemical delivery systems, mixing, and dissolved air exposure will be required before full scale readiness.
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Yang, Wei. Functional Proteomic Analysis of Lipid Raft Kinase Complexes. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada511273.

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Bentkowski, W. H., and T. J. Lewis. Heat Flux in the Raft Batholith, Central British Columbia. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/130181.

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Freiburger, R. M., L. C. Hull, and T. M. Clemo. Hydrothermal Injection Program: Raft River (KGRA) Idaho, 1982 test data index. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5922682.

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Chilakapati, A. RAFT: A simulator for ReActive Flow and Transport of groundwater contaminants. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/527466.

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Glaspey, Douglas J. Final Technical Resource Confirmation Testing at the Raft River Geothermal Project, Cassia County, Idaho. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/922630.

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Im, K. H., R. K. Ahluwalia, and H. C. Lin. The RAFT computer code for calculating aerosol formation and transport in severe LWR (light-water reactor) accidents. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6128202.

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London, Jonathan. Vietnam’s Education System: How Coherent Is It for Learning? Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2023/131.

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The disappointing performance of education systems in developing countries in improving learning outcomes has spurred research aimed at establishing what features of education systems determine their effectiveness or failure in improving learning outcomes. There has been special interest in the challenge of making education systems more coherent for learning, i.e., developing systems in which accountability relations among stakeholders across key elements of education policy design support and sustain strong learning outcomes. In the emergent literature on the political economy of education, a great deal of attention has been directed at Vietnam, a lower-middle income country whose results on assessments of learning have been vastly higher than all other countries in its income group and have even surpassed learning assessment results of many OECD countries. This has led to a raft of research papers asking, “how did Vietnam do it?” Addressing this question, this paper explores Vietnam’s education system’s coherence for learning through an analysis of accountability relations across three key elements of education policy design — delegation, finance, and information. Our aim is to ascertain how features of these policy elements’ practice may variously support or undermine the Communist Party of Vietnam’s objective of promoting quality education and improved learning outcomes for all. The potentially surprising answer to the “how coherent” question posed in the title is, not really that much. Analysis finds that Vietnam’s education system remains weakly "coherent around learning" and is best understood as a “formal process compliant” system that, despite its many strengths, is nonetheless underperforming relative to its potential. The implications of this for efforts to enhance the system’s performance around learning are explored in brief.
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Thompson, Melinda Ann, Darren W. Meadows, Roger R. Rodriguez, Eric Robert MacFarlane, Adan Eduardo Ortega, and Gabriela Maria Lopez Escobedo. RANT Building Upgrade Pre-Proposal Meeting. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1373525.

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