Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Radiative proce'
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RAVASIO, MARIA EDVIGE. "New insights into the physics of Gamma-Ray Burst prompt emission." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/350073.
Full textThe nature of the GRB prompt emission is still uncertain, preventing us from constraining the sources' physical properties, which are strictly connected to fundamental open issues such as jet composition and energy dissipation. The typical observed prompt emission spectrum consists of two power-laws with slopes α and β smoothly connected at a peak energy Epeak. Synchrotron from fast cooling electrons is the most natural radiative process, given the non-thermal shape of the observed spectrum and the strong magnetic fields expected in the emitting region. However, the observed spectra of thousands of GRBs being harder than synchrotron predictions represented a major issue for decades. Oganesyan et al. 2017 recently discovered in the soft X-rays the presence of an additional spectral break, which has been identified as the synchrotron cooling frequency. Motivated by this result, I searched for the presence of a break at higher energies, using Fermi/GBM data. The time-resolved analysis of the 10 long brightest GRBs has revealed in the ~70% of the spectra the presence of a break energy Ebreak, located between ~20 and 500 keV. The slopes of the power-laws below and above the break are remarkably consistent with the predicted values for synchrotron emission in fast cooling regime (-2/3 and -3/2, respectively). Spectral simulations suggest that the separation of Ebreak from Epeak and the photon statistics of the spectrum can hamper the identification of the break, which might explain why this fundamental feature has not been identified before. The consistency with synchrotron emission has been tested also fitting a physical synchrotron model to the spectrum of the long GRB 180720B, confirming the results obtained with the empirical function. In addition, I investigated, for the first time, the presence of the break in 10 short GRBs: contrary to long ones, short GRBs do not show the break, but the low-energy photon index is consistent with -2/3. The results presented in this thesis imply a set of physical parameters that challenges the GRB standard model. The relative small ratio of the synchrotron frequencies (closer to unity for short GRBs) implies that the emitting particles do not cool completely. In turn this requires a low magnetic field (B’≲10 G) implying a distant emission region (R~1016cm), at odds with the typical ~ms variability timescale of GRBs. A possible solution may come from the proton-synchrotron scenario: thanks to the longer cooling timescale of the protons, this scenario can explain the observed spectral shape assuming standard values both for the magnetic field (B’~106 G) and for the radius of the emitting region (R~1013cm). Moreover, I expanded my study of the prompt emission spectrum by including its characterization at higher energies. The addition of LAT data in the spectral analysis revealed in 10 out of 22 bursts the presence of a spectral cutoff at high energies (~100 MeV): interpreted as due to pair-production opacity, they provide estimates of the bulk Lorentz factor Γof the jet in the range 100-400. The extension at high energies allowed me also to study the high-energy power-law slope β, which is a key parameter to constrain the corresponding slopes p of the underlying energy distribution of non-thermal accelerated particles. Assuming the emission as due to synchrotron, I found a broad distribution of p, centered around p=2.86 (with a tail up to p~5-7). Given the theoretical uncertainties on the energy distribution of accelerated particles in mildly-relativistic shocks, these results provide useful observational benchmarks for the development of the theory of particle acceleration applied to the prompt emission case. My PhD project also included the study of the emission at lower frequencies of the first 3 GRBs detected at ~TeV energies (GRB 180720B, GRB 190114C, GRB 190829A), which allowed me to find interesting constraints on the macro- and micro-physical parameters of GRBs.
Gilblas, Remi. "Mesure de champs de températures vraies par thermo-réflectométrie proche infrarouge." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ISAT0012/document.
Full textTrue temperature field measurement is a key parameter for the optimization and the control of industrial processes. Current systems present limitations, especially on heterogeneous surfaces and/or in dynamical conditions involving the surface's variation. These restrictions are due to the ignorance of the surface's emissivity, which is a complex function of many physical quantities (temperature, wavelength, roughness, direction of detection). This thesis presents the complete development of a new method of true temperature field measurement, called Thermoreflectometry, applicable on any kind of opaque material, in the range [300-1000]°C. It allows the on-line measurement of emissivity by mixing a step of classical THERMOGRAPHY with a step of laser REFLECTOMETRY. The approach of this work is, first, the critical analysis of the method and its influence quantities, and then the optimal dimensionment of the components by simulation studies. Thirdly, a prototype is built and its defaults are characterized, following a CAMERA-based point of view, and the possible corrections are implemented. Finally, the experimental performances are estimated on some complex heterogeneous thermal scenes which emphasize the prototype's precision for all the tested samples
Hancock, Jason. "Evaluation of the timing characteristics of various PET detectors using a time alignment probe." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=18467.
