Journal articles: 'Raffinose oligosaccharides'

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Švejstil, R., Š. Musilová, and V. Rada. "Raffinose-Series Oligosaccharides in Soybean Products." Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica 46, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sab-2015-0019.

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Abstract Soybean foods forming a substantial part of Asian diet have still more expanded into European diet. Raffinose-series oligosaccharides (RSO) are important constituents of soya beans and they can be found also in soybean products. These oligosaccharides can be considered potentially prebiotic for their capability of influencing the composition of the host’s intestinal microbiota. The aim of the present paper was to determine the oligosaccharide content in various soybean products. Enzymatic assay has been used for the determination of oligosaccharides. RSO have been found in all tested samples and their content varied from 0.66 g per 100 g in soybean beverage to 5.59 g per 100 g in first clear soybean flour. Generally, the highest content of RSO has been detected in soybean flour in the average amount of 4.83 g per 100 g. There was no statistically significant difference observed in the amount of oligosaccharides in all four types of soybean flour (P < 0.01). Considerably high amounts of RSO have been found in sweet soybean bars and textured soy protein. Foods as soybean flour and soybean bar ‘Sójový suk’ seem to be effective natural sources of prebiotic oligosaccharides for humans.

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Saini, HS, and JS Gladstones. "Variability in the total and component galactosyl sucrose oligosaccharides of Lupinus species." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 37, no. 2 (1986): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9860157.

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The oligosaccharide compositions of 33 lupin seed accessions and cultivars, from 10 species, are reported. Seed weights varied from 3.8 to 66.6 g/100 seeds. Total oligosaccharide content ranged from just under lo%, to almost 23% dry matter. In all cases the quantity of oligosaccharides (raffinose, stachyose and verbascose) was higher than that of disacharides (sucrose and melibiose). Verbascose ranged from 0.0 to 33.4% of total oligosaccharide content, and raffinose from 4.7 to 47.4%. Stachyose was the predominant and most constant sugar in majority of the seeds examined, the highest level (75%) being recorded in one line of L. hispanicus. The amounts of stachyose and verbascose, which are considered to be of major importance as 'flatus factors', were higher than those recorded for most established legume crops, although considerable variation was found between lupin species and some within a lupin species. Sufficient variability appears to be present within L. angustifolius in total oligosaccharides, and to a smaller extent in component saccharides [other than that apparently associated with existing domestication gene(s)] to warrant selection for improved saccharide composition as part of the breeding process.

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Horbowicz, Marcin, and Ralph L. Obendorf. "Seed desiccation tolerance and storability: Dependence on flatulence-producing oligosaccharides and cyclitols—review and survey." Seed Science Research 4, no. 4 (December 1994): 385–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960258500002440.

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AbstractStachyose, raffinose and related flatulence-producing oligosaccharides (α-galactosyl derivatives of sucrose) are associated with desiccation tolerance and storability of seed germplasm. Orthodox seeds of species with a sucrose-to-oligosaccharide ratio of <1.0 have storability half-viability periods >10 years while those >1.0 have a storability half-viability period <10 years. Seeds vary in their composition of oligosaccharides and some accumulate α-galactosyl derivatives of cyclitols. Known and proposed pathways for biosynthesis of soluble oligosaccharides, cyclitols and galactosyl derivatives of cyclitols are presented. Axes, cotyledons, embryos or seeds of 19 species in 7 families (all orthodox seeds) were analysed for sucrose, galactosyl derivatives of sucrose, cyclitols and galactosyl derivatives of cyclitols by high resolution gas chromatography. Sucrose and myo-inositol are universally present and galactinol is present in seeds accumulating stachyose series oligosaccharides. Seeds of some species of Leguminosae accumulate mostly stachyose series oligosaccharides, whereas seeds of other species accumulate varying levels of galactosyl derivatives of cyclitols in addition. Castor bean (Euphorbiaceae) seeds accumulate galactinol and buckwheat (Polygonaceae) embryos accumulate galacto-chiro-inositol instead of the stachyose series oligosaccharides. The mass ratio of sucrose:non-sucrose is related to storability and is applicable to seeds accumulating cyclitol derivatives. Galactinol and galacto-chiro-inositol are proposed to function in the same role as raffinose and stachyose in facilitating desiccation tolerance and storability.

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Gawłowska, M., L. Lahuta, W. Święcicki, and P. Krajewski. "Variability in the oligosaccharide concentration in seeds of the mapping population of pea (Pisum sativum L.)." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 50, No. 2 (June 12, 2014): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/116/2013-cjgpb.

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Anti-nutritional compounds are among the obstacles to the use of pea seeds as a protein source in both feed and food. These compounds are poorly digested by both monogastric animals and humans. There are three main oligosaccharides in pea: raffinose, stachyose and verbascose (raffinose family oligosaccharides – RFOs). The concentration of oligosaccharides in dry seeds, the oligosaccharide percent to the total content of soluble sugars and quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were analysed in the mapping population Wt10245 × Wt11238. The composition and concentration of soluble carbohydrates in seeds harvested from two field experiments (2002 and 2004) were analysed by the high resolution gas chromatography method. The Wt10245 × Wt11238 population was chosen because of the greater difference in the concentration of RFOs in seeds between parental lines (56.48 mg/g seed in Wt10245 and 99.1 mg/g seed in Wt11238). The average levels of oligosaccharides (mg/g seed) from both field experiments in the mapping population were: myo-inositol 1.5, sucrose 33.3, galactinol 0.8, raffinose 9.6, stachyose 30.1, verbascose 37.1. The total oligosaccharide concentration was 76.8 mg/g seed. This comprised anaverage of 68% soluble sugars, with the range from 59% to 75%. There was no interaction between lines and years of experiments (significance of lines × year interaction, F statistic > 0.01). One main quantitative trait locus was found for both experiments in LG VA (the tl-r interval) and three additional: in LG I (five traits 2002 and 2004 near afp1k), LG II (two traits 2002 near afp15h) and LG IIIB (five traits 2004 and 2002 near afp4i and M16). The main QTL was responsible for the level of RFOs and the total soluble sugar concentration in seeds. The results are in agreement with the knowledge of RFO biosynthesis. This makes selection for changes in the proportion of the particular oligosaccharides difficult, like in Phaseolus. However, it is possible to decrease the RFO content in pea seeds. The linkage between QTL and the gene r is interesting. The rugosus (r) locus changes the morphology and distribution of starch grains, decreases the total starch accumulation, produces a higher ratio of amylose to amylopectin and higher sugar and water content during development along with changes in cell size and lipid content.

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Daud, Muhammad, Wiranda G. Piliang, Komang G. Wiryawan, and Agus Setiyono. "Pengujian secara In Vitro Oligosakarida dari Ekstrak Tepung Buah Rumbia (Metroxylon sago Rottb.) sebagai Sumber Prebiotik." Jurnal Agripet 9, no. 2 (October 1, 2009): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17969/agripet.v9i2.627.

