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Yahaghi, Effat, Amir Movafeghi, Shokoofeh Ahmadi, Sholeh Ansari, Mehran Taheri, and Naser Rastkhah. "Cultural Heritage Object Identification by Radiography Nondestructive Method and Digital Image Processing." Applied Mechanics and Materials 83 (July 2011): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.83.35.
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Nondestructive testing (NDT) is an important tool in the world of industry. Among different NDT methods, radiography plays a very interesting role both in industry and medicine. Medical and industrial uses of X and gamma rays were recognized since more than 1 century ago. One of the interesting uses of radiography is in archeological and art applications. In this research, radiography was utilized for identification of a damaged art-historical material. The subject is a brass tray belonging to Iran cultural heritage with an estimated age of about 3500 years. The tray was found in Lorestan province and referred to as “Lorestan bonze”. The object was damaged seriously due to heavy corrosion attack. Therefore recognition of the object was a major problem. Normal radiography method can help for object determination, but it suffers some major drawbacks related to contrast and thickness measurement. Image processing technique and a precise thickness measurement method were added to digitized radiographs. A precise radiographic thickness method was introduced and used before for the pipeline radiography. For digital image processing, Canny edge detection method and Gaussian filter were used. Radiography image obtained from this work showed a very clear picture of the original trace of hammered design. These results showed that a combination of radiography, image processing techniques and consideration of physical principles of radiation interaction with materials can produce a very clear image which can be used effectively for hte detail analysis of cultural heritages.
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Yazdanian, Mohsen, Shahryar Karami, Elahe Tahmasebi, Mostafa Alam, Kamyar Abbasi, Mahdi Rahbar, Hamid Tebyaniyan, Reza Ranjbar, Alexander Seifalian, and Alireza Yazdanian. "Dental Radiographic/Digital Radiography Technology along with Biological Agents in Human Identification." Scanning 2022 (January 18, 2022): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5265912.
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The heavy casualties associated with mass disasters necessitate substantial resources to be managed. The unexpectedly violent nature of such occurrences usually remains a problematic amount of victims that urgently require to be identified by a reliable and economical method. Conventional identification methods are inefficient in many cases such as plane crashes and fire accidents that have damaged the macrobiometric features such as fingerprints or faces. An appropriate recognition method for such cases should use features more resistant to destruction. Forensic dentistry provides the most appropriate available method for the successful identification of victims using careful techniques and precise data interpretation. Since bones and teeth are the most persistent parts of the demolished bodies in sudden mass disasters, scanning and radiographs are unrepeatable parts of forensic dentistry. Forensic dentistry as a scientific method of human remain identification has been considerably referred to be efficient in disasters. Forensic dentistry can be used for either “sex and age estimation,” “Medical biotechnology techniques,” or “identification with dental records,” etc. The present review is aimed at discussing the development and implementation of forensic dentistry methods for human identification. For this object, the literature from the last decade has been searched for the innovations in forensic dentistry for human identification based on the PubMed database.
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Oyedeji, A. I., B. J. Adenle, and O. I. Ifeka. "Assessment On Digital Imaging Enhancement For Radiographic Interpretation." Advances in Multidisciplinary and scientific Research Journal Publication 29 (December 15, 2021): 141–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.22624/aims/abmic2021p11.
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In recent time digital imaging systems are the most commonly utilized technology in the field of radiology. The screen-film radiography systems are almost replaced by digital radiography. In which the image quality should be optimized while lower radiation dose is maintained according to the properties of the specific imaging system. Therefore, it is essential to regularly investigate image quality to ensure correct and accurate image interpretation assessment. This research is aimed to assess the factors that influence image quality and to recognize the different evaluation methods and their corresponding approaches that are used for system performance. Resolution describes the ability of medical imaging process to discriminate adjacent structures in organ tissues being examined. Signal from detected photon should be recorded with sufficient resolution in space, intensity and possibly time to produce a digital image that enables a medical interpretation of tissue structure and function. The anatomical and physiological characteristics of the region being imaged are considered to be the intrinsic factors of image contrast, which are called intrinsic, subject, object, or patient contrast. Low intrinsic contrast tissues such as breast tissues have very subtle differences in composition. In radiography, the physical properties of atomic number, physical density differences among different tissues and patient thickness influence intrinsic or subject contrast. Imaging methods and techniques are the second major factor which control image contrast. Will be more appropriate to select careful exposure techniques for specific tissues and for certain purposes greatly enhances image contrast to obtain the desired information. The only way to optimize image quality parameters while maintaining low radiation dose is to deeply understand the effects of these parameters on each other, the influence factors and their impact on the radiation dose for each different digital radiographic systems.[5] Keywords: Assessment, Image Enhancement, Radiology, Digital, Technology
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Hsiao, Wen-Tien, Wen-Chi Kuo, Hsin-Hon Lin, and Lu-Han Lai. "Assessment and Feasibility Study of Lemon Ripening Using X-ray Image of Information Visualization." Applied Sciences 11, no. 7 (April 6, 2021): 3261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11073261.
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Digital radiography (DR) is a mature technology and has been broadly used in medical diagnosis. Currently, it’s also used for fruit quality inspection in the market. This purpose of the study is to conduct non-destructive experiments for visual comparisons of digital radiography images, further construct visualized grayscale image analysis technology, and analyze the changes in lemon quality and ripening using quantitative statistical methods. The materials used for the experiments were three lemons of different ripening. A general medical X-ray DR system for was used in this study for 2D digital radiography. The medical X-ray DR images were created based on the Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) standard. Photometric interpretation of monochrome was applied to create multi-layered grayscale images. Then quantitative analyses and comparisons were performed with image matrix structures and grayscale pixel values in the tissues using visualization techniques and statistical methods. After layer segmentation on the radiological images, the correlations between the lemon structures and tissue changes were assessed by using the Kruskal–Wallis test. The results showed that the p values for lemon, fiber, and pulp were all under 0.05, while the peel layer did not exhibit significant change. The pulp layer is the best region for statistical analyses to determine the lemon ripening. In conclusion, this study can provide a solid reference for future quality classification in the agricultural market. The research findings can be referenced for developing computing techniques applied to agricultural inspection, expanding the scope of application of the medical DR technology.
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Ilic, Dragan, and Ljiljana Stojanovic. "Application of radiovisiography (digital radiology) in dental clinical practice." Vojnosanitetski pregled 69, no. 1 (2012): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp1201081i.
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Introduction. Radiovisiography (RVG) as the latest imaging technique in dentistry with the minimal radiation exposure of the patient and numerous possibilities to process the images has many advantages over classic radiography. Case report. We presented an interesting clinical endodontic case of primary posted diagnosis of traumatic periodontitis of upper right canine upon orthodontics treatment. As the patient previously had been exposed to alleged high dose of radiation the patient agreed to minimal exposition using digital RVG. The options of the tool bar of RVG Trophy device enabled the solving of ethiologic factor of presented periodontitis. The enigma of the symptoms on the ?overfilled? root canal was solved zooming and 3-D analysis avoiding periapical surgery owing to the patience of the patient and the dentist in a couple of days. Conclusion. By applying RVG technique the time for diagnostic procedure is much shorter in comparison with traditional dental radiography enabling archiving and follow-up the presented case in the course of time.
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Serena Low, Woan Ching, Joon Huang Chuah, Clarence Augustine T. H. Tee, Shazia Anis, Muhammad Ali Shoaib, Amir Faisal, Azira Khalil, and Khin Wee Lai. "An Overview of Deep Learning Techniques on Chest X-Ray and CT Scan Identification of COVID-19." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2021 (June 4, 2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5528144.
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Pneumonia is an infamous life-threatening lung bacterial or viral infection. The latest viral infection endangering the lives of many people worldwide is the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes COVID-19. This paper is aimed at detecting and differentiating viral pneumonia and COVID-19 disease using digital X-ray images. The current practices include tedious conventional processes that solely rely on the radiologist or medical consultant’s technical expertise that are limited, time-consuming, inefficient, and outdated. The implementation is easily prone to human errors of being misdiagnosed. The development of deep learning and technology improvement allows medical scientists and researchers to venture into various neural networks and algorithms to develop applications, tools, and instruments that can further support medical radiologists. This paper presents an overview of deep learning techniques made in the chest radiography on COVID-19 and pneumonia cases.
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AKDENİZ, Berat Serdar, Yunus ÇARPAR, and Kübra ARSLAN ÇARPAR. "Digital three-dimensional planning of orthodontic miniscrew anchorage: A literature review." Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine 39, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.52142/omujecm.39.1.50.
