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Journal articles on the topic 'Radiopurity'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 9 March 2023

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1

Belli, P., R. Bernabei, F. Cappella, R. Cerulli, F. A. Danevich, A. M. Dubovik, S. d'Angelo, et al. "Radiopurity of ZnWO4Crystal Scintillators." Acta Physica Polonica A 117, no. 1 (January 2010): 139–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.12693/aphyspola.117.139.

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2

Barinova, O. P., F. Cappella, R. Cerulli, F. A. Danevich, S. V. Kirsanova, V. V. Kobychev, M. Laubenstein, S. S. Nagorny, F. Nozzoli, and V. I. Tretyak. "Intrinsic radiopurity of a crystal." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 607, no. 3 (August 2009): 573–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2009.06.003.

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3

Cebrián, S., T. Dafni, E. Ferrer-Ribas, J. Galán, I. Giomataris, H. Gómez, F. J. Iguaz, et al. "Radiopurity of micromegas readout planes." Astroparticle Physics 34, no. 6 (January 2011): 354–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2010.09.003.

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4

Caccianiga, Barbara, and Alessandra Carlotta Re. "The calibration system for the Borexino experiment." International Journal of Modern Physics A 29, no. 16 (June 17, 2014): 1442010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x1442010x.

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Borexino is a large liquid scintillator detector designed to study solar neutrinos in real-time. Since the beginning of data-taking in 2007, Borexino has been able to perform a complete spectroscopy of neutrinos from the Sun, thanks to its unprecedented radiopurity. Calibrations have been crucial for the success of the experiment. In this paper, we describe the Borexino calibration system, emphasizing its most critical aspects, in particular to those related to radiopurity. We also discuss some of the results of the calibration campaigns performed in Borexino Phase-1.

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5

Bongrand, M. "BiPo prototype for SuperNEMO radiopurity measurements." Journal of Instrumentation 3, no. 06 (June 26, 2008): P06006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/3/06/p06006.

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6

Fitzsimmons, Jonathan, Justin Griswold, Dmitri Medvedev, Cathy Cutler, and Leonard Mausner. "Defining Processing Times for Accelerator Produced 225Ac and Other Isotopes from Proton Irradiated Thorium." Molecules 24, no. 6 (March 20, 2019): 1095. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24061095.

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During the purification of radioisotopes, decay periods or time dependent purification steps may be required to achieve a certain level of radiopurity in the final product. Actinum-225 (Ac-225), Silver-111 (Ag-111), Astatine-211 (At-211), Ruthenium-105 (Ru-105), and Rhodium-105 (Rh-105) are produced in a high energy proton irradiated thorium target. Experimentally measured cross sections, along with MCNP6-generated cross sections, were used to determine the quantities of Ac-225, Ag-111, At-211, Ru-105, Rh-105, and other co-produced radioactive impurities produced in a proton irradiated thorium target at Brookhaven Linac Isotope Producer (BLIP). Ac-225 and Ag-111 can be produced with high radiopurity by the proton irradiation of a thorium target at BLIP.

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7

Lutter, Guillaume, Mikael Hult, Robert Billnert, Andreas Oberstedt, Stephan Oberstedt, Erica Andreotti, Gerd Marissens, Ulf Rosengård, and Faidra Tzika. "Radiopurity of a CeBr3 crystal used as scintillation detector." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 703 (March 2013): 158–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2012.11.174.

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8

Gómez, H. "BiPo: A dedicated radiopurity detector for the SuperNEMO experiment." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 718 (August 2013): 52–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2012.12.063.

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9

Lombardi, Paolo, and Augusto Goretti. "Borexino: Low background techniques adopted during the installation." International Journal of Modern Physics A 29, no. 16 (June 17, 2014): 1442006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x14420068.

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Borexino achieved radiopurity world records. During each phase of the Experiment, starting from the fabrication up to the commissioning, various techniques to reach this important result have been adopted. A special care has been taken in the material screening and selection, in the component cleaning and installation and in the scintillator purification and handling. In this paper, the installation part will be described.

