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Journal articles on the topic 'Radon-222'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 March 2023

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1

Catão, Rayssa de Lourdes Carvalho Marinho do Rêgo, Patrícia Hermínio Cunha Feitosa, Andréa Carla Lima Rodrigues, Renata de Albuquerque Cavalcanti Almeida, Dayse Luna Barbosa, and Maria Teresa de Jesus Camelo Guedes. "Maximum recommended and allowable Radon-222 limits in water and air: Systematic review." Research, Society and Development 11, no. 15 (November 12, 2022): e144111536761. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i15.36761.

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Radon-222 is a radioactive gas that, when inhaled at high concentrations, can harm human health. However, there are several recommended and maximum allowable Radon-222 limits in water and air in the international community. Thus, this research aimed to evaluate the maximum recommended and allowed Radon-222 limits in drinking water and indoor air in the international community, indicating the most referenced organizations in Radon-222 studies through a systematic review. The results indicate that there is variation of up to 1000% between limits established for Radon concentrations in the air indicated by ICRP and US EPA. For water, the maximum limit established by EURATOM is 90 times higher than that established by US EPA. Greater relevance regarding the presence of Radon-222 in the air was also evidenced, due to its potential to detach from various physical means, such as water agitation, its occurrence in building materials and its release by contaminated soil. Finally, it was also found that the limits imposed by US EPA for the presence of Radon-222 in water and air were the parameters most used for comparison in the scientific community and that about 80% of evaluated studies reported from one two sources that proposed Radon-222 limits in air and water.

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2

Kolobov, A. P. "The Radon Flux Density is 222 in the Soils of the Tobolsk District of the Tyumen Region." Bulletin of Irkutsk State University. Series Earth Sciences 39 (2022): 56–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.26516/2073-3402.2022.39.56.

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The aim of the work is to determine potentially radon dangerous areas for the local population on the territory of Kondinskaya lowland within the boundaries of Tobolsk district of Tyumen region with the help of radon monitoring complex “CAMERA-01”. The density of the radon-222 flux was defined at the soil depth from 0 to 100 cm in 10 plots. The plots are located on the low above floodplain terrace, in the levee and central floodplains of the Irtysh River and a tributary of the Tobol River – the Suklyomka River. The highest average value of radon-222 exhalation from the soil surface was found in the vicinity of Makedonova village – 39 mBq/(m2·s), in the rest of the tested soil plots it was not more than 18 mBq/(m2·s). The received data on density of radon-222 flux from the surface of soils of the investigated plots make it possible to say that they do not refer to potentially radon-hazardous. At the same time it is found that the territories around the village Usharovo, the village of Makedonova and settlement Savinsky Zaton (floodplain terraces of the Irtysh River) at a depth of 40 to 100 cm have average values of the flux density of natural radionuclide exceeding 200 mBq/(m2·s). Only in soils of the floodplain terrace of the river Suklyomka – a tributary of the Tobol river the radon– 222 flux density below 80 mBq/(m2 s) – I class of radon-hazard was fixed at the whole investigated depth. The highest average density of the radon–222 flow (1200 mBq/(m2·s)) at the depth of 100 cm was found in the vicinity of the settlement Savinsky Zaton, probably associated with the transfer of radon-222 from groundwater of the liquidated well, near which the sampling of radon-222 was made.

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3

Harley, Naomi H., and Edith S. Robbins. "Radon-222 Brain Dosimetry." Health Physics 122, no. 5 (March 1, 2022): 575–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/hp.0000000000001533.

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4

Wieprzowski, Kamil, Marcin Bekas, Elżbieta Waśniewska, Adam Wardziński, and Andrzej Magiera. "Radon 222Rn in drinking water of West Pomeranian Voivodeship and Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland." Nukleonika 63, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/nuka-2018-0005.