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Orthodontic miniscrews are used for skeletal orthodontic anchorage. An appropriate insertion technique is essential to avoid complications during miniscrew placement. The guides prepared using surface anatomy and 2D radiographs cannot correctly analyze bone volume. Advances in digital 3D medical technologies enabled orthodontists to use digital imaging, digital scanning, and 3D printing to accurately place miniscrews using a surgical guide developed with computer-aided design and manufacturing techniques. The objective of this article was to demonstrate the development of miniscrew placement techniques chronologically and provide brief information about the production, use, and efficiency of modern, digitally planned, and produced miniscrew insertion guides.
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Saccomanno, Sabina, Pier Carmine Passarelli, Bruno Oliva, and Cristina Grippaudo. "Comparison between Two Radiological Methods for Assessment of Tooth Root Resorption: An In Vitro Study." BioMed Research International 2018 (2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5152172.
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Purpose. This study aims to verify the validity of the radiographic image and the most effective radiological techniques for the diagnosis of root resorption to prevent, cure, and reduce it and to verify if radiological images can be helpful in medical and legal situations. Methods. 19 dental elements without root resorption extracted from several patients were examined: endooral and panoramic radiographs were performed, with traditional and digital methods. Then the root of each tooth was dipped into 3-4 mm of 10% nitric acid for 24 hours to simulate the resorption of the root and later submitted again to radiological examinations and measurements using the same criteria and methods. Results. For teeth with root resorption the real measurements and the values obtained with endooral techniques and digital sensors are almost the same, while image values obtained by panoramic radiographs are more distorted than the real ones. Conclusions. Panoramic radiographs are not useful for the diagnosis of root resorption. The endooral examination is, in medical and legal fields, the most valid and objective instrument to detect root resorption. Although the literature suggests that CBCT is a reliable tool in detecting root resorption defects, the increased radiation dosage and expense and the limited availability of CBCT in most clinical settings accentuate the outcome of this study.
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Privalov, M., and M. Stupina. "Application of the transfer learning to the medical images texture classification task." E3S Web of Conferences 224 (2020): 01020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202022401020.
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This study is conducted to determine effectiveness and perspectives of application of the transfer learning approach to the medical images classification task. There are a lot of medical studies that involve image acquisition, such as XRay radiography, ultrasonic scanning, computer tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) etc. Besides those medical procedures there are different operations that use medical images processing including but not limited to digital radiograph reconstruction (DRR), radiotherapy planning, brachy therapy planning. All those tasks could be effectively performed with help of software capable to perform segmentation, classification and object recognition. Those capabilities are naturally depend on neural classifiers. Presented work investigates different approaches to solving image classification task with neural networks, specifically, using pre-processing for feature extraction and end-to-end application of convolutional neural networks (CNN). Due to requirement of significantly big datasets and large computing power CNNs sometimes may appear difficult to train, so our results pay attention to application of transfer learning technique that can potentially relax requirements to classifier training. The conclusions of this study state that transfer learning can be effectively used for classification tasks, especially texture classification.
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Kaushik, Chanchal, Inderjeet Singh Sandhu, A. K. Srivastava, and Mansi Chitkara. "ESTIMATION OF ENTRANCE SURFACE AIR KERMA IN DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATIONS." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 193, no. 1 (January 2021): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncab018.
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Abstract Purpose: Contribution of radiation doses from medical X-ray examination to collective dose is significant. Unusually, high doses may increase the risk of stochastic effects of radiations. Therefore, radiation dose assessment was performed in 241 digital X-ray examinations in the study and was compared with published dose reference levels (DRLs). Methods: Entrance surface air kerma (ESAK) was calculated in chest PA, cervical AP/Lat, abdomen AP, lumbar AP/Lat and pelvis AP digital radiographic examinations (119 male and 122 female) following the International Atomic Energy Agency recommended protocol. Initially, 270 digital examinations were selected, reject analysis was performed and final 241 examinations were enrolled in the study for dose calculations. The exposure parameters and X-ray tube output were used for dose calculations. Effective doses were estimated with the help of conversion coefficients from ICRP 103. Results: Median ESAK (mGy) and associated effective doses obtained were cervical spine AP (1.30 mGy, 0.045 mSv), cervical spine Lat (0.25 mGy, 0.005 mSv), chest PA (0.11 mGy, 0.014 mSv), abdomen AP (0.90 mGy, 0.118 mSv), lumbar spine AP (1.52 mGy, 0.177 mSv), lumbar spine Lat (7.76 mGy, 0.209 mSv) and pelvis AP (0.82 mGy, 0.081 mSv). Results were compared with the studies of UK, Oman, India and Canada. Conclusion: The calculated ESAK and effective dose values were less than or close to previously published literature except for cervical spine AP and lumbar spine Lat. The results reinforce the need for radiation protection optimization, improving examination techniques and appropriate use of automatic exposure control in digital radiography. ESAK values reported in this study could further contribute to establishing local DRLs, regional DRLs and national DRLs.
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Nissen-Meyer, S. A., U. Fink, M. Pleier, and C. Becker. "The Full-Scale Pacs Archive." Acta Radiologica 37, no. 3P2 (May 1996): 838–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02841851960373p281.
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Purpose: Increasing percentages of digital modalities in radiology, in particular of digital image acquisition in conventional radiography, call for digital reporting, communication, and archiving techniques. These techniques are prerequisites for the “filmless” hospital. The first 2 have been covered extensively in the literature and by vendors. However, as regards online digital image archives there are still no satisfactory concepts available in the medical field. The present paper puts forward some suggestions as to how this situation could be improved. Material and Methods: Analyses of radiology operations consider the prevailing PACS (picture archiving and communication system) archive concepts that use optical discs to be too small, too slow and too cumbersome to manage and therefore unable to function as comprehensive image archives for filmless hospitals. We suggest borrowing and adapting the well tested archive technologies from space research and the oil and broadcasting industries which have much higher capacities and speeds and better software interfacing possibilities. With such technologies the needs of filmless hospital operations can be met. Results: A feasible concept for a transition strategy from conventional analog to digital archives is presented. Model calculations of the necessary investments and potential savings, including generous placement of viewing stations in the entire hospital, indicate amortization periods of 3.8–4.8 years. Conclusion: Alternative technologies for digital image archives already today make full-scale PACS for filmless hospitals technologically and conceptually feasible and financially mandatory.
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Sharma, Rajaram, Hemangini Thakkar, Rinkey Baisoya, and Tapendra Nath Tiwari. "Fetal intervention: Less developed field of interventional radiology." Enormous Journal of Medical Sciences and Current Research 2, no. 2 (August 21, 2022): 01–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.56558/journal.ejmscr.1001036.
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Interventional radiology (IR) has played an essential role in diagnosing and treating various intra natal entities with minimally invasive surgical procedures. IR treatment is the substitute to the many procedures in which once open surgery was needed. IR procedure can be performed under Digital Radiography (x-ray), Ultrasound, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) or Computed Tomography (CT). IR has proved to increase effectiveness as medical imaging technology gives radiologists high visibility, reduces risk as surgery performed are minimally invasive, saves time as there is a short hospital stay, and reduces the pain as procedures are performed with a small incision. Because of quicker recovery time, patients can get back to their daily routine early. Progressive development of prenatal intervention and surgeries was possible due to rapid advances in imaging techniques and prenatal diagnosis over the last few decades. Rapid advanced techniques have become an integral part of managing high-risk pregnancies. In addition to this, the rapidly growing capability of digital optics and miniaturized instrumentation has now allowed fetoscopic procedures to become a reality. With improved imaging techniques, the identification of congenital defects and fetal malformations increases during the antenatal period. Understanding how to treat specific fetal conditions improves outcomes from these treatment modalities. We provide an assessment that begins with a crisp background of fetal surgery, including the history, ethics surrounding fetal surgery, and considerations of dealing with the problems during the fetal intervention.
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Yousuf Begum, Syed Rehan Hafiz Daimib, Syeda Ayesha Fatima, and Syeda Khadija Fatima. "A Study of Transverse Diameter of The Lumbar Spinal Canal in Plain Radiograph in Population of Telangana, India." Academia Anatomica International 6, no. 2 (December 22, 2020): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/aanat.2020.6.2.18.
