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Kurina, Anastasia B., Dmitry L. Kornyukhin, Alla E. Solovyeva, and Anna M. Artemyeva. "Genetic Diversity of Phenotypic and Biochemical Traits in VIR Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) Germplasm Collection." Plants 10, no. 9 (August 29, 2021): 1799. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10091799.
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Small radish and radish are economically important root crops that represent an integral part of a healthy human diet. The world collection of Raphanus L. root crops, maintained in the VIR genebank, includes 2810 accessions from 75 countries around the world, of which 2800 (1600 small radish, 1200 radish) belong to R. sativus species, three to R. raphanistrum, three to R. landra, and four to R. caudatus. It is necessary to systematically investigate the historical and modern gene pool of root-bearing plants of R. sativus and provide new material for breeding. The material for our research was a set of small radish and radish accessions of various ecological groups and different geographical origin, fully covering the diversity of the species. The small radish subset included 149 accessions from 37 countries, belonging to 13 types of seven varieties of European and Chinese subspecies. The radish subset included 129 accessions from 21 countries, belonging to 18 types of 11 varieties of European, Chinese, and Japanese subspecies. As a result of the evaluation of R. sativus accessions according to phenological, morphological, and biochemical analyses, a wide variation of these characteristics was revealed, which is due to the large genetic diversity of small radish and radish of various ecological and geographical origins. The investigation of the degree of variation regarding phenotypic and biochemical traits revealed adaptive stable and highly variable characteristics of R. sativus accessions. Such insights are crucial for the establishment and further use of trait collections. Trait collections facilitate germplasm use and contribute significantly to the preservation of genetic diversity of the gene pool.
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Muminović, Jasmina, Andrea Merz, Albrecht E. Melchinger, and Thomas Lübberstedt. "Genetic Structure and Diversity among Radish Varieties as Inferred from AFLP and ISSR Analyses." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 130, no. 1 (January 2005): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.130.1.79.
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Twelve amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) primer combinations and 10 inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) primers were applied to estimate genetic diversity among 68 varieties of cultivated radish (Raphanus sativus L.). The material consisted of open-pollinated varieties, inbred lines, diploid and a few tetraploid hybrid varieties of garden radish [R. sativus var. sativus DC. convar. radicula (DC.) Alef.] and black radish [R. sativus var. niger (Mill.) Pers.]. Two accessions of uncultivated relatives of radish that as weeds cause serious contamination during the process of hybrid radish production were added to the analyses. Polymorphic fragments were scored for calculation of Jaccard's coefficient of genetic similarity (GS). Substantial level of genetic variability (average AFLP-based GS = 0.70; average ISSR-based GS = 0.61) was detected in the available germplasm of cultivated radish. Cluster analyses separated two weedy species from the cultivated germplasm. Within cultivated material, black radish and french breakfast radish types formed separate clusters. Based on AFLP data, a principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and model-based approach revealed the genetic structure within cultivated radish germplasm and indicated the existence of divergent pools. Although the model-based approach did not separate black radish from french breakfast radish varieties, it offered a clear sub-division within garden radish germplasm. The results of this study may be relevant for hybrid radish breeding.
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Kurina, A. B., I. A. Kosareva, and A. M. Artemyeva. "Genetic diversity of VIR Raphanus sativus L. collections on aluminum tolerance." Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding 24, no. 6 (October 28, 2020): 613–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/vj20.655.
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Radish and small radish (Raphanus sativus L.) are popular and widely cultivated root vegetables in the world, which occupy an important place in human nutrition. Edaphic stressors have a significant impact on their productivity and quality. The main factor determining the phytotoxicity of acidic soils is the increased concentration of mobile aluminum ions in the soil solution. The accumulation of aluminum in root tissues disrupts the processes of cell division, initiation and growth of the lateral roots, the supply of plants with minerals and water. The study of intraspecific variation in aluminum resistance of R. sativus is an important stage for the breeding of these crops. The purpose of this work was to study the genetic diversity of R. sativus crops including 109 accessions of small radish and radish of various ecological and geographical origin, belonging to 23 types, 14 varieties of European, Chinese and Japanese subspecies on aluminum tolerance. In the absence of a rapid assessment methodology specialized for the species studied, a method is used to assess the aluminum resistance of cereals using an eriochrome cyanine R dye, which is based on the recovery or absence of restoration of mitotic activity of the seedlings roots subjected to shock exposure to aluminum. The effect of various concentrations on the vital activity of plants was revealed: a 66-mM concentration of AlCl3 · 6Н2О had a weak toxic effect on R. sativus accessions slowing down root growth; 83 mM contributed to a large differentiation of the small radish accessions and to a lesser extent for radish; 99 mM inhibited further root growth in 13.0 % of small radish accessions and in 7.3 % of radish and had a highly damaging effect. AlCl3 · 6Н2О at a concentration of 99 mM allowed us to identify the most tolerant small radish and radish accessions that originate from countries with a wide distribution of acidic soils. In a result, it was possible to determine the intraspecific variability of small radish and radish plants in the early stages of vegetation and to identify genotypes that are contrasting in their resistance to aluminum. We recommend the AlCl3 · 6Н2О concentration of 83 mM for screening the aluminum resistance of small radish and 99 mM for radish. The modified method that we developed is proposed as a rapid diagnosis of aluminum tolerance for the screening of a wide range of R. sativus genotypes and a subsequent study of contrasting forms during a longer cultivation of plants in hydroponic culture (including elemental analysis of roots and shoots, contrasting in resistance of accessions) as well as reactions of plants in soil conditions.
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Latimer, Joyce G., Tomio Johjima, and Yuhji Fukuyama. "The Effect of Brushing on the Growth and Quality of Field-grown Root Crops." HortScience 26, no. 9 (September 1991): 1171–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.26.9.1171.
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Shoots of field-grown plants of European radish (Raphanus sativus L. `Comet'), Japanese radish (daikon) (R. sativus L. `Mino-wase'), and Asian turnip (Brassica rapa L. `Hinona') were brushed twice daily, 40 cycles (back-and-forth strokes equal one cycle), for 8 (short-term) or 13, 21, or 14 days (long-term), respectively. European turnip (B. rapa L. `Hikari-kabu') plants were grown in a raised bed in an uncovered plastic house and were brushed for 9 or 21 days. Short-term brushing reduced root dry weight and the root: shoot dry weight ratio (R: S) of European radish, whereas the treatment increased these measurements for Asian turnip and European turnip. Short-term brushing had no effect on growth of Japanese radish plants, but increased root dry weight gain by both turnip cultivars, thereby increasing their R: S ratios. Lung-term brushing reduced root dry weight gain and the R: S ratio of European radish and root dry weight of Asian turnip but had no effect on these measurements for the other crops. Long-term brushing reduced cracking of European radish roots, thereby resulting in a higher proportion of oblong (medium quality) roots. Consequently, the percentage of marketable-quality roots of European radish was increased by brushing. Lung-term brushing increased the percentage of medium-sized roots of Asian turnip at the expense of large-sized roots. Brushing had no effect on root quality of European turnip.
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Younus, Ishrat, Afshan Siddiq, Sadia Gousia Baig, Rafia Sadaf, Talha Bin Fayyaz, Noor Ul Ain, Zubia Begum, and Arslan Ahmer. "An Analytical Report of Phytochemical Constituents, Pharmacological Potential, and Toxic Effects of Radish." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 12 (December 31, 2022): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs202216123.
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Vegetables have great significance and importance as they are not only useful as food but on the other hand, vegetables are a vital source in the treatment and prevention of various ailments, a powerful source of minerals, vitamins, antioxidants, fibers, and amino acids, therefore, help to buildup and heal the body. Mainly concerning cruciferous vegetables, have been famous for marked effects of cardio-protective, antimicrobial, and anti-carcinogenic. The environments of Pakistan are amicable for vegetable production. Raphanus sativus generally named radish is a widespread plant all over the world belongs to the Brassicaceae family. Edible R sativus L. Var. caudatus are green color seed pods, utilized for properties attributed to Raphanus. Different chemical constituents are identified from radish. Various researches show that the whole radish plant has significant pharmacological activity. The current review expands ontypes, phytochemical components, and pharmacological potential and toxic outcomes of the radish plant Keywords: Radish, varieties, constituents, pharmacology, uses, toxicity
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Hosh, Mary, Samir Tabbache, Dina Haddad, and Hanan Habak. "The Effect of Dried Powdered Leaves of Radish (Rhaphanus sativus L.) in Decreasing the Parasitism of Orobanche ramosa L. on Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Grown in Greenhouses." Arab Journal for Plant Protection 40, no. 3 (2022): 280–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.22268/ajpp-40.3.280285.
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Hosh, M., S. Tabbache, D. Haddad and H. Habak. 2022. The Effect of Dried Powdered Leaves of Radish (Rhaphanus sativus L.) in Decreasing the Parasitism of Orobanche ramosa L. on Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Grown in Greenhouses. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 40(3): 280-285. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-40.3.280285 The allelopathic effect of dried leaves powder mixed with soil at concentrations of 1, 2, 4% of Raphanus sativus on both parasitic weed Orobanche ramosa L. germination and growth of tomato Solanum lycopersicum L. plants was studied. The results obtained showed that the R. sativus powder at 2 and 4% concentrations, was effective in decreasing the average number of O. ramosa tubers which reached 4.20 and 2.00 tubers/plant, respectively, compared to the control which was 48.80 tubers/plant, and decreased the average length of Orobanche branches to 2.67 and 0.53 cm, respectively, compared to 10.33 cm for the control. Furthermore, Orobanche dry weight reached 0.80 and 0.02 g, respectively, in response to the two concentrations of the radish powder, compared to 4.24 g for the control. There was no negative effect on the growth and weight of tomato plants when treated with radish powder, suggesting the effectiveness of radish leaves powder added to the soil as an effective biological material in reducing the incidence of branched broomrape Orobanche ramose L., and protecting tomato plant Solanum lycopersicum L. from this parasitic weed. Keywords: Solanum lycopersicum, Orobanche ramose, Allelopathic effect, Raphanus sativus, radish
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Li, Gui Feng, Li Gang Deng, Hong Zhang, Ping Juan Zhao, Hui Wang, Qian Li, and Bin Ma. "Chemical Constituents Study of Weixian Turnip (Raphanus sativus L.)." Advanced Materials Research 941-944 (June 2014): 1036–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.941-944.1036.
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Objective: Cruciferous herb plant Weixian Radish (Raphanus Sativus L.), also known as Lai Fu, is a kind of popularly eatable fruit and vegetable. The present paper describes the isolation and characterization of two compounds isolated from Weixian Radish. Methods: The methanol extraction was separated by column chromatography. Obtained compounds were identified with physical and chemical properties and NMR. Results: Two compounds were isolated from the extract of Raphanus Sativus L. for the first time and their structures were identified as β-sitosterol and 1-O-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-(2S, 3S, 4R, 8E)-2-[(2'R)-2'-hydroxyltetracos-15'-enoylamino]-8-octa-decene-1, 3, 4-triol, which have many biologically active effects.
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Kaplan, M., E. P. Caswell-Chen, and V. M. Williamson. "Assessment of Host-Induced Selection on Three Geographic Isolates of Heterodera schachtii Using RAPD and AFLP Markers." Phytopathology® 89, no. 1 (January 1999): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.1999.89.1.68.