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10

Aznar, F., J. Castel, S. Cebrián, T. Dafni, A. Diago, J. A. García, J. G. Garza, et al. "Assessment of material radiopurity for Rare Event experiments using Micromegas." Journal of Instrumentation 8, no. 11 (November 15, 2013): C11012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/8/11/c11012.

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11

Loach, J. C., J. Cooley, G. A. Cox, Z. Li, K. D. Nguyen, and A. W. P. Poon. "A database for storing the results of material radiopurity measurements." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 839 (December 2016): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2016.09.036.

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12

Eurin, Guillaume. "Radiopurity requirements for the SuperNEMO experiment and the BiPo detector." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 598 (April 15, 2015): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/598/1/012019.

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13

Rakhimov, Alimardon V., A. S. Barabash, A. Basharina-Freshville, S. Blot, M. Bongrand, Ch Bourgeois, D. Breton, et al. "Development of methods for the preparation of radiopure 82Se sources for the SuperNEMO neutrinoless double-beta decay experiment." Radiochimica Acta 108, no. 2 (January 28, 2020): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ract-2019-3129.

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AbstractA radiochemical method for producing82Se sources with an ultra-low level of contamination of natural radionuclides (40K, decay products of232Th and238U) has been developed based on cation-exchange chromatographic purification with reverse removal of impurities. It includes chromatographic separation (purification), reduction, conditioning (which includes decantation, centrifugation, washing, grinding, and drying), and82Se foil production. The conditioning stage, during which highly dispersed elemental selenium is obtained by the reduction of purified selenious acid (H2SeO3) with sulfur dioxide (SO2) represents the crucial step in the preparation of radiopure82Se samples. The natural selenium (600 g) was first produced in this procedure in order to refine the method. The technique developed was then used to produce 2.5 kg of radiopure enriched selenium (82Se). The produced82Se samples were wrapped in polyethylene (12 μm thick) and radionuclides present in the sample were analyzed with the BiPo-3 detector. The radiopurity of the plastic materials (chromatographic column material and polypropylene chemical vessels), which were used at all stages, was determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis. The radiopurity of the82Se foils was checked by measurements with the BiPo-3 spectrometer, which confirmed the high purity of the final product. The measured contamination level for208Tl was 8–54 μBq/kg, and for214Bi the detection limit of 600 μBq/kg has been reached.

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14

Pesudo, Vicente. "Measurement of the underground argon radiopurity for Dark Matter direct searches." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2156, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2156/1/012043.

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Abstract A major worldwide effort is underway to procure the radiopure argon needed for DarkSide-20k (DS-20k), the first large scale detector of the new Global Argon Dark Matter Collaboration. The Urania project will extract and purify underground argon (UAr) from CO2 wells in the USA at a production rate of about 330 kg/day. Additional chemical purification of the UAr will be required prior to its use in the DS-20k LAr-TPC. The Aria project will purify UAr using a cryogenic distillation column (Seruci-I), located in Sardinia (Italy). Assessing the UAr purity in terms of 39Ar is crucial for the physics program of the DarkSide-20k experiment. DArT is a small (1 litre) radiopure chamber that will measure the 39 Ar depletion factor in the UAr. The detector will be immersed in the active liquid Ar volume of ArDM (LSC, Spain), which will act as a veto for gammas from the detector materials and the surrounding rock. In this article, the status and prospects of the UAr projects for DarkSide-20k are reviewed with a special focus in DArT.

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15

Mariani, A. "Characterization of an ultra-high purity NaI(Tl) crystal scintillator with the SABRE Proof-of-Principle detector." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2156, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2156/1/012022.

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Abstract The SABRE experiment aims to detect the annual modulation of the dark matter interaction rate by means of ultra-high purity NaI(Tl) crystals. It focuses on the achievement of a very low background to carry out a model-independent and high sensitivity test of the long-standing DAMA result. SABRE has recently completed a Proof-of-Principle (PoP) phase at the Gran Sasso National Laboratory, devoted to assess the radiopurity of the crystals. The results on the radiopurity of a 3.4-kg NaI(Tl) crystal scintillator grown within the SABRE Collaboration and operated underground in the SABRE-PoP setup, will be reported and discussed. The amount of potassium content in the crystal, determined by direct counting of 40K, is found to be < 4.7 ppb at 90% CL. The average background rate in the 1-6 keV energy region of interest (ROI) is 1.20 ± 0.05 counts/day/kg/keV, which is, for the first time, comparable with DAMA/LIBRA-phasel. Our background model indicates that this rate is dominated by 210Pb, and that about half of this contamination is located in the PTFE reflector wrapped around the crystal. Ongoing developments aimed at a further reduction of radioactive contaminants in the crystal indicates that a background rate ≤ 0.3 counts/day/kg/keV in the ROI is within reach. This value represents a benchmark for the development of next-generation NaI(Tl) detector arrays for the direct detection of dark matter particles.

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16

Giammarchi, Marco. "The Borexino scintillator and solvent procurement." International Journal of Modern Physics A 29, no. 16 (June 17, 2014): 1442007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x1442007x.

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The Borexino experiment for solar neutrino physics and other rare phenomena requires an extremely low radioactive background to disentangle the very few events due to neutrino interactions. Therefore, the Borexino scintillator has to satisfy the most stringent radiopurity requirements, being about eight orders of magnitude less radioactive than an ordinary material. This was achieved by means of scintillator purification techniques and of a special care during all the production, handling and procurement of the scintillator solvent. This paper describes the methodology and the quality control procedures that were employed during the production, handling and shipping of the solvent.

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17

Caminata, Alessio, Stefano Davini, Lea Di Noto, Marco Pallavicini, Gemma Testera, and Sandra Zavatarelli. "Search for geo-neutrinos and rare nuclear processes with Borexino." International Journal of Modern Physics A 33, no. 09 (March 30, 2018): 1843009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x18430091.

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Borexino was designed to measure solar neutrinos in the MeV or sub-MeV energy range. The unprecedented radiopurity of the detector has allowed the detection of geo-neutrinos and the determination of competitive limits on the rate of rare or forbidden processes. In this paper, we review the basic principle of neutrinos and antineutrinos detection in Borexino and we describe the results of the geo-neutrinos measurements and their implications. Then we summarize the search for Borexino events correlated with gamma ray bursts and for axion induced signals, and the limits achieved on Pauli forbidden transitions and on the electron charge conservation.

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18

Manzanillas, L., Y. Efremenko, M. Febbraro, F. Fischer, M. G. Corominas, B. Hackett, C. Hayward, et al. "Usage of PEN as self-vetoing structural material in the LEGEND experiment." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 03 (March 1, 2022): C03031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/03/c03031.

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Abstract Polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) is an industrial plastic which is interesting to the physics community as a wavelength-shifting scintillator. Recently, PEN structures with excellent radiopurity have been successfully produced using injection compression molding technology. This opens the possibility for the usage of optically active structural components with wavelength shifting capabilities in low-background experiments. Thus, PEN holders will be used to mount the germanium detectors in the LEGEND-200 experiment. In this contribution the ongoing R&D on PEN is outlined with a focus on the evaluation of its optical properties. In addition, the ongoing efforts for further application of PEN in the LEGEND-1000 experiment are presented.

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19

IANNI, ALDO. "STATUS OF BOREXINO." International Journal of Modern Physics A 18, no. 22 (September 10, 2003): 3895–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x03017245.

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Borexino is a real-time solar neutrino detector under commissioning at the Gran Sasso underground laboratories (Italy). The main goal of the experiment is the spectroscopy of sub-MeV solar neutrinos focusing on the measurement of the 7 Be neutrino flux on Earth. In order to achieve such a goal Borexino has developed a new technology for large-scale low-count rate experiments. This paper reviews the status of the experiment and the strategy adopted to reach a high level of radiopurity. Besides its primary task Borexino will also be able to search for SuperNova neutrinos, non-standard neutrinos properties and neutrino from the Earth.