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In vitro analysis of oligosaccharide from extract rumbia fruit (Metroxylon sago Rottb.) as prebioticABSTRACT. Despite a range of commercially available oligosaccharides there is plenty of room to develop new, functionally enhanced prebiotics. current generation of oligosaccharides was not rationally developed. better understanding of factors determining the prebiotic activity of a particular oligosaccharide. Despite the range of commercially available oligosaccharides mixtures (mainly fructo and galacto-oligosaccharides), very few studies are focused on the mechanisms behind the prebiotic activity of particular oligosaccharides. Probably this lack is due to the unavailability of well characterized oligosaccharide fractions for prebiotic function assessment. The objectives of this research were to asses the ability of lactic acid bacteria in fermentation of oligosaccharide and as prebiotic (in vitro). Material used was oligosaccharide of purified rumbia fruit extract. Analysis of oligosaccharide as prebiotic was conducted in vitro using lactic acid bacteria. The lactic acid bacteria consisted Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium animalis, Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Lactobacillus casei Rhamnosus. The growth media for bacteria was a liquid MRS basic medium where glucose was substituted by oligosaccharide of purified rumbia fruit extract. Incubation was in aerob for Lactobacillus and anaerob for Bifidobacterium in incubator 37oC. The lactic acid bacteria was calculated 24-48 hours during incubation periode. The variables observed were: oligosaccharide component, ability of lactic acid bacteria in fermentation of oligosaccharide, and growth of lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium). The result showed that the oligosaccharide component from extract rumbia fruit consisted of: sucrose, stacchiose, and raffinose. The result showed that the oligosaccharide extract rumbia fruit was significantly (P0.05) the growth of lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium) and fermentation of oligosaccharide. It is concluded that oligosaccharide of rumbia fruit extract could be used as prebiotic.

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McPhee, Kevin E., Robert S. Zemetra, Jack Brown, and James R. Myers. "Genetic Analysis of the Raffinose Family Oligosaccharides in Common Bean." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 127, no. 3 (May 2002): 376–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.127.3.376.

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Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a nutritionally complete food, but contains antinutritional compounds that reduce digestibility. One group of compounds includes the raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) (raffinose, stachyose, and verbascose), which are partly responsible for flatulence after beans are eaten. RFOs stabilize cell membranes during seed desiccation and when the seed rehydrates during germination. While low levels of RFOs are desirable nutritionally, high levels may enhance germination and emergence, particularly in cold, wet soils. Eight landraces selected for high and low sucrose, raffinose, and stachyose content, were crossed in a diallel mating design to investigate genetic control of the RFOs. Derivatized soluble sugars were measured using gas-liquid chromatography. Fructose, sucrose, raffinose, and stachyose were detected. In the F1, fructose varied from 0.1 to 2.5 mg·g-1 dry weight (DW), sucrose from 17.2 to 56.5 mg·g-1 DW, raffinose from 0.1 to 4.1 mg·g-1 DW, and stachyose ranged from 7.6 to 43.7 mg·g-1 DW. Griffing's analysis estimates of general combining ability were on average, 16.5 times larger than specific combining ability for all the RFOs, indicating that additive genetic variance was most important. Significant reciprocal differences were detected in the F1 and F2, but not in the F3. RFO accumulation was partially dominant as indicated by Hayman's analysis. Narrow sense heritability averaged over F2 and F3 generations for sucrose, raffinose, stachyose, total sugar, and total oligosaccharides were 0.22, 0.54, 0.44, 0.17, and 0.27, respectively. Moderate heritabilities indicate that manipulation of RFO accumulation in this set of bean lines would probably need to be done on a progeny row basis with replication.

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Polowick, Patricia L., David S. Baliski, Cheryl Bock, Heather Ray, and Fawzy Georges. "Over-expression of α-galactosidase in pea seeds to reduce raffinose oligosaccharide contentThis paper is one of a selection of papers published in a Special Issue from the National Research Council of Canada – Plant Biotechnology Institute." Botany 87, no. 6 (June 2009): 526–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b09-020.

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The raffinose family of oligosaccharides (RFO) is a series of complex carbohydrates stored in seeds of many plant families, especially in legumes. The digestive system of nonruminant animals, including that of humans, cannot break down all of the chemical bonds in these carbohydrates; therefore, catabolism is achieved anaerobically by intestinal flora. The resulting digestive problems reduce acceptance and limit the widespread consumption of these otherwise nutritious seeds. To demonstrate a solution to this problem, transgenic lines of pea ( Pisum sativum L.) expressing the α-galactosidase gene from coffee ( Coffea arabica L.) were developed. Plants with a single copy of the inserted gene were selected, and two of these lines showed significant reductions of up to 40% in oligosaccharide content (raffinose, stachyose). Quantitative RT-PCR confirmed the presence of the α-galactosidase RNA in both leaves and cotyledons. Sugars were analyzed using whole seeds or only a portion of a seed; in the latter case, germination rates for each of the seeds analyzed were determined. The reduced raffinose contents did not affect germination rates, which remained very high (96%). The relative oligosaccharide contents of tissues within a seed also were determined; these were highest in the embryo axis, lower in the cotyledon and lowest in the seed coat.

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Andreeva, A. A., D. S. Bakhtina, V. V. Kirdyashkin, and R. Kh Kandrakov. "Effect of high-temperature IR radiation on the content of bean seed oligosaccharides." Khleboproducty 29, no. 11 (2020): 42–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.32462/0235-2508-2020-29-11-42-44.

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This article discusses the technology of pyrolysis of bean oligosaccharides when treated with infrared radiation. In the course of the work, the nature and strength of the beans was determined, as well as the content of oligosaccharides (raffinose and stachyose) before and after treatment with IR radiation.

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Lahuta, Lesław B. "Biosynthesis of raffinose family oligosaccharides and galactosyl pinitols in developing and maturing seeds of winter vetch (Vicia vlllosa Roth.)." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 75, no. 3 (2011): 219–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.2006.026.

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Changes in the accumulation of two types of α-D-galactosides: raffinose family oligosaccharides and galactosyl pinitols were compared with changes in the activities of galactosyltransferases during winter vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.) seed development and maturation. Occurrence of galactinol and raffinose in young seeds and changes in activities of galactinol synthase and raffinose synthase during seed development indicated that formation of raffinose oligosaccharides (RFOs) preceded synthesis of galactopinitols. Although transfer of galactose residues into raffinose oligosaccharides increased as seeds were maturing, at late stages of seed maturation the accumulation of galactopinitols was preferred to that of RFOs. In the present study, activities of enzymes transferring galactose moieties from galactinol to D-pinitol forming galactopinitol A, and further transfer of galactose moieties from galactinol to mono- and di-galactopinitol A were detected throughout seed development and maturation. This is a new observation, indicating biological potential of winter vetch seeds to synthesize mono-, di- and tri-galactosides of D-pinitol in a pathway similar to RFOs. The pattern of changes in activities of stachyose synthase and enzymes synthesizing galactopinitols (named galactopinitol A synthase and ciceritol synthase) suggests that formation of stachyose, mono- and di-galactopinitol A (ciceritol) is catalyzed by one enzyme. High correlation between activities of verbascose synthase and enzyme catalyzing synthesis of tri-galactopinitol A from galactinol and ciceritol (named tri-galactopinitol A synthase) also suggests that biosynthesis of both types of tri-galactosides was catalyzed by one enzyme, but distinct from stachyose synthase. Changes in concentrations of galactosyl acceptors (sucrose and D-pinitol) can be a factor which regulates splitting of galactose moieties between both types of galactosides in winter vetch seeds.

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Blöchl, Andreas, Thomas Peterbauer, Julia Hofmann, and Andreas Richter. "Enzymatic breakdown of raffinose oligosaccharides in pea seeds." Planta 228, no. 1 (March 12, 2008): 99–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00425-008-0722-4.

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Zartl, Barbara, Karina Silberbauer, Renate Loeppert, Helmut Viernstein, Werner Praznik, and Monika Mueller. "Fermentation of non-digestible raffinose family oligosaccharides and galactomannans by probiotics." Food & Function 9, no. 3 (2018): 1638–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7fo01887h.

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Ehara, Tatsuya, Hirohisa Izumi, Muneya Tsuda, Yuki Nakazato, Hiroshi Iwamoto, Kazuyoshi Namba, and Yasuhiro Takeda. "Combinational effects of prebiotic oligosaccharides on bifidobacterial growth and host gene expression in a simplified mixed culture model and neonatal mice." British Journal of Nutrition 116, no. 2 (May 20, 2016): 270–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114516001987.

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AbstractIt is important to provide formula-fed infants with a bifidobacteria-enriched gut microbiota similar to those of breastfed infants to ensure intestinal health. Prebiotics, such as certain oligosaccharides, are a useful solution to this problem, but the combinational benefits of these oligosaccharides have not been evaluated. This study investigated the benefits of oligosaccharide combinations and screened for an optimal combination of oligosaccharides to promote healthy gut microbiota of formula-fed infants. In vitro and in vivo experiments were performed to assess the bifidogenic effects of lactulose (LAC) alone and LAC combined with raffinose (RAF) and/or galacto-oligosaccharide (GOS), using a mixed culture model and neonatal mice orally administered with these oligosaccharides and Bifidobacterium breve. In the in vitro culture model, the combination of the three oligosaccharides (LAC–RAF–GOS) significantly increased cell numbers of B. breve and Bifidobacterium longum (P<0·05) compared with either LAC alone or the combination of two oligosaccharides, and resulted in the production of SCFA under anaerobic conditions. In the in vivo experiment, the LAC–RAF–GOS combination significantly increased cell numbers of B. breve and Bacteroidetes in the large intestinal content (P<0·05) and increased acetate concentrations in the caecal content and serum of neonatal mice. Genes related to metabolism and immune responses were differentially expressed in the liver and large intestine of mice administered with LAC–RAF–GOS. These results indicate a synergistic effect of the LAC–RAF–GOS combination on the growth of bifidobacteria and reveal possible benefits of this combination to the gut microbiota and health of infants.

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Obendorf, Ralph L. "Oligosaccharides and galactosyl cyclitols in seed desiccation tolerance." Seed Science Research 7, no. 2 (June 1997): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096025850000341x.

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AbstractSoluble carbohydrates are one of multiple components required for the acquisition of desiccation tolerance during seed development and maturation. Sucrose and the raffinose series of oligosaccharides have been extensively studied in relation to seed desiccation tolerance. These galactosyl sucrose oligosaccharides are present in viable tissues of many edible seeds, especially the legumes, and contribute to flatulence after ingestion. A reduction in oligosaccharides of the raffinose series is desired by nutritionists but, if present at less than a threshold level, this this may result in reduced desiccation tolerance and storability of seeds. Some seeds that have very low amounts of raffinose and stachyose accumulate galactosyl cyclitols and small amounts of free cyclitols. Galactosyl cyclitols present in various seeds include galactosyl or methyl derivatives of myo-inositol, D-pinitol, D-chiro-inositol, D-ononitol, and scyllo-inositol. Castor bean seeds accumulate galactinol and buck-wheat seeds accumulate fagopyritol in addition to sucrose. Fagopyritol accumulation is associated with the acquisition of desiccation tolerance in buckwheat seeds. The galactosyl sucrose and galactosyl cyclitol soluble carbohydrates in maturing seeds have been proposed to have various roles in desiccation tolerance including non-toxic and non-reducing forms of seed storage products and intracellular osmotic agents contributing to the structural stability of organelles, membranes, enzymes and proteins, other macromolecules, and the glassy state. Ether derivatives of cyclitols may form liquid crystals. Methyl ether derivatives of cyclitols may have roles as cryoprotectants, desiccation protectants, and hydroxyl radical scavengers.

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Piotrowicz-Cieślak, Agnieszka I., Dariusz J. Michalczyk, Barbara Adomas, and Ryszard J. Górecki. "Different effects of soil drought on soluble carbohydrates of developing Lupinus pilosus and Lupinus luteus embryos." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 76, no. 2 (2011): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.2007.015.

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The aim of this study was to compare the accumulation of soluble carbohydrates in embryos of two lupin species: cultivated Lupinus luteus (cv. Juno) and wild L. pilosus, developing on plants grown under normal soil humidity and soil drought. All analysed seeds accumulated soluble carbohydrates, including: monosaccharides, sucrose, cyclitols, galactosyl cyclitols and raffinose family oligosaccharides. Soil drought caused a nearly two-fold increase of soluble carbohydrate contents in both species. L. pilosus embryos however, responded to water deficiency by increasing the accumulation of cyclitols and galactosyl cyclitols, whereas L. luteus embryos enhanced accumulation of cyclitols and raffinose family oligosaccharides.

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Esensee, V., R. Remmele, C. Stushnoff, and M. McNeil. "ENDOGENOUS PRODUCTION OF RAFFINOSE FAMILY OLIGOSACCHARIDES INCREASES DURING THE FIRST STAGES OF COLD ACCLIMATION IN SEVERAL WOODY PLANTS." HortScience 27, no. 12 (December 1992): 1263a—1263. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.12.1263a.

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Woody plants can be induced to cold-acclimate by exposure to sublethal low temperatures, but only after the onset of vegetative maturity. We monitored seven woody plant taxa, at monthly intervals, to determine the date of vegetative maturity, freeze-killing temperature, cell membrane electrolyte leakage, and the quantity and diversity of endogenous oligosaccharides. The freeze-killing temperature changed from -5 to -7C before vegetative maturity to -15 to -20C after vegetative maturity. There was a 10-fold increase in raffinose and about a 3-fold increase in endogenous stachyose in samples that were cold-acclimated under controlled conditions. In field samples, endogenous raffinose increased from <0.02% in August to 2% to 11% in cortical stem tissues of all cold-acclimated taxa. The tetrasaccharide stachyose increased from <0.02% to 0.25% to 2.5% for similar comparisons. None of the other sugars or polyols showed similar, consistent patterns during the onset of cold acclimation. In response to low temperature, raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) have previously been shown to increase substantially in cabbage, soybean, kidney bean, and Chlorella. RFOs also possess high water-binding characteristics and tend to enhance aqueous glass transitions. Accordingly, we hypothesize that the endogenous production of these oligosaccharides may play an important role in metabolic events associated with cryoprotection of critical cellular functions during low-temperature stress.

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Rezende, Sebastião Tavares de, Valéria Monteze Guimarães, Marília de Castro Rodrigues, and Carlos Roberto Felix. "Purification and characterization of an alpha-galactosidase from Aspergillus fumigatus." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 48, no. 2 (March 2005): 195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132005000200005.