Full textL'alignement de temps est effectué sur un TEP conventionnelle pour réduire le bruit dans l'image causé par des interactions hasard. Dans les appareils utilisant le temps-de-vol, cet alignement est essentiel pour bien connaitre la position exacte de l'annihilation. Traditionnellement, l'alignement est un processus répétitif accompli en ajustant les décalés de temps et en enregistrant le taux de compte jusqu'il soit maximisé. Nous avons créé un détecteur de positron que nous pouvons placer l'intrieur du PET. Ceci nous permet d'aligner chaque cristal dans le scanner au même événement (la détection de positron), et de fournir une référence constante à chaque cristal. Ceci augmente la précision et la vitesse de l'alignement.
Tranchant, Laurent. "Transferts radiatifs de champ proche guidés : nanostructures à phonon-polaritons de surface." Thesis, Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ECAP0001/document.
Full textMiniaturization of transistors, whose sizes reach a few tens of nanometers nowadays,implies new problems of heat control at very short scales. This big challenge among others enabled the emergence of nanoscale heat transfer as a new research domain. Near-field heat transfer is one of the axis of this thematic.It concerns the behavior of thermal waves at a scale shorter than their wave lengths.Under these conditions the waves with the highest energy density are evanescent, that is confined at the surface. Surface phonon-polariton (SPhP) is a particular case of an evanescent wave propagating at the surface of a polar dielectric material. This PhD work consists in examining SPhP propagation along the surface of micrometric glass tubes and in proving the ability of these waves to enhance heat transfer in these systems.A theoretical analysis has been carried out to justify the use of such heat waveguides whose thermal conductivity can be doubled due to SPhP. The experimental detection of those waves based on their diffraction at the tip of the glass tubes is then presented. This emission is measured thanks to the assembly of a microscope and a Fourier-transform IR spectrometer. The presence of SPhPs is proved through measured spectra exhibiting their characteristic spectral signature
Regan, Donough Michael. "Measuring CMB non-Gaussianity as a probe of inflation and cosmic strings." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609806.
Full textRenaud, James. "Development of a graphite probe calorimeter for absolute clinical dosimetry: numerical design optimization, prototyping and experimental proof-of-concept." Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=110689.
Full textDans ce travail, la faisabilité de la mesure de dose d'eau absolue à l'aide d'un calorimètre à petite gamme de graphite sonde (GPC) dans un environnement clinique est établi. Une étude de conception d'optimisation numérique a été réalisée en simulant le transfert de chaleur résultant de l'irradiation dans le GPC avec un logiciel d'analyse par éléments finis. Le choix de la forme, des dimensions et des matériaux a été fait pour minimiser la perte de chaleur dans le volume sensible du GPC. La conception résultante, qui intègre un isolant thermique basé sur l'aérogel, a été construite en interne. Des mesures de dose absorbée dans l'eau ont été faites dans des conditions référence dans un 6 MV 1000 MU / min faisceau de photons et ont été comparé à des valeurs dérivées avec TG-51. Le taux de dose moyenne mesurée dans l'eau était 95,7 ± 1,4 cGy/100 MU, comparé à une valeur attendue de 96,6 cGy/100 MU. Le facteur de conversion de dose en graphite à dose dans l'eau calculée avec le Monte Carlo était 1.099, tandis que les corrections pour la perte de chaleur varient entre 1,005 et 1,013. Les sources les plus importantes d'incertitude ont été la répétabilité (type A, 1,4%) et le calibrage de thermistance (de type B, 2,1%). La contribution de ces facteurs à l'incertitude globale devrait diminuer de façon significative à la mise en œuvre de la stabilisation thermique active fournie par un régulateur de température et de calibrage électrique directe, respectivement. Cette preuve de concept démontre la faisabilité de l'utilisation du GPC comme un dosimètre absolu de photon pratique en clinique et forme la base d'une version miniaturisée adaptée pour la dosimétrie de petit champ.
Campbell, Steven Conner. "DETERMINATION OF ACOUSTIC RADIATION EFFICIENCY VIA PARTICLE VELOCITY SENSOR WITH APPLICATIONS." UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/me_etds/133.
Full textZhao, Hui, Brian Wang, Vikren Sarkar, Prema Rassiah-Szegedi, Y. Jessica Huang, Martin Szegedi, Long Huang, Victor Gonzalez, and Bill Salter. "Comparison of surface matching and target matching for image-guided pelvic radiation therapy for both supine and prone patient positions." MULTIMED INC, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/617402.