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Abstract Radon Rn-222 is a commonly occurring natural radionuclide found in the environment from uranium-radium radioactive series, which is the decay product of radium Ra-226. The presence of radon carries negative health effects. It is, in fact, classified as a carcinogen, and therefore, it is necessary to continuously monitor its concentration. The aim of this study was to determine the level of radon-222 concentration in water intended for human consumption in the two voivodeships of Poland: West Pomeranian and Kuyavian-Pomeranian. Measurements were performed for more than 60 intakes. The level of radon was measured by using the liquid scintillation counting method. The range of measured radon concentration in the water from the West Pomeranian Voivodeship was from 0.90 to 11.41 Bq/dm3 with an average of 5.01 Bq/dm3, while that from the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship was from 1.22 to 24.20 Bq/dm3 with an average of 4.67 Bq/dm3. Only in three water intakes, the concentration of radon-222 exceeded the value of 10 Bq/dm3. The obtained results allowed to conclude that population exposure associated with radon-222 in water is negligible and there is no need to take further action. In the case of three intakes where a higher concentration of radon was found, the potential exposure was low.

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5

Miles, J. C. H., and R. A. Algar. "Variations in radon-222 concentrations." Journal of Radiological Protection 8, no. 2 (June 1, 1988): 103–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0952-4746/8/2/005.

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6

Wiwanitkit, Viroj. "Radon 222 flux during monsoon." Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 101, no. 3 (March 2010): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2009.10.007.

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7

Wulandarisman, Morry, Dian Milvita, and Wahyudi Wahyudi. "Pengukuran Konsentrasi Gas Radon (Rn-222) dan Gas Thoron (Rn-220) Menggunakan Detektor CR-39 pada Ruangan Kelas di Kota Lubuk Basung." Jurnal Fisika Unand 11, no. 1 (February 17, 2022): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jfu.11.1.113-118.2022.

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Telah dilakukan pengukuran konsentrasi gas radon (Rn-222) dan thoron (Rn-220) menggunakan detektor CR-39 pada ruangan kelas di Kota Lubuk Basung. Penelitian bertujuan untuk menentukan data awal konsentrasi gas radon (Rn-222) dan thoron (Rn-220) dalam ruangan, kemudian ditinjau berdasarkan ICRP Publikasi No. 126 tahun 2014. Pengukuran konsentrasi gas radon (Rn-222) dan thoron (Rn-220) menggunakan detektor CR-39 sebanyak 50 buah yang dipasang selama 3 bulan pada 9 lokasi sekolah. Detektor CR-39 selanjutnya dietsa menggunakan larutan NaOH 6,25N selama 7 jam pada suhu 70oC untuk memperjelas jejak partikel alfa dari detektor. Jejak yang terdapat pada CR-39 dibaca menggunakan mikroskop dengan perbesaran 400 kali. Hasil pengukuran konsentrasi gas radon tertinggi yaitu 135±9,55 Bq/m3 dan terendah yaitu 38±2,65 Bq/m3 dengan rerata pada ruangan kelas yaitu 84,06±5,89 Bq/m3. Konsentrasi gas thoron (Rn-220) tertinggi yaitu 109±7,71 Bq/m3dan terendah yaitu 8±0,57 Bq/m3 dengan rata-rata 61,62±4,38 Bq/m3. Konsentrasi yang didapatkan tidak melebihi rekomendasi ICRP Publikasi No. 126 tahun 2014 sebesar 300 Bq/m3 untuk gas radon dan thoron.

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8

Lehmann, Bernhard E., Martin Lehmann, Albrecht Neftel, and Sergei V. Tarakanov. "Radon-222 monitoring of soil diffusivity." Geophysical Research Letters 27, no. 23 (December 1, 2000): 3917–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999gl008469.

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9

Picolo, J. L. "Absolute measurement of radon 222 activity." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 369, no. 2-3 (February 1996): 452–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(96)80029-5.

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10

Moriizumi, J., M. Mori, E. Sasao, H. Yamazawa, and T. Iida. "Estimation of radon-222 exhalation rate and control of radon-222 concentration in ventilated underground space." International Congress Series 1276 (February 2005): 287–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ics.2004.11.170.

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11

Buzynnyi, M. G., and L. L. Mykhailova. "Total Alpha activity and Radon-222 activity in the underground water of some regions of Ukraine." Environment & Health 99 (2) (June 2021): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.32402/dovkil2021.02.036.