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Aspergillus fumigatus secreted invertase (beta-fructofuranosidase) and alpha-galactosidase enzymatic activities able to hydrolyzing raffinose oligosaccharides (RO). alpha-Galactosidase was induced by galactose, melibiose and raffinose, but galactose was the most efficient inducer. It was purified by gel filtration and two ion exchange chromatographies and showed Mw of 54.7 kDa. The purified enzyme showed maximal activity against p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-galactopyranoside (pNPGal) at pH 4.5-5.5 and 55 °C, and retained about 80% of the original activity after incubation for 90 minutes at 50ºC. The KM for pNPGal was 0.3 mM. Melibiose was hydrolyzed by the enzyme but raffinose was very poor substrate.

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Kunová, G., V. Rada, I. Lisová, Š. Ročková, and E. Vlková. "In vitro fermentability of prebiotic oligosaccharides by lactobacilli." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 29, Special Issue (January 4, 2012): S49—S54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/306/2011-cjfs.

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Twelve strains of lactobacilli were tested for their growth and ability to utilise six prebiotics (pure substances and commercially available prebiotics) as a sole carbon source. All strains showed a considerable growth on all prebiotics tested. Inulin was the best carbohydrate source for lactobacilli, followed by lactulose and raffinose. A massive increase of viable cells on commercial prebiotic mixtures (Vivinal, Oligomate 55, and Orafti P95) was also observed. Lysozyme susceptibility was assayed in 13 strains of lactobacilli. Eight out of 13 strains were completely resistant to the lysozyme concentration of 400 µg/ml, in the rest of the strains a slight delay of the exponential phase of the growth curves was observed. Lactobacilli tolerated lysozyme well and were able to utilise all prebiotics.

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Muzquiz, Mercedes, Carmen Burbano, Mercedes M. Pedrosa, Wojciech Folkman, and Krzysztof Gulewicz. "Lupins as a potential source of raffinose family oligosaccharides." Industrial Crops and Products 9, no. 3 (March 1999): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0926-6690(98)00030-2.

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Braun, Renate, and Felix Keller. "Vacuolar chain elongation of raffinose oligosaccharides in Ajuga reptans." Functional Plant Biology 27, no. 9 (2000): 743. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp99165.

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This paper originates from a presentation at the International Conference on Assimilate Transport and Partitioning, Newcastle, NSW, August 1999 Galactan : galactan galactosyltransferase (GGT) is the key enzyme responsible for the accumulation of long-chain raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs; α-D-galn(1,6) α-D-glc(1,2) β-D-fru) in Ajuga reptans L. leaves during autumn and winter. The exact subcellular location of GGT is not known and its elucidation was the aim of this paper. A method for the isolation of vacuoles from A. reptans mesophyll protoplasts was developed using a pH and osmotic shock to rupture the plasma membrane selectively. By comparing protoplasts with vacuoles, GGT was confirmed to be a vacuolar enzyme. By comparing vacuoles with tonoplast vesicles and cell sap fractions, GGT was further shown to reside in the cell sap and not in the tonoplast. These findings suggest the need for a tonoplast-bound mechanism for the transport of short-chain RFOs such as stachyose or raffinose into the vacuole for subsequent chain elongation.

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Piotrowicz-Cieślak, Agnieszka I., Pedro Macedonio Gracia-Lopez, and Krzysztof Gulewicz. "Cyclitols, galactosyl cyclitols and raffinose family oligosaccharides in Mexican wild lupin seeds." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 72, no. 2 (2011): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.2003.014.

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Ten to 16 ethanol-soluble carbohydrate components were identified in the seeds of six Mexican wild lupins. The analysed carbohydrates included: monosaccharides, disaccharides, cyclitols, galactosyl cyclitols and raffinose family oligosaccharides. Stachyose and sucrose were the main carbohydrate component in the Lupinus montanus, L. rotundiflorus, L. exaltatus, L. mexicanus and L. elegans seeds. Only trace quantities of verbascose were detected in Lupinus mexicanus seeds. The analysed seeds accumulated 38 to 78 mg/g d.m. carbohydrates. The raffinose family oligosaccharides constituted 41 to 85.2% of the identified carbohydrate component pool. The analysed Lupinus seeds contained 3 to 8 unidentified carbohydrate components.

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Anwar, Munir A., Slavko Kralj, Anna Villar Piqué, Hans Leemhuis, Marc J. E. C. van der Maarel, and Lubbert Dijkhuizen. "Inulin and levan synthesis by probiotic Lactobacillus gasseri strains: characterization of three novel fructansucrase enzymes and their fructan products." Microbiology 156, no. 4 (April 1, 2010): 1264–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.036616-0.

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Fructansucrase enzymes polymerize the fructose moiety of sucrose into levan or inulin fructans, with β(2-6) and β(2-1) linkages, respectively. Here, we report an evaluation of fructan synthesis in three Lactobacillus gasseri strains, identification of the fructansucrase-encoding genes and characterization of the recombinant proteins and fructan (oligosaccharide) products. High-performance anion-exchange chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of the fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) and polymers produced by the L. gasseri strains and the recombinant enzymes revealed that, in situ, L. gasseri strains DSM 20604 and 20077 synthesize inulin (and oligosaccharides) and levan products, respectively. L. gasseri DSM 20604 is only the second Lactobacillus strain shown to produce inulin polymer and FOS in situ, and is unique in its distribution of FOS synthesized, ranging from DP2 to DP13. The probiotic bacterium L. gasseri DSM 20243 did not produce any fructan, although we identified a fructansucrase-encoding gene in its genome sequence. Further studies showed that this L. gasseri DSM 20243 gene was prematurely terminated by a stop codon. Exchanging the stop codon for a glutamine codon resulted in a recombinant enzyme producing inulin and FOS. The three recombinant fructansucrase enzymes characterized from three different L. gasseri strains have very similar primary protein structures, yet synthesize different fructan products. An interesting feature of the L. gasseri strains is that they were unable to ferment raffinose, whereas their respective recombinant enzymes converted raffinose into fructan and FOS.

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Nakakuki, Teruo. "Present status and future of functional oligosaccharide development in Japan." Pure and Applied Chemistry 74, no. 7 (January 1, 2002): 1245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200274071245.

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Several oligosaccharides such as glycosylsucrose, fructo-oligosaccharides, malto-oligosaccharides, isomalto-oligosaccharides (branched-oligosaccharides), galacto-oligosaccharides, xylo-oligosaccharides, isomaltulose (palatinose), and lactosucrose have been produced on an industrial scale. Recent developments in industrial enzymology have made possible a series of new starch oligosaccharides such as β-1,6 linked gentio-oligosaccharides, α,α-1,1 linked trehalose, α-1,3 linked nigero-oligosaccharides, and branched-cyclodextrins. Some new sweeteners, including trehalose and nigero-oligosaccharides, are being developed as food ingredients with physiologically unique functions such as superoxide dismutase-like activity and immunological activity. Also, soybean oligosaccharides containing raffinose, stachyose, and other oligosaccharides mentioned above are now used in beverages, confectionery, bakery products, yogurts, daily products, and infant milk. In 1991, the Japanese government legislated for Foods for Specified Health Use (FOSHU). FOSHU increased the total to 223 items of which more than 50 % incorporate oligosaccharides as the functional components. Furthermore, the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare published the proposal for a new system named Foods with Health Claims (FHC), which was carried out in April 2002.

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Anino, Calvince, Arnold Onyango, Samuel Imathiu, and Julius Maina. "Effect of Lactic Acid Bacteria Starter Cultures on Vitamin and Oligosaccharide Composition of Milk Extracted from Three Common Bean (Phaselous Vulgaris L) Varieties." Journal of Food Research 8, no. 3 (May 7, 2019): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v8n3p103.

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Fermented foods have in recent times attracted consumer interest mainly due to perceived health benefits of probiotic microorganisms. This study characterized changes in the concentrations of selected B-complex vitamins and oligosaccharides of common bean milk during fermentation by a common dairy starter culture, YF L-903 (Streptococcus thermophilus + Lactobacillus Bulgaricus subs Debulgaricus), and three probiotic cultures namely ABT (Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 + Bifidobacterium animalis Bb-12 + Streptococcus thermophilus), Yoba (Lactobacillus rhamnosus yoba + Streptococcus thermophilus), and Yoba Fiti (Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR1 + Streptococcus thermophilus). Bean milk was prepared from three common bean varieties. It was found that, apart from thiamine (vitamin B1) and riboflavin (vitamin B2), fermentation with each of the mixed cultures caused significant increase in the vitamin B complex. Significant reductions (p<0.05) in the oligosaccharides concentration of the bean milks were observed upon fermentation. Highest reduction in the oligosaccharide sugars of 77.8% was found in milk from pinto bean variety fermented with ABT culture. These findings suggest that LAB probiotic cultures have a potential for improving biosynthesis of vitamins and removal of the verbascose, stachyose and raffinose oligosaccharides, thus making the product more digestible and the nutrients more bioavailable.

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Górecki, Ryszard J., Agnieszka Piotrowicz-Cieślak, and Ralph L. Obendorf. "Soluble sugars and flatulence-producing oligosaccharides in maturing yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus L.) seeds." Seed Science Research 7, no. 2 (June 1997): 185–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960258500003524.

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AbstractThe flatulence-producing soluble oligosaccharides are an important component of lupin seeds and were assayed to establish the pattern of their accumulation in relation to germinability during seed development and maturation. Maturing yellow lupin cv. Juno seeds were harvested at 5-day intervals from 15 to 45 days after flowering (DAF). Seed fresh mass increased to a maximum at 35 DAF followed by a decrease when axis and cotyledon tissues changed colour from green to yellow. Maximum seed fresh mass corresponded to the maximum seed size. Seed dry mass continuously increased until 40 DAF. About 75% of mature seed dry mass was in cotyledons, 22% in testa, and 3% in axis. Maximum seed germinability occurred at 45 DAF after maximum seed dry mass and desiccation. Maturing yellow lupin seeds were desiccation tolerant. Mature dry seeds contained 10.9% oligosaccharides and 1.5% sucrose. During seed growth stachyose accumulation preceded accumulation of raffinose and verbascose. The highest rate of oligosaccharide accumulation appeared during seed desiccation and correlated with the acquisition of the ability to germinate. The sucrose:oligosaccharide ratio continuously decreased reaching 0.13 in mature seeds. Accumulation of oligosaccharides in maturing yellow lupin seeds is associated with seed germinability and seed desiccation tolerance.

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Zalewski, Kazimierz, and Lesław B. Lahuta. "The metabolism of ageing seeds: changes in the raffinose family oligosaccharides during storage of field bean (Vicia faba var. minor Harz) seeds." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 67, no. 2 (2014): 193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1998.022.

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Seeds of field bean cv. Nadwiślański harvested in 1980, 1986 and 1992 were studied. Results of investigations showed that the four analysed sugars (saccharine, verbascose, raffinose and stachyose) made up from 60.1 mg of 1 g dry matter of seeds harvested in 1992 to 67 mg of seeds collected in 1986. After three years of storage in laboratory conditions we observed a decline of the amount of these oligosaccharides. The saccharose:raffinose family oligosaccharides ratio grows with the seed age.

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Piotrowicz-Cieślak, Agnieszka I., Irena Giełwanowska, Anna Bochenek, Paweł Loro, and Ryszard J. Górecki. "Carbohydrates in Colobanthus quitensis and Deschampsia antarctica." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 74, no. 3 (2011): 209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.2005.027.

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Eight to nineteen ethanol-soluble carbohydrate components were identified in vegetative tissues of Colobanthus quitensis and Deschampsia antarctica. The analysed carbohydrates included: monosaccharides, cyclitols, galactosyl cyclitols, raffinose family oligosaccharides, lichnose family oligosaccharides, kestose family oligosaccharides. The analysed vegetative tissues accumulated from 447 to 139 mg/g d.m. soluble carbohydrates in Colobanthus quitensis, Deschampsia antarctica respectively. The raffinose family oligosaccharides constituted 53.3% in Colobanthus quitensis of the identified soluble carbohydrate component pool. Vegetative tissues accumulated starch in Colobanthus quitensis 20.6 mg/g d.m. and 261.6 mg/g d.m. in Deschampsia antarctica. Anatomical and ultrastructural observations of vegetative part of Colobanthus quitensis and Deschmpsia antarctica revealed the presence of various ergastic materials in intercellular spaces, cell walls and protoplasts. Various parts of these plants contain insoluble, PAS positive polysaccharides in intercellular spaces and in cell walls. Chloroplasts of analysed tissues contained starch. Less starch was visible in young, growing parts of shoots of Colobanthus quitensis and Deschmpsia antarctica, more starch appears in mature, differentiated parts.

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Corbineau, Françoise, Mari Ange Picard, Jean-Albert Fougereux, Fabienne Ladonne, and Daniel Côme. "Effects of dehydration conditions on desiccation tolerance of developing pea seeds as related to oligosaccharide content and cell membrane properties." Seed Science Research 10, no. 3 (September 2000): 329–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960258500000374.

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Germination and carbohydrate metabolism were studied in fresh developing pea (Pisum sativum L., cv Baccara) seeds and after artificial drying at 25°C and various relative humidities (20, 75 and 99% RH) to investigate whether the occurrence of desiccation tolerance was related to sucrose, raffinose and stachyose contents. Seeds became completely tolerant to fast drying at 25°C and 20% RH a few days after the end of reserve accumulation, i.e. when their moisture content dropped to approx. 50% (fresh weight basis). This acquisition of desiccation tolerance was associated with an accumulation of raffinose and stachyose, the latter being more abundant in the embryonic axis than in the cotyledons. The (raffinose+stachyose)/sucrose ratio increased during seed development and reached 1.1 in the axis and 0.2 in the cotyledons just before the onset of desiccation tolerance. When the natural acquisition of desiccation tolerance occurred on the mother plant, artificial drying of isolated seeds induced an increase in oligosaccharide content in the cotyledons. Immature seeds, the moisture content of which was higher than about 60% (fresh weight basis), did not tolerate fast drying (25°C and 20 or 75% RH). Such drying did not result in the synthesis of stachyose and induced an increase in electrolyte leakage, a decrease in the ability of seeds to convert 1-aminocyclopropane 1-carboxylic acid (ACC) to ethylene and an increase in ethane synthesis, thus indicating a deterioration of cell membrane properties and lipid peroxidation. In contrast, immature seeds tolerated drying either in the pods or at 25°C and 99% RH, and such drying induced a decrease in sucrose content, an increase in oligosaccharide content and a (raffinose+stachyose)/sucrose ratio higher than around 1. Soluble sugar contents of dried immature seeds depended on the conditions of dehydration. In cotyledons, the (raffinose+stachyose)/sucrose ratio reached 0.61 when seeds were dried at 25°C and 99% RH, whereas it was as low as 0.15 when drying was performed at 25°C and 20% RH. All the results obtained are consistent with the concept that oligosaccharides may well be involved in the protection of membranes during dehydration.

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Hannah, M. A., E. Zuther, K. Buchel, and A. G. Heyer. "Transport and metabolism of raffinose family oligosaccharides in transgenic potato." Journal of Experimental Botany 57, no. 14 (September 6, 2006): 3801–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erl152.

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Kuo, Tsung Min, Jody F. VanMiddlesworth, and Walter J. Wolf. "Content of raffinose oligosaccharides and sucrose in various plant seeds." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 36, no. 1 (January 1988): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf00079a008.

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Meyer, Thibault, Armelle Vigouroux, Magali Aumont-Nicaise, Gilles Comte, Ludovic Vial, Céline Lavire, and Solange Moréra. "The plant defense signal galactinol is specifically used as a nutrient by the bacterial pathogen Agrobacterium fabrum." Journal of Biological Chemistry 293, no. 21 (March 30, 2018): 7930–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.ra118.001856.

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The bacterial plant pathogen Agrobacterium fabrum uses periplasmic-binding proteins (PBPs) along with ABC transporters to import a wide variety of plant molecules as nutrients. Nonetheless, how A. fabrum acquires plant metabolites is incompletely understood. Using genetic approaches and affinity measurements, we identified here the PBP MelB and its transporter as being responsible for the uptake of the raffinose family of oligosaccharides (RFO), which are the most widespread d-galactose–containing oligosaccharides in higher plants. We also found that the RFO precursor galactinol, recently described as a plant defense molecule, is imported into Agrobacterium via MelB with nanomolar range affinity. Structural analyses and binding mode comparisons of the X-ray structures of MelB in complex with raffinose, stachyose, galactinol, galactose, and melibiose (a raffinose degradation product) revealed how MelB recognizes the nonreducing end galactose common to all these ligands and that MelB has a strong preference for a two-unit sugar ligand. Of note, MelB conferred a competitive advantage to A. fabrum in colonizing the rhizosphere of tomato plants. Our integrative work highlights the structural and functional characteristics of melibiose and galactinol assimilation by A. fabrum, leading to a competitive advantage for these bacteria in the rhizosphere. We propose that the PBP MelB, which is highly conserved among both symbionts and pathogens from Rhizobiace family, is a major trait in these bacteria required for early steps of plant colonization.

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O'Connell, Kerry Joan, Mary O'Connell Motherway, John O'Callaghan, Gerald F. Fitzgerald, R. Paul Ross, Marco Ventura, Catherine Stanton, and Douwe van Sinderen. "Metabolism of Four α-Glycosidic Linkage-Containing Oligosaccharides by Bifidobacterium breve UCC2003." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 79, no. 20 (August 2, 2013): 6280–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01775-13.

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ABSTRACTMembers of the genusBifidobacteriumare common inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and other mammals, where they ferment many diet-derived carbohydrates that cannot be digested by their hosts. To extend our understanding of bifidobacterial carbohydrate utilization, we investigated the molecular mechanisms by which 11 strains ofBifidobacterium brevemetabolize four distinct α-glucose- and/or α-galactose-containing oligosaccharides, namely, raffinose, stachyose, melibiose, and melezitose. Here we demonstrate that allB. brevestrains examined possess the ability to utilize raffinose, stachyose, and melibiose. However, the ability to metabolize melezitose was not common to allB. brevestrains tested. Transcriptomic and functional genomic approaches identified a gene cluster dedicated to the metabolism of α-galactose-containing carbohydrates, while an adjacent gene cluster, dedicated to the metabolism of α-glucose-containing melezitose, was identified in strains that are able to use this carbohydrate.

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Thapa, Rima, Militza Carrero-Colón, Katy M. Rainey, and Karen Hudson. "TILLING by Sequencing: A Successful Approach to Identify Rare Alleles in Soybean Populations." Genes 10, no. 12 (December 3, 2019): 1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10121003.

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Soybean seeds produce valuable protein that is a major component of livestock feed. However, soybean seeds also contain the anti-nutritional raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) raffinose and stachyose, which are not digestible by non-ruminant animals. This requires the proportion of soybean meal in the feed to be limited, or risk affecting animal growth rate or overall health. While reducing RFOs in soybean seed has been a goal of soybean breeding, efforts are constrained by low genetic variability for carbohydrate traits and the difficulty in identifying these within the soybean germplasm. We used reverse genetics Targeting Induced Local Lesions in Genomes (TILLING)-by-sequencing approach to identify a damaging polymorphism that results in a missense mutation in a conserved region of the RAFFINOSE SYNTHASE3 gene. We demonstrate that this mutation, when combined as a double mutant with a previously characterized mutation in the RAFFINOSE SYNTHASE2 gene, eliminates nearly 90% of the RFOs in soybean seed as a proportion of the total seeds carbohydrates, and results in increased levels of sucrose. This represents a proof of concept for TILLING by sequencing in soybean.

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Wang, Yingdi, Wenwei Han, Lili Song, and Xia Zhao. "Compositional analysis and structural characterization of raffinose family oligosaccharides from Eupatorium." Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 84 (December 2019): 103298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2019.103298.

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Zhawar, Vikramjit Kaur, Narinder Kaur, and Anil Kumar Gupta. "Phytic acid and raffinose series oligosaccharides metabolism in developing chickpea seeds." Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants 17, no. 4 (August 23, 2011): 355–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12298-011-0080-8.

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Martı́nez-Villaluenga, Cristina, Juana Frı́as, and Concepción Vidal-Valverde. "Raffinose family oligosaccharides and sucrose contents in 13 Spanish lupin cultivars." Food Chemistry 91, no. 4 (August 2005): 645–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.06.034.

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Piotrowicz-Cieślak, Agnieszka I., Wojciech Rybiński, and Dariusz J. Michalczyk. "Mutations modulate soluble carbohydrates composition in seeds of Lathyrus sativus L." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 77, no. 4 (2011): 281–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.2008.035.

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Seeds of Lathyrus sativus cv. Derek and Krab were used as biological material for induced mutagenesis. Three mutant lines were obtained from seeds of grass pea cv. Derek and 15 lines from mutagenised seeds of cv. Krab. Twelve ethanol-soluble carbohydrates were identified in the seeds. We have selected grass pea mutant lines with high oligosaccharides content (lines D4, K56, K25, and K7) and lines with low raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFO) content (lines K12, K29 and K13). Mutations changing the levels of RFO have not affected the contents of galactosyl cyclitols.

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Velíšek, J., and K. Cejpek. "Biosynthesis of food constituents: Saccharides. 1. Monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and related compounds – a review." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 23, No. 4 (November 15, 2011): 129–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3383-cjfs.

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This review article presents a survey of selected principal biosynthetic pathways that lead to the most important monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, sugar alcohols, and cyclitols in foods and in food raw materials and informs nonspecialist readers about new scientific advances as reported in recently published papers. Subdivision of the topics is predominantly via biosynthesis. Monosaccharides are subdivided to sugar phosphates, sugar nucleotides, nucleotide-glucose interconversion pathway sugars, nucleotide-mannose interconversion pathway sugars, and aminosugars. The part concerning oligosaccharides deals with saccharose, trehalose, raffinose, and lactose biosynthesis. The part devoted to sugar alcohols and cyclitols includes the biosynthetic pathways leading to glucitol, inositols, and pseudosaccharides. Extensively used are reaction schemes, sequences, and mechanisms with the enzymes involved and detailed explanations employing sound chemical principles and mechanisms.    

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Volk, Gayle M., Edith E. Haritatos, and Robert Turgeon. "Galactinol Synthase Gene Expression in Melon." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 128, no. 1 (January 2003): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.128.1.0008.

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Raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) perform several physiological functions in plants. In addition to accumulating during seed formation, raffinose and stachyose are translocated in the phloem and may accumulate in response to low temperatures, drought, or salt stress. Although the synthesis of galactinol, as mediated by galactinol synthase (GAS), is the first committed step in RFO formation, its expression patterns are poorly understood in most species. We have cloned and characterized the expression of two galactinol synthase gene family members in melon (Cucumis melo L. Cantalupensis Group). Both CmGAS1 and CmGAS2 are highly expressed in mature leaves. Galactinol synthase transcription in leaves was not upregulated by either water or low temperature stresses. Transcripts of CmGAS1 were present in developing melon seeds at a time coincident with the formation of raffinose and stachyose. Based on the GAS expression and RFO accumulation patterns, we propose that RFOs in melon function in carbon translocation and seed desiccation tolerance.

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Kruger, Claire, Nicole Beauchamp, Virginie Modeste, Fanny Morel-Despeisse, and Eric Chappuis. "Toxicological evaluation of alpha-galacto-oligosaccharides shows no adverse effects over a 90-day study in rats." Toxicology Research and Application 1 (January 1, 2017): 239784731771640. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2397847317716402.

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AlphaGOS®, an alpha-galacto-oligosaccharides product, is a mixture of bi-, tri- and tetrasaccharides derived from oligosaccharides in the raffinose family of oligosaccharides (RFOs), naturally occurring plant-derived sugars. RFOs are alpha α-1,6-linked chains of D-galactose attached to the 6-position of D-glucose and differ from the currently commercially available beta-galacto-oligosaccharides products in the chirality and glyosidic bonds. In order to determine the safety of AlphaGOS, rats were given 2000 mg AlphaGOS/kg/day daily via gavage over 90 days. Daily assessments of the animals showed no adverse clinical signs. No adverse treatment-related changes in feed consumption, body weight, clinical chemistry or hematology were noted. There were no adverse treatment-related changes in organ weights, gross or histopathology. Given these findings, it can be concluded that the no observed adverse effect level for AlphaGOS is greater than 2000 mg/kg/day.

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Zhang, Jian, Guangsen Song, Yunjun Mei, Rui Li, Haiyan Zhang, and Ye Liu. "Present status on removal of raff inose family oligosaccharides – a Review." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 37, No. 3 (July 3, 2019): 141–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/472/2016-cjfs.

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Raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) are α-galactosyl derivatives of sucrose or glucose. They are found in a large variety of seeds from many different families such as beans, vegetables and whole grains. Due to absence of α-galactosidase in the digestive tract of humans and other monogastric animals, RFOs are responsible for intestinal disturbances (flatulence) following the ingestion of legume-derived products. Structural relationships of RFOs and their enzymatic degradation mechanism are described. Concentration and distribution from various seed sources are introduced. The present status on removal of the RFOs (such as soaking, cooking, germination, and addition of α-galactosidase) is summarized. At the meantime, α-galactosidases from botanic and microbial sources and their partial enzymatic properties are also presented in detail. Based on a comparison of various removal treatments, the microbial α-galactosidases are thought as the most optimum candidate for removing RFOs in legumes, and the ideal system for the RFO removal is proposed.

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Hugouvieux-Cotte-Pattat, Nicole, and Sana Charaoui-Boukerzaza. "Catabolism of Raffinose, Sucrose, and Melibiose in Erwinia chrysanthemi 3937." Journal of Bacteriology 191, no. 22 (September 4, 2009): 6960–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00594-09.

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ABSTRACT Erwinia chrysanthemi (Dickeya dadantii) is a plant pathogenic bacterium that has a large capacity to degrade the plant cell wall polysaccharides. The present study reports the metabolic pathways used by E. chrysanthemi to assimilate the oligosaccharides sucrose and raffinose, which are particularly abundant plant sugars. E. chrysanthemi is able to use sucrose, raffinose, or melibiose as a sole carbon source for growth. The two gene clusters scrKYABR and rafRBA are necessary for their catabolism. The phenotypic analysis of scr and raf mutants revealed cross-links between the assimilation pathways of these oligosaccharides. Sucrose catabolism is mediated by the genes scrKYAB. While the raf cluster is sufficient to catabolize melibiose, it is incomplete for raffinose catabolism, which needs two additional steps that are provided by scrY and scrB. The scr and raf clusters are controlled by specific repressors, ScrR and RafR, respectively. Both clusters are controlled by the global activator of carbohydrate catabolism, the cyclic AMP receptor protein (CRP). E. chrysanthemi growth with lactose is possible only for mutants with a derepressed nonspecific lactose transport system, which was identified as RafB. RafR inactivation allows the bacteria to the assimilate the novel substrates lactose, lactulose, stachyose, and melibionic acid. The raf genes also are involved in the assimilation of α- and β-methyl-d-galactosides. Mutations in the raf or scr genes did not significantly affect E. chrysanthemi virulence. This could be explained by the large variety of carbon sources available in the plant tissue macerated by E. chrysanthemi.

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Ávila, Bianca P., Guilherme C. M. Bragança, Aline Pereira, Márcia A. Gularte, and Moacir C. Elias. "Effect of Preparation and Freezing Methods on the Concentration of Resistant Starch, Antinutritional Factors and FODMAPs in Beans." Current Nutrition & Food Science 15, no. 3 (April 25, 2019): 265–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573401313666171004145740.