Full textCao, Da. "Étude expérimentale de la fluorescence et du transfert non-radiatif en champ proche de nanostructures métalliques." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066530/document.
Full textLight-matter interaction strongly depends on the environment of the fluorescent emitter. It is governed by a fundamental physical quantity: the local density of electromagnetic states (LDOS), which is proportional to the decay rate of the fluorescent emitter in a given environment.The main part of this experimental thesis is devoted to the spatially resolved study of the decay rate and the fluorescence intensity of a nano-emitter in the near field of plasmonic nanoantennas. This study has been made possible by the use of a near field scanning fluorescence microscope recently developed at Institut Langevin. During this thesis we obtained a substantial improvement of the performances of this device. This allowed us to map the radiative and apparent non-radiative decay rates in the near field of a nanostructure with nanometer spatial resolution.Thereafter, we started to investigate the non-radiative energy transfer between two fluorescent molecules. This phenomenon, known as FRET (Förster Resonance Energy Transfer), usually takes place over distances of the order of several tens of nanometers. Using a plasmon propagating on the surface of a continuous gold film as a vehicle to transfer the energy between the two molecules, we have demonstrated that it is possible to extend the range of FRET on distances greater than one micron. The perspective after the end of this thesis, is the study of the influence of the environment on the efficiency and the range of FRET
Pěnková, Jana. "Bezpečnost práce a ochrana zdraví při práci se zdroji ionizujícího záření ve zdravotnictví." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-74392.
Full textScarboro, Sarah Brashear. "The use of a thyroid uptake system for assaying internal contamination following a radioactive dispersal event." Thesis, Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/22639.
Full textCommittee Chair: Nolan Hertel; Committee Member: Armin Ansari; Committee Member: Chris Wang; Committee Member: Rebecca Howell.
Iliopoulos, Ioannis. "Engineering the near field of radiating systems at millimeter waves : from theory to applications." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1S165.
Full textWith the demand for near-field antennas continuously growing, the antenna engineer is charged with the development of new concepts and design procedures for this regime. From the microwave and up to terahertz frequencies, a vast number of applications, especially in the biomedical domain, are in need for focused or shaped fields in the antenna proximity. This work proposes new theoretical methods for near-field shaping based on different optimization schemes. Continuous radiating planar apertures are optimized to radiate a near field with required characteristics. In particular, a versatile optimization technique based on the alternating projection scheme is proposed. It is demonstrated that, based on this scheme, it is feasible to achieve 3-D control of focal spots generated by planar apertures. Additionally, with the same setup, also the vectorial problem (shaping the norm of the field) is addressed. Convex optimization is additionally introduced for near-field shaping of continuous aperture sources. The capabilities of this scheme are demonstrated in the context of different shaping scenarios. Additionally, the discussion is extended to shaping the field in lossy stratified media, based on a spectral Green's functions approach. Besides, the biomedical applications of wireless power transfer to implants and breast cancer imaging are addressed. For the latter, an extensive study is included here, which delivers an outstanding improvement on the penetration depth at higher frequencies. The thesis is completed by several prototypes used for validation. Four different antennas have been designed, based either on the radial line slot array topology or on metasurfaces. The prototypes have been manufactured and measured, validating the overall approach of the thesis
Vincent, Tyler Graham. "Total Temperature Probe Performance for Subsonic Flows using Mixed Fidelity Modeling." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/88867.
Full textDoctor of Philosophy
An accurate measurement of total temperature in turbomachinery flows remains critical for component life models and cycle performance optimization. While many techniques exist to measure these flows, immersed thermocouple based probes remain highly desirable due to well established practices for probe design and implementation in typical industrial flow applications. However, as engine manufacturers continue to push towards higher maximum cycle temperatures and smaller flow passages, the continued use of these probes requires new probe designs considering both improved sensor durability and measurement accuracy. Increased maximum temperatures introduce many challenges for total temperature measurements using conventional immersed probes, including increased influences of conduction, convection, and radiation heat transfer between the sensor, fluid and the surroundings due to large thermal gradients present in real turbomachinery systems. While these effects have been thoroughly described and quantified in the past, the available design models are very limited to specific geometries and flow conditions. In this Dissertation, a more fundamental understanding of the flow behavior around typical vented shield style total temperature probes as a function of probe geometry and operating condition is gained using results from high-fidelity Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations with Conjugate Heat Transfer (CHT) