Relevant bibliographies by topics / Radioisotopes in hydrology

Academic literature on the topic 'Radioisotopes in hydrology'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Radioisotopes in hydrology"

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Lam, Viet Hoang Quoc, and Ky Viet Nguyen. "Applicationisotope hydrology method research aboutoriginal groundwater of Nam Bo Plain." Science and Technology Development Journal 19, no. 1 (March 31, 2016): 98–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v19i1.509.

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There are two main points of view about underground water in Nam Bo Plain. These are: fossil water and groundwater formed from water meteorology. The research results about underground water using isotope hydrology techniques based on the isotope oxygen-18, Deterium and some natural radioisotopes conducted by Center for Nuclear techniques show that underground water in the aquifer ofNam Bo Plainis formed from meteorological water in different periods. They also reveal the recharge sources of some shallow aquifers. Therefore, Isotope hydrology technique is a good method for studying about recharging of the deep aquifers at Nam Bo Plain as well as to learn the environmental temperature change in the past for research climate change now.
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Hötzl, H., W. Käss, and B. Reichert. "Application of Microbial Tracers in Ground Water Studies." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 2 (July 1, 1991): 295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0077.

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In situ tracing experiments have proved to be reliable tools to get direct information on subsurface flow direction and flow parameters. Beside dyes, salts, radioisotopes and drift bodies, microbes can be used as tracers. In several comparative experiments carried out in porous and karst aquifers by the International Association of Tracer Hydrology (ATH) the microbial markers (bacteria and bacteriophages) have shown promising results. They are especially suitable to explain and model the subsurface transport of microorganisms.
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MAKINO NAKANISHI, Tomoko, Satoshi MATSUMOTO, and Hisao KOBAYASHI. "Water Hydrology by Neutron Radiography When Water Absorbing Polymer Was Added to the Soil." RADIOISOTOPES 42, no. 1 (1993): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3769/radioisotopes.42.26.

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Nguyen, Nhi Dien, Ba Vien Luong, Vinh Vinh Le, Van Dong Duong, Xuan Hai Nguyen, Ngoc Son Pham, and Dong Vu Cao. "Results of Operation and Utilization of the Dalat Nuclear Research Reactor." Nuclear Science and Technology 4, no. 1 (March 30, 2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.53747/jnst.v4i1.208.

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The Dalat Nuclear Research Reactor (DNRR) with the nominal power of 500 kW was reconstructed and upgraded from the USA 250-kW TRIGA Mark-II reactor built in early 1960s. The renovated reactor was put into operation on 20th March 1984. It was designed for the purposes of radioisotope production (RI), neutron activation analysis (NAA), basic and applied researches, and nuclear education and training. During the last 30 years of operation, the DNRR was efficiently utilized for producing many kinds of radioisotopes and radiopharmaceuticals used in nuclear medicine centers and other users in industry, agriculture, hydrology and scientific research; developing a combination of nuclear analysis techniques (INAA, RNAA, PGNAA) and physic-chemical methods for quantitative analysis of about 70 elements and constituents in various samples; carrying out experiments on the reactor horizontal beam tubes for nuclear data measurement, neutron radiography and nuclear structure study; and establishing nuclear training and education programs for human resource development. This paper presents the results of operation and utilization of the DNRR. In addition, some main reactor renovation projects carried out during the last 10 years are also mentioned in the paper.
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Budhie Wijatna, Agus, and Tarsisius Aris Sunantyo. "Approach to Topographic Map, Hydrogeological and Environmental Isotopes Analysis to Delineation of Watersheds in Drought-prone Areas." E3S Web of Conferences 42 (2018): 01017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184201017.

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Gunung Kidul regency is one of the regencies in Indonesia that almost every year (often) is susceptible to drought, there is an even in term of synonymous with a drought in the province. Water is the essential lifeblood on Earth, with the power to generate, sustain, receive, and ultimately to unify life. Water is also one of the most important resources that need to be protected, conserved, and maintained to support humanity and all life on earth. Drought is a state of shortage of water supply in an area in which a prolonged period (several months to years). Usually, these events appear if a region is continuously subjected to rainfall below the average. Dry season long will cause drought. Drought is also a lack of water for human life and other living things in an area that is usually not a lack of water. The environmental isotopes most widely used as a tracer in the study of hydrology cycle are the stable isotopes deuterium (2H), oxygen-18 (18O) and carbon-13 and the radioisotopes tritium (3H) and carbon-14 (14C). The use of environmental isotopes as a tracer in groundwater studies are usually complementary to approach topography, hydro geology, and geology which has been frequently used. The result of this research show that elevation as an orthometric height of the 15 wells water in the research has a variation elevation which spread at most of the district in The from -18.390 m at Girisubo district up to 238.599 at Nglipar district m. Concerning with elevation of the water table at several geological cross section (East - West) are close to orthometric height.
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Siregar, Darwin A., and Satrio Satrio. "PENANGGALAN 14C UNTUK MENENTUKAN UMUR PELAPUKAN TANAH DENGAN METODE RADIOKARBON." Berkala Arkeologi 32, no. 2 (November 30, 2012): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.30883/jba.v32i2.52.

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Radiocarbon dating is a tool for age determination of a carbon sample. During the time, synthesis benzene method is used for age determination mentioned. By this method it could be analyzed one sample per day only with high material cost. Lately, it has been developed a new method, namely CO2 absorption method. The latest method is often called as direct counting CO2, because radioisotope of 14C in CO2 is counted directly and converted to age. The aim of the development and the use of the method are supporting some research in isotope hydrology, oceanography, climatology, geology, and archeology by faster, economic and practice. The result of 14C analyses for the same sample using the CO2 absorption when compared to the synthesis benzene method is relatively equal.
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Adamson, Matthew. "Science Diplomacy at the International Atomic Energy Agency: Isotope Hydrology, Development, and the Establishment of a Technique." Journal of Contemporary History 56, no. 3 (May 26, 2021): 522–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009421997888.

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This essay examines the International Atomic Energy Agency’s (IAEA’s) role in the entry of hydrological isotopic analysis techniques into the developing world. The notion of using radioisotopic tracers for hydrological study came from the initiative of individual scientists, many of whom were interested in measuring the uptake of hydrogen-bomb deposited tritium in the global environment. Their proposals to include isotope hydrology among the range of IAEA activities sparked debate in the IAEA Scientific Advisory Committee and Board of Governors. At stake was not merely the future support of the technique, but the diplomatic role of the IAEA as a provider of atomic energy to the developing world, the relationship of the IAEA to other international institutions, and the articulation of what ‘peaceful uses of atomic energy’ really meant. In the end, the IAEA opted to render conditional support for the landmark Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation and undertook sponsorship of expert panels that brought together isotope specialists and hydrologists. As the essay shows, the IAEA’s agenda for isotope hydrology was not only a matter of technology, linked to instrumentation and technique. As a form of policy entrepreneurship, it also gave the IAEA a new diplomatic role in the larger network of international institutions.
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Berg, Matthew D., Franco Marcantonio, Mead A. Allison, Jason McAlister, Bradford P. Wilcox, and William E. Fox. "Contrasting watershed-scale trends in runoff and sediment yield complicate rangeland water resources planning." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 20, no. 6 (June 15, 2016): 2295–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-2295-2016.

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Abstract. Rangelands cover a large portion of the earth's land surface and are undergoing dramatic landscape changes. At the same time, these ecosystems face increasing expectations to meet growing water supply needs. To address major gaps in our understanding of rangeland hydrologic function, we investigated historical watershed-scale runoff and sediment yield in a dynamic landscape in central Texas, USA. We quantified the relationship between precipitation and runoff and analyzed reservoir sediment cores dated using cesium-137 and lead-210 radioisotopes. Local rainfall and streamflow showed no directional trend over a period of 85 years, resulting in a rainfall–runoff ratio that has been resilient to watershed changes. Reservoir sedimentation rates generally were higher before 1963, but have been much lower and very stable since that time. Our findings suggest that (1) rangeland water yields may be stable over long periods despite dramatic landscape changes while (2) these same landscape changes influence sediment yields that impact downstream reservoir storage. Relying on rangelands to meet water needs demands an understanding of how these dynamic landscapes function and a quantification of the physical processes at work.
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Yokochi, Reika, Roi Ram, Jake C. Zappala, Wei Jiang, Eilon Adar, Ryan Bernier, Avihu Burg, et al. "Radiokrypton unveils dual moisture sources of a deep desert aquifer." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 33 (July 29, 2019): 16222–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1904260116.