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The hypothesis that host plants exert selection pressure on Heterodera schachtii populations was tested. Host selection of genotypes from three genetically distinct isolates of H. schachtii was assessed using cabbage, sugar beet, oilseed radish (Raphanus sativus), and white mustard (Sinapis alba). The plants represent a range of susceptibility to H. schachtii and included R. sativus and S. alba, because cultivars of those species have been used as trap crops for H. schachtii in Europe. Genotypic differences in amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were detected among the isolates after they reproduced on the different hosts. The poorest host plant, R. sativus, resulted in the greatest number of changes in both AFLP and RAPD markers. Oilseed radish selected nematode genotypes in less than four nematode generations. The nematode population genotypes detected by RAPD analyses after selection on oilseed radish were observed even after nematode populations were transferred back to the other three hosts. The genetic markers that were detected after selection were influenced by the genotypes of the original nematode isolates. The results indicate the utility of RAPDs and AFLPs for identifying and monitoring intraspecific genetic variability in nematodes and for understanding nematode population responses to host plants. Nematode management practices such as using resistant cultivars may alter gene frequencies, thereby reducing the efficacy of the tactic and exacerbating the nematode's potential to damage subsequent crops.
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Gong, Tian, Zachary T. Ray, Kylee E. Butcher, Zachary E. Black, Xin Zhao, and Jeffrey K. Brecht. "A Novel Graft between Pac Choi (Brassica rapa var. chinensis) and Daikon Radish (Raphanus sativus var. longipinnatus)." Agronomy 10, no. 10 (September 24, 2020): 1464. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10101464.
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Vegetable grafting has primarily been used in the commercial production of high-value crops in the Solanaceae and Cucurbitaceae families. In this study, we explored the feasibility of making a novel graft between pac choi (Brassica rapa L. var. chinensis) and daikon radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. longipinnatus) to create a plant with harvestable pac choi leafy vegetable above-ground, and a daikon radish taproot below-ground. ‘Mei Qing Choi’ pac choi (scion) was grafted onto ‘Bora King’ daikon radish (rootstock). Grafted pac choi–daikon radish plants did not show a decrease in SPAD value, canopy size, leaf number, leaf area, or above-ground weight compared with self-grafted pac choi plants. However, taproot formation was reduced in grafted pac choi–daikon radish plants, as shown by decreased taproot length, diameter, fresh weight, and dry weight compared with non- and self-grafted daikon radish plants. Surprisingly, grafting with radish increased the photosynthetic rate of the pac choi. This pilot study demonstrated the potential of creating a new pac choi–daikon radish vegetable product to help save growing space and minimize waste at consumption, as pac choi roots are not eaten and radish leaves are usually discarded. The inter-generic grafting between B. rapa var. chinensis and R. sativus var. longipinnatus could also provide a unique model system to help elucidate scion-rootstock synergy and above- and below-ground sink competition in horticultural crops.
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Sneh, B., E. Yamoah, and A. Stewart. "Hypovirulent Rhizoctonia spp isolates from New Zealand soils protect radish seedlings against dampingoff caused by R solani." New Zealand Plant Protection 57 (August 1, 2004): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2004.57.6889.
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Of the 206 Rhizoctonia spp isolates obtained from 135 soil samples collected from different fields in the North and South Islands of New Zealand 55 were pathogenic on radish (Raphanus sativus cv Rex) seedlings Only 27 of the isolates that were strongly pathogenic on radish were also pathogenic on ryegrass (Lolium perenne) While 13 of the 92 hypovirulent isolates provided gt;50 protection to radish seedlings against dampingoff caused by Rhizoctonia solani in a screening experiment only three provided gt;50 protection in the final more detailed experiment The best protective isolates R8510 and R308 consistently protected approximately 70 of radish seedlings in at least two separate experiments There was no correlation between the growth rates of the hypovirulent Rhizoctonia spp isolates and their percentage protection of radish seedlings against dampingoff
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la Parra, Mario Gonzalez-de, Carlos Ramos-Mundo, Manuel Jimenez-Estrada, Claudia Ponce-de Leon, R. Castillo, Veronica Tejeda, Karla G. Cuevas, and Raul G. Enriquez. "A Germination Bioassay as a Toxicological Screening System for Studying the Effects of Potential Prodrugs of Naproxen." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 26, no. 5 (September 1998): 635–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119299802600509.
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A germination bioassay with radish (Raphanus sativus L.) seeds was developed as a toxicological screening system for assessing the effects of new potential prodrugs of naproxen, as an alternative to animals and animal cell toxicity screens. Both enantiomers of naproxen (6-methoxy-α-methyl-2-naphthaleneacetic acid) and naproxol (6-methoxy-β-2-naphthaleneethanol), and their racemic mixtures, inhibited the radicle growth of R. sativus at a concentration of 1mM, while only ( R)-(+)-naproxol and racemic naproxol inhibited the hypocotyl growth of R. sativus at the same concentration. Four novel combinatorial esters, naproxen naproxyl esters (6-methoxy-β-methyl-2-naphthaleneethyl 6-methoxy-α-methyl-2-naphthale-neacetate), resulting from the combinatorial chemistry of the esterification reaction between naproxen and naproxol, were synthesised and then tested in the germination bioassay, at a concentration of 0.5mM. It was found that they did not inhibit either the radicle or the hypocotyl growth of R. sativus.
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Nguyen, P. M., H. T. Nguyen, H. T. T. Le, L. B. Nguyen, P. H. Tran, Y. B. Dinh, T. K. N. Nguyen, and M. H. Nguyen. "The Effects of Rhizobium Inoculation On The Growth Of Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) and White Radish (Raphanus Sativus L.)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 995, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/995/1/012053.
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Abstract The utilization of chemical fertilizers in agriculture production could cause harmful effects on human health and the environment, therefore the development and application of biofertilizers produced from beneficial microorganisms like plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria have been increasingly encouraged. The present study investigated the effects of the inoculation of the two Rhizobium pusense strains (R. pusense GCB108 and R. pusense GCB117) on the growth of the young rice plant (Oryza sativa L.) and white radish (Raphanus sativus L.). The results showed that the inoculation of the two R. pusense strains affected the growth of rice and white radish considerably. On day 7, the shoot length of Oryza sativa L. grown on the medium inoculated with the R. pusense GCB108 and GCB117 was 22.3 ± 0.42 cm and 21.6 ± 2.26 cm, respectively, while that recorded in the control sample (without bacterial inoculation) was only 18.25 ± 1.06 cm. On day 9, the shoot length of Raphanus sativus L. grown under the hydroponic condition and inoculated with the R. pusense GCB108 and GCB117 was 12.68 ± 1.22 cm and 13.69 ± 1.47 cm, respectively, while that recorded in the control sample was much lower (9.04 ± 1.86 cm). Moreover, the inoculation of R. pusense GCB108 and GCB117 also restricted the growth of the rice pathogen Pseudomonas oryzihabitans RL01 in the rice rhizosphere. Furthermore, the results from the biophysiological assay showed that both two strains R. pusense GCB108 and GCB117 could grow under a salinity environment (salt concentration of 3%) and a wide range of pH conditions (pH 5 – 11). The study demonstrates the importance of the R. pusense GCB108 and GCB117 inoculation in the growth of rice and white radish and suggests the potential application of those two strains in biofertilizer production to improve soil quality and stimulate plant growth, contributing to sustainable agriculture development.
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Rubio, I., G. Hiddink, M. Asma, and C. T. Bull. "First Report of the Crucifer Pathogen Pseudomonas cannabina pv. alisalensis Causing Bacterial Blight on Radish (Raphanus sativus) in Germany." Plant Disease 96, no. 6 (June 2012): 904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-01-12-0043-pdn.
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In 2008, a bacterial blight was observed on Raphanus sativus in the Pfalz region in Germany. Disease was sporadic but severe when present within R. sativus fields, which resulted in unmarketable crops. Symptoms consisted of small, angular, water-soaked flecks that often were surrounded by chlorotic haloes. Lesions were visible from adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces and generally retained chlorotic borders. A gram-negative, bluefluorescing bacterium was isolated from surface-disinfested leaf tissue on King's medium B agar. The radish isolate was levan positive, oxidase negative, and arginine dihydrolase negative. The isolate did not rot potato slices but induced a hypersensitive reaction in tobacco. These reactions corresponded to Lelliot's LOPAT group 1 (2). Repetitive extragenic palindromic sequence (rep)-PCR assays using the BOXA1R primer resulted in different DNA fragment banding patterns between the radish isolate and the pathotype strain of Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola (CFBP 1657), but identical DNA fragment banding patterns between the radish isolate and the pathotype strain of P. cannabina pv. alisalensis (CFBP 6866). Unlike P. syringae pv. maculicola, P. cannabina pv. alisalensis and the radish isolate were lysed by bacteriophage PBS1 (1). Pathogenicity was evaluated on two hosts, radish (R. sativus cv. Comet) and broccoli raab (Brassica rapa cv. Sorrento). In each of two independent experiments, 3-week-old radish and broccoli raab plants were inoculated with either the radish isolate, P. cannabina pv. alisalensis, or P. syringae pv. maculicola. Inoculum was prepared by growing the bacteria on nutrient agar for 48 h at 27°C, suspending the bacteria in 0.01 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), and adjusting each suspension to 0.6 OD at 600 nm (approximately 1 × 108 CFU/ml). All plants were inoculated by spraying until runoff, incubated in a humidity chamber for 48 h, then placed in a greenhouse at 20 to 25°C for symptom development. Plants inoculated with P. cannabina pv. alisalensis or sprayed with buffer served as positive and negative control treatments, respectively. Seven to ten days postinoculation, the development of symptoms similar to those originally observed in the field were observed on plants inoculated with the radish isolate. In addition, symptoms on radish and broccoli raab plants caused by the radish isolate were similar to symptoms caused by P. cannabina pv. alisalensis in contrast to the lack of symptoms on plants inoculated with P. syringae pv. maculicola. Bacteria isolated from symptomatic tissue and surface-disinfested with sodium hypochlorite (0.525%) had identical characteristics to the radish isolate used to inoculate plants and to the P. cannabina pv. alisalensis pathotype for LOPAT reactions, rep-PCR DNA fragment banding pattern analysis, and sensitivity to phage PBS1, thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. cannabina pv. alisalensis isolated from diseased crucifers in Germany. Verification of P. cannabina pv. alisalensis in Germany indicates that German crucifer growers should differentiate between outbreaks caused by P. cannabina pv. alisalensis and P. syringae pv. maculicola and apply appropriate, specific management strategies. References: (1) C. T. Bull et al. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 33:105, 2010. (2) R. A. Lelliott. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 29:470, 1966.
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Bett, Kirstin E., and Derek J. Lydiate. "Genetic analysis and genome mapping in Raphanus." Genome 46, no. 3 (June 1, 2003): 423–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g03-026.
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The first genetic map of the Raphanus genome was developed based on meiosis in a hybrid between Raphanus sativus (cultivated radish) and Raphanus raphanistrum (wild radish). This hybrid was used to produce a BC1 population of 54 individuals and an F2 population of 85 individuals. A total of 236 marker loci were assayed in these populations using a set of 144 informative Brassica RFLP probes previously used for genetic mapping in other crucifer species. The genetic maps derived from the BC1 and F2 populations were perfectly collinear and were integrated to produce a robust Raphanus map. Cytological observations demonstrated strict bivalent pairing in the R. sativus × R. raphanistrum hybrids. Productive pairing along the length of each chromosome was confirmed by the identification of nine extensive linkage groups and the lack of clustering of marker loci. Indeed, the distributions of both marker loci and crossovers was more random than those reported for other crop species. The genetic markers and the reference map of Raphanus will be of considerable value for future trait mapping and marker-assisted breeding in this crop, as well as in the intergenomic transfer of Raphanus genes into Brassica crops. The future benefits of comparative mapping with Arabidopsis and Brassica species are also discussed.Key words: radish, genetic map, RFLP markers, comparative mapping, segregation distortion.
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Chorol, Sonam, Phunchok Angmo, Avilekh Narayal, Deepti M. Nambiar, Tsewang Tamchos, Dorjey Angchok, and O. P. Chaurasia. "Variation in Glucosinolate Contents and Quality Characteristics in the Seed of Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) along an Altitudinal Gradient in trans-Himalayan Ladakh." Defence Life Science Journal 3, no. 2 (March 23, 2018): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dlsj.3.12577.
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<p>Glucosinolates (GS) are amino acid derived secondary metabolites present specifically in Brassicaceae family. The effect of altitude (2800 m - 4000 m) on GS contents and seed quality characteristics in radish (Raphanus sativus L.) was investigated. The total GS in radish seed was 147.5±21.5 μmol/g DW, which included five aliphatic and four indolic GS compounds. Increasing altitude was related linearly to increase in total GS contents (R2 = 0.759). Among individual GS, glucoraphanin and glucoraphenin showed consistently increasing trend with altitude. Increasing altitude is related linearly to increase in 100 seed weight (R2 = 0.266) and seed yield per plant (R2 = 0.849). A steady decreasing trend was observed in seed moisture content (R2 = 0.831) and siliqua length (R2 = 786) with increasing altitude. Altitude of plant origin was positively correlated with GS contents (r = 0.900, p≤ 0.01), seed weight per plant (r = 0.919, p≤ 0.01) and geometric mean diameter (r = 0.661, p≤ 0.01), and negatively correlated with siliqua length (r = -0.880, p≤ 0.01), moisture content (r = -0.884, p≤ 0.01) and seed vigour index (r = -0.547, p≤ 0.01). Our results indicate that the concentration of GS in radish seed and seed quality traits can be significantly increased by growing plants at higher altitude.</p>
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Cai, X., L. Yang, J. Zhang, and G. Q. Li. "First Report of Leptosphaeria biglobosa Causing Black Leg on Raphanus sativus in Central China." Plant Disease 98, no. 7 (July 2014): 993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-07-13-0728-pdn.
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Chinese radish (Raphanus sativus) is an important vegetable grown widely in China. In 2010 to 2013, surveys for Leptosphaeria spp. on cruciferous vegetables were conducted in 17 counties in Hubei Province, China. Black leg symptoms on tuber roots and basal stems of radish were observed in Hanchuan, Jingmen, and Macheng counties. Disease incidence ranged from 2 to 25% in 10 surveyed radish fields. Five fungal isolates were obtained from diseased radish plants by surface-sterilizing radish tissue (5% NaOCl for 90 s, and then rinsed in sterilized water three times) and plating onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates incubated at 20°C. The isolations produced fluffy white colonies with a yellow pigment, and black-brown, globose pycnidia with pink conidial ooze formed after 10 days. Pycnidia were 150 to 200 × 80 to 100 μm. Conidia were hyaline, cylindrical, and 4 to 5 × 2 μm. The cultural and morphological characteristics of the isolates matched the description for Phoma lingam, anamorph of Leptosphaeria maculans and L. biglobosa (3). All five isolates were identified by PCR assay using the species-specific primers LbigF, LmacF, and LmacR (1), and isolate HCLB-1 was identified further by PCR cloning and analysis of the sequences coding for actin, β-tubulin, and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA (3,4). Genomic DNA was extracted from mycelium of each isolate harvested from 7-day-old cultures in V8 broth using the CTAB method (5). A 444-bp DNA fragment was detected by PCR assay, suggesting that all five isolates belonged to L. biglobosa rather than L. maculans as the latter generates a 331-bp DNA fragment (1). The HCLB-1 sequences for ITS (587 bp, GenBank Accession. No. KC880981), actin (899 bp, KF307762), and β-tubulin (432 bp, KF220296) genes were 99 to 100% identical to those of L. biglobosa isolates in GenBank. All five isolates were tested for pathogenicity on R. sativus cultivars Duan Ye 13 and Qi Ye Hong. Cotyledons of 10-day-old radish seedlings and post-harvest mature roots were wounded using a sterilized needle, and 10 μl of a conidial suspension (1 × 107 conidia/ml) of each isolate was pipetted onto the wounded area on each cotyledon or root, respectively, with 12 cotyledons (= 24 wounded sites) and 1 root (= 6 wounded sites) inoculated/isolate. One wounded root and 12 wounded cotyledons inoculated with water were used as control treatments. Treated roots and seedlings were incubated at 20°C and 100% RH in the dark for 7 days, and under a 12 h light/12 h dark cycle for 12 days, respectively. While the control roots and cotyledons remained asymptomatic, the roots and cotyledons inoculated with all five test isolates formed black cankers and necrotic lesions, respectively, in the inoculated wounds. A fungus re-isolated from symptomatic roots and cotyledons resembled the original isolates in colony morphology and the 444-bp DNA fragment detected by PCR assay. No fungus was isolated from control seedlings or roots. Thus, L. biglobosa appears to be the causal agent of black leg observed on radish in Hubei, China. L. biglobosa was reported to infect wild radish (R. raphanistrum) (2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of L. biglobosa causing black leg on R. sativus. References: (1) S. Y. Liu et al. Plant Pathol. 55:401, 2006. (2) A. Maxwell and J. K. Scott. Australas. Plant Pathol. 37:523, 2008. (3) L. Vincenot et al. Phytopathology 98:321, 2008. (4) T. J. White et al. PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications, Academic Press, 1990. (5) J. Zhang et al. Mycologia 102:1114, 2010.
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Laaraj, Soukaina, Ibtissam Ouahidi, and Lotfi Aarab. "Immunostimulant effect of Brassica rapa and Raphanus sativus seeds on thymic cells and their cytotoxicity." Egyptian journal of Immunology 30, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.55133/eji.300109.
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Immunomodulators from natural products are widely used for the treatment of infectious diseases, allergies, and cancer in traditional Moroccan medicine. The purpose of this study was the study of two plant seeds of Brassica rapa (Turnip) and Raphanus sativus (Radish) used by Moroccans in traditional medicine to enhance immunity. We have prepared three different extracts from seeds using ethanol, Ethyl Acetate, or water. Immunomodulatory effects of these two plant seeds were tested on rabbit immunity cell proliferation (splenocytes, thymocytes, and macrophages) and their functions (IgG production, cytotoxicity, and phagocytosis). The results obtained indicated that only aqueous extract of B. rapa seeds revealed an immunostimulant effect on both splenocyte and thymocyte proliferation with an increase in cytotoxicity of thymocytes (MLR assay). With R. sativus seeds, we observed an important stimulation of thymocyte proliferation and their cytotoxicity under aqueous extract without effect on splenocyte or macrophages. We concluded that aqueous extract of both seeds (B. rapa and R. sativus) possessed immunostimulant properties leading to stimulation of cellular immunity responsible for defense against viruses.
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Caputo, Lucia, Mariarosa Trotta, Angelica Romaniello, and Vincenzo De Feo. "Chemical Composition and Phytotoxic Activity of Rosmarinus officinalis Essential Oil." Natural Product Communications 13, no. 10 (October 2018): 1934578X1801301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1801301033.
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In this study we determined the chemical composition of R. officinalis essential oil and evaluated its possible phytotoxic activity. The chemical composition of the essential oil was studied by GC and GC-MS analyses. A total of 57 compounds were identified and the main components are α-pinene (24.9%), verbenol (8.5%), verbenone (8.5%), 1,8-cineol (8.2%) and isoborneol (8.1%). Moreover, the essential oil and its main constituents, α-pinene and 1,8-cineol, were evaluated for their possible in vitro phytotoxic activity against germination and initial radical growth of radish ( Raphanus sativus L.), rue ( Ruta graveolens L.), lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.) and tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.). The results showed thatboth germination and radical elongation were sensitive to the oil but not in the same way to α-pinene and 1,8-cineol. The oil influences in different ways radical elongation of R. sativus, R. graveolens, and L. sativa and the germination of S. lycopersicum. Instead α-pinene influenced only radical elongation of lettuce.
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Oreja, Fernando H., Adriana E. Lenardis, and Elba B. de la Fuente. "Crop and stubble effects on seedling emergence of sourgrass, palmer amaranth, wild radish and fleabane." Crop and Pasture Science 72, no. 6 (2021): 458. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp20490.
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Crop diversity, crop structures and crop residue can modify the seed-bank environment, influencing the seedling emergence of some weeds. The objectives of this work were to analyse (1) the effect of winter crop canopies of canola and wheat and soybean stubble on seedling emergence of Conyza sumatrensis and Raphanus sativus and (2) the effect of different soybean crop structures and soybean stubble on Digitaria insularis and Amaranthus palmeri seedling emergence. Two different field experiments were conducted at Buenos Aires University in a completely randomised factorial design with five replicates. The two winter species showed differences in the emergence timing whereas the two summer species emerged at the same time but with differences between years. Seedling emergence of A. palmeri was reduced by the presence of crop residue while the effect on C. sumatrensis and R. sativus emergence were more variable between years and D. insularis was not affected. Crops did not affect seedling emergence of winter species or that of A. palmeri. However, D. insularis emergence was favoured by soybean presence, mainly with closer canopy structures. Management decisions that promote the presence of crop residues favour the reduction of seedling emergence of palmer amaranth. In contrast, evaluated crop plant densities and planting dates were not able to reduce the seedling emergence of C. sumatrensis, R. sativus and D. insularis. Planting soybean in more competitive crop structures with closer canopies is not a good option due to the improvement of seedling emergence of D. insularis. Crop management decisions that inhibit seedling emergence in some species could stimulate it in others.
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Gong, Junsu, Hye-Kyoung Ju, Ik-Hyun Kim, Eun-Young Seo, In-Sook Cho, Wen-Xing Hu, Jae-Yeong Han, et al. "Sequence Variations Among 17 New Radish Isolates of Turnip mosaic virus Showing Differential Pathogenicity and Infectivity in Nicotiana benthamiana, Brassica rapa, and Raphanus sativus." Phytopathology® 109, no. 5 (May 2019): 904–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-12-17-0401-r.
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Infectious clones were generated from 17 new Korean radish isolates of Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV). Phylogenetic analysis indicated that all new isolates, and three previously characterized Korean radish isolates, belong to the basal-BR group (indicating that the pathotype can infect both Brassica and Raphanus spp.). Pairwise analysis revealed genomic nucleotide and polyprotein amino acid identities of >87.9 and >95.7%, respectively. Five clones (HJY1, HJY2, KIH2, BE, and prior isolate R007) had lower sequence identities than other isolates and produced mild symptoms in Nicotiana benthamiana. These isolates formed three distinct sequence classes (HJY1/HJY2/R007, KIH2, and BE), and several differential amino acid residues (in P1, P3, 6K2, and VPg) were present only in mild isolates HJY1, HJY2, and R007. The remaining isolates all induced systemic necrosis in N. benthamiana. Four mild isolates formed a phylogenetic subclade separate from another subclade including all of the necrosis-inducing isolates plus mild isolate KIH2. Symptom severity in radish and Chinese cabbage genotypes was not correlated with pathogenicity in N. benthamiana; indeed, Chinese cabbage cultivar Norang was not infected by any isolate, whereas Chinese cabbage cultivar Chusarang was uniformly susceptible. Four isolates were unable to infect radish cultivar Iljin, but no specific amino acid residues were correlated with avirulence. These results may lead to the identification of new resistance genes against TuMV.
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Elsharkawy, Mohsen Mohamed, Shuhei Kuno, Mitsuro Hyakumachi, Yasser S. Mostafa, Saad A. Alamri, and Sulaiman A. Alrumman. "PCR-DGGE Analysis Proves the Suppression of Rhizoctonia and Sclerotium Root Rot Due to Successive Inoculations." Journal of Fungi 8, no. 2 (January 28, 2022): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof8020133.
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The soil-borne pathogens Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotium rolfsii have emerged as major pathogens of radish (Raphanus sativus) worldwide. The induction of soil suppressive of radish root rot disease was evaluated in soil repeatedly inoculated with R. solani, nonpathogenic binucleate Rhizoctonia sp. AG-A W1 (BNR) and S. rolfsii. The repeated inoculations of soil with R. solani and BNR significantly suppressed the disease severity of R. solani and S. rolfsii compared to the control. In contrast, the repeated inoculation of soil with S. rolfsii significantly suppressed only the pathogen, S. rolfsii. The community structure was examined using PCR-DGGE (polymerase chain reaction denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) method. The bands of Trichoderma sp. were observed in the first, second and third inoculations of the soil with BNR. Similarly, bands of Trichoderma sp. were observed in the second and third inoculations of the soil with S. rolfsii and R. solani. Compared to the control, disease severity was significantly reduced in the soil repeatedly inoculated with S. rolfsii and R. solani . In conclusion, Trichoderma species were accumulated in specific patterns depending on the applied fungal inoculum in the suppressive soil.
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Umay, Ahmet. "Investigation of Chemical Composition and Phytotoxic Effects of Essential Oils Obtained from Schinus Molle Leaves and Resins." Proceedings of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences 75, no. 1 (February 2, 2022): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/crabs.2022.01.04.
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Chemical composition of the essential oils of Schinus molle leaves and resins, collected from East Mediterranean region of Turkey were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and phytotoxic effects of the oils at different concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 μl/ml) were investi- gated on Portulaca oleracea L. and Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin. At the highest concentration, it was found that the essential oil of S. molle leaves and resins inhibited at rates of 57%, 67% and 70%, 80% the seed germination of purslane and radish, respectively, when compared to the control. Also, S. molle leaves essential oil at the same concentration decreased Radicle length (RL) and Plumule lengths (PL) of purslane and radish in the rates of 82.94, 78.09% and 94.36, 81.30%, while RL and PL of both plants tested were inhibited in the rates of 78.03, 68.99% and 88.91, 76.95% by S. molle resins essential oil. This study is the first report on P. oleracea L. and R. raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin about phytotoxic effects of the essential oils of Schinus molle leaves and resins
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Khan, Bilal Ahmad, Rizwan Maqbool, Sumbal Parvez, and Muhammad Ather Nadeem. "A, The ALLELOPATHIC EFFECT OF CINNAMOMUM VERUM ON EMERGENCE AND SEEDLING GROWTH OF RADISH (Raphanus sativus)." JOURNAL OF WEED SCIENCE RESEARCH 27, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): 485–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.28941/pjwsr.v27i4.975.
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Crop plants release biochemicals into surrounding environment that help in obtaining maximum yield of crop by acting bioherbicide at high concentration and plant growth hormone at low concentration. Therefore, this study was planned at Department of Agronomy in Weed Science Laboratory, University of Agriculture Faisalabad during Winter 2018 to evaluate the hermetic effects of Cinnamomum verum (Dalchini) on vegetable crop Radish (Raphanus sativus) and determination and quantification Phenolic compound present in aqueous extract of bark of C. verum. The experiments were laid out under completely randomized design (CRD) having three replications. The aqueous extracts of C. verum was used on radish seeds at different concentrations (2.5%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 40% and 80%). Data regarding seed germination and seedling growth (shoot length, root length, shoot fresh weight, root dry weigh) of radish were recorded following standard procedures. Results of our study revealed that at higher concentration act as bioherbicide and produced inhibitory effects on R. sativus while at low concentration it shows hermetic effect and promoted the seedling growth. aqueous extract showed concentration. Among different Phenolic compound (Syringic acid, p-crumeic, Ferulic acid, Quercetion and Gallic acid) determine in aqueous extract of barck of C. verum Maximum Quercetion (12.3 %) and minimum Syringic acid (0.60 %) was found. Therefore, it was concluded from this study that aqueous extract of C. verum can be used as bioherbicides at higher concentration to control weed while at low concentration as plant growth regulator.
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Khan, Sadaf, Mohammad Shahid, Mohammad Saghir Khan, Asad Syed, Ali H. Bahkali, Abdallah M. Elgorban, and John Pichtel. "Fungicide-Tolerant Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria Mitigate Physiological Disruption of White Radish Caused by Fungicides Used in the Field Cultivation." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 19 (October 4, 2020): 7251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197251.
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Excessive use of fungicides in agriculture may result in substantial accumulation of active residues in soil, which affect crop health and yield. We investigated the response of Raphanus sativus (white radish) to fungicides in soil and potential beneficial interactions of radish plants with fungicide-tolerant plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). The PGPR were isolated from cabbage and mustard rhizospheres. Morphological and biochemical characteristics measured using standard methods, together with analysis of partial 16S rRNA gene sequences, revealed that fungicide-tolerant PGPR, isolates PS3 and AZ2, were closely related to Pseudomonas spp. These PGPR survived in the presence of high fungicide concentrations i.e., up to 2400 μg mL−1 carbendazim (CBZM) and 3200 μg mL−1 hexaconazole (HEXA). Bacterial isolates produced plant growth stimulants even under fungicide stress, though fungicides induced surface morphological distortion and alteration in membrane permeability of these bacteria, which was proved by a set of microscopic observations. Fungicides considerably affected the germination efficiency, growth, and physiological development of R. sativus, but these effects were relieved when inoculated with PGPR isolates. For instance, CBZM at 1500 mg kg−1 decreased whole dry biomass by 71%, whole plant length by 54%, total chlorophyll by 50%, protein content by 61%, and carotenoid production by 29%. After applying isolate AZ2 for white radish grown in CBZM (10 mg kg−1)-amended soil, it could improve plant growth and development with increased whole plant dry weight (10%), entire plant length (13%) and total chlorophyll content (18%). Similarly, isolate PS3 enhanced plant survival by relieving plant stress with declined biomarkers, i.e., proline (12%), malondialdehyde (3%), ascorbate peroxidase (6.5%), catalase (18%), and glutathione reductase (4%). Application of isolates AZ2 and PS3 could be effective for remediation of fungicide-contaminated soil and for improving the cultivation of radish plants while minimizing inputs of fungicides.
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Możdżeń, Katarzyna, Beata Barabasz-Krasny, Peiman Zandi, Angelika Kliszcz, and Joanna Puła. "Effect of Aqueous Extracts from Solidago Canadensis L. Leaves on Germination and Early Growth Stages of Three Cultivars of Raphanus Sativus L. Var. Radicula Pers." Plants 9, no. 11 (November 12, 2020): 1549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9111549.
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Solidago canadensis L. is an expansive perennial that forms persistent, species-poor plant communities. It often spreads in fallow areas, displacing native floristic ingredients. Its expansiveness is largely due to morphological features, but it can also be the effect of allelopathic interaction. The aim of the experiment was to investigate the effect of aqueous extracts (decoction, infusion, and maceration) from dry S. canadensis leaves on germination and early growth stages of Raphanus sativus L. var. radicula Pers., in three cultivars: ‘Rowa’, ‘Półdługa’, and ‘Krakowianka’. In comparison to the control, the percentage of germinated radish seeds of ‘Rowa’ cultivar was statistically lower on the infusion and macerate. Regardless of the cultivar, the smallest changes in germination were found in seeds watered with decoction, and the largest with macerate. Seedlings length was most inhibited on macerate substrates, and least with infusion. Regardless of the form of the extract, each of them negatively affected the initial growth of radish seedlings. A fresh mass of ‘Rowa’ seedlings was inhibited by all Canadian goldenrod extracts. In relation to the control, the ‘Krakowianka’ cultivar was the least sensitive to S. canadensis extracts. The total chlorophyll content was the lowest in the seedlings of the ‘Rowa’ and ‘Półdługa’ cultivars germinated on macerate, compared to the control and two others extracts. The percentage of electrolyte leakage depended on the type of extract used and the radish cultivar. The study showed that depending on the cultivar, the aqueous extracts from S. canadensis leaves decreasing of germination and early growth of R. sativus.
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Na, Jinhyuk, Hye-Jeong Hwang, Mal-Soon Shin, Mingyu Kang, Jihye Lee, Geul Bang, Young Jun Kim, Yu-Jin Hwang, Kyung-A. Hwang, and Youngja H. Park. "Extract of radish (R. Sativus Linn) promotes anti-atherosclerotic effect using urine metabolomics in ApoE−/− mice." Journal of Functional Foods 78 (March 2021): 104368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2021.104368.
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Keithly, J. H., H. Yokoyama, and H. W. Gausman. "Promotive Effects of DCPTA on Seedling Development and Growth of Radish." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 117, no. 2 (March 1992): 294–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.117.2.294.
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A radish (Raphanus sativus L. cv. Scarlet turnip white tipped) seedling growth test was developed to examine promotive effects of 2-(3,4-dichlorophenoxy) triethylamine (DCPTA) on seedling vigor and plant development. Compared with controls, seed treatment using 30 μm DCPTA significantly (P = 0.05) enhanced the rates of root and hypocotyl elongation and seedling dry weight. Enhanced hypocotyl development by DCPTA showed a significant linear correlation (r = 0.83) with the increased taproot yield of mature plants grown from DCPTA-treated seeds. The harvestable taproot yield and harvest index of plants grown from seeds treated with 30 μm DCPTA were increased 109% and 38%, respectively, as compared with controls. Incubation of radish seeds in 30 μm DCPTA with actinomycin-D, alpha-amanitin, amisomycin, or cordycepin significantly reduced DCTPA-mediated seedling growth. These results indicate that nuclear gene expression and translation of mRNA on 80S ribosomes are required for the acceleration of seedling development by DCPTA.
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Lee, O. New, Hyunjin Koo, Jae Woong Yu, and Han Yong Park. "Genotyping-by-Sequencing-Based Genome-Wide Association Studies of Fusarium Wilt Resistance in Radishes (Raphanus sativus L.)." Genes 12, no. 6 (June 3, 2021): 858. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12060858.
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Fusarium wilt (FW) is a fungal disease that causes severe yield losses in radish production. The most effective method to control the FW is the development and use of resistant varieties in cultivation. The identification of marker loci linked to FW resistance are expected to facilitate the breeding of disease-resistant radishes. In the present study, we applied an integrated framework of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) to identify FW resistance loci among a panel of 225 radish accessions, including 58 elite breeding lines. Phenotyping was conducted by manual inoculation of seedlings with the FW pathogen, and scoring for the disease index was conducted three weeks after inoculation during two constitutive years. The GWAS analysis identified 44 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and twenty putative candidate genes that were significantly associated with FW resistance. In addition, a total of four QTLs were identified from F2 population derived from a FW resistant line and a susceptible line, one of which was co-located with the SNPs on chromosome 7, detected in GWAS study. These markers will be valuable for molecular breeding programs and marker-assisted selection to develop FW resistant varieties of R. sativus.
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Cunha, Amanda Lima, Marília Layse Alves Costa, Tereza Lucio Gomes Quirino Maranhão, Mabel Alencar Do Nascimento Rocha, Alex Teófilo Da Silva, Cícera Maria Alencar Do Nascimento, Mayara Andrade Souza, Tâmara Cláudia De Araújo Gomes, João Gomes Da Costa, and Aldenir Feitosa Dos Santos. "Chemical characterization of the species Raphanus sativus L. under different conditions of fertilization and water stress conditions." Acta Brasiliensis 4, no. 1 (January 20, 2020): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22571/2526-4338245.
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This study quantifies phenolic and flavonoid compounds and evaluates the antioxidant activity by the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method, also identifying some secondary metabolites of R. sativus under organic fertilization and water stress. For this, a greenhouse experiment was carried out with the preparation of plant extracts (leaves and roots), quantification of phenolic and flavonoid compounds, analysis of antioxidant activity, and phytochemical screening. Different classes of secondary metabolites (catechins, steroids, saponins, among others) were identified. The DPPH method showed that the leaf extract has higher DPPH radical scavenging activity. The leaf extract had a high content of phenolic compounds, especially in treatments without water stress, either with organic fertilization (1925.59 mg GAE/g extract) or with mineral fertilization (2058.47 mg GAE/g extract). For root extracts, R. sativus developed under water stress and organic fertilization showed higher phenolic content (1383.24 mg GAE/g extract). Regarding flavonoid content, the root extract that showed the highest concentration corresponded to the treatment under water stress and without fertilization (82.1 mg QE/g extract). Therefore, radish was shown to be rich in bioactive compounds and with antioxidant potential in both its leaves and roots.
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Khan, Bilal Ahmad. "A, The EXPLORING THE ALLELOPATHIC AND HERMETIC EFFECT OF KHATAMI (Altheae officinalis) ON EMERGENCE AND SEEDLING GROWTH OF RADISH (Raphanus sativus)." JOURNAL OF WEED SCIENCE RESEARCH 27, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 321–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.28941/pjwsr.v27i3.965.
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Abstract Crop plants release biochemicals into surrounding environment that help in obtaining maximum yield of crop by acting bioherbicide at high concentration and plant growth hormone at low concentration. Therefore, this study was planned at Department of Agronomy in Weed Science Laboratory, University of Agriculture Faisalabad during Winter 2018 to evaluate the hermetic effects of Althaea officinalis L. (khatami) on vegetable crop Radish (Raphanus sativus) The experiments were laid out under completely randomized design (CRD) having three replications. The aqueous extracts of A. officinalis L. were used on radish different concentrations (2.5%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 40% and 80%). Data regarding seed germination and seedling growth (shoot length, root length, shoot fresh weight, root dry weigh) of radish were recorded using standard procedures. Results Reveals that the aqueous extract of A. officinalis at higher concentration (80%) act as bioherbicide and produced inhibitory effects on R. sativus result in Maximum time to 50% germination (4.68 days) and mean germination time (9.05 days) while minimum germination index (3.60), germination percentage (85.00%), shoot length (42.4 cm), root length (25.90 cm), shoot fresh weight (53.30 g) and root fresh weight (13.30 g). While at lower concentration (10%) it shows hermetic effect and produce maximum germination percentage (100.00%), shoot length (58.2 cm), root length (52.0 cm), shoot fresh weight (90.00g), root fresh weight (26.30 g) minimum time to complete 50% germination (3.36 days), germination index (6.00%) and mean germination time (5.73 days) growth. In A. officinalis among different phenolic compound minimum Syringic acid (0.60%) and maximum Quercetion (12.3%) compound was found. Therefore, it was concluded from this study that aqueous extract of officinalis can be used as growth promoter at lower concentration while at higher concentration for environmentally friendly control of weeds.
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Noman, Omar M., Fahd A. Nasr, Ali S. Alqahtani, Mohammed Al-zharani, Mary Anne W. Cordero, Amal A. Alotaibi, Asmatanzeem Bepari, Saud Alarifi, and Ali Daoud. "Comparative study of antioxidant and anticancer activities and HPTLC quantification of rutin in white radish (Raphanus sativus L.) leaves and root extracts grown in Saudi Arabia." Open Chemistry 19, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 408–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/chem-2021-0042.
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Abstract The nutrient contents of Raphanus sativus L. (white radish) leaves (RSLs) and roots are known to have promising vital effects. We comparatively investigated the leaves and roots of R. sativus grown in Saudi Arabia to estimate the total phenol and flavonoid contents using the standard colorimetric methods. The antioxidant activity of RSLs and R. sativus roots (RSRs) were measured by 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays. Both extracts’ cytotoxic activity was assessed by MTT assay against several human cancer cell lines (A549, HepG2, MDA-MB-231, and MCF-7). High-performance thin-layer chromatography was used to identify and quantify the biomarker compound rutin in both extracts. The total phenolic content in RSLs (125.3 mg of gallic acid equivalent [GAE]/g) was higher than that in roots (95.8 of GAE/g), whereas the flavonoid content (44.5 mg of quercetin equivalent [QE]/g) was almost double compared in RSR extract (24.4 of QE/g). Similarly, RSLs exhibited a higher antioxidative activity than RSRs in both DPPH (IC50 216.8 vs 359.7 µg/mL) and ABTS (IC50 326.7 vs 549 µg/mL) models. RSLs also demonstrated the highest antiproliferative efficiency against all cell lines, with IC50 values of 217–453 µg/mL. The reversed-phase-high-performance thin-layer chromatography results showed the presence of rutin (5.2 µg/mg) only in RSLs. Our study indicates RSLs as a promising source of bioactive compounds compared with roots.
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Warner, R. M., J. E. Erwin, and A. G. Smith. "285 Interaction between Cold Duration, GA3, and Photoperiod on Raphanus sativus L. Flowering." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 491D—491. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.491d.
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Previous research indicated that Raphanus sativus L. `Chinese Radish Jumbo Scarlet' (CJRS) has an obligate vernalization requirement for flowering and can be vernalized as an imbibed seed in less than 10 days at 6 °C. For these reasons, it serves as an excellent model system for vernalization studies. This study was initiated to gain an understanding of the interaction between cold duration, exogenously applied GA3, and photoperiod on R. sativus CJRS flowering. R. sativus CJRS seeds were sown in 90-mm petri plates on Whatman no. 1 filter paper saturated with plain water or a solution containing 10-5 M or 10-3 M GA3. After germination (i.e., when the radicle was visible), seedlings were either directly transplanted into 10-cm pots and placed in a greenhouse, or transferred to another petri plate onto filter paper saturated with water only and placed in a growth chamber at 6 °C (75 μmol•m-2•s-1 for 8 h) for 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10 days. Greenhouse conditions were: 20 °C, ambient light (December to January, St. Paul, Minn.) plus 70 μmol•m-2•s-1 supplemental light (high-pressure sodium lamps, 0830-1630 hr), under either an 8-h photoperiod (covered with opaque cloth from 1630-0830 hr), or ambient photoperiod plus night-interruption lighting (2 μmol•m-2•s-1, using incandescent lamps, 2200-0200 HR). Results will be presented.
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Becker, J. O., and U. K. Schuch. "Rapid Screening of Rhizobacteria for Suppression of Rhizoctonia Damping-off." HortScience 32, no. 3 (June 1997): 468B—468. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.468b.
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A rapid screening system was developed to identify plant-beneficial rhizobacteria useful in protecting nursery seedlings against damping-off caused by Rhizoctonia solani. Ornamental and agricultural crops were planted into 100 soil samples that were collected from various fields throughout California. More than 7000 bacterial strains from the rhizosphere of these crops were isolated and tested in vitro for antibiosis against R. solani AG4. In a second tier, 600 active strains were tested in planting trays seeded with radish (Raphanus sativus `Cherry Belle'). Each planting cell filled with commercial potting mix contained millet-grown R. solani inoculum in the center and eight radish seeds at the periphery. Bacteria were cultured for 24 hr at 25°C in 10% tryptic soy broth and were applied as a drench at 1 × 107 cfu/cc to each cell. Trays were incubated in a growth chamber at 21°C and a 10-hr photoperiod. Post-emergence damping-off occurred within 8 to 9 days after planting, and no further losses were observed after 14 days. Approximately 0.5% of the original 7000 bacterial strains tested reduced damping-off significantly. Fifteen bacterial strains controlled Rhizoctonia damping-off by 30% to 60% compared to the non-treated control.
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Hamza, M. A., S. H. Anderson, and L. A. G. Aylmore. "Water drawdown by radish (Raphanus sativus L.) multiple-root systems evaluated using computed tomography." Soil Research 46, no. 3 (2008): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr07116.
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Although measurements of water drawdown by single radish root systems have been previously published by the authors, further research is needed to evaluate water drawdown patterns in multiple-root systems. The objective of this study was to compare water transpiration patterns estimated using X-ray computed tomography (CT) with the traditional gravimetric method and to evaluate the effects of variably spaced multiple root systems on soil water content and corresponding water content gradients. Water drawdown showed a dual pattern in which it increased rapidly when soil water content was high at the beginning of transpiration, then slowed down to an almost constant level with time as water content decreased. These results contrast with the single-root system wherein transpiration rates initially increased rapidly and then slowly increased with time. Water uptake estimated using the CT method was observed to be 27–38% lower than the gravimetrically estimated water uptake; this difference was attributed to lower water uptake for the upper 30 mm layer (CT measured) than lower layers due to differences in root density. However, good correlation (r = 0.97) was found between both measurement methods. The drawdown patterns for multiple root systems showed a convex shape from the root surface to the bulk soil, compared with a nearly linear shape for single roots. The water content drawdown areas and the drawdown distances for multiple root systems were found to be much larger than those corresponding to single radish roots. Differential water content gradients were observed for roots spaced at 15-mm distances compared with 3–4-mm distances. These differential gradients from the bulk soil towards the root-zone occurred probably creating localised water potential gradients within the root-zone, which moved water from between roots to root surfaces. The lowest water content values were located in the inter-root areas. The CT-scanned layer probably acted as one drawdown area with particularly higher water drawdown from the inter-root areas.
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Singh, Narendra, and Sunil Kumar Dhiman. "Quality and Quantity Loss by Aphid Infestation in Vegetables Grown under Protected Cultivation in Ladakh Region." Defence Life Science Journal 3, no. 1 (December 15, 2017): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dlsj.3.11516.
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<p>During the hardly six months of suitable climatic window in summer season, many vegetable crops such as cabbage, cauliflower and radish are grown extensively in Ladakh region of India. These crops contribute significantly to the requirement of military and paramilitary troops in addition to the civil population inhabiting the region. In addition to growing these vegetable crops outdoor, some of these are grown under protective cultivation to get early and more produce, however various insect pests including aphids cause serious damage to the crops annually. The present study was undertaken to estimate the quality as well as quantity loss due to aphids infestation in three economically important crops namely cauliflower (B. oleracea var. botrytis), knol – khol (B. caulorapa) and radish (R. sativus) in the Indus valley of Ladakh region (J&K), in 2015. Results showed that there was 7.5 % to 27.5 % reduction in chlorophyll contents in the study crops while the overall yield in infested crops ranged from 35.4 in B. caulorapa to 41.9 % in B. oleracea var. botrytis respectively. Total chlorophyll contents were decreased statistically in radish (p = 0.0002; χ2 ≥ 17.0), whereas the overall yield loss was statistically similar among all the three vegetable crops (p = 0.6). Current study is first to analyze this kind of loss in important vegetable crops in Ladakh region of India and could be used as baseline study for planning anti-aphid strategy to protect vegetable crops in Ladakh region of India.</p>
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Li, Xiaoman, Jinglei Wang, Yang Qiu, Haiping Wang, Peng Wang, Xiaohui Zhang, Caihua Li, et al. "SSR-Sequencing Reveals the Inter- and Intraspecific Genetic Variation and Phylogenetic Relationships among an Extensive Collection of Radish (Raphanus) Germplasm Resources." Biology 10, no. 12 (November 30, 2021): 1250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10121250.
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Raphanus has undergone a lengthy evolutionary process and has rich diversity. However, the inter- and intraspecific phylogenetic relationships and genetic diversity of this genus are not well understood. Through SSR-sequencing and multi-analysis of 939 wild, semi-wild and cultivated accessions, we discovered that the European wild radish (EWR) population is separated from cultivated radishes and has a higher genetic diversity. Frequent intraspecific genetic exchanges occurred in the whole cultivated radish (WCR) population; there was considerable genetic differentiation within the European cultivated radish (ECR) population, which could drive radish diversity formation. Among the ECR subpopulations, European primitive cultivated radishes (EPCRs) with higher genetic diversity are most closely related to the EWR population and exhibit a gene flow with rat-tail radishes (RTRs) and black radishes (BRs)/oil radishes (ORs). Among Asian cultivated radishes (ACRs), Chinese big radishes (CBRs) with a relatively high diversity are furthest from the EWR population, and most Japanese/Korean big radishes (JKBRs) are close to CBR accessions, except for a few old Japanese landraces that are closer to the EPCR. The CBR and JKBR accessions are independent of RTR accessions; however, phylogenetic analysis indicates that the RTR is sister to the clade of CBR (including JWR), which suggests that the RTR may share the most recent common ancestry with CBRs and JWRs. In addition, Japanese wild radishes (JWRs), (namely, R. sativus forma raphanistroides) are mainly scattered between CBRs and EPCRs in PCoA analysis. Moreover, JWRs have a strong gene exchange with the JKBR, OR and RTR subpopulations. American wild radishes (AWRs) are closely related to European wild and cultivated radishes, and have a gene flow with European small radishes (ESRs), suggesting that the AWR developed from natural hybridization between the EWR and the ESR. Overall, this demonstrates that Europe was the origin center of the radish, and that Europe, South Asia and East Asia appear to have been three independent domestication centers. The EPCR, AWR and JWR, as semi-wild populations, might have played indispensable transitional roles in radish evolution. Our study provides new perspectives into the origin, evolution and genetic diversity of Raphanus and facilitates the conservation and exploitation of radish germplasm resources.
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Blume, Rostislav Y., Genadiy V. Lantukh, Iryna V. Levchuk, Kostyantyn M. Lukashevych, Dzhamal B. Rakhmetov, and Yaroslav B. Blume. "Evaluation of Potential Biodiesel Feedstocks: Camelina, Turnip Rape, Oil Radish and Tyfon." Open Agriculture Journal 14, no. 1 (December 22, 2020): 299–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874331502014010299.
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Background: One of the most promising alternative biofuels, competitive with regular petrol, diesel or jet fuel is biodiesel, especially derived from plant oils. Until now, various technological approaches, as well as oil sources, have been proposed for biodiesel production, but an industrially scalable technology with high end-product quality and production efficiency has not been developed and brought to the market yet. Biodiesel is produced in Europe and North America mainly from rapeseed, or canola, sunflower and soybean oil. However, other underutilized plant species could also be considered as potential oil feedstocks for biodiesel. The great perspective holds Brassicaceae family, especially such species as false flax (Camelina sativa) and Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata), but many other Brassicaceae crops are still out of sight. Objectives: This research has been conducted aiming to identify and compare the productivity of several Brassicaceae crops (camelina or false flax (C. sativa), turnip rape (B. campestris), oil radish (Raphanus sativus var. oleifera) and tyfon (B. rapa ssp. oleifera f. biennis × (ssp. rapifera × ssp. pekinensis)), that are suitable for biodiesel production under conditions of temperate climate regions (Northern America, Europe); and to obtain biodiesel by transesterification of fatty acids present on these species using bioethanol. Methods and Materials: Seed oil content, yield and fatty acid profiles have been studied and analysed in different genotypes of C. sativa (10), winter (6) and spring (4) B. campestris, R. sativus var. oleifera (8) and tyfon (5). The most productive crops have been identified: false flax variety ‘Evro-12’ (1620 kg of oil per hectare) and ‘Peremoha’ (1657 kg/ha); winter turnip rape variety ‘Oriana’ (1373 kg/ha), oil radish variety ‘Kyianochka’ (1445 kg/ha) and tyfon varieties ‘Fitopal’ (1730 kg/ha) and ‘Obriy’ (1860 kg/ha). According to chromatographic analysis results, oils of winter turnip rape and tyfon contain high levels (38-42,8%) of erucic (22:1) acid, while oils from spring turnip rape, false flax and oil radish possess high amounts of short-chained fatty acids (not longer than C18) – up to 85,37% in camelina breeding line FEORZhYaFD. Fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) were produced from oil of best genotypes and proved to comply with all main quality requirements for diesel. Results: Moreover, a new solvent-based technology of high-yield (up to 96%) FAEE production, has been firstly proposed for C. sativa oil conversion. Conclusion: Best genotypes that can be used as a plant oil source for biodiesel production have been identified for camelina, turnip rape, oil radish and tyfon species. The data obtained on seed oil content, yield and fatty acid profiles suggested that they are: false flax – breeding form FEORZhYaFD; winter turnip rape - variety ‘Oriana’; oil radish - variety ‘Rayduha’ and tyfon hybrid - variety ‘Fitopal’. Biodiesel samples obtained from these plants fit the Ukrainian standards for diesel fuel and can be used in car engines. The proposed new technological approach to produce fatty acid ethyl esters allows to reduce reaction time and to increase esters yield and quality.
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Silva, Patrícia Ferreira da, RIGOBERTO MOREIRA DE MATOS, JOSÉ DANTAS NETO, JOÃO HENRIQUE DE ANDRADE CABRAL, VERA LÚCIA ANTUNES DE LIMA, and MARIA SALLYDELÂNDIA SOBRAL DE FARIAS. "SUSTAINABLE WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN PROTECTED IRRIGATED RADISH CULTIVATION." IRRIGA 26, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 240–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15809/irriga.2021v26n2p240-257.
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SUSTAINABLE WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN PROTECTED IRRIGATED RADISH CULTIVATION PATRÍCIA FERREIRA DA SILVA1; RIGOBERTO MOREIRA DE MATOS2; JOSÉ DANTAS NETO3; JOÃO HENRIQUE DE ANDRADE CABRAL4; VERA LÚCIA ANTUNES DE LIMA5 E MARIA SALLYDELÂNDIA SOBRAL DE FARIAS6 1 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Rua Aprígio Veloso, 882, Bairro Universitário, 58.428-830, Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brasil, patrycyafs@yahoo.com.br 2 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Rua Aprígio Veloso, 882, Bairro Universitário, 58.428-830, Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brasil, rigobertomoreira@gmail.com 3 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Rua Aprígio Veloso, 882, Bairro Universitário, 58.428-830, Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brasil, zedantas1955@gmail.com 4 Unidade Acadêmica de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Rua Aprígio Veloso, 882, Bairro Universitário, 58.428-830, Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brasil, jandrade.cabral@gmail.com 5 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Rua Aprígio Veloso, 882, Bairro Universitário,58428-830, Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brasil, antuneslia@gmail.com 6 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Rua Aprígio Veloso, 882, Bairro Universitário,58428-830, Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brasil, sallydelandia@gmail.com 1 ABSTRACT The sustainable treatment of wastewater can be an alternative to irrigated agriculture, aiming to mitigate the effects of water scarcity in regions that suffer with this issue. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of sustainable treatment of wastewater on the irrigation of radish cultivated in greenhouses. The study was conducted at the Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande, PB, Brazil. The experimental design was randomized blocks a 3x3 factorial scheme, with the factors being three qualities of water (water treated by wetland, water treated by wetland + UASB and control treatment (water from the local supply system)) and three micro-irrigation systems (subsurface drip, surface drip and micro sprinkler), with four replications. Waters treated by sustainable systems such as wetland and wetland + UASB, were not considered suitable for irrigation of leafy crops according to the guidelines of CONAMA resolution 357/2005. The sustainable treatment wetland + UASB and drip irrigation showed the best results in growth and production of radish. The radish root diameters were within the range considered ideal by the consumer market. Further studies with combinations of sustainable water treatment systems are needed aiming to frame the treated wastewater quality to the requirements of CONAMA resolution 357 for irrigation of leafy crops. Keywords: reactor UASB, wetland, Raphanus sativus, reuse, microirrigation. SILVA, P. F.; MATOS, R. M.; DANTAS NETO, J.; CABRAL, J. H. A.; LIMA, V. L. A.; FARIAS, M. S. S. TRATAMENTO SUSTENTÁVEL DA ÁGUA RESIDUÁRIA NO CULTIVO DE RABANETE IRRIGADO EM AMBIENTE PROTEGIDO 2 RESUMO O tratamento sustentável das águas residuárias pode ser uma alternativa para a agricultura irrigada, visando mitigar os efeitos da escassez hídrica em regiões que sofrem com esta problemática. Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o efeito do tratamento sustentável de água residuária no cultivo de rabanete irrigado em ambiente protegido. O trabalho foi conduzido na Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Campina Grande, PB, Brasil. O delineamento experimental foi blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 3x3, sendo os fatores: três qualidades de água (água tratada por wetland, água tratada por wetland+UASB e tratamento testemunha (água do sistema de abastecimento local)) e três sistemas de microirrigação (gotejamento subsuperficial, gotejamento superficial e microaspersão, com quatro repetições. As águas tratadas por sistemas sustentáveis como wetland e wetland+UASB, não foram consideradas próprias para irrigação de culturas folhosas conforme as diretrizes da resolução do CONAMA 357/2005. O tratamento sustentável wetland+UASB e irrigação por gotejamento evidenciaram os melhores resultados em crescimento e produção de rabanete. Os diâmetros das raízes do rabanete ficaram dentro da faixa considerada ideal pelo mercado consumidor. São necessários mais estudos com combinações de sistemas sustentáveis de tratamento de água visando enquadrar a qualidade da água residuária tratada nas exigências da resolução CONAMA 357 para irrigação de culturas folhosas. Palavras-chave: reator UASB, wetland, Raphanus sativus, reúso, microirrigação.
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Purnomo, Purnomo, Aunu Rauf, Soemartono Sosromarsono, and Teguh Santoso. "KESESUAIAN DAN PREFERENSI LIRIOMYZA HUIDOBRENSIS (BLANCHARD) (DIPTERA: AGROMYZIDAE) PADA BERBAGAI TUMBUHAN INANG." Jurnal Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan Tropika 8, no. 2 (November 4, 2011): 102–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/j.hptt.28102-109.
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Host suitability and the preference of Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) on different host plants. Potato leafminer, Liriomyza huidobrensis has become a major pest on highland vegetables since its invasion in Indonesia in 1994. The objectives of this research was to elucidate the level of suitability and the preference of L. huidobrensis on different host plant species. Research was conducted in Insect Ecology Laboratory, Department of Plant Pests and Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture-IPB. The result of laboratory experiments indicated that host plants showing the highest level of suitability (based on the intrinsic rate of increase, r) were potato (Solanum tuberosum), chinese cabbage (Brassica chinensis var. parachinensis), kacang endul (P. vulgaris), and snap bean (P. vulgaris). Low host suitability were found on cucumber (Cucumis sativus), tomato ( S. lycopersicum), wild radish (Nasturtium indicum) and a non-crop vegetation, galinggang (Galinsoga parviflora). There was consistency between suitability and host preference. The first four host plants mentioned above were preferred for feeding and laying eggs.
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Możdżeń, Katarzyna, Agnieszka Tatoj, Beata Barabasz-Krasny, Anna Sołtys-Lelek, Wojciech Gruszka, and Peiman Zandi. "The Allelopathic Potential of Rosa blanda Aiton on Selected Wild-Growing Native and Cultivated Plants in Europe." Plants 10, no. 9 (August 30, 2021): 1806. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10091806.
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Invasive plant species are responsible for changing colonized ecosystems by occupying new areas and creating a threat to the functioning of the native flora and fauna populations. Alien plants can produce allelochemicals, substances completely new to indigenous communities. This study investigated the germination seed reactions of Festuca rubra L. and Raphanus sativus L. var. radicula Pers. cv. Rowa on the extracts from the roots, stalks, leaves, and flowers of Rosa blanda. Aqueous extracts at concentrations of 1%, 2.5%, and 5% were used in order to determine the allelopathic potential of this alien rose for Europe. With the increase in the concentration of extracts, a decrease in the germination capacity of seeds of the tested species was observed. R. blanda extracts inhibited the growth of seedlings. Depending on the concentration and type of the extract, changes in biomass and water content in Red Fescue and Red Radish seedlings were also shown. The highest differences in the electrolyte leakages were noted in seedlings treated with 5% rose extracts. The study showed that the aqueous extracts of R. blanda leaves and flowers had the greatest allelopathic potential.
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McDonald, Annaclaire G., Brad R. Murray, Daniel W. Krix, and Megan L. Murray. "Complex soil contamination severely impacts seed-sown crop viability in Australia." April 2021, no. 15(04):2021 (April 10, 2021): 531–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.21.15.04.p2806.
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Food security is a critical issue for many global communities. Heavy metal contamination in soils present a major and ongoing ecological risk associated with human activities which may impact the viability and safety of seed-sown crops. To better understand the impacts of soil contamination by heavy metals on seed-sown crop viability, we examined germination responses of eight commercially-important fruit and vegetable crop species to copper, zinc, and lead contamination at levels likely to be found in contaminated regions in Australia. We compared the germination attributes of days to first germination, germination period, and total proportion of seeds germinated under concentration limits of heavy metals detected at degraded sites and current Australian National Environment Protection Measure thresholds for domestic soils (i.e., copper 6,000 mg kg-1, zinc 4,700 mg kg-1, lead 300 mg kg-1). The combined heavy metal treatment (i.e. all three metals) significantly inhibited germination for all edible crop species with only carrots able to germinate under complex, multi-metal-contaminated conditions. Seed viability was significantly decreased in mulberry (M. alba var. tatarica, M. nigra, and M. rubra) and lettuce (L. sativa), with lowered seed germination in all metals compared to carrot (D. carota), radish (R. sativus), tomato (S. lycopersicum) and common bean (P. vulgaris). These results indicate heavy metal contamination is a notable risk to seed-sown crop species, with multi-metal contamination events likely to be severely damaging to lettuce, tomato, radish, common bean, and mulberry crops
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Majchrzak, Barbara, Tomasz P. Kurowski, and Zofia Karpińska. "The health condition of spring oilseed crops in relation to the fungi colonising their seeds." Acta Agrobotanica 55, no. 1 (2013): 199–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2002.019.
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The research was conduced in the years 1999-2000. The aim of the research was to determine the health condition of overground parts and seeds of the following spring oilseed crops: crambe (<i>Crambe abbysinica</i> Hoechst.) cv. B o r o w s k i, false flax (<i>Camelina sativa</i> L.) cv. B o r o w s k a, spring rape (<i>Brassica napus</i> ssp. <i>oleifera</i> L.) cv. M a r g o and oleiferous radish (<i>Raphanus sativus</i> var. <i>oleiferus</i> L.) cv. P e g l e t t a. In all the years of the research alternaria blight was found on the leaves and siliques of spring rape and oleiferous radish and on the leaves and stems of crambe. False flax proved to be weakly infected by pathogens. On its leaves gray mould (<i>Botrytis cinerea</i>) was found in all the years of the research. The disease was found on the siliques only in 1999. In 2000 powdery mildew was found on spring rape and false flax (respectively, <i>Erysiphe crucifearum</i> and <i>E.cichoracearum</i>). The weather conditions affected the intensity of the diseases on the studied spring oilseed crops. <i>Alernaria</i> genus, especially <i>A.alternata</i> was most commonly isolated from the seeds of examined plants. It constituted from 37% (in crambe) to 63,3% (in spring rape) of all the isolates. Of the remaining pathogenic species, numerous fungi of the <i>Fusarium</i> genus (<i>F.avenaceum, F.culmorum, F.equiseti</i> and <i>F.oxysporum</i>) were isolated. They constituted from 1,0% (false flax) to 17,3% (crambe) of the isolates.
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Warwick, Suzanne I., and Ardath Francis. "The biology of Canadian weeds. 132. Raphanus raphanistrum L." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 85, no. 3 (July 1, 2005): 709–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p04-120.
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A review of biological information is provided for Raphanus raphanistrum L. Native to the Mediterranean region, the species is widely introduced and naturalized in temperate regions around the world. In Canada, it currently occurs in all provinces except Saskatchewan and Manitoba, has only a limited distribution in Alberta, and is also absent from the Yukon, the Northwest Territories and Nunavut. It is most abundant in the Atlantic and Pacific regions and is an important weed of field crops in the Maritime provinces and Quebec. A persistent seed bank, competitive annual growth habit and high fecundity all contribute to its weedy nature and ensure that it will be a continuing problem. It can easily hybridize with cultivated radish, R. sativus L., and commonly does so when they occur together. Limited hybridization with canola, Brassica napus L., has been reported from several experimental field and greenhouse trials. Selective herbicide control is most difficult in canola and other cruciferous crops. It is the most important dicot weed in the southwestern region of Australia, primarily due to the evolution of several different herbicide-resistant biotypes. These include biotypes resistant to the acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibitors (group 2 herbicides) and/or photosystem II-inhibitors (group 5), and a biotype with multiple resistance to ALS-inhibitors, photosystem II-inhibitors, an auxin (2,4-D amine), and a phytoene desaturase (PSDS)-inhibitor (diflufenican). A biotype resistant to the ALS-inhibiting herbicide chlorsulfuron has also been detected in South Africa. Key words: Wild radish, Raphanus raphanistrum, herbicide resistance, canola, hybridization, RAPRA
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Tsouvaltzis, Pavlos, and Jeffrey K. Brecht. "Changes in Quality and Antioxidant Enzyme Activities of Bunched and Topped Radish (R aphanus sativus L.) Plants during Storage at 5 or 10C." Journal of Food Quality 37, no. 3 (March 20, 2014): 157–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jfq.12082.
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Cunha, Fernando França da, Marco Aurélio de Castro, Amanda Regina Godoy, Fernando Fagner Magalhães, and Aguinaldo José Freitas Leal. "IRRIGAÇÃO DE CULTIVARES DE RABANETE EM DIFERENTES ÉPOCAS DE CULTIVO NO NORDESTE SUL-MATO-GROSSENSE." IRRIGA 22, no. 3 (August 28, 2017): 530–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15809/irriga.2017v22n3p530-546.
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IRRIGAÇÃO DE CULTIVARES DE RABANETE EM DIFERENTES ÉPOCAS DE CULTIVO NO NORDESTE SUL-MATO-GROSSENSE FERNANDO FRANÇA DA CUNHA1; MARCO AURÉLIO DE CASTRO2; AMANDA REGINA GODOY3; FERNANDO FAGNER MAGALHÃES2 E AGUINALDO JOSÉ FREITAS LEAL21 Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, UFV, Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, 36570-000, Viçosa, MG, Brasil. fernando.cunha@ufv.br2 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, UFMS, Rodovia MS 306, km 105, Zona Rural, 79560-000, Chapadão do Sul, MS, Brasil. falecomarco@yahoo.com.br; magalhaes.fernandof@gmail.com, aguinaldo.leal@ufms.br3 Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, UEPG, Avenida Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Uvaranas, 84030-900, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brasil. amandagodoy@uepg.br 1 RESUMO O máximo potencial produtivo das cultivares de rabanete e a qualidade das raízes estão diretamente relacionados à disponibilidade hídrica no solo. Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar a produção de cultivares de rabanete sob distintas lâminas de irrigação em diferentes épocas de cultivo no Nordeste Sul-Mato-Grossense. O experimento foi montado e analisado em parcelas sub-subdivididas, possuindo quatro lâminas de água (50, 75, 100 e 125% da evapotranspiração da cultura) nas parcelas, três cultivares de rabanete (Saxa, Sparkler e Cometa) nas subparcelas e duas épocas de cultivo (seca e chuvosa) nas sub-subparcelas, com quatro repetições no delineamento em blocos casualizados. Foram avaliados: comprimento e diâmetro de raiz, número de raízes comerciais e rachadas, massa total de raízes e massa comercial de raízes, massa fresca e seca da parte aérea, relação raiz/parte aérea e eficiência de uso da água. As lâminas de irrigação proporcionaram nas características avaliadas efeito linear na época seca e não conferiram efeito na época chuvosa. O rabanete Cometa deve ser preferido no nordeste Sul-Mato-Grossense e irrigado com reposições que atendam 125 e 50% da evapotranspiração da cultura, nas épocas seca e chuvosa, respectivamente. Palavras-chave: Cerrado brasileiro, olericultura, lâminas de irrigação, Raphanus sativus. CUNHA, F. F. DA; CASTRO, M. A. DE; GODOY, A. R.; MAGALHÃES, F. F.; E LEAL, A. J. F.IRRIGATION OF RADISH CULTIVARS IN DIFFERENT CROPPING SEASONS IN THE NORTHEASTERN REGION OF MATO GROSSO DO SUL, BRAZIL 2 ABSTRACT The maximum productive potential of radish cultivars and root quality are directly related to water availability in the soil. The study aimed to evaluate the production of distinct radish cultivars submitted to distinct irrigation depths at distinct cropping seasons in the northeastern region of the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. The experiment was installed and analyzed in a split plot design, presented in four irrigation depths (50%, 75%, 100% and 125% of crop evapotranspiration) in the plots, three radish varieties (Saxa, Sparkler and Cometa) in the subplots and two cropping seasons (dry and rainy) in the sub-subplots, in the randomized block scheme with four replications. The following agronomic characteristics were evaluated: root depth, root diameter, commercial root number, cracked root number, weight of total and marketable root, total root yield, commercial root yield, fresh shoot yields, dry shoot yield, root/shoot ratio, and water use efficiency. There was better performance of the radish in the dry season. The Cometa cultivar, independent of cropping season and irrigation depth, showed superior agronomic characteristics than other cultivars evaluated. The irrigation depths, in general, provided in the evaluated characteristics linear outcome in the dry season and did not confer effect in the rainy season. The Cometa radish cultivar should be chosen by producers from northeastern Mato Grosso do Sul, in Brazil, and irrigated with replacements of 125% and 50% on the crop evapotranspiration, in the dry and rainy seasons, respectively. Keywords: Brazilian cerrado, olericulture, irrigation depths, Raphanus sativus.
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Parveen, Gulnaz, Salma Gul, Kaleemullah Khan, Zubia Rahim, and M. Ather Rafi. "A Survey Report of Disease Fields of District; Swabi, Buner, Haripur and Mardan Province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa." Biological Sciences - PJSIR 64, no. 3 (October 11, 2021): 288–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.52763/pjsir.biol.sci.64.3.2021.288.300.
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A survey of diseased fields of total (35) areas located in four different Districts of Khyber Pakhtun Khwa like Buner (4 areas), Swabi (23 areas) Mardan (3 areas) and Haripur (5areas) was carried out for estimation of losses and identification of root disease causing pathogens in 14 different economically important crops like Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), Ladyfinger (Abelmoscus esculentus), Chilli (Capsicum anuum), Eggplant (Solanum melongena), Maize (Zea mays), Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), Wheat (Triticum estivum), Garlic (Allium sativum), Mustard (Brassica compestres), Clover (Trifolium repens), Onion (Allium cepa), Turnip (Brassica rapa), Radish (Raphanus sativus) and Pea (Pisum sativum). The most common root rot pathogens found in all the areas visited were Alternaria alternate, A.solani, Rhizoctonia solani Macrophomina phaseolina and species of Fusarium viz., Fusarium solani and F.oxysporum. Two species of root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica and M. incognita were also found causing root- knot disease. The eggplant was found upto 20-76% losses when an infection caused by the combined effect of F. oxysporum, M.phaseolina. R. solani and root-knot nematodes. Similarly, the loss of chiliplants was found 40-65% due to the combined effect of F. solani, M.phaseolina, R. solani, and root-knot nematodes. Zea mays crops were reported 50-77% losses due to Drecslera spp, F.solani, and A. solani Losses recorded by these root-rot and root-knot pathogens were found variable depending upon a combination of pathogens, temperature and soil types.
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Cicek, Harun, Martin H. Entz, Joanne R. Thiessen Martens, and Paul R. Bullock. "Productivity and nitrogen benefits of late-season legume cover crops in organic wheat production." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 94, no. 4 (May 2014): 771–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps2013-130.
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Cicek, H., Entz, M. H., Thiessen Martens, J. R. and Bullock, P. R. 2014. Productivity and nitrogen benefits of late-season legume cover crops in organic wheat production. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 771–783. When full-season cover crops are used in stockless organic rotations, cash crop production is compromised. Including winter cereals in rotations can widen the growing season window and create a niche for late-season cover crops. We investigated the establishment and biomass production of relay-cropped red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and sweet clover (Melilotus officinalis L. ‘Norgold’) and double-cropped cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. ‘Iron and Clay’), hairy vetch (Vicia villosa L.), lentil (Lens culinaris L. ‘Indianhead’), soybean (Glycine max L. ‘Prudence’), pea (Pisum sativum L. ‘40-10’), and oil seed radish (Raphanus sativus L.) as well as wheat response to these crops under reduced tillage (RT) and conventional tillage (CT) at three locations in Manitoba, Canada. Red clover, sweet clover and pea produced from 737 to 4075 and 93 to 1453 and 160 to 2357 kg ha−1of biomass, respectively. All double crops, with the exception of soybean at 2 site years, established successfully under both RT and CT. The presence of cover crops increased wheat N uptake at stem elongation, maturity and yield, even when the biomass production of cover crops was modest. We conclude that late-season cover crops enhance the following wheat yield and facilitate reduced tillage in organic crop production.
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Van, Truong, Tran Xuan, Truong Minh, and Nguyen Quan. "Isolation and Purification of Potent Growth Inhibitors from Piper methysticum Root." Molecules 23, no. 8 (July 31, 2018): 1907. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23081907.
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Piper methysticum (kava) root is known to possess promising weed suppressing activity. The present study was conducted to search for potent plant growth inhibitors from the root of this medicinal pepper plant. The ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract exhibited the strongest reduction on growth of Raphanus sativus (radish) (IC50 shoot and root growth = 172.00 and 51.31 µg/mL respectively) among solvent extracts. From this active extract, nine potent growth inhibitors involved in the inhibitory activities of P. methysticum root were isolated, purified and characterized by column chromatography (CC), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The six fractions purified by CC included two flavanones: 5-hydroxy-4′,7-dimethoxyflavanone (C1) and 5,7-dihydroxy-4′-methoxy-6,8-dimethylflavanone (matteucinol, C2) and six kavalactones: 5,6-dehydro-kavain (C3), a mixture of kavain and yagonin (C4), yagonin (C5) and dihydro-5,6-dehydrokavain, 7,8-dihydrokavain, dihydromethysticin and methysticin (C6). The amounts of 5-hydroxy-4′,7-dimethoxyflavanone, matteucinol, 5,6-dehydrokavain and yangonin were 0.76, 2.50, 2.75 and 2.09 mg/g dry weight (DW), respectively. The two flavanones C1 and C2 exhibited the strongest inhibition on shoot elongation (IC50 = 120.22 and 248.03 µg/mL, respectively), whilst the two kavalactone mixtures C4 and C6 showed the highest suppression on root growth of R. sativus (IC50 = 7.70 and 15.67 µg/mL, respectively). This study was the first to report the purification and inhibitory activities of the two flavanones 5-hydroxy-4′,7-dimethoxyflavanone and matteucinol in P. methysticum root. The isolated constituents from P. methysticum root including the flavanones C1 and C2 and the mixtures C4 and C6 may possess distinct modes of action on plant growth. Findings of this study highlighted that the combinations of hexane-ethyl acetate by 9:1 and 8:2 ratios successfully purified flavanones and kavalactones in P. methysticum root.
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Arslan, Gökhan. "Cytokine Gene Expression, Immune Responses and Disease Resistance of Oncorhynchus mykiss after Raphanus sativus By-products Supplementation." Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 21, no. 10 (June 24, 2021): 521–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v21_10_05.
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In the present study, we examined the effects of aqueous methanolic extract of radish seed (Raphanus sativus) by-products (RS) on innate immune responses and growth performance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The fish was fed diets containing 4 different doses of RS (0 % (Control), 0.1% (RS0.1), 0.5% (RS0.5) and 1% (RS1)) for 14 days. The results showed an increased activity of respiratory burst in fish of treatment groups compared to that of control on 14th day (P<0.05). An enhanced bacterial killing activity was observed in R.05 and RS1 treatment groups compared to control (P<0.05) on 7th day of the study. Lysozyme activity was elevated in fish of RS1 group on 7th day, and in all treatment groups on 14th day compared to that of the control. Myeloperoxidase activity increased significantly in RS1 and RS0.1 groups compared to the control on 7th day. IL-1b was up- regulated in head kidney of fish in RS0.1 group on 7th day and in RS0.5 group on 14th day of the study. In intestine of fish of experimental groups, IL-1b expression was significantly elevated on 7th day compared to the control. IL-12 was also up-regulated both in kidney and intestine of treatment group fish on 7th day. Similar results were observed on IL-10 expression. IL8 was up-regulated both in kidney and intestine of treated fish groups. Growth performance was affected positively in the RS1 group compared to the control. However, FCR value did not vary among different groups. Survival also improved against Aeromonas hydrophila infection in RS administered fish. All these results suggest that supplementation of RS through diets for 7 days could improve immune responses and growth in rainbow trout.
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Masangkay, Rhomela F., Maxima O. Mabbayad, Timothy C. Paulitz, and Alan K. Watson. "Host range of Alternaria alternata f.sp. sphenocleae causing leaf blight of Sphenoclea zeylanica." Canadian Journal of Botany 77, no. 1 (June 1, 1999): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b98-225.
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Forty-eight plant species in 40 genera representing 20 families were screened for susceptibility to Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler f.sp. sphenocleae, a candidate biological control agent for Sphenoclea zeylanica Gaertner (gooseweed). Gooseweed was the only species susceptible to A. alternata f.sp. sphenocleae when plants were treated with 3.5 × 105 conidia/mL (approximately 107 conidia/m2) in the presence or absence of supplemental dew. All inoculated gooseweed plants were killed when subjected to a 14- to 15-h dew. Lactuca sativa L. (lettuce), Glycine max (L.) Merrill (soybean), Phaesolus vulgaris L. (common bean), Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC. (winged bean), Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilcz. (mung bean), Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. (string bean), Musa sapientum L. (banana), and some Oryza sativa L. (rice) cultivars showed highly resistant reactions. Brassica oleracea L. (cabbage), Raphanus sativus L. (radish), and Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench (okra) showed highly resistant to moderately resistant reactions while Gossypium hirsutum L. (cotton) showed moderately resistant to moderately susceptible reactions. Symptoms on cotton were restricted to the cotyledons. Sporulation, however, was observed only on detached excised gooseweed leaves, and no sporulation occurred on any of the other plant species evaluated. Gooseweed was the only compatible host plant of A. alternata f.sp. sphenocleae found in these studies.Key words: Alternaria alternata f.sp. sphenocleae, biological weed control, host specificity, gooseweed, Sphenoclea zeylanica.