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Background: During frozen storage, the properties of vegetables are greatly influenced by storage conditions, especially temperature and time, even at low temperatures, suffering important quality attributes modification as a result of the action of biochemical activity, chemical and physical phenomena. The effect of freezing on common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and cowpea bean (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) processed under domestic processing conditions was evaluated to investigate the contents of resistant starch, oligosaccharides (raffinose and stachyose), phytate levels, protein digestibility and the inhibitory trypsin activity. Methods: The beans were cooked after different pre-soaking treatments and frozen (-20°C) for one, two and three weeks respectively. Results: A reduction was observed in the content of resistant starch by the use of the pre-soaking treatments; however, it increased significantly after freezing the samples from the treatments in which the soaking water was maintained and in which the cooked beans were frozen for 7 days. In the case of oligosaccharide content (raffinose and stachyose), cowpea beans had higher levels than the common beans, with changes in their values after 7 days of freezing. In the treatments in which the soaking water was discarded before cooking, raffinose and stachyose showed variable levels. In cowpea, the treatment in which the soaking water was not used in cooking showed a reduction in the content of phytate at 14 days of freezing, with inhibition of trypsin at 21 days compared with the initial time. Digestibility in all treatments was improved after freezing. Conclusion: The increase in resistant starch content, removal of phytate and trypsin inhibitors, and bean flatulence factors were significant in cooked beans after freezing between 14 and 21 days.

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43

Foley, M. E., M. B. Nichols, and S. P. Myers. "Carbohydrate concentrations and interactions in afterripening-responsive dormantAvena fatuacaryopses induced to germinate by gibberellic acid." Seed Science Research 3, no. 4 (December 1993): 271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960258500001884.

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AbstractIt has been proposed that gibberellic acid (GA3) promotes germination by overcoming restrictions in sugar production and utilization in afterripening-responsive dormant caryopses. While their germination rates were similar, germination commenced sooner in afterripened wild oat (Avena fatuaL.) caryopses than in dormant caryopses treated with GA3and dormant excised embryos treated with GA3plus fructose (Fru). Limited germination occurred in dormant excised embryos cultured with GA3alone. Carbohydrate concentrations were measured over time in dormant caryopses and excised embryos whose germination was induced with GA3and GA3plus Fru. The concentration of sucrose (Suc) in the endosperm declined prior to germination of dormant GA3-treated caryopses. Raffinose (Raf) family oligosaccharides in the embryos of dormant GA-treated caryopses remained relatively constant prior to and shortly after the onset of germination. In contrast, Raf family oligosaccharides in the embryos of afterripened caryopses declined prior to germination. Together this suggests Raf family oligosaccharide utilization is not associated with germinationper se.Increased starch levels, which occurred in dormant excised embryos treated with Fru and GA3plus Fru, were associated with dormancy because similar effects were not apparent in afterripened embryos cultured with Fru. An initial decline in the concentration of Raf family oligosaccharides in dormant embryos cultured with GA3or GA3plus Fru seems to be a result of the excision process. GA3appears to stimulate the germination of dormant embryos by enhancing the uptake or utilization of Fru. It appears that GA3and afterripening-induced changes in carbohydrate utilization in dormant caryopses are different.

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SYUKRI, Daimon, Manasikan THAMMAWONG, Hushna Ara NAZNIN, and Kohei NAKANO. "Role of Raffinose Family Oligosaccharides in Respiratory Metabolism During Soybean Seed Germination." Environment Control in Biology 57, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2525/ecb.57.107.

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45

Praveen Kumar, S. K., and V. H. Mulimani. "Continuous hydrolysis of raffinose family oligosaccharides in soymilk by fluidized bed reactor." LWT - Food Science and Technology 43, no. 2 (March 2010): 220–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2009.08.006.

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Tahir, Mohammad, Monica Båga, Albert Vandenberg, and Ravindra N. Chibbar. "An Assessment of Raffinose Family Oligosaccharides and Sucrose Concentration in Genus Lens." Crop Science 52, no. 4 (July 2012): 1713–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2011.08.0447.

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Hernandez-Hernandez, Oswaldo, Gregory L. Côté, Sofia Kolida, Robert A. Rastall, and M. Luz Sanz. "In Vitro Fermentation of Alternansucrase Raffinose-Derived Oligosaccharides by Human Gut Bacteria." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 59, no. 20 (October 26, 2011): 10901–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf202466s.

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ElSayed, A. I., M. S. Rafudeen, and D. Golldack. "Physiological aspects of raffinose family oligosaccharides in plants: protection against abiotic stress." Plant Biology 16, no. 1 (August 12, 2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/plb.12053.

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Ajdić, Dragana, and Vi T. T. Pham. "Global Transcriptional Analysis of Streptococcus mutans Sugar Transporters Using Microarrays." Journal of Bacteriology 189, no. 14 (May 11, 2007): 5049–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00338-07.

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ABSTRACT The transport of carbohydrates by Streptococcus mutans is accomplished by the phosphoenolpyruvate-phosphotransferase system (PTS) and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. To undertake a global transcriptional analysis of all S. mutans sugar transporters simultaneously, we used a whole-genome expression microarray. Global transcription profiles of S. mutans UA159 were determined for several monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose, and mannose), disaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose, and trehalose), a β-glucoside (cellobiose), oligosaccharides (raffinose, stachyose, and maltotriose), and a sugar alcohol (mannitol). The results revealed that PTSs were responsible for transport of monosaccharides, disaccharides, β-glucosides, and sugar alcohol. Six PTSs were transcribed only if a specific sugar was present in the growth medium; thus, they were regulated at the transcriptional level. These included transporters for fructose, lactose, cellobiose, and trehalose and two transporters for mannitol. Three PTSs were repressed under all conditions tested. Interestingly, five PTSs were always highly expressed regardless of the sugar source used, presumably suggesting their availability for immediate uptake of most common dietary sugars (glucose, fructose, maltose, and sucrose). The ABC transporters were found to be specific for oligosaccharides, raffinose, stachyose, and isomaltosaccharides. Compared to the PTSs, the ABC transporters showed higher transcription under several tested conditions, suggesting that they might be transporting multiple substrates.

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Niyibituronsa, Marguerite, Arnold N. Onyango, Svetlana Gaidashova, Samuel Imathiu, Marthe De Boevre, Diederik Leenknecht, Ellen Neirnck, Sarah De Saeger, Pieter Vermeir, and Katleen Raes. "The Growth of Different Probiotic Microorganisms in Soymilk from Different Soybean Varieties and their Effects on Anti-oxidant Activity and Oligosaccharide Content." Journal of Food Research 8, no. 1 (January 12, 2019): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v8n1p41.

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Soymilk is a good source of proteins and health-promoting isoflavones, but it contains oligosaccharides that cause flatulence. Fermenting it with probiotic bacteria may reduce the oligosaccharides and enhance its health benefits.The present study determined the growth of different lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in soymilk obtained from soybean varieties grown in Rwanda and the effect of fermentation on oligosaccharides that cause flatulence (stachyose, raffinose and verbascose), and antioxidant activity of fermented soybean milk. After fermentation at 30°C for 24 hours, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactococcus cremoris and Lactobacillus casei attained around 8 log CFU/ml, which is sufficient for probiotic effects. However, only L. reuteri, L. brevis and L. plantarum caused sufficient drop in pH and increase in viscosity characteristic of a good fermented product. Soymilk from different soybean varieties did not show significant differences in the growth of these three LAB.These LAB reduced content of oligosaccharides and total polyphenols, but increased antioxidant activity in soymilk, which translate into health benefits of fermented soybean products.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Raffinose oligosaccharides'

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