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In arid regions, groundwater is a vital resource that can also provide a long-term record of the regional water cycle. However, the use of groundwater as a paleoclimate proxy has been limited by the complex hydrology and the lack of appropriate chronometers to determine the recharge time without complication. Applying 81Kr, a long-lived radioisotope tracer, we investigate the paleohydroclimate and subsurface water storage properties of the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer in the Negev Desert, Israel. Based on the spatial distributions of stable isotopes and the abundance of 81Kr, we resolve subsurface mixing and identify two distinct moisture sources of the recharge: one recent (<38 ky ago) from the Mediterranean and the other 361 ± 30 ky ago from the tropical Atlantic, both of which occurred under conditions of low orbital eccentricity comparable to that of the present. The recent recharge provided by the moisture from Mediterranean cyclones can be attributed to the southward shift of the storm track during the Last Glacial Maximum, and the earlier recharge can be attributed to moisture from the Atlantic delivered as tropical plumes under a climate colder than the present. Furthermore, the residence time of the latter reveals that tectonically active terrain can store groundwater for an unexpectedly long period, likely due to strongly attenuated groundwater flow across the fault zones. With this tracer, groundwater can now serve as a direct record of paleoprecipitation over land and of subsurface water storage from the mid-Pleistocene and onward.
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Woodhouse, E. G., and R. L. Bassett. "Mechanisms for the Formation of a Perched Water Zone in Fractured Tuff: a Natural Analogue Study." MRS Proceedings 465 (1996). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-465-1161.

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ABSTRACTPerched water zones have been identified in the fractured, welded tuff in the semi-arid to arid environments of Yucca Mountain, Nevada and near Superior, Arizona. An understanding of the formation of such zones is necessary in order to predict where future perched water might form at Yucca Mountain, the proposed site of a high-level nuclear waste repository. The formation or growth of a perched zone near a repository is one of the factors to be considered in the risk assessment of the Yucca Mountain site.The Apache Leap Research Site near Superior, Arizona is a natural analog to the Yucca Mountain site in terms of geology, hydrology, and climate. Information used to study possible mechanisms for the formation of the perched zone included data regarding isotopie and geochemical properties of the waters in and above the perched water zone; measured hydrologie parameters of the perched zone; geophysical and measured parameters of the tuff; megascopic and microscopic observations of the tuff, including mineralogical, alteration, and structural features; and the lateral and vertical extent of perched water in the region.Aquifer test, geophysical, geochemical, and radioisotopic data show that fractures are the means by which water is recharging the perched zone. The reduced hydraulic conductivity of the formation in the perched zone appears to result from both a severe reduction in matrix porosity and permeability caused by welding, devitrification, and vapor phase crystallization; and by an increase in fracture filling which restricts the pathways for flow.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Radioisotopes in hydrology"

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Speed, Mark. "The isotope hydrology of the River Dee, North East Scotland." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2011. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=182254.

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Identifying how the dominant runoff processes of sub-catchments integrate to determine hydrological responses at larger scales (> 1000 km2) remains a major challenge in hydrology. At these larger scales, major environmental differences such as climate, geology and land use may have increased influence on runoff dynamics. While process investigations at smaller scales (< 10km2) have been important in establishing the influence of topography and soils on runoff generation, more research at larger spatial scales is needed, since it is at such scales where important water management decisions are made in relation to applied problems such as floods and droughts. Tracers, such as stable isotopes of water, have proven utility as tools since they reflect the integration of processes at much smaller scales. In addition, geochemical tracers, such as alkalinity, help identify the geographical sources of runoff in larger catchments. This thesis focuses on their use to study catchment hydrological processes in the River Dee (~2,100 km2), NE Scotland, and to determine how these processes integrate at larger scales. Runoff from soil derived hydrological responsive pathways dominates during high flow facilitating a relatively rapid translation of precipitation isotope signatures into the channel network. Increased coverage of responsive soils resulted in reduced Mean Transit Time (MTT) estimates. High coverage of freely draining soils and certain landscape features often resulted in greater MTT estimates. Small scale heterogeneity appears to be averaged out at larger scales with MTTs indicating that the montane headwaters of the river are the dominant source of runoff. Transit Time Distributions (TTDs) suggest that catchment waters may have transit times of less than 2 weeks during high flows and greater than 10 years in summer baseflows.
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Wischusen, John David Henry School of Biological Earth &amp Environmental Sciences UNSW. "Hydrogeology, hydrochemistry and isotope hydrology of Palm Valley, Central Australia." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2005. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/32925.

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The Palm Valley oasis in arid central Australia is characterised by stands of palm trees (Livistona mariae). How these unique plants, separated by nearly a 1000 kilometres of arid country from their nearest relatives persist, has long fascinated visitors. Defining the hydrogeology of the Hermannsburg Sandstone, a regionally extensive and thick Devonian sequence of the Amadeus Basin that underlies Palm Valley, is the major thrust of investigation. Appraisal of drilling data shows this aquifer to be a dual porosity fractured rock aquifer which, on a regional scale, behaves as a low permeability, hydraulically continuous resource. Groundwater is low salinity (TDS <1000 mg/L) and bicarbonate rich. Slight variations in cation chemistry indicate different flow paths with separate geochemical histories have been sampled. Stable isotope (????H, ???????O) results from Palm Valley show groundwater to have a uniform composition that plots on or near a local meteoric water line. Radiocarbon results are observed to vary from effectively dead (< 4%) to 87 % modern carbon. To resolve groundwater age beyond the radiocarbon window the long lived radioisotope 36Cl was also used. Ratios of 36Cl/Cl range from 130 to 290 x 10-15. In this region atmospheric 36Cl/Cl ratio is around 300 x 10-15. Thus an age range of around 300 ka is indicated if, as is apparent, radioactive decay is the only significant cause of 36Cl/Cl variation within the aquifer. A review of previous, often controversial, 36Cl decay studies shows results are usually ambiguous due to lack of certainty when factoring subsurface Cl- addition into decay calculations. Apparently, due to the thickness of the Hermannsburg Sandstone, no subsurface sources of Cl- such as aquitards or halites, are encountered along groundwater flow paths, hence the clear 36Cl decay trend seen. The classic homogenous aquifer with varying surface topography, the "Toth" flow model, is the simplest conceptual model that need be invoked to explain these isotope data. Complexities, associated with local topography flow cells superimposed on the regional gradient, signify groundwater with markedly different flow path lengths has been sampled. The long travel times (> 100 ka) indicate groundwater discharge would endure through arid phases associated with Quaternary climate oscillations. Such a flow system can explain the persistence of this arid zone groundwater-dependent ecosystem and highlight the possibility that Palm Valley has acted as a flora refuge since at least the mid- Pleistocene.
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Moysey, Stephen. "Meteoric 36-Cl in the Contiguous United States." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1999. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_etd_hy0121_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.

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Fabryka-Martin, June Taylor. "Production of radionuclides in the earth and their hydrogeologic significance, with emphasis on chlorine-36 and iodine-129." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/191140.

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Recent years have seen increasing use of atmospheric radionuclides for dating and tracing hydrogeologic processes. Hydrologists often assume that meteoric sources of these nuclides are dominant in ground water and that age-dating methods are limited primarily by analytical detection capability. However, in some cases, subsurface production may also limit the usefulness of these nuclides for dating. Equilibrium radionuclide concentrations are calculated as a function of depth for a variety of rock types. Production mechanisms include fissioning of heavy radionuclides; spallation by cosmic-ray nucleons; capture of neutrons, a-particles, muons and protons; and photonuclear reactions. Calculations indicate that deep subsurface production of ³H, ¹⁴c, ⁸⁵Kr and ⁹⁹Tc is generally below detection but that deep production of ³⁶C1, ³⁹Ar, ⁸¹Kr and ¹²⁹I establishes limits to age-dating of water in most rocks. Parameters for estimating production of ¹⁰Be, ²²Na, ²⁶Al, ³⁷Ar, ³²Si, ⁴¹Ca and ⁷⁹Se are included in appendices. Evidence for in-situ production of ³⁶C1 and ¹²⁹I is presented for two field studies. Concentrations in ground water from the Stripa granite, Sweden, were determined by accelerator mass spectrometry. ¹²⁹I values range from 1,000 to 200,000 atoms/ml, compared to an estimated background concentration in pre-1945 water of 20 atoms/ml. The high levels are attributed to production by spontaneous fission of ²³⁸U in the granite (44 ppm U). ³⁶C1/C1 ratios range from 50-200 x 10 -15 compared to about 40 x 10⁻¹⁵ in meteoric recharge. An increase in ratios with depth has been attributed to production of ³⁶C1 by neutron- capture on ³⁵C1 and is used to set upper limits on the residence time of water in the granite. The validity of using ³⁶C1/C1 ratios as a monitor of deep lithospheric neutron fluxes was tested by measuring the ratios in Cl extracted from Stripa granite. The average ratio, 190 x 10⁻¹⁵, agrees with ratios calculated based on rock chemistry, 190 x 10⁻¹⁵, and on the measured neutron flux, 220 x 10⁻¹⁵. ¹²⁹I and ³⁸C1 were also measured in uranium ores from the Koongarra and Ranger deposits, N.T., Australia. Samples from the oxidized ore zone contain only 6-23% of the ¹²⁹I contents predicted for equilibrium, suggesting preferential loss of ¹²⁹I relative to U during weathering. ³⁶C1 is produced as a result of high neutron fluxes in the ore. Measured ³⁶C1/C1 ratios range from 3 x 10 -12 to 1 x 10⁻¹⁰, corresponding to apparent neutron fluxes of 2 x 10⁵ to 1 x 10⁷/cm²/yr.
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Einloth, Sharon L. "Intrinsic Isotopic Tracers as Independent Evaluators for China Lake Basin, CA." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2000. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_etd_hy0204_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.

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Haile, Estifanos. "CHEMICAL EVOLUTION AND RESIDENCE TIME OF GROUNDWATER IN THE WILCOX AQUIFER OF THE NORTHERN GULF COASTAL PLAIN." UKnowledge, 2011. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/ees_etds/2.

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This study aims to integrate groundwater geochemistry and mathematical modeling to determine the dominant geochemical processes and groundwater residence time within the Wilcox aquifer in the northern Gulf Coastal Plain. Groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for major ion chemistry, stable isotopes (18O, 2H, and 13C), and radioisotope 36Cl content. Geochemical modeling enabled the identification of major sources and sinks of solutes in the aquifer. A two-dimensional, finite-difference, numerical model was used to determine the deep groundwater flow rate and transport of 36Cl in the aquifer. Major ion chemistry shows a chromatographic pattern along the flow path in which a gradual increase of Na+ and decrease of Ca2+ and Mg2+ is evident. The most plausible inverse models in the downgradient section of the aquifer indicate that oxidation of organic matter (OM), which may be associated with discontinuous lenses of lignite, and consequent release of CO2 sustain the reduction of Fe(III) (oxyhydr)oxides and sulfate and the dissolution of carbonate minerals (calcite and, in some instances, siderite). These processes, in turn, result in pyrite precipitation and exchange of Ca2+ for Na+ on clay-mineral surfaces. Models constrained with 13C are consistent with mole transfers between pairs of wells in close proximity, but not for the entire flow path. The observed range of δ13C of dissolved inorganic carbon (-7.3‰ to -12.4‰) is interpreted as a result of both oxidation of OM and dissolution of carbonates. Calculated values of 36Cl/Cl show an abrupt discontinuity between the upgradient and downgradient sections that was also observed in δ18O and δ2H data. The gradual enrichment of 18O and 2H along the flow path could be the result of diffusion. The distinct differences in δ18O and δ2H between the upgradient and downgradient Wilcox aquifer suggest that the latter preserves a paleoclimatic signal.
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Davis, Brian M. "Radon-222 as an in situ partitioning tracer for quantifying nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) saturations in the subsurface." Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/31801.

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This study investigated the use of radon-222 as an in situ partitioning tracer for quantifying nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) saturations in the subsurface. Laboratory physical aquifer models (PAMs), field experiments, and numerical simulations were used to investigate radon partitioning in static (no-flow) experiments and in single-well, 'push-pull' tests conducted in non-contaminated and NAPL-contaminated aquifers. Laboratory push-pull tests in a wedge-shaped PAM and field push-pull tests in a NAPL-contaminated aquifer showed that radon was retarded in the presence of NAPL, with retardation manifested in increased dispersion of radon extraction phase breakthrough curves (BTCs). An approximate analytical solution to the governing transport equation and numerical simulations provided estimates of the radon retardation factor (R), which was used to calculate NAPL saturations (S[subscripts n]). Laboratory static and push-pull tests were conducted in a large-scale rectangular PAM before and after NAPL contamination, and after alcohol cosolvent flushing and pump-and-treat remediation. Radon concentrations in static tests were decreased due to partitioning after NAPL contamination and increased after remediation. Push-pull tests showed increased radon retardation after NAPL contamination; radon retardation generally decreased after remediation. Numerical simulations modeling radon as an injected or ex situ partitioning tracer were used to estimate retardation factors and resulted in overestimations of the likely S[subscripts n] in the PAM. Radon partitioning was sensitive to changes in S[subscripts n] in both static and push-pull tests. However, the test results were sensitive to test location, sample size, test design, and heterogeneity in S[subscripts n] distribution. Numerical simulations of hypothetical push-pull tests conducted in a NAPL-contaminated aquifer were used to investigate the influence of homogeneous and heterogeneous S[subscripts n] distributions and initial radon concentrations on radon BTCs and resulting S[subscripts n] calculations. Both of these factors were found to affect radon BTC behavior. A revised method of plotting and interpreting radon BTCs combined with numerical simulations modeling radon as an in situ partitioning tracer (incorporating initial radon concentrations into the model as a function of S[subscripts n]) were used to re-analyze laboratory and field push-pull test BTCs. This method reduced the overestimation of calculated S[subscripts n] values from laboratory tests.
Graduation date: 2003
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Khumalo, Lamlile Hlakaniphile Ntando. "Application of biological sample oxidiser and low-level liquid scintillation counter for the determination of ¹⁴C and ³H content in water from the Hartbeespoort Dam in North-West Province." Diss., 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/22060.

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The aim of the research study was to evaluate the levels of 14C and 3H radionuclides in Hartbeespoort Dam water and to determine if these radionuclides are within regulatory concerns. Water samples from Hartbeespoort Dam were prepared using the Sample Oxidiser Method and measurements of selected radionuclides were done using Liquid Scintillation Counter Quantulus 1220. The results evaluated suggest that water from Hartbeespoort Dam contains levels of 14C and 3H radionuclides that are within regulatory limits. The highest average concentration for 14C measured was 3.77E+01 (+/-2.47E-01) Bq/L, whereas the highest average concentration measured for 3H was 2.74E+01 (+/- 2.30E-01) Bq/L. The observations made regarding the impacts of climate on the 14C radionuclide were that, the concentration levels were higher during winter season when there was a rain than during rainy seasons. Tritium results showed that the climate conditions did not have any significant impacts on the concentration levels. When the concentrations of these radionuclides are above regulatory levels (14C is 100 Bq/L and 3H is10000 Bq/L), their impacts may cause harm to public`s health and the environment. Therefore, Necsa as a nuclear facility owner and National Nuclear Regulator (NNR) as a regulator are responsible for ensuring the public protection from radioactive effluents that contain not just 3H and 14C, but any radionuclide which may cause harm to public`s health.
Environmental Sciences
M. Sc. (Environmental Science)
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Khumalo, Lamlile Hlakaniphile Ntando. "Application of biological sample oxidiser and low-level liquid scintillation counter for the determination of ¹⁴C and ³Hcontent in water from the Hartbeespoort Dam in North-West Province." Diss., 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/22060.

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The aim of the research study was to evaluate the levels of 14C and 3H radionuclides in Hartbeespoort Dam water and to determine if these radionuclides are within regulatory concerns. Water samples from Hartbeespoort Dam were prepared using the Sample Oxidiser Method and measurements of selected radionuclides were done using Liquid Scintillation Counter Quantulus 1220. The results evaluated suggest that water from Hartbeespoort Dam contains levels of 14C and 3H radionuclides that are within regulatory limits. The highest average concentration for 14C measured was 3.77E+01 (+/-2.47E-01) Bq/L, whereas the highest average concentration measured for 3H was 2.74E+01 (+/- 2.30E-01) Bq/L. The observations made regarding the impacts of climate on the 14C radionuclide were that, the concentration levels were higher during winter season when there was a rain than during rainy seasons. Tritium results showed that the climate conditions did not have any significant impacts on the concentration levels. When the concentrations of these radionuclides are above regulatory levels (14C is 100 Bq/L and 3H is10000 Bq/L), their impacts may cause harm to public`s health and the environment. Therefore, Necsa as a nuclear facility owner and National Nuclear Regulator (NNR) as a regulator are responsible for ensuring the public protection from radioactive effluents that contain not just 3H and 14C, but any radionuclide which may cause harm to public`s health.
Environmental Sciences
M. Sc. (Environmental Science)
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Books on the topic "Radioisotopes in hydrology"

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Workshop on Isotope Hydrology (1983 Bhabha Atomic Research Centre). Proceedings of the Workshop on Isotope Hydrology, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Bombay, December 13-14, 1983. Bombay: Library & Information Services, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, 1986.