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Objective: We aimed to analyze the results of the measurements of the total alpha activity and activity of radon-222 in the water of artesian wells to establish the geographical regions of Ukraine which require a deep attention to the assessment of the radioactivity of the groundwater. Methods: We used empirical, analytical, radiometric, spectrometric methods and method of mathematical statistics in the study. Materials: We carried out a statistical analysis of the results of the measurements of the total alpha activity and the activity of radon-222 in water samples from the artesian wells of 23 administrative regions of Ukraine studied during 2016 - 2020. Results: Analysis of the results of the measurements of the total alpha-activity and radon-222 activity in the water of artesian wells showed their significant heterogeneity for different regions of Ukraine and a connection with the geological features of the area. The statistical distribution of the values of the total alpha activity and the activity of radon-222 in water samples, diagrams of the range of measured values within the regions of Ukraine and between regions are presented in the work; the measurement results were plotted on the hydrogeological map of Ukraine. Conclusion: The values of the total alpha activity and the activity of radon-222 indicate that these indicators are extremely heterogeneous for the territory of Ukraine and reflect the geological features of the area. The results of the analysis can be useful for making recommendations to collective and individual water consumers, well owners regarding the need in more detailed study of the content of natural radionuclides in the sources of water and the use of the appropriate methods of water treatment in cases of non-compliance with the accepted standards. It is shown that it is necessary to develop a strategy for radiation monitoring of the groundwater quality in the country in order to study objectively the existing state and the achievement of an acceptable quality of the water consumed by the population.

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12

Colle, R., J. M. R. Hutchinson, and M. P. Unterweger. "The NIST primary radon-222 measurement system." Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology 95, no. 2 (March 1990): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/jres.095.018.

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13

Briem, Horst. "Die Therapie mit dem Edelgas Radon - 222." Biomedizinische Technik/Biomedical Engineering 34, s1 (1989): 240–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bmte.1989.34.s1.240.

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14

Sarmiento, Jorge L., and Pierre E. Biscaye. "Radon 222 in the benthic boundary layer." Journal of Geophysical Research 91, no. C1 (1986): 833. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/jc091ic01p00833.

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15

Crawford-Brown, Douglas J. "Cancer Fatalities from Waterborne Radon (Rn-222)." Risk Analysis 11, no. 1 (March 1991): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1991.tb00583.x.

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16

Arafa, Wafaa. "Permeability of radon-222 through some materials." Radiation Measurements 35, no. 3 (June 2002): 207–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1350-4487(02)00043-4.

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17

Deyuan, Tian. "Analysis of radon-222 daughters in air." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Letters 154, no. 1 (May 1991): 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02163059.

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18

Wong, Charles S., Yu-Ping Chin, and Philip M. Gschwend. "Sorption of radon-222 to natural sediments." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 56, no. 11 (November 1992): 3923–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(92)90006-5.

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19

Al-Kofahi, M. M., B. R. Khader, A. D. Lehlooh, M. K. Kullab, K. M. Abumurad, and B. A. Al-Bataina. "Measurement of radon 222 in Jordanian dwellings." International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation. Part D. Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements 20, no. 2 (April 1992): 377–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1359-0189(92)90068-7.

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20

Khalidi, Reem S., and Faris M. Taweel. "Awareness of Radon-222 and its Health Hazards in Jordan." Applied Physics Research 8, no. 6 (November 22, 2016): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/apr.v8n6p31.

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<p class="1Body">Many studies addressed radon (Rn<sup>222</sup>) gas concentration levels in a number of locations in Jordan. But, none investigated the level of awareness of Jordanians of radon and its harmful effects on public health. In this study, a sample of 200 participants has been tested for their knowledge of radon and its effects on human health. The authors estimated that 63.1% are unaware of this gas and its respective effects on their health</p>

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21

Hirsch, A. I. "On using radon-222 and CO<sub>2</sub> to calculate regional-scale CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 6, no. 6 (November 2, 2006): 10929–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-6-10929-2006.