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Background: The present study was conducted to determine Transverse diameter (inter-pedicular distances) of the lumbar spinal canal measured in plain antero-posterior radiograph of 140 subjects (80 males, 60 females) aged between 20 to 60 years in population of Telangana. Subjects and Methods : The present study was conducted in the department of Anatomy, in a teaching medical college and hospital in Hyderabad, Telangana, India. It comprised of antero-posterior plain radiographs of lumbar spine of 140 subjects, aged between 20 to 60 years. Transverse diameter of the lumbar spinal canal or inter-pedicular distances (IPD), and transverse diameter of the vertebral body was measured using electronic Digital Vernier calipers, and the ratio between transverse diameter of vertebral canal and transverse diameter of the corresponding vertebral body were analyzed. Results: Out of 140 patients, males were 80 and females were 60. The mean inter-pedicular distance (IPD) at L1 was 24.2 mm in males and 23.4 mm in females, and at L5 was 30.2 mm in males and 29.6 mm in females. Mean transverse diameter of lumbar vertebral canal (I.P.D) is minimum at L1 vertebra in both sexes. The maximum values of I.P.D were recorded for vertebra L5 for both sexes. The values of IPD are higher in male population in comparison to female counterparts. The mean width of the vertebral body is gradually increasing from L1 to L5. Ratio between transverse diameter of vertebral canal and transverse diameter of the corresponding vertebral body is seen to be constant (0.6) at all lumbar level in both the sexes. Conclusion: Authors found that there is variation in the size of the lumbar vertebral canal between males and females. Even after the revolution of various imaging techniques like CT Scan, MRI, etc., the plain radiography remains the mainstay of investigative procedure particularly in rural setup.
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Livieris, Ioannis, Andreas Kanavos, Vassilis Tampakas, and Panagiotis Pintelas. "A Weighted Voting Ensemble Self-Labeled Algorithm for the Detection of Lung Abnormalities from X-Rays." Algorithms 12, no. 3 (March 16, 2019): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a12030064.
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During the last decades, intensive efforts have been devoted to the extraction of useful knowledge from large volumes of medical data employing advanced machine learning and data mining techniques. Advances in digital chest radiography have enabled research and medical centers to accumulate large repositories of classified (labeled) images and mostly of unclassified (unlabeled) images from human experts. Machine learning methods such as semi-supervised learning algorithms have been proposed as a new direction to address the problem of shortage of available labeled data, by exploiting the explicit classification information of labeled data with the information hidden in the unlabeled data. In the present work, we propose a new ensemble semi-supervised learning algorithm for the classification of lung abnormalities from chest X-rays based on a new weighted voting scheme. The proposed algorithm assigns a vector of weights on each component classifier of the ensemble based on its accuracy on each class. Our numerical experiments illustrate the efficiency of the proposed ensemble methodology against other state-of-the-art classification methods.
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Lopresti, Mattia, Gabriele Alberto, Simone Cantamessa, Giorgio Cantino, Eleonora Conterosito, Luca Palin, and Marco Milanesio. "Light Weight, Easy Formable and Non-Toxic Polymer-Based Composites for Hard X-ray Shielding: A Theoretical and Experimental Study." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 3 (January 28, 2020): 833. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21030833.
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Composite lightweight materials for X-ray shielding applications were studied and developed with the goal of replacing traditional screens made of lead and steel, with innovative materials with similar shielding properties, but lighter, more easily formed and workable, with lower impact on the environment and reduced toxicity for human health. New epoxy based composites additivated with barium sulfate and bismuth oxide were designed through simulations performed with softwares based on Geant4. Then, they were prepared and characterized using different techniques starting from digital radiography in order to test the radiopacity of the composites, in comparison with traditional materials. The lower environmental impact and toxicity of these innovative screens were quantified by Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) calculation based on the ecoinvent database, within the openLCA framework. Optimized mixtures are (i) 20% epoxy/60% bismuth oxide/20% barite, which guarantees the best performance in X-ray shielding, largely overcoming steel, but higher in costs and a weight reduction of circa 60%; (ii) 20% epoxy/40% bismuth oxide/40% barite which has slightly lower performances in shielding, but it is lighter and cheaper than the first one and (iii) the 20% epoxy/20% bismuth oxide/60% barite which is the cheapest material, still maintaining the X-ray shielding of steel. Depending on cost/efficiency request of the specific application (industrial radiography, aerospace, medical analysis), the final user can choose among the proposed solutions.
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Shatskiy, I. G. "Dose assessment of medical exposure of radiographic dental studies." Radiatsionnaya Gygiena = Radiation Hygiene 12, no. 3 (October 9, 2019): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21514/1998-426x-2019-12-3-69-77.
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The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effective doses of patients for the most common radiographic dental studies, comparing the obtained data with the literature and reference values given in the guidelines “Filling in the forms of the federal state statistical observation No. 3-DOZ” and are still often used for form filling instead of measured values. In the framework of this work in 2016-2018, 44 X-ray units were examined at 37 dental medical facilities in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region. Seven radiographic studies were included: radiographs of three groups of teeth (incisors, premolars, and molars) for the upper and lower jaw and bite radiography. Physical-technical and geometrical parameters were collected for selected types of the standard patient studies: X-ray tube voltages, total filtration, radiation output, combination of the time and the current of exposure or the exposure, area of the study, size of the irradiation field; the focal length. Further, the input (surface) dose was calculated from the radiation output of the device. Then, based on the initial information about the parameters of the procedures and the input dose, the absorbed doses and the effective dose were calculated using the PCXMC program. For most devices, the dose values are in the range of 0.5 to 10.7 µSv, which is significantly lower than the values used to fill in the 3-DOS form. The results of evaluating the effective dose for these devices are fairly homogeneous, but on one device, there were doses exceeding not only the values of doses on other devices, but also the values from the recommendations for 3-DOS for devices with digital receivers, as well as those approaching similar values for film devices. An almost linear dependence of the effective dose on the exposure time was established, while a similar dependence on the voltage on the X-ray tube was not found. The median value of the effective dose for the units with films detectors was 3.2 µSv for the maxillary incisors, 3.8 µSv for the maxillary premolars, 6.8 µSv for the maxillary molars, and for the mandibular incisors, premolars and molars – 3.2, 3.4 and 5.8 µSv, and for bitewing – 6.7 µSv. For the unit with digital detectors, effective doses were 1 µSv, 1,2 µSv, 2,2 µSv for maxilla, 1 µSv, 1,3 µSv, 2 µSv for mandibula and 2,8 µSv for bitewing. Attention is drawn to the substantial width of the ranges without emissions for the examination of premolars of the upper jaw, molars of both jaws and occlusion, which is the reason for the possible enhancement of optimization measures in these studies. When comparing with published data, it was found that the effective doses in St. Petersburg and the regional institutions are lower than the values obtained using standard round collimator and medium and high sensitivity films (class D and F, respectively), as well as lower dose levels in the European Commission Guidelines. In addition, the dose values deduced in this study are significantly lower than the values given in the guidelines “Filling in the forms of federal state statistical observation No. 3-DOZ” and which are still often used to fill in the form instead of the measured values. This indicates an overestimation of estimates of patient doses when using reference values from the 3-DOZ manual and the need to use individual patient doses, obtained on the basis of measurements. However, the effective doses in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region are higher than those obtained using a square collimator and high-sensitivity films. The above results suggest that it is necessary and possible to carry out optimization in X-ray dental studies in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region. Analysis of similar studies on other X-ray diagnostic techniques allows to extrapolate this statement to other regions of Russia.
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Al-Safi, Dr Mona Abdul Hadi. "New approach in Bisecting angle technique." Mustansiria Dental Journal 3, no. 1 (April 15, 2018): 92–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.32828/mdj.v3i1.617.
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Since the conventional radiograph was introduced in 1901, it seems that it has wide spectrum in it use in medical, dentistry & engineering branches.The importance came from its value in diagnosis and predicate the causes of different effects. This lead to more researches for more advanced programs , which continued through last century lead to an advanced radiography like digital one, C.T. scan and M.R.I. Still the conventional radiographs are the baseline for this progress a far farther for future progression.Aim of the study is to prove a new approach in "Bisecting angle technique".The present study indicate the new approach in using the bisecting angle technique since the old one give instructions on three main lines:-A. Patients positioning in the dental chair.B. Positioning of dental intraoral film inside patient mouth.C. The position of the cone of X-ray machine in both vertical and horizontal angles.But Al-Safi method gives instructions number D- about the anatomical landmarks that lead to the apex of the tooth to which central beam is directed, by drawing a line from ala of the nose to the tragus of the ear called ala tragus line indicate the apecies of maxillary teeth , for the mandibular arch a line draw indicate apices of mandibular teeth from the angle of the chin to the angle of the mandible in proper manner.In present study, two groups of fifth years students in the college of Dentistry in Baghdad had been taken. The first group had given instructions A-B-C-, second group had given instructions A-B-C- and D- according to Al-Safi method.The statically analysis using t-test shows , a significant difference between the first and second group in the effectiveness of sharpness and allignments artifacts , from the same point of view there were no significant difference between members of second group while there is a significant difference between members of the first group.The results indicate that the new approach in instructing the second group of students were gave wide predictors for their work and better results in decreasing the technical errors and dental artifacts.
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Anggarin, Kadek Sari, I. Putu Irma Wulandari, and Ni Putu Rita Jenyanthi. "ESTIMASI DOSIS RADIASI YANG DITERIMA PASIEN PADA PEMERIKSAAN THORAX PA." JRI (Jurnal Radiografer Indonesia) 5, no. 1 (May 29, 2022): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.55451/jri.v5i1.105.
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Background : Radiation dose received by patients during medical radiology examination varied among practices. This is due to difference in techniques, filter, and equipment used during examinations. This study aims to determine the value of facilities Diagnostic Reference Level (fDRL) in Radiology hospitals district Buleleng and comparison of the 75th percentile value of radiation dose received by adult Thorax PA patients with the standards established by BAPETEN.
Methods: This type of research uses a quantitative method with a survey conducted at the Radiology Installation of Buleleng Regency Hospital in February 2020. The population of this study was all patients who underwent radiographic examination of Thorax PA adults (over 15 years). While the sample in this study was 30 patients with Thorax PA radiography examination adult (over 15 years). Absorbent dose measurement data is carried out directly with a digital dosimeter measuring device and then processed using SPSS.
Results and Conclusion: The results of this study obtained the value of facilities Diagnostic Reference Level for examination of adult PA Thorax in Radiology Installation of Buleleng Regency Hospital is 0.0275 mGy and the percentile value of 75 absorbent doses received by PA thorax patients adult in Radiology Installation of Buleleng Regency Regional Hospital is 0.0275 mGy where the dose Radiation absorption received by PA thorax patients has met the standards set by BAPETEN in the Indonesian Diagnostic Reference Level (IDRL) 2019 radiation absorbed dose received by adult thorax PA patients, which is 0.4 mGy.
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Vlahovic, Zoran, Branko Mihailovic, Zoran Lazic, and Mileta Golubovic. "Comparative radiographic and resonance frequency analyses of the peri-implant tissue after dental implants placement using flap and flapless techniques: An experimental study on domestic pigs." Vojnosanitetski pregled 70, no. 6 (2013): 586–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp1306586v.
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Background/Aim. Flapless implant surgery has become very important issue during recent years, mostly thanks to computerization of dentistry and software planning of dental implants placements. The aim of this study was to compare flap and flapless surgical techniques for implant placement through radiographic and radiofrequency analyses. Methods. The experiment was made in five domestic pigs. Nine weeks following domestic pigs teeth extraction, implants were placed, on the right side using surgical technique flap, and flapless on the left side. Digital dental Xrays were applied to determine primary dental implant stability quality (ISQ). At certain intervals, not later than three months, the experimental animals were sacrificed, and just before it, control X-rays were applied to measure dental implants stability. Results. Radiographic analysis showed that peri-implant bone resorption in the first 4 weeks following placement implants with flap and flapless surgical techniques was negligible. After the 3 months, mean value of peri-implant bone resorption of the implants placed using flap technique was 1.86 mm, and of those placed using flapless technique was 1.13 mm. In relation to the primary dental implant stability in the first and second week there was an expected decrease in ISQ values, but it was less expressed in the dental implants placed using the flapless technique. In the third week the ISQ values were increased in the dental implants placed by using both techniques, but the increase in flapless implant placement was higher (7.4 ISQ) than in flap implant placement (1.5 ISQ). The upward trend continued in a 4- week period, and after 3 months the dental implant stability values in the implants placed using flap technique were higher than the primary stability for 7.1 ISQ, and in the implants placed using flapless technique were higher comparing to the primary stability for 10.1 ISQ units. Conclusion. Based on the results of radiographic and resonance frequency analyses it can be concluded that the flapless technique in surgical implants placemat, leads to better results.
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Sykes, Leanne M., A. Uys, C. Bradfield, and Nicolaas W. Van Reede Van Oudtshoorn. "Dental images - Their use and abuse." South African Dental Journal 75, no. 10 (November 1, 2020): 584–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2519-0105/2020/v75no10a9.
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Patients' exposure to medical and dental radiographic examination has increased over the years,1 with dental X-ray procedures now accounting for almost one-third of all radiographic examinations.2 Although they only contribute 2-4% towards the collective effective dose of exposure, all efforts should be made to minimize the amount taken and to keep exposure as low as diagnostically achievable.2
When considering radiographic examinations, the potential diagnostic or therapeutic benefits to the individual or society need to be weighed up against the possible risks that the exposure may cause, taking into account the "efficacy, and benefits and risks of alternative techniques that have the same objectives but involve no or less radiation".2,3
To this end the acronym ALARA was coined to stress that all diagnostic radiographs should aim to keep doses as low as reasonably achievable without compromising the diagnosis.1 With the advent of digital imaging there has been a trade-off between image quality and reduced radiation dosage. As such the term has been altered to ALADA, as low as diagnostically acceptable, to reflect this compromise.2
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Sarada, N., and K. Thirupathi Rao. "A Neural Network Architecture Using Separable Neural Networks for the Identification of “Pneumonia” in Digital Chest Radiographs." International Journal of e-Collaboration 17, no. 1 (January 2021): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijec.2021010106.
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In recent years, convolutional neural networks had a wide impact in the fields of medical image processing. Image semantic segmentation and image classification have been the main challenges in this field. These two techniques have been seeing a lot of improvement in medical surgeries which are being carried out by robots and autonomous machines. This work will be working on a convolutional model to detect pneumonia in a given chest x-ray scan. In addition to the convolution model, the proposed model consists of deep separable convolution kernels which replace few convolutional layers; one main advantage is these take in a smaller number of parameters and filters. The described model will be more efficient, robust, and fine-tuned than previous models developed using convolutional neural networks. The authors also benchmarked the present model with the CheXnet model, which almost predicts over 16 abnormalities in the given chest-x-rays.
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Alqahtani, Jamal, Ghufran Alhemaid, Hussein Alqahtani, Ahmed Abughandar, Reem AlSaadi, Ibtihal Algarni, Wahiba AlSharif, et al. "Digital Diagnostics and Orthodontic Practice." JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE SCIENCES 02, no. 06 (2022): 112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.52533/johs.2022.2605.
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Orthodontic diagnosis is mostly dependent on the patient's dental and medical history, clinical examination, study models, and cephalometric radiographs, which are the most important tool for orthodontic diagnosis since they are used to identify abnormalities in the dental and craniofacial skeleton. An ever-increasing array of digital technologies is transforming dental therapy in a variety of ways. Digital dental models, the use of digital dental set-ups to simulate the eventual result of orthodontic therapy, and three-dimensional imaging of the dentofacial region are among the technological advances that provided new choices for patient documentation. Digital records allow for a three-dimensional evaluation of a patient's dentofacial morphology, which is critical for orthodontic diagnostics and treatment planning. Additionally, these digital records increase record storage, access, conservation, communication with patients, and duplication possibilities. The purpose of this research is to review the available information about the digital diagnostics and orthodontic practice. Since the introduction of threedimensional techniques, which have found different uses in orthodontics as well as oral and maxillofacial surgery, imaging technology in the dentistry sector has emerged as one of the most significant parts of identifying and managing oral problems. With the growing availability of cone-beam computed tomography, three-dimensional depiction of dentition, maxillofacial skeleton, and soft tissues in all phases of interactions is now possible. In orthodontics, digital scanning can be utilized for a variety of purposes. However, more research is needed to generate evidence-based results regarding the utilization of digital diagnostics in orthodontics.
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Vaezipour, Nina, Nora Fritschi, Noé Brasier, Sabine Bélard, José Domínguez, Marc Tebruegge, Damien Portevin, and Nicole Ritz. "Towards Accurate Point-of-Care Tests for Tuberculosis in Children." Pathogens 11, no. 3 (March 8, 2022): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11030327.
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In childhood tuberculosis (TB), with an estimated 69% of missed cases in children under 5 years of age, the case detection gap is larger than in other age groups, mainly due to its paucibacillary nature and children’s difficulties in delivering sputum specimens. Accurate and accessible point-of-care tests (POCTs) are needed to detect TB disease in children and, in turn, reduce TB-related morbidity and mortality in this vulnerable population. In recent years, several POCTs for TB have been developed. These include new tools to improve the detection of TB in respiratory and gastric samples, such as molecular detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and portable polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based GeneXpert. In addition, the urine-based detection of lipoarabinomannan (LAM), as well as imaging modalities through point-of-care ultrasonography (POCUS), are currently the POCTs in use. Further to this, artificial intelligence-based interpretation of ultrasound imaging and radiography is now integrated into computer-aided detection products. In the future, portable radiography may become more widely available, and robotics-supported ultrasound imaging is currently being trialed. Finally, novel blood-based tests evaluating the immune response using “omic-“techniques are underway. This approach, including transcriptomics, metabolomic, proteomics, lipidomics and genomics, is still distant from being translated into POCT formats, but the digital development may rapidly enhance innovation in this field. Despite these significant advances, TB-POCT development and implementation remains challenged by the lack of standard ways to access non-sputum-based samples, the need to differentiate TB infection from disease and to gain acceptance for novel testing strategies specific to the conditions and settings of use.
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Padovano, Alexander G., Trapper Lalli, Joshua N. Tennant, Kevin D. Martin, and Robert D. Santrock. "The Triplanar Hallux Abducto Valgus Classification System: Is it Valid?" Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 7, no. 1 (January 2022): 2473011421S0038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011421s00384.
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Category: Bunion Introduction/Purpose: Historically, two-dimensional radiographic study techniques have been used to classify and describe hallux valgus deformities and guided treatment based on severity of deformity in the transverse plane only. These two-dimensional radiographic studies and were not able to assess rotational deformity and may explain the high recurrence and dissatisfaction rates which have been reported. Recently, a triplanar hallux abducto valgus classification (THAVC) system was proposed. This key elements of this classification system are the pathologic alignments in all three anatomic planes. The THAVC system is intended to clarify the deformity and apply a triplanar anatomic algorithm for treatment. To our knowledge, this classification system has not been validated. Our objective was to assess the intra-reader and inter-reader reliability of the THAVC. Methods: After approval by the Institutional Review Board, patients with hallux abducto valgus (HAV) were identified from a foot and ankle registry. Electronic medical records and digital radiographs were reviewed by the principal investigator (PI). Selected radiographs were then deidentified of patient information and assembled in a digital slide presentation and presented to the reviewers. The eligibility criteria required complete weightbearing radiographic studies and represented varying degrees of HAV. The reviewers included three board certified, fellowship trained orthopaedic foot and ankle surgeons. Images of twenty cases of hallux valgus and five normal cases were distributed electronically, who independently classified all 25 cases according to the THAVC system for a total of 75 observations. After an eight week washout period, the order of the HAV cases was randomized and redistributed to the reviewers. The three reviewers were blinded to the results of the both radiographic reviews until after statistical analysis had occurred. Results: We evaluated the intra-reader consistency by Cohen's kappa for the agreement between two measurements from the same reader. The average kappa value from three readers was 0.241 with 95% CI (0.093-0.374), indicating a fair agreement. The inter-reader agreement was 0.046 with 95% CI (-0.041-0.112), showing poor agreement between readers. Conclusion: The Triplanar HAV Classification is the first classification system that utilizes anatomic, multi-plane evaluation. Our results indicate while this is the first known HAV classification system, by this analysis it lacks reliability. This study shows that the reading of 2D radiographs still present a difficulty in assessing a 3D problem. Perhaps a scoring system utilizing advanced imaging such as 3D WBCT could prove more reliable and applicable.
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O'Connor-Robison, C. I., and B. D. Nielsen. "Comparison of two software packages for determining radiographic bone aluminium equivalent values." Comparative Exercise Physiology 9, no. 3-4 (January 1, 2013): 219–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep13024.
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Radiographic photodensitometry has been used to track changes in bone mineral content in the distal limb of horses through traditional film radiographs. With increasing popularity of digital radiographs, the technique has been adapted for digital technology. The objective of this study was to validate and describe the analysis of digital radiographs and to compare traditional densitometric analysis to digital analysis. Twelve traditional and 12 digital radiographs were taken of the left third metacarpal (MCIII) of 12 horses with an aluminium stepwedge penetrometer attached to the radiographic cassette. Both medial-lateral and dorsal-palmar views were represented. The traditional and digital radiographs were each analysed using two different methods to compare results. Analysis involved determining optical density at each step of the aluminium stepwedge, plotting optical density verses mm Al, and then determining the equation of the subsequent line. The optical density of each cortice was inserted into the equation and radiographic bone aluminium equivalents (RBAE) in mm Al for each cortice was determined. Total RBAE was also examined 1 cm distal to the nutrient foramen of the MCIII. Data were analysed using Proc CORR (SAS v. 9.1) and are reported as mean ± standard deviation. Total RBAE on the dorsal-palmar view from traditional radiographs averaged 286±154 mm Al for digital analysis and 292±173 mm Al for densitometric analysis (R2=0.98). Total RBAE on medial-lateral view from the digital radiographs averaged 539±137 mm Al for digital analysis and 530±165 mm Al for densitometric analysis (R2=0.95). The results demonstrate high correlations between analyses, thereby validating that digital analysis yields similar results as densitometric analysis. Digital radiographs, with increased clarity as compared to traditional films, should allow greater ability to detect treatment differences in research trials, and monitor changes associated with training or nutrition.
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PAOLIELLO, FLAVIO. "Corrosion damage and in-service inspection of retractable sootblower lances in recovery boilers." October 2021 20, no. 10 (November 1, 2021): 655–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj20.10.655.
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Several reports of accidents involving serious mechanical failures of sootblower lances in chemical recovery boilers are known in the pulp and paper industry. These accidents mainly consisted of detachment and ejection of the lance tip, or even of the entire lance, to the inside of the furnace, towards the opposite wall. At least one of these cases known to the author resulted in a smelt-water explosion in the boiler. In other events, appreciable damage or near-miss conditions have already been experienced. The risk of catastrophic consequences of the eventual detachment of the lance tip or the complete lance of a recovery boiler soot-blower has caught the attention of manufacturers, who have adjusted their quality procedures, but this risk also needs to be carefully considered by the technical staff at pulp mills and in industry committees. This paper briefly describes the failure mechanisms that prevailed in past accidents, while recommending inspection and quality control policies to be applied in order to prevent further occurrences of these dangerous and costly component failures. Digital radiography, in conjunction with other well known inspection techniques, appears to be an effective means to ensure the integrity of sootblower lances in chemical recovery boilers used in the pulp and paper industry.
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Weigelt, Lizzy, Darren Myatt, James Chapman, Matthew Philpott, Shirley Lyle, Gerry Kelly, Sarang P. Kasture, Gavin Heyes, Lyndon W. Mason, and Andrew P. Molloy. "Interobserver Reliability of Radiographic Angles and Measurements in Flat Foot Deformity." Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 7, no. 4 (October 2022): 2473011421S0099. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011421s00998.
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Category: Other Introduction/Purpose: Radiographic angles and measurements are widely used in foot and ankle pathologies to define normal and abnormal skeletal alignment. In spite of this the inter-observer reliability of these parameters is debatable. The aim of this study was to determine the inter-observer reliability of various radiographic angles and measurements in flat foot deformity. Methods: Antero-posterior (AP) and lateral foot radiographs of 18 patients with flatfoot deformity were analysed by eight clinicians of various grade of experience (2 consultants, 4 fellows / registrars and 2 core training grades) with 11 different radiological parameters. A digital presentation demonstrating the method of measurement of all parameters using same software was provided to the participants. The inter-observer reliability was analysed using interclass correlation (ICC) model mixed for reliability at 95% confidence interval for individual parameters and different grade of experience. Results: The inter-observer reliability was excellent (>0.9) in calcaneal pitch angle (CPA), medial cuneiform height (C1H) and lateral incongruency angle (LIA). It was good (0.75 - 0.90) in talo-navicular angle (TNA), medial cuneiform articular angle (CAA), medial arch sag angle (MASA), medial cuneiform - 1st MT angle (C1MTA), talonavicular coverage angle (TNCA)andtalar - 1st MT angle on AP radiograph (T1MTA). The inter-observer reliability was moderate (0.5 - 0.75) in Meary's angle and talo-navicular uncoverage percentage (TNUP). The reliability did not differ with the grade of surgeon on sub-group analysis. Conclusion: This is first study to analyse the interobserver reliability of radiographic measurements in a flatfoot deformity, including grade of surgeon. The results suggest that these radiological parameters can be reliably used in clinical practice if standard measurement techniques are followed by clinicians of all grades.
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Samarabandu, J., K. Allen, E. Hausmann, and R. Acharya. "Registration techniques for digital subtraction radiography." Dentomaxillofacial Radiology 23, no. 2 (May 1994): 117–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/dmfr.23.2.7835503.
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Mattoon, J. S. "Digital radiography." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 19, no. 03 (2006): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1632988.
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SummaryDigital radiography has been used in human medical imaging since the 1980's with recent and rapid acceptance into the veterinary profession. Using advanced image capture and computer technology, radiographic images are viewed on a computer monitor. This is advantageous because radiographic images can be adjusted using dedicated computer software to maximize diagnostic image quality. Digital images can be accessed at computer workstations throughout the hospital, instantly retrieved from computer archives, and transmitted via the internet for consultation or case referral. Digital radiographic data can also be incorporated into a hospital information system, making record keeping an entirely paperless process. Digital image acquisition is faster when compared to conventional screen-film radiography, improving workflow and patient throughput. Digital radiography greatly reduces the need for “retake” radiographs because of wide latitude in exposure factors. Also eliminated are costs associated with radiographic film and x-ray film development. Computed radiography, charged coupled devices, and flat panel detectors are types of digital radiography systems currently available.
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Harhaji, Vladimir, Srdjan Ninkovic, Zoran Milojevic, Viktor Till, Vladimir Ristic, Sanja Harhaji, Natasa Janjic, and Miroslav Milankov. "Komparativna analiza polozaja kalema u butnoj kosti posle rekonstrukcije prednjeg ukrstenog ligamenta kolena tehnikom kroz prednje-unutrasnji portal i tehnikom kroz golenjacu." Acta chirurgica Iugoslavica 60, no. 2 (2013): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/aci1302081h.
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Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is the most common surgically treated knee ligament. If we take into account the fact that incidence of ACL injuries is growing, it is clearly that the interest of orthopedic surgeons for this pathology is also growing. Increasing number of this operations leads to increasing of complications, which requires its analysis. One of the most common failure of ACL reconstruction is a bad position of the graft in the femoral condyle. This study aimed to analyze the positioning of the graft in to the femur by two generally accepted techniques - transtibial technique and technique through the antero-medial portal. The analysis included postoperative radiographs in 60 patients, of whom 30 were operated by transtibial technique and 30 by technique through anteromedial portal. Radiographic analysis involved the measurement of the AP digital imaging, the tunnel projection X ray measurements and measurements of the computed tomography (CT), which was here a control method. The accuracy of measurement was set at 0.5? or 1 min. All radiographs were made in the same way according to the literature. The results showed that the neoligaments were placed lower in the femoral condyle by technique through anteromedial portal than by transtibial technique, and the difference was statistically significant (on tunnel X ray by anteromedial portal screws were average placed at 50.0? and 10:20 am, and by transtibial technique at 37.5? or 10:45 am). Based on the results, it was concluded that the neoligaments were positioned closer to its anatomical position by technique through anteromedial portal.
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Gurvich, A. M., M. G. Myagkova, and Yu Ryudiger. "Digital luminescence radiography." Biomedical Engineering 24, no. 3 (May 1990): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00573069.
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Weber, Stephen, and James Ficke. "Cementless Total Ankle Replacement." Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 3, no. 3 (July 1, 2018): 2473011418S0051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011418s00512.
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Category: Ankle Arthritis Introduction/Purpose: Total ankle replacement (TAR) was initially performed with first-generation cemented components. These constructs showed unacceptable revision and complication rates, in part due to the difficulty of obtaining a uniform cement mantle and the unique difficulties with TAR regarding the inability to dislocate the joint for exposure. Early concerns with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) in knees led to multiple studies evaluating fixation of total knee components by bone ingrowth using prospective randomized studies, registry data, and radiostereographic analysis. These studies have shown that if micromotion can be kept below 150 micrometers, cementless fixation could be anticipated. Similar benefits were anticipated with TAR, however the literature supporting cementless TAR by contrast appeared sparse. A systematic literature review was conducted to evaluate the literature supporting cementless TAR. Methods: A systematic review of the English language literature regarding cementless fixation in TAR was performed. Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched using the terms “total ankle arthroplasty,” “total ankle replacement,” “cement,” “porous ingrowth”, “biologic fixation”, and “cementless” from the inceptions of these search engines until June 2017. To ensure that no relevant studies were missed, the reference sections of all studies selected for final analysis were additionally reviewed. All potentially relevant papers were compiled to determine whether they fit the previously established inclusion criteria. Exclusion criteria included non-English language studies, non-human or laboratory studies, and isolated case reports. The results of this literature review were analyzed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA). Results: The available literature was limited to five articles. Kofoed et al. reported TAR using the STAR ankle, and stated that there was no difference. Brigido et al. using digital radiography of the uncemented INBONE implant, showed that migration was only 0.7 mm at one year and 1.0 mm at two years. Fong et al. performed a preliminary study evaluating the possibility of stereo metric analysis of micromotion, but validated the possibility only. Fevang et al. in a registry review noted that: “The failures in early studies usually occurred with cemented implants. In general, uncemented prostheses have been associated with better results than cemented ones.” Takakura et al. noted a 27% success rate with a cemented ceramic TAR versus a 67% success rate without cement Conclusion: In contrast to the robust literature regarding cementless knee and hip arthroplasty, the literature justifying cementless TAR is surprisingly limited. This lack of literature has had significant impact on the performance of TAR in the US, as virtually all TARs are put in “off-label” without cement with additional liability risks imposed by the use of medical devices in this fashion. While prospective randomized studies comparing cemented to cementless third-generation TARs may violate clinical equipoise, other techniques such as stereometric sequential radiographs, comparative registry outcome data, and systematic retrieval data would allow validation of cementless TAR as a viable technique.
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Druzhinin, Valentin N., Vadim G. Suvorov, Aleksandr N. Cherniy, and Sergey N. Troinyakov. "Precision X-ray diagnosis of osteoporosis in representatives of risk groups for the appearance and development of varicose disease of the lower limbs." Russian Journal of Occupational Health and Industrial Ecology 60, no. 12 (December 23, 2020): 911–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2020-60-12-911-917.
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Introduction. Varicose disease of the lower limbs (VDLL) is an independent disease and is an important medical and social problem due to its widespread and tendency to progress among people of working age and mainly in the female half of the population. Features of professional activity are risks in the form of static loads of a constant nature or weightlifting and other risk factors (for example, genetic predisposition, hormonal imbalance during pregnancy and menopause, obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypercoagulation, treatment with hormonal drugs, irrational nutrition, alcohol abuse, the presence of osteopenia and osteoporosis (OP). A feature of the disease is the presence of concomitant (often combined) pathology of the musculoskeletal system, which is characterized, as a rule, by early manifestation, relatively rapid progression, and complicated course. Radiologically, relatively often revealed pathology of the feet (flat feet, hallux valgus and deformity of the 1st finger) and degenerative-dystopian changes in the spine (osteochondrosis, spondyloarthritis, spondylosis, scoliosis, kyphosis). The most pronounced combined pathology of the musculoskeletal system is observed in patients with active trophic disorders. Considering the comorbidity of the disease, changes in regional hemodynamics and microcirculation in the lower limbs undoubtedly affect the indicators of hemostasis, carbohydrate, lipid and mineral metabolism. Therefore, a significant interest to improve the diagnosis of OP are often present in the form of a clinical syndrome, which is characterized by decrease in bone density, a violation of their micro-and increased fragility, due to the metabolic disorders of bone tissue with a predominance of catabolism over the processes of bone formation and increased risk of fractures. The state of bone mineral saturation, in particular in the female half of the population, depending on the severity of venous insufficiency remains insufficiently studied. Treatment of VDLL and its concomitant OP syndrome is not always a solvable problem, so the optimization of the diagnosis of this disease, especially at the initial stages, as well as in the process of dynamic monitoring and control of the effectiveness of therapeutic and preventive measures remains relevant. The aim of the study was to study the diagnostic possibilities of using radiometry (radiocomparametry and digital osteodensitometry) for precision assessment of mineral saturation of the spongy structure of the calcaneus in patients at risk for the appearance and development of VDLL. Materials and methods. As part of the general clinical examination, special comparative X-ray studies of the state of mineral saturation and dimensional characteristics of bone trabeculae of the spongy structure of the calcaneus were performed in 129 women with clinical signs of VDLL, which in accordance with the international classification of CEAP were divided into stages: C1 - 36 people, C2 - 32 people, C3 - 39 people, C4 - 30 people, C5 - 22 people. The comparison group included 119 practically healthy women, comparable to the main group by age, work experience and morbid history. The X-ray diagnostic complex included, in addition to convective (routine) radiography of various parts of the osteoarticular apparatus, performed only according to indications, the following methods: interactive radiography (digital low-dose radiography) of the foot with a calibrated wedge-a standard of density, a posteriori testometric X-ray parametry of bone trabeculae of spongy structures of the calcaneus. Modern equipment was used: digital X-ray diagnostic complexes DR-GEBrivo), AXIOMLuminas (Siemens), dichromatic osteodensitometer "PRODIGY" (Lunar). Results. As part of the general clinical examination, X-ray examinations were performed before the implementation of therapeutic measures and after 24 months. Radiometric indicators of mineral saturation and thickness of trabeculae of the spongy structure of the calcaneus showed a direct dependence on age, reaching maximum values in the age category of 25-30 years with a clear tendency to decrease in older age groups. The mineralization parameters relative to the control were initially reduced, revealing variability depending on the severity of the main pathological process (from relatively high at C1 to relatively low at C5). There was also a pattern of increasing levels of mineralization and thickness of bone trabeculae depending on the period of observation (in fact, on the volume of complex therapeutic and preventive measures) in almost all patients, but mainly in groups C4, C5. Subjective symptoms and objective clinical picture of the condition of the examined patients with the presence of VDLL and OP syndrome correlated with the data of osteorentgenometry. Conclusions. The examined women, whose production activity makes them belong to the risk group for the appearance and development of VDLL, have a opioid structure of the calcaneus. The use in complex clinical and radiological diagnostics of the methodical technique of precision assessment of mineral saturation in (mg/mm2) and thickness of bone trabeculae (mm) makes it possible to objectify the reconstruction of the bone structure at the submacroscopic level of its visualization. Quantitative densitometric indicators of changes in the spongy structure of the calcaneus can be considered as markers of the severity of the condition and the direction of the course of VDLL with concomitant OP. Postprocessing radiometry the calcaneus performed on digital radiographs and the screens of computers using programs "LINS MAKHAON workstation of the DOCTOR" available, not associated with additional radiation exposure and, therefore, can be widely applied both at the stage of primary diagnosis of the health status of the studied patients and in monitoring the effectiveness of remedial measures.
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Bai, Weimin, C. Bueno, B. S. Wong, and Xin Wang. "Generation of radiographic techniques for digital radiography applications." Insight - Non-Destructive Testing and Condition Monitoring 51, no. 6 (June 2009): 327–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1784/insi.2009.51.6.327.
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Troedel, James. "Digital Radiography/Computed Tomography of Medical Devices." Microscopy and Microanalysis 23, S1 (July 2017): 1200–1201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927617006663.
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Juhi Barai, Suhas Tivaskar, Apeksha Sable, and Anurag Luharia. "Dose Optimization and Image Quality in Digital Radiography: A Review Article." Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results 13, no. 3 (October 7, 2022): 1076–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.47750/pnr.2022.13.03.174.
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Imaging techniques have been upgraded due to the invention of digital radiography. This advancement has made a massive change in the development of diagnostic procedures. This technique has displaced conventional radiography with digital methods of radiography. This radiography technique was accepted in all kinds of radiography, excluding mammography. There are many assets of using a digital process for imaging, like good quality of image with less dose. It gave accurate diagnosis for assured quality of image with high resolution and to avoid overdose proper guidelines are needed. The technician should be well trained and have adequate knowledge of the appropriate use of digital radiography. The flat detector system depicts a more efficient way to form an image of high quality with a low dose; the quality of the image increases due to the storage phosphor. Many institutions have accepted this digital radiography as it has proven beneficial for diagnostic procedures. Digital radiography has a flat panel detector that results in a high-resolution image. It has been noticed that screen-film radiography has been superseded by Digital radiography. Nowadays, manufacturers have made many improvements derived from the detector and different technology to Digital radiography equipment. Due to digital imaging techniques, x-rays are allowed to store digitally that can use anytime by adjusting contrast according to the interest of vision. This technology has given assurity of not losing any radiograph and allows dispensing throughout hospitals digital by online technology derived from the web. There are so many assets of using digital radiography as it increases patient count. The vigorous high scale of the digital detector with as low as possible radiation dose for the proper usage of this technology, radiologists and radiographers should have adequate knowledge of various technical postulates & image calibre. They should know how to tackle the problem of overexposure or radiation dose.
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Kim, Han Seul, Da Sol Kim, and Jung Il Song. "A Study on Image Interpretations of Computed Radiography for Iron Samples Using Image Evaluation Techniques." Journal of Conservation Science 38, no. 5 (October 31, 2022): 360–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.12654/jcs.2022.38.5.01.
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In the non-destructive radiographic testing methods used for specimens with cultural heritage, analog film radiography is being replaced with digital radiography by the introduction of an imaging plate computed radiography system. Adoption of the computed radiography system has helped standardize digital image quality.</br>This study analyzed the X-ray transmission characteristics and evaluated image quality according to image developing time for iron, the most important metal in cultural heritage. Computed radiography images were acquired. The transmittance of the images was determined based on Gray Scale and Duplex-wire Image Quality Indicator data. In addition, the change in images with the image developing time was compared and analyzed using the Structural Similarity Index Measure, mean square error, and peak signal-to-noise ratio.
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Lačević, Amela, and Edina Vranić. "Different digital imaging techniques in dental practice." Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences 4, no. 2 (May 20, 2004): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17305/bjbms.2004.3412.
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Different imaging techniques are used to pick up the signal of interest in digital sensors, including charge-coupled devices (CCD), complementary metal-oxide semiconductors (CMOS), photostimulable phosphors plates (PSP) and tuned-aperture computed tomography (TACT) Digital radiography sensors are divided into: storage phosphor plates (SPP) called photostimulable phosphor plates (PSP), silicon devices such as charge-coupled devices (CCD) or complementary metal oxide semiconductors (CMOS).Relatively new type of imaging that may hold advantage over current radiographic modalities is tuned-aperture computed tomography (TACT).
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Schaefer-Prokop, Cornelia, Martin Uffmann, Edith Eisenhuber, and Mathias Prokop. "Digital Radiography of the Chest: Detector Techniques and Performance Parameters." Journal of Thoracic Imaging 18, no. 3 (July 2003): 124–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005382-200307000-00002.
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Dunn, S. M., P. F. van der Stelt, A. Ponce, K. Fenesy, and S. Shah. "A comparison of two registration techniques for digital subtraction radiography." Dentomaxillofacial Radiology 22, no. 2 (May 1993): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/dmfr.22.2.8375559.
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Carrillo-de-Gea, Juan Manuel, Ginés García-Mateos, José Luis Fernández-Alemán, and José Luis Hernández-Hernández. "A Computer-Aided Detection System for Digital Chest Radiographs." Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8208923.
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Computer-aided detection systems aim at the automatic detection of diseases using different medical imaging modalities. In this paper, a novel approach to detecting normality/pathology in digital chest radiographs is proposed. The problem tackled is complicated since it is not focused on particular diseases but anything that differs from what is considered as normality. First, the areas of interest of the chest are found using template matching on the images. Then, a texture descriptor called local binary patterns (LBP) is computed for those areas. After that, LBP histograms are applied in a classifier algorithm, which produces the final normality/pathology decision. Our experimental results show the feasibility of the proposal, with success rates above 87% in the best cases. Moreover, our technique is able to locate the possible areas of pathology in nonnormal radiographs. Strengths and limitations of the proposed approach are described in the Conclusions.
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Hasan, David, Mario Zanaty, Robert M. Starke, Elias Atallah, Nohra Chalouhi, Pascal Jabbour, Amit Singla, et al. "Feasibility, safety, and changes in systolic blood pressure associated with endovascular revascularization of symptomatic and chronically occluded cervical internal carotid artery using a newly suggested radiographic classification of chronically occluded cervical internal carotid artery: pilot study." Journal of Neurosurgery 130, no. 5 (May 2019): 1468–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2018.1.jns172858.
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OBJECTIVEThe overall risk of ischemic stroke from a chronically occluded internal carotid artery (COICA) is around 5%–7% per year despite receiving the best available medical therapy. Here, authors propose a radiographic classification of COICA that can be used as a guide to determine the technical success and safety of endovascular recanalization for symptomatic COICA and to assess the changes in systemic blood pressure following successful revascularization.METHODSThe radiographic images of 100 consecutive subjects with COICA were analyzed. A new classification of COICA was proposed based on the morphology, location of occlusion, and presence or absence of reconstitution of the distal ICA. The classification was used to predict successful revascularization in 32 symptomatic COICAs in 31 patients, five of whom were female (5/31 [16.13%]). Patients were included in the study if they had a COICA with ischemic symptoms refractory to medical therapy. Carotid artery occlusion was defined as 100% cross-sectional occlusion of the vessel lumen as documented on CTA or MRA and confirmed by digital subtraction angiography.RESULTSFour types (A–D) of radiographic COICA were identified. Types A and B were more amenable to safe revascularization than types C and D. Recanalization was successful at a rate of 68.75% (22/32 COICAs; type A: 8/8; type B: 8/8; type C: 4/8; type D: 2/8). The perioperative complication rate was 18.75% (6/32; type A: 0/8 [0%]; type B: 1/8 [12.50%]; type C: 3/8 [37.50%], type D: 2/8 [25.00%]). None of these complications led to permanent morbidity or death. Twenty (64.52%) of 31 subjects had improvement in their symptoms at the 2–6 months’ follow-up. A statistically significant decrease in systolic blood pressure (SBP) was noted in 17/21 (80.95%) patients who had successful revascularization, which persisted on follow-up (p = 0.0001). The remaining 10 subjects in whom revascularization failed had no significant changes in SBP (p = 0.73).CONCLUSIONSThe pilot study suggested that our proposed classification of COICA may be useful as an adjunctive guide to determine the technical feasibility and safety of revascularization for symptomatic COICA using endovascular techniques. Additionally, successful revascularization may lead to a significant decrease in SBP postprocedure. A Phase 2b trial in larger cohorts to assess the efficacy of endovascular revascularization using our COICA classification is warranted.
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Yim, A. "Medical Imaging of Tomorrow: Digital Radiography and Technological Advancement." Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences 43, no. 2 (June 2012): 141–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmir.2012.03.024.
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Bagaev, K. A., D. I. Galkin, A. V. Puzanov, and A. O. Ustinov. "THE DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY APPLICATION EXPERIENCE AT WORLDSKILLS KAZAN 2019 CHAMPIONSHIP." Kontrol'. Diagnostika, no. 258 (December 2019): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/td.2019.12.pp.036-043.
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The 45 World championship WORLDSKILLS KAZAN 2019 took place this summer in Kazan. The competition of welders was a part of the championship. The quality of welded joints produced by participants was inspected using digital and computed radiography. These technologies deeply reduced time of radiographic inspection. The quality of radiographs corresponded to improved techniques – class B according to ISO 17636-2 standard. Test arrangements used, resulted images and the role of digital radiography software were described inside the article. Several ways to improve productivity of testing were proposed. It was concluded that digital radiography is applicable for wide range of tasks; the preferred method is dependent on task and testing object.
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Ween, Borgny, Marte Olstad, Jarl Å. Jakobsen, and Dag R. Olsen. "Pediatric digital chest radiography, comparison of grid versus non-grid techniques." European Journal of Radiography 1, no. 4 (December 2009): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejradi.2010.09.002.
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de Rooy, T. P. W., J. W. Oestmann, L. J. Schultze Kool, H. Vrooman, and F. Buchmann. "Advanced Multiple Beam Equalization Radiography (AMBER) Combined with Computed Radiography." Acta Radiologica 34, no. 5 (September 1993): 445–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028418519303400504.
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The combined use of AMBER (Advanced Multiple Beam Equalization Radiography) and a digital storage phosphor (SP) radiography system was evaluated for chest radiography in a pilot study with 4 patients. Four image modes with different dose levels were compared: the SP in combination with an AMBER equalized exposure (SP/AMBER) and 3 nonequalized exposures with dose levels corresponding to the respective calculated AMBER lung dose (SP/lung field dose), the calculated AMBER mediastinal dose (SP/mediastinal dose) and the calculated AMBER average dose (SP/average dose). All image modes were matched for Hurter and Driffield characteristics and subjectively rated according to visibility of details. The improved signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio of SP/AMBER resulted in a better visualization of structures in the mediastinum and the basal lung where SP/lung field dose scored lowest. For the central lung no quality differences were seen between techniques. The compressed dynamic range of the SP/AMBER images was more easily displayed on the hard-copy film. The combination of AMBER with SP radiography promises to overcome the dynamic range limitations of digital displays while, at moderate doses, giving better S/N and image quality than standard SP technique.
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Morigi, Maria Pia, and Fauzia Albertin. "X-ray Digital Radiography and Computed Tomography." Journal of Imaging 8, no. 5 (April 21, 2022): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jimaging8050119.
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Booth, Naomi J., Samuel J. Morley, and Richard S. Ewers. "Use of radiography in small animal practice in the UK and Republic of Ireland in 2013." Veterinary Record 182, no. 8 (January 31, 2018): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.104670.
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Radiography is an essential diagnostic tool in small animal practice. A major transition is currently underway from film screen to digital systems. However, there is limited published research detailing the use of radiography in practices in the UK and Republic of Ireland (ROI). The study aimed to describe the uptake of digital radiographic systems, wider aspects of radiographic practice and use of other diagnostic imaging techniques in the UK and ROI. This is a cross-sectional study using paper and online questionnaires. Veterinary surgeons, veterinary nurses and veterinary radiographers working in small animal practice in the UK and ROI were eligible to participate in the survey. Seventy-five per cent of respondents worked in practices using digital radiography systems. Cost appeared to be the largest barrier to digital conversion. Chemical restraint was used on 86 per cent of cases; however, 3 per cent of cases were reported to be restrained by hand. Thirty-one per cent of respondents had not received specific training in radiation safety. Ultrasonography is reportedly now widely utilised on a regular basis. These results provide useful information on the use of radiography and additional diagnostic imaging techniques in the UK. These results should be used to indicate future training requirements, particularly to improve radiation safety.
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Shokri, Abbas, Sima Sadat Lari, Seyyed Mohammad Hosseinipanah, Shahin Rostami, and Shabnam Seyedzadeh Sabounchi. "Comparative Sensitivity Assessment of Cone Beam Computed Tomography and Digital Radiography for detecting Foreign Bodies." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 17, no. 3 (2016): 224–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1831.
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ABSTRACT Aim Foreign body detection and determining whether it is adjacent to critical organs has a significant role in its removal. Various imaging techniques have been used to locate foreign bodies. This study aimed to compare cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and digital radiography for detecting foreign bodies in an in vitro model. Materials and methods Foreign bodies composed of normal glass, barium glass, wood, and stone with two sizes were placed into three different locations of two sheep heads. Digital radiography [lateral cephalometric, submentovertex (SMV)] and CBCT were compared to investigate their sensitivity for detecting foreign bodies. Results Diagnostic sensitivity of digital radiography in lateral cephalometric view, SMV view, and CBCT for detecting all types of foreign bodies was 67.2, 32.3, and 76.6% respectively. None of these techniques were successful in detecting wood satisfactory. Stone was detected relatively higher than other foreign bodies (82.6%). Diagnostic sensitivity of CBCT in detecting foreign bodies was 100%, except for wood. Accuracy of imaging techniques in detecting foreign bodies according to locations in descending order was lip, mandibular angle, and maxillary sinus. Conclusion It can be concluded that appropriate amount of radiopacity is enough for CBCT to exactly detect foreign body, regardless of its location or size. Clinical significance In maxillofacial traumatic patients, CBCT seems to be a better and cost-effective technique for detecting hidden foreign bodies than other routine techniques. How to cite this article Lari SS, Shokri A, Hosseinipanah SM, Rostami S, Sabounchi SS. Comparative Sensitivity Assessment of Cone Beam Computed Tomography and Digital Radiography for Detecting Foreign Bodies. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(3):224-229.
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Wagner, Judith L. "Cost Containment and Computerized Medical Imaging." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 3, no. 3 (July 1987): 343–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462300001161.
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AbstractToday, computers are used in several important and fast-growing medical imaging modalities, such as digital subtraction angiography, positron emission tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, nuclear medicine, and diagnostic ultrasound. The ultimate test for the computer in medical imaging will be its ability to replace traditional film-based radiography as the mechanism for displaying, communicating, and storing imaging information. This transition will require radiologists and other imagers to accept information in digital form. The speed of that acceptance depends on the economic incentives of the health care system. These are changing as a result of cost containment, which is moving away from fee-for-service toward bundled payment. The increase in capitated health plans will encourage the development of digital radiography systems that realistically trade-off the perceived quality needs of radiologists with the costs of producing and operating such systems.