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Monev, Evelin. Radioizotopna khidrometrii͡a︡. Sofii͡a︡: Izd-vo na Bŭlgarskata akademii͡a︡ na naukite, 1990.

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Simpozium "Izotopy v gidrosfere" (4th : 1993 : Pi͡a︡tigorsk, Russia), ed. Izotopy v gidrosfere: Tezisy dokladov 4-go Mezhdunarodnogo simpoziuma, g. Pi͡a︡tigorsk, 18-21 mai͡a︡ 1993 g. Moskva: Vserossiĭskiĭ nauchno-issl. in-t gidrogeologii i inzhenernoĭ geologii, 1993.

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Kozłowska, Beata. Promieniotwórczość naturalna wód źródlanych uzdrowisk południowej Polski. Katowice: Wydawn. Uniwersytetu Śląskiego, 2009.

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Schotterer, Ulrich. The use of isotopes, hydrochemistry, and geophysics in groundwater research in Laikipia District, Kenya. [Berne] Switzerland: Institute of Geography, University of Berne, 1985.

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6

Laporte, J. M. A digital approach to hydrological and meteorological monitoring at remote sites in the Whiteshell Research area of southeastern Manitoba. Pinawa, Man: AECL, Whiteshell Laboratories, 1996.

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7

Brezgunov, V. S. (Vladimir Semenovich), ed. Izotopnai︠a︡ gidrologii︠a︡ geotermalʹnykh sistem. Moskva: "Nauka", 1989.

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8

Agency, International Atomic Energy, ed. Isotopic composition of precipitation in the Mediterranean Basin in relation to air circulation patterns and climate: Final report of a coordinated research project, 2000-2004. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency, 2005.

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9

G, Fisk Gregory, Geological Survey (U.S.), and United States. Office of Navajo and Hopi Indian Relocation, eds. Chemical, geologic, and hydrologic data from the Little Colorado River Basin, Arizona and New Mexico, 1988-91. Tucson, Ariz: U.S. Geological Survey, 1994.

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Nachiappan, Rm P. Study of lake Nainital, groundwater interaction using isotope techniques. Roorkee: National Institute of Hydrology, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Radioisotopes in hydrology"

1

Loosli, Heinz H., Bernhard E. Lehmann, and William M. Smethie. "Noble Gas Radioisotopes: 37Ar, 85Kr, 39Ar, 81Kr." In Environmental Tracers in Subsurface Hydrology, 379–96. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4557-6_12.

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Alboloushi, Aishah, Abdulaziz Aba, and Omar Alboloushi. "Cesium and Uranium Radioisotopes Monitoring in Kuwait Bay Seawater." In Advances in Sustainable and Environmental Hydrology, Hydrogeology, Hydrochemistry and Water Resources, 219–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01572-5_53.

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Warburton, Joseph A. "The Tracing of Radioisotopes Released Into the Lower Troposphere." In Isotope Techniques in the Hydrologic Cycle, 61. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gm011p0061.

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Mairhofer, J. "Groundwater Flow and Direction Measurement by Means of Radioisotopes in a Single Well." In Isotope Techniques in the Hydrologic Cycle, 119–29. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gm011p0119.

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Sellers, Bach, Charles A. Ziegler, and John Papadopoulos. "Development of a Radioisotope Gage for Monitoring Sediment Concentration in Rivers and Streams." In Isotope Techniques in the Hydrologic Cycle, 3–10. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gm011p0003.

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Al Nabhani, Khalid. "Applications of nuclear science and radioisotope technology in advanced sciences and scientific research (space, nuclear forensics, nuclear medicine, archaeology, hydrology, etc.)." In Applications of Nuclear and Radioisotope Technology, 185–231. Elsevier, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-821319-3.00001-4.

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