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Abstract. Because of its ubiquitous release on land and well-characterized atmospheric loss, radon-222 has been very useful for deducing fluxes of greenhouse gases such as CO2, CH4, and N2O. It is shown here that the radon-tracer method, used in previous studies to calculate regional-scale greenhouse gas fluxes, returns a weighted-average flux (the flux field F weighted by the sensitivity of the measurements to that flux field, f) rather than an evenly-weighted spatial average flux. A synthetic data study using a Lagrangian particle dispersion model and modeled CO2 fluxes suggests that the discrepancy between the sensitivity-weighted average flux and evenly-weighted spatial average flux can be significant in the case of CO2, due to covariance between F and f for biospheric CO2 fluxes during the growing season and also for anthropogenic CO2 fluxes in general. A technique is presented to correct the radon-tracer derived fluxes to yield an estimate of evenly-weighted spatial average CO2 fluxes. A new method is also introduced for correcting the CO2 flux estimates for the effects of radon-222 radioactive decay in the radon-tracer method.

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22

Hirsch, A. I. "On using radon-222 and CO<sub>2</sub> to calculate regional-scale CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7, no. 14 (July 17, 2007): 3737–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-3737-2007.

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Abstract. Because of its ubiquitous release on land and well-characterized atmospheric loss, radon-222 has been very useful for deducing fluxes of greenhouse gases such as CO2, CH4, and N2O. It is shown here that the radon-tracer method, used in previous studies to calculate regional-scale greenhouse gas fluxes, returns a weighted-average flux (the flux field F weighted by the sensitivity of the measurements to that flux field, f) rather than an evenly-weighted spatial average flux. A synthetic data study using a Lagrangian particle dispersion model and modeled CO2 fluxes suggests that the discrepancy between the sensitivity-weighted average flux and evenly-weighted spatial average flux can be significant in the case of CO2, due to covariance between F and f for biospheric CO2 fluxes during the growing season and also for anthropogenic CO2 fluxes in general. A technique is presented to correct the radon-tracer derived fluxes to yield an estimate of evenly-weighted spatial average CO2 fluxes. A new method is also introduced for correcting the CO2 flux estimates for the effects of radon-222 radioactive decay in the radon-tracer method.

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23

Mansour, Hazim Louis, Nada Fathil Tawfiq, and Mahmood Salim Karim. "Measurements of Radon- 222 Concentrations in Dwellings of Baghdad Governorate." Indian Journal of Applied Research 4, no. 2 (October 1, 2011): 35–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/feb2014/160.

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24

Sauts, Artur V., and Valery N. Sauts. "Assessment of radon-222 radiation activity in the design of residential buildings." RUDN Journal of Ecology and Life Safety 28, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 361–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2310-2020-28-4-361-369.

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In this paper, we have developed a method that allows us to evaluate the radiation activity of radon-222 based on mathematical modeling in the design of residential buildings in accordance with the rules for designing anti-radon protection. The method is based on the numerical solution of the diffusion, heat transfer, and Navier - Stokes equations, supplemented by appropriate turbulence models, initial and boundary conditions, in particular, the process of natural decay and sedimentation of radon-222 in the room is taken into account. Verification of the method for residential premises of an apartment building located on the territory of Saint Petersburg was performed. Using the proposed calculation method allows you to identify the most radiation dangerous places in the room, rationally organize the air exchange and configuration of the room, prevent the development of sick building syndrome, etc.

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25

Schmidt, A., J. J. Gibson, I. R. Santos, M. Schubert, K. Tattrie, and H. Weiss. "The contribution of groundwater discharge to the overall water budget of two typical Boreal lakes in Alberta/Canada estimated from a radon mass balance." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 14, no. 1 (January 14, 2010): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-79-2010.

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Abstract. Radon-222, a naturally-occurring radioisotope with a half-life of 3.8 days, was used to estimate groundwater discharge to small lakes in wetland-dominated basins in the vicinity of Fort McMurray, Canada. This region is under significant water development pressure including both oil sands mining and in situ extraction. Field investigations were carried out in March and July 2008 to measure radon-222 distributions in the water column of two lakes as a tracer of groundwater discharge. Radon concentrations in these lakes ranged from 0.5 to 72 Bq/m3, while radon concentrations in groundwaters ranged between 2000 and 8000 Bq/m3. A radon mass balance, used in comparison with stable isotope mass balance, suggested that the two lakes under investigation had quite different proportions of annual groundwater inflow (from 0.5% to about 14% of the total annual water inflow). Lower discharge rates were attributed to a larger drainage area/lake area ratio which promotes greater surface connectivity. Interannual variability in groundwater proportions is expected despite an implied seasonal constancy in groundwater discharge rates. Our results demonstrate that a combination of stable isotope and radon mass balance approaches provides information on flowpath partitioning that is useful for evaluating surface-groundwater connectivity and acid sensitivity of individual water bodies of interest in the Alberta Oil Sands Region.

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26

Shabaan, Doaa. "Estimation of the indoor radon levels using a detection chamber." Journal of Nuclear and Radiation Sciences 1, no. 2 (2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/jnrs.2022.02.001.

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Indoor radon-222 activity levels, effective radium content and annual effective dose at Jazan University in Jazan, Saudi Arabia are given for a variety of indoor sites (Research Laboratories, Computer Laboratories, Physics Laboratories, Chemistry Laboratories, Cafeteria and Biology Laboratory). A sealed-can technique based on the CR-39 nuclear tracks detector was used to monitor the radon gas study. In all sites in the study region, the obtained results suggest acceptable levels of indoor radon concentration and effective radium content. In computer laboratories, chemistry laboratories, and cafeterias radon contributes a significant amount to the total effective dose.

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27

SHIMO, Michikuni, Takao IIDA, and Yukimasa IKEBE. "Calibration of Ionization Chamber for Measuring Radon-222." Japanese Journal of Health Physics 33, no. 1 (1998): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5453/jhps.33.25.

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28

Conen, F., and L. B. Robertson. "Latitudinal distribution of radon-222 flux from continents." Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology 54, no. 2 (March 2002): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v54i2.16653.

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29

FUKUI, Masami, Kousuke KATSURAYAMA, and Susumu NISHIMURA. "Dynamics of radon-222 near below ground surface." Journal of the Atomic Energy Society of Japan / Atomic Energy Society of Japan 28, no. 10 (1986): 972–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3327/jaesj.28.972.

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30

CONEN, F., and L. B. ROBERTSON. "Latitudinal distribution of radon-222 flux from continents." Tellus B 54, no. 2 (April 2002): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0889.2002.00365.x.

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31

Freyer, K., H. C. Treutler, J. Dehnert, and W. Nestler. "Sampling and measurement of radon-222 in water." Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 37, no. 3 (January 1997): 327–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0265-931x(96)00102-6.

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32

Perritt, R. L., T. D. Hartwell, L. S. Sheldon, B. G. Cox, C. A. Clayton, S. M. Jones, M. L. Smith, and J. E. Rizzuto. "Radon-222 Levels in New York State Homes." Health Physics 58, no. 2 (February 1990): 147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004032-199002000-00001.

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33

YAMANISHI, Hirokuni, Takao IIDA, Yukimasa IKEBE, Siro ABE, and Takuo HATA. "Measurements of Regional Distribution of Radon-222 Concentration." Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology 28, no. 4 (April 1991): 331–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/18811248.1991.9731363.

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34

Mertes, Florian, Stefan Röttger, and Annette Röttger. "A new primary emanation standard for Radon-222." Applied Radiation and Isotopes 156 (February 2020): 108928. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2019.108928.

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35

Melintescu, A., S. D. Chambers, J. Crawford, A. G. Williams, B. Zorila, and D. Galeriu. "Radon-222 related influence on ambient gamma dose." Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 189 (September 2018): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2018.03.012.

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36

Nguyen, Van Dung, Thi Lan Anh Vu, Dinh Huan Trinh, and Thi Cuc Nguyen. "Radon concentrations and forecasting exposure risks to residents and workers in rare earth and copper mines containing radioactivity in northwest Vietnam." Ministry of Science and Technology, Vietnam 64, no. 1 (March 15, 2022): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31276/vjste.64(1).78-84.

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Radon and its isotopes are inert gases as they do not interact with any chemical compounds. Compared with thoron (220Rn) and radon-219 (219Rn), the risk of radioactive exposure of radon-222 (222Rn) is very high due to its long half-life of 3.8 d, while the half-life of 220Rn is 55 sec and of 219Rn is 4 sec. As a gas, radon can escape from the surfaces of ore, minerals, and rocks, then dissolve into groundwater and move very far from the formation site. While all these radioisotopes emit alpha radiation, Rn-222 is the most important as it is the main factor behind dangerous doses to the respiratory tract that are harmful to human health. Survey results of radon concentration in the air and retrospective data (from 2017 to 2019) on the health of residents and workers near and in the rare earth mines Dong Pao and Muong Hum, as well as the Sin Quyen copper mine, illustrated the health characteristics of the people involved in the northwestern mineral mines (Lao Cai - Lai Chau) that are exposed to radon. At the Dong Pao and Muong Hum rare earth mines, as well as the Sin Quyen copper mine, residents and workers were exposed to high concentrations of radon gas and thus developed some related illnesses such as respiratory, urological, digestive, genetic, and neurological diseases. Assessing the risk of pulmonary tuberculosis and estimating the average death rate from lung cancer with radon exposure shows that, in the surveyed area, the risk value is high (0.046) compared to other regions of Vietnam. However, it is within the limits allowed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

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37

Griffiths, A. D., W. Zahorowski, A. Element, and S. Werczynski. "A map of radon flux at the Australian land surface." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10, no. 6 (June 9, 2010): 14313–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-14313-2010.

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Abstract. A time-dependent map of radon-222 flux density at the Australian land surface has been constructed with a spatial resolution of 0.05° and temporal resolution of one month. Radon flux density was calculated from a simple model utilising data from national gamma-ray aerial surveys, modelled soil moisture, and maps of soil properties. The model was calibrated against a large data set of accumulation-chamber measurements, thereby constraining it with experimental data. A notable application of the map is in atmospheric mixing and transport studies which use radon as a tracer, where it is a clear improvement on the common assumption of uniform radon flux density.

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38

Fuhrmann, Mark, Alex Michaud, Michael Salay, Craig H. Benson, William J. Likos, Nicolas Stefani, W. Joseph Waugh, and Morgan M. Williams. "Lead-210 profiles in radon barriers, Indicators of long-term Radon-222 transport." Applied Geochemistry 110 (November 2019): 104434. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2019.104434.

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39

Bigu, J. "Radon-222, radon-220 and progeny concentration levels in underground U-Th environments." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Articles 181, no. 1 (June 1994): 141–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02037555.

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40

Solodovnikova, L. N. "A standard radon-222 source for the system of high-accuracy monitoring of radon-hazardous facilities in Ukraine." Functional materials 25, no. 1 (March 28, 2018): 193–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/fm25.01.193.

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41

Schmidt, A., J. J. Gibson, I. R. Santos, M. Schubert, and K. Tattrie. "The contribution of groundwater discharge to the overall water budget of Boreal lakes in Alberta/Canada estimated from a radon mass balance." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 6, no. 4 (July 21, 2009): 4989–5018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-6-4989-2009.

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Abstract. Radon-222, a naturally-occurring radioisotope with a half-life of 3.8 days, was used to estimate groundwater discharge to small lakes in wetland-rich basins in the vicinity of Fort McMurray, Alberta, a region under significant water development pressures including both oil sands mining and in situ extraction. A program of field investigations was carried out in March and July 2008 using a Durridge RAD-7® and RAD Aqua® to measure radon-222 activity distributions in dissolved gas in the water column of two lakes as a tracer of groundwater discharge in the timeframe of 4 half-lives (15 days). Radon activity concentrations in lakes was found to range from 0.5 to 72 Bq/m3, compared to radon activity concentrations in groundwaters, measured using a RAD H2O, in the range of 2000–8000 Bq/m3. Radon mass balance, used in comparison with stable isotope mass balance, suggested that the two lakes under investigation had quite different proportions of annual groundwater inflow, one being close to 0.5% of annual inflow and the other about 14%, with lower values in the former attributed to a larger drainage area/lake area ratio which promotes greater surface connectivity. Interannual variability in groundwater proportions is expected despite constancy of groundwater discharge rates due to observed variability in annual surface runoff. Combination of stable isotope and radon mass balance approaches provides information on flowpath partitioning that is useful for evaluating surface-groundwater connectivity and acid sensitivity of individual water bodies of interest in the Alberta Oil Sands Region.

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Al-Kazwini, Akeel T., Mohannad M. Al-Arnaout, and Tiba R. Abdulkareem. "Radon-222 Exposure and Dose Concentration Levels in Jordanian Dwellings." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2020 (November 19, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6668488.

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Exposure to high concentrations of radon gas is the leading cause of lung cancer for nonsmokers according to the World Health Organization (WHO) figures. With poor ventilation standards and lack of awareness among Jordanians, constant monitoring of radon concentrations is vital. Multiple efforts have been made since the 1990s in order to create a national radon map of Jordan, by acquiring average values of radon concentrations in major Jordanian cities. This study aims to replicate those efforts using a more accurate and modern way of detection for the purpose of comparing the current values with literature values and to update the previous radon concentration map of Jordan. The study concludes that radon concentrations in Jordan have mostly increased in the past 30 years from an overall average of 52 Bq/m3 to an average of 60.4 Bq/m3. Despite the increase, these results are considered under the threat line that is estimated conventionally by most of the international environmental and radiation-related organizations, which is 100–300 Bq/m3. It should be noted that only the Russeifa city has scored a value higher than the estimated threat line. This is due to the existence of abundant phosphate mines filled with condensed radon levels leaking from these ores. It is expected that radon concentrations in Jordan will increase in the coming years with the continuous urban sprawl and lack of public awareness about the radon gas health issue. A number of suggestions have been proposed in this study that could help the Jordanian society avoid a future possible health threat.

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Griffiths, A. D., W. Zahorowski, A. Element, and S. Werczynski. "A map of radon flux at the Australian land surface." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, no. 18 (September 27, 2010): 8969–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-8969-2010.

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Abstract. A time-dependent map of radon-222 flux density at the Australian land surface has been constructed with a spatial resolution of 0.05° and temporal resolution of one month. Radon flux density was calculated from a simple model utilising data from national gamma-ray aerial surveys; modelled soil moisture, available from 1900 in near real-time; and maps of soil properties. The model was calibrated against a data set of accumulation chamber measurements, thereby constraining it with experimental data. A notable application of the map is in atmospheric mixing and transport studies which use radon as a tracer, where it is a clear improvement on the common assumption of uniform radon flux density.

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Perna, Allan Felipe Nunes, Sergei Anatolyevich Paschuk, Janine Nicolosi Corrêa, Danielle Cristine Narloch, Rafael Carvalho Barreto, Flávia Del Claro, and Valeriy Denyak. "Exhalation rate of radon-222 from concrete and cement mortar." Nukleonika 63, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/nuka-2018-0008.

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Abstract The main sources of radon in the air of dwellings are soil, building materials, and groundwater. This study aimed to determine the exhalation rate of 222Rn from samples made of concrete and cement mortars, as well as to evaluate by means of gamma spectrometry the hazard indexes associated with other radionuclides present in the studied samples of building materials. The results obtained allowed the comparison of the exhalation rate of radon using theoretical calculations based on one-dimensional and three-dimensional models. Measurements of the activity concentration of radon in air was performed by AlphaGuard radon detector. Furthermore, obtained results were compared with the measurements performed inside the concrete test cells. These test cells were built with the aim of simulating a dwelling in small dimensions and to evaluate indoor radon activity associated with concrete. Consequently, the obtained results of radon exhalation rate, in becquerel per meter squared per hour, for the concrete was 2.55 ± 0.03 Bq·h−1·m−2 for the 1D model and 0.461 ±0.008 Bq·h−1·m−2 for the 3D model. The exhalation rate of radon, for the cement mortar was 1.58 ± 0.03 Bq·h−1·m−2 for the 1D model and 0.439 ± 0.011 Bq·h−1·m−2 for the 3D model. The indoor concentration of 222Rn from the test cell was 112 ± 9 Bq/m3. These values were below the limit of 300 Bq/m3 recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) and <148 Bq/m3, the limit recommended by the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). Even so, these values should be the subject of concern since that activity is related only to the contribution of concrete walls.