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20

Cebrián, S., J. Pérez, I. Bandac, L. Labarga, V. Álvarez, C. D. R. Azevedo, J. M. Benlloch-Rodríguez, et al. "Radiopurity assessment of the energy readout for the NEXT double beta decay experiment." Journal of Instrumentation 12, no. 08 (August 21, 2017): T08003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/12/08/t08003.

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21

Cebrián, S., J. Pérez, I. Bandac, L. Labarga, V. Álvarez, A. I. Barrado, A. Bettini, et al. "Radiopurity assessment of the tracking readout for the NEXT double beta decay experiment." Journal of Instrumentation 10, no. 05 (May 13, 2015): P05006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/10/05/p05006.

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22

Barabash, A. S., P. Belli, R. Bernabei, Yu A. Borovlev, F. Cappella, V. Caracciolo, R. Cerulli, et al. "Improvement of radiopurity level of enriched 116CdWO4 and ZnWO4 crystal scintillators by recrystallization." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 833 (October 2016): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2016.07.025.

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23

Münster, A., M. v. Sivers, G. Angloher, A. Bento, C. Bucci, L. Canonica, A. Erb, et al. "Radiopurity of CaWO4 crystals for direct dark matter search with CRESST and EURECA." Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2014, no. 05 (May 15, 2014): 018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2014/05/018.

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24

Sterr, Tobias. "The JUNO OSIRIS Detector." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2156, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2156/1/012198.

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Abstract The Online Scintillator Internal Radioactivity Investigation System (OSIRIS) is a 20-ton liquid scintillator detector currently under construction at the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) in Kaiping, China. OSIRIS features 76 newly developed, “intelligent PMTs” (iPMTs) surrounding a cylindrical acrylic vessel enclosed in a Cherenkov muon veto. Two calibration systems, an Automated Calibration Unit (ACU) and a laser calibration system are available. The detector will be integrated into the Liquid Handling System (LHS) of JUNO. The main purpose of OSIRIS is the monitoring of the radiopurity of the liquid scintillator during the filling phase of JUNO, measuring contamination levels of 238U, 232Th, 85Kr, 210Po and 14C. A consecutive physics phase addressing solar neutrinos and 0νββ decay is foreseen.

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25

Ardid, M., I. Felis, J. A. Martínez-Mora, and J. Otero. "Optimization of Dimensions of Cylindrical Piezoceramics as Radio-Clean Low Frequency Acoustic Sensors." Journal of Sensors 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8179672.

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Circular piezoelectric transducers with axial polarization are proposed as low frequency acoustic sensors for dark matter bubble chamber detectors. The axial vibration behaviour of the transducer is studied by three different methods: analytical models, FEM simulation, and experimental setup. To optimize disk geometry for this application, the dependence of the vibrational modes in function of the diameter-to-thickness ratio from 0.5 (a tall cylinder) to 20.0 (a thin disk) has been studied. Resonant and antiresonant frequencies for each of the lowest modes are determined and electromechanical coupling coefficients are calculated. From this analysis, due to the requirements of radiopurity and little volume, optimal diameter-to-thickness ratios for good transducer performance are discussed.

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26

Álvarez, V., I. Bandac, A. Bettini, F. I. G. M. Borges, S. Cárcel, J. Castel, S. Cebrián, et al. "Radiopurity control in the NEXT-100 double beta decay experiment: procedures and initial measurements." Journal of Instrumentation 8, no. 01 (January 22, 2013): T01002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/8/01/t01002.

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27

Kaizer, Jakub, Stefano Nisi, and Pavel P. Povinec. "Radiopurity measurements of aluminum, copper and selenium materials for underground experiments and mass spectrometry development." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 322, no. 3 (October 15, 2019): 1447–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10967-019-06857-3.

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28

Zhu, Y. F., S. T. Lin, V. Singh, W. C. Chang, M. Deniz, W. P. Lai, H. B. Li, et al. "Measurement of the intrinsic radiopurity of 137Cs/235U/238U/232Th in CsI(Tl) crystal scintillators." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 557, no. 2 (February 2006): 490–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2005.11.192.

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29

Loaiza, P. "The SuperNemo ββ0ν enriched 82Se source foils and their radiopurity measurement with the BiPo-3 detector." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 888 (September 2017): 012086. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/888/1/012086.

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30

Cappella, Fabio, and Antonella Incicchitti. "Techniques for Background Identification in the Search for Rare Processes with Crystal Scintillators." Physics 3, no. 2 (April 9, 2021): 187–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/physics3020015.

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In astroparticle, nuclear and subnuclear physics, low-counting experiments play an increasingly important role in the investigation of rare processes such as dark matter, double beta decay, some neutrino processes and low-background spectrometry. Extremely low-background features are more and more required to produce detectors and apparata of suitable sensitivity. Over time, a great deal of interest and attention in developing experimental techniques suitable to improve, verify and maintain the radiopurity of these detectors has arisen. In this paper, the characterization of inorganic crystal scintillators (such as, e.g., NaI(Tl), ZnWO4 and CdWO4) using α, β and γ radioactive sources and the main experimental techniques applied in the field to quantitatively identify the radioactive contaminants are highlighted; in particular, we focus on inorganic crystal scintillators, widely used in rare processes investigation, considering their applications at noncryogenic temperatures in the framework of the DAMA experiment activities at the Gran Sasso National Laboratory of the INFN (National Institute for Nuclear Physics, INFN).

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31

Polischuk, Oksana G. "Enriched Crystal Scintillators for 2β Experiments." Physics 3, no. 1 (March 9, 2021): 103–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/physics3010009.

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The investigation of 2β decay is an important issue in modern physics, allowing the test of the Standard Model of elementary particles and the study of the nature and properties of neutrinos. The crystal scintillators, especially made of isotopically-enriched materials, are powerful detectors for 2β decay experiments thanks to the high radiopurity level and the possibility to realize the calorimetric “source = detector” approach with a high detection efficiency. For the moment, the 2ν2β processes have been observed at the level of 1019–1024 years with enriched crystals; the sensitivity to the 0ν mode have reached the level of 1024–1026 years in some decay channels for different nuclides allowing one to calculate the upper limits on the effective mass of the Majorana neutrino at the level of 0.1–0.6 eV. The paper is intended to be a review on the latest results to investigate 2β processes with crystal scintillators enriched in 48Ca, 106Cd, and 116Cd.

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32

Lowe, Adam, Krishanu Majumdar, Konstantinos Mavrokoridis, Barney Philippou, Adam Roberts, and Christos Touramanis. "A Novel Manufacturing Process for Glass THGEMs and First Characterisation in an Optical Gaseous Argon TPC." Applied Sciences 11, no. 20 (October 12, 2021): 9450. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11209450.

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This paper details a novel, patent pending, abrasive machining manufacturing process for the formation of sub-millimetre holes in THGEMs, with the intended application in gaseous and dual-phase TPCs. Abrasive machining favours a non-ductile substrate such as glasses or ceramics. This innovative manufacturing process allows for unprecedented versatility in THGEM substrates, electrodes, and hole geometry and pattern. Consequently, THGEMs produced via abrasive machining can be tailored for specific properties: for example, high stiffness, low total thickness variation, radiopurity, moisture absorption/outgassing and/or carbonisation resistance. This paper specifically focuses on three glass substrate THGEMs (G-THGEMs) made from Schott Borofloat 33 and fused silica. Circular and hexagonal hole shapes are also investigated. The G-THGEM electrodes are made from indium tin oxide (ITO), with a resistivity of 150 Ω/Sq. All G-THGEMs were characterised in an optical (EMCCD) readout GArTPC and compared to a traditionally manufactured FR4 THGEM, with their charging and secondary scintillation (S2) light production behaviour analysed.

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33

Masson, O., G. Steinhauser, D. Zok, O. Saunier, H. Angelov, D. Babić, V. Bečková, et al. "Airborne concentrations and chemical considerations of radioactive ruthenium from an undeclared major nuclear release in 2017." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 34 (July 26, 2019): 16750–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1907571116.

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In October 2017, most European countries reported unique atmospheric detections of aerosol-bound radioruthenium (106Ru). The range of concentrations varied from some tenths of µBq·m−3 to more than 150 mBq·m−3. The widespread detection at such considerable (yet innocuous) levels suggested a considerable release. To compare activity reports of airborne 106Ru with different sampling periods, concentrations were reconstructed based on the most probable plume presence duration at each location. Based on airborne concentration spreading and chemical considerations, it is possible to assume that the release occurred in the Southern Urals region (Russian Federation). The 106Ru age was estimated to be about 2 years. It exhibited highly soluble and less soluble fractions in aqueous media, high radiopurity (lack of concomitant radionuclides), and volatility between 700 and 1,000 °C, thus suggesting a release at an advanced stage in the reprocessing of nuclear fuel. The amount and isotopic characteristics of the radioruthenium release may indicate a context with the production of a large 144Ce source for a neutrino experiment.

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34

Argyriades, J., R. Arnold, C. Augier, J. Baker, A. S. Barabash, A. Basharina-Freshville, M. Bongrand, et al. "Results of the BiPo-1 prototype for radiopurity measurements for the SuperNEMO double beta decay source foils." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 622, no. 1 (October 2010): 120–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2010.07.037.

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35

Arthur, R. J., J. H. Reeves, and H. S. Miley. "Use of low-background germanium detectors to preselect high-radiopurity materials intended for constructing advanced ultralow-level detectors." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 35, no. 1 (February 1988): 582–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/23.12791.

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36

Arnquist, Isaac J., Eric W. Hoppe, Mary Bliss, Khadouja Harouaka, Maria Laura di Vacri, and Jay W. Grate. "Mass spectrometric assay of high radiopurity solid polymer materials for parts in radiation and rare event physics detectors." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 943 (November 2019): 162443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2019.162443.

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37

Fernandez, Joseph D., Philip M. Cook, Brian C. Butterworth, and Steven P. Bradbury. "Temporal Changes in Purity and Specific Activity of Tritium-Labeled 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin: Radiopurity Model for Toxicology." Environmental Science & Technology 33, no. 20 (October 1999): 3558–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es990239j.

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38

Ranucci, G., and E. Meroni. "Counting test facility for the Borexino experiment." International Journal of Modern Physics A 29, no. 16 (June 17, 2014): 1442001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x14420019.

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A fundamental breakthrough which opened the way to the realization of the Borexino detector was the demonstration of exceptionally low, unprecedented radioactive contaminations in the liquid scintillator, obtained with its pilot prototype Counting Test Facility. Though of limited dimension, with its 4.8 m3 of active liquid core, CTF has however been a key milestone not only for Borexino, but also for the entire field of the ultra-low background searches. Here, we succinctly remind the motivations, which concurred to lay down the project, as well as the specific radiopurity challenge, which guided the design. After the description of the technical elements of the detector, the main outcomes are summarized, both regarding optical and purity scintillator properties, with special emphasis on the exceptional achievements in term of ultra-low traces of radioactive contaminants. The discussion is completed with the description of how CTF was employed for the pre-qualification of the entire inventory of the Borexino scintillator, confirming also in the final phase of its life its essential role for the success of the overall Borexino solar neutrino program.

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39

Nisi, S., L. Copia, I. Dafinei, and M. L. Di Vacri. "ICP-MS measurement of natural radioactivity at LNGS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 32, no. 30 (October 30, 2017): 1743003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x17430035.

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Rare events search experiments, like those dedicated to the direct evidence of dark matter or neutrinoless double beta decay, are among the most exciting challenges of modern physics. The sensitivity of such experiments is driven by the background, which depends substantially on the radiopurity of the materials used for the experimental apparatus. Cutting edge measurement techniques are needed for a fast, sensitive and efficient screening of these materials and the certification of their production. Trace element measurements of high sensitivity and quick execution are mandatory also in other fields like tracing the geographical origin of food, temporal and geographical assignment of cultural heritage or monitoring environmental radioactivity. This work is an overview of the inorganic mass spectrometry facility available at Gran Sasso National Laboratory (LNGS) for radiopure material screening and is especially focused on its ICP-MS instrumentation. Analytical methods developed to achieve lowest detection limits in different types of matrix, like metals, polymers, crystals and composite materials, are also indicated. Detection limits of [Formula: see text] for [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] for U and Th and [Formula: see text] for K are attained through dedicated operation conditions of the instrumentation. Details are given on the results obtained for different experiments ongoing or under construction at LNGS.

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Grate, Jay W., Isaac J. Arnquist, Eric W. Hoppe, Mary Bliss, Khadouja Harouaka, Maria Laura di Vacri, and Sonia Alcantar Anguiano. "Mass spectrometric analyses of high performance polymers to assess their radiopurity as ultra low background materials for rare event physics detectors." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 985 (January 2021): 164685. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2020.164685.

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Arnquist, Isaac J., Eric J. Hoppe, Mary Bliss, and Jay W. Grate. "Mass Spectrometric Determination of Uranium and Thorium in High Radiopurity Polymers Using Ultra Low Background Electroformed Copper Crucibles for Dry Ashing." Analytical Chemistry 89, no. 5 (February 24, 2017): 3101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04854.

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Garza, J. G., S. Aune, F. Aznar, J. F. Castel, S. Cebrián, T. Dafni, E. Ferrer-Ribas, et al. "Micromegas for dark matter searches: CAST/IAXO & TREX-DM experiments." EPJ Web of Conferences 174 (2018): 01008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817401008.

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The most compelling candidates for Dark Matter to day are WIMPs and axions. The applicability of gasesous Time Projection Chambers (TPCs) with Micromesh Gas Structures (Micromegas) to the search of these particles is explored within this work. Both particles would produce an extremely low rate at very low energies in particle detectors. Micromegas detectors can provide both low background rates and low energy threshold, due to the high granularity, radiopurity and uniformity of the readout. Small (few cm wide) Micromegas detectors are used to image the axion-induced x-ray signal expected in the CERN Axion Solar Telescope (CAST) experiment. We show the background levels obtained in CAST and the prospects to further reduce them to the values required by the Internation Axion Observatory (IAXO). We also present TREX-DM, a scaled-up version of the Micromegas used in axion research, but this time dedicated to the low-mass WIMP detection. TREX-DM is a high-pressure Micromegas-based TPC designed to host a few hundreds of grams of light nuclei (argon or neon) with energy thresholds potentially at the level of 100 eV. The detector is described in detail, as well as the results of the commissioning and characterization phase on surface. Besides, the background model of TREX-DM is presented, along with the anticipated sensitivity of this search, which could go beyond current experimental limits.

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Povinec, Pavel P. "Analysis of radionuclides at ultra-low levels: A comparison of low and high-energy mass spectrometry with gamma-spectrometry for radiopurity measurements." Applied Radiation and Isotopes 126 (August 2017): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2017.01.029.

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Arnquist, Isaac J., Eric W. Hoppe, Mary Bliss, and Jay W. Grate. "Correction to Mass Spectrometric Determination of Uranium and Thorium in High Radiopurity Polymers Using Ultra Low Background Electroformed Copper Crucibles for Dry Ashing." Analytical Chemistry 90, no. 2 (January 3, 2018): 1432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.7b05244.

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Baum, Sebastian, Thomas D. P. Edwards, Katherine Freese, and Patrick Stengel. "New Projections for Dark Matter Searches with Paleo-Detectors." Instruments 5, no. 2 (June 11, 2021): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/instruments5020021.

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Paleo-detectors are a proposed experimental technique to search for dark matter (DM). In lieu of the conventional approach of operating a tonne-scale real-time detector to search for DM-induced nuclear recoils, paleo-detectors take advantage of small samples of naturally occurring rocks on Earth that have been deep underground (≳5 km), accumulating nuclear damage tracks from recoiling nuclei for O(1)Gyr. Modern microscopy techniques promise the capability to read out nuclear damage tracks with nanometer resolution in macroscopic samples. Thanks to their O(1)Gyr integration times, paleo-detectors could constitute nuclear recoil detectors with keV recoil energy thresholds and 100 kilotonne-yr exposures. This combination would allow paleo-detectors to probe DM-nucleon cross sections orders of magnitude below existing upper limits from conventional direct detection experiments. In this article, we use improved background modeling and a new spectral analysis technique to update the sensitivity forecast for paleo-detectors. We demonstrate the robustness of the sensitivity forecast to the (lack of) ancillary measurements of the age of the samples and the parameters controlling the backgrounds, systematic mismodeling of the spectral shape of the backgrounds, and the radiopurity of the mineral samples. Specifically, we demonstrate that even if the uranium concentration in paleo-detector samples is 10−8 (per weight), many orders of magnitude larger than what we expect in the most radiopure samples obtained from ultra basic rock or marine evaporite deposits, paleo-detectors could still probe DM-nucleon cross sections below current limits. For DM masses ≲ 10 GeV/c2, the sensitivity of paleo-detectors could still reach down all the way to the conventional neutrino floor in a Xe-based direct detection experiment.

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Cote, Paul J., and John L. Gerin. "In vitro activation of woodchuck lymphocytes measured by radiopurine incorporation and interleukin-2 production: Implications for modeling immunity and therapy in hepatitis B virus infection." Hepatology 22, no. 3 (September 1995): 687–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.1840220302.

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COTE, P. "In vitro activation of woodchuck lymphocytes measured by radiopurine incorporation and interleukin-2 production: Implications for modeling immunity and therapy in hepatitis B virus infection*1." Hepatology 22, no. 3 (September 1995): 687–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0270-9139(95)90285-6.

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Pattavina, L., J. W. Beeman, M. Clemenza, O. Cremonesi, E. Fiorini, L. Pagnanini, S. Pirro, C. Rusconi, and K. Schäffner. "Radiopurity of an archaeological Roman lead cryogenic detector." European Physical Journal A 55, no. 8 (August 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epja/i2019-12809-0.

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Beeman, J. W., G. Benato, C. Bucci, L. Canonica, P. Carniti, E. Celi, M. Clemenza, et al. "Radiopurity of a kg-scale PbWO$$_4$$ cryogenic detector produced from archaeological Pb for the RES-NOVA experiment." European Physical Journal C 82, no. 8 (August 10, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-022-10656-8.

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AbstractRES-NOVA is a newly proposed experiment for detecting neutrinos from astrophysical sources, mainly Supernovae, using an array of cryogenic detectors made of PbWO$$_4$$ 4 crystals produced from archaeological Pb. This unconventional material, characterized by intrinsic high radiopurity, enables low-background levels in the region of interest for the neutrino detection via Coherent Elastic neutrino-Nucleus Scattering (CE$$\nu $$ ν NS). This signal lies at the detector energy threshold, O(1 keV), and it is expected to be hidden by naturally occurring radioactive contaminants of the crystal absorber. Here, we present the results of a radiopurity assay on a 0.84 kg PbWO$$_4$$ 4 crystal produced from archaeological Pb operated as a cryogenic detector. The crystal internal radioactive contaminations are: $$^{232}$$ 232 Th <40 $$\upmu $$ μ Bq/kg, $$^{238}$$ 238 U <30 $$\upmu $$ μ Bq/kg, $$^{226}$$ 226 Ra 1.3 mBq/kg and $$^{210}$$ 210 Pb 22.5 mBq/kg. We also present a background projection for the final experiment and possible mitigation strategies for further background suppression. The achieved results demonstrate the feasibility of realizing this new class of detectors.

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Thakur, Swati, A. Mazumdar, Nishant Jangid, V. Vatsa, M. S. Pose, S. Mallikarjunachary, S. Pal, et al. "Radiopurity studies of a rock sample from the Aut region." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, June 2022, 166892. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2022.166892.

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