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Kluge, T., J. Ilmberger, C. von Rohden, and W. Aeschbach-Hertig. "Tracing and quantifying groundwater inflow into lakes using radon-222." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 4, no. 3 (June 12, 2007): 1519–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-4-1519-2007.

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Abstract. Due to its high activities in groundwater, the radionuclide 222Rn is a sensitive natural tracer to detect and quantify groundwater inflow into lakes, provided the comparatively low activities in the lakes can be measured accurately. Here we present a simple method for radon measurements in the low-level range down to 3 Bq m−3, appropriate for groundwater-influenced lakes, together with a concept to derive inflow rates from the radon budget in lakes. The analytical method is based on a commercially available radon detector and combines the advantages of established procedures with regard to efficient sampling and sensitive analysis. Large volume (12 l) water samples are taken in the field and analyzed in the laboratory by equilibration with a closed air loop and alpha spectrometry of radon in the gas phase. After successful laboratory tests, the method has been applied to a small dredging lake without surface in- or outflow in order to estimate the groundwater contribution to the hydrological budget. The inflow rate calculated from a 222Rn balance for the lake is around 530 m3 per day, which is comparable to the results of previous studies. In addition to the inflow rate, the vertical and horizontal radon distribution in the lake provides information on the spatial distribution of groundwater inflow to the lake. The simple measurement and sampling technique encourages further use of radon to examine groundwater-lake interaction.

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Deeba, Farah, Syed Hafizur Rahman, and Mohammad Zafrul Kabir. "ASSESSMENT OF ANNUAL EFFECTIVE DOSE DUE TO INHALATION AND INGESTION OF RADON FROM GROUNDWATER AT THE SOUTHEAST COASTAL AREA, BANGLADESH." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 194, no. 2-3 (May 2021): 169–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncab096.

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Abstract Naturally occurring radon-222 was evaluated for its use in estimating annual effective dose exposure in groundwater samples of the southeast coastal area of Bangladesh. On-site radon concentration was measured in groundwater using AlphaGUARD PQ2000 PRO (Saphymo, Germany) radon monitor. The measured values range 0.36–15.70 Bq per l, which lies within the safe limit of 4–40 Bq per l recommended by UNSCEAR. On the contrary, few samples show radon concentration above the safe limit of 11.1 Bq per l recommended by USEPA. The mean annual effective doses due to ingestion and inhalation resulting from radon in groundwater vary from 0.99 to 42.87 μSv per y with an average value of 12.45 μSv per y, which is far below the safe limit 100 μSv per y recommended by WHO and EU. Results reveal that there is no significant public health hazard due to radon ingestion and inhalation from groundwater in the study area.

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OGAWA, Yoshihiro, Yuichiro KIMURA, Keizo YAMASAKI, and Tadashi TSUJIMOTO. "Radon-222 Concentration in Outdoor Air at Wakasa District." Japanese Journal of Health Physics 30, no. 4 (1995): 303–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5453/jhps.30.303.

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Loomis, Dana P. "Radon-222 Concentration and Aquifer Lithology in North Carolina." Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation 7, no. 2 (June 1987): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.1987.tb01039.x.

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Pereyra, P., M. E. López, and L. Vilcapoma. "Concentration Measurements of Radon 222 Indoors in Lima – Peru." International Journal of Physics 3, no. 4 (July 14, 2015): 165–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.12691/ijp-3-4-5.

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Nero, A., M. Schwehr, W. Nazaroff, and K. Revzan. "Distribution of airborne radon-222 concentrations in U.S. homes." Science 234, no. 4779 (November 21, 1986): 992–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.3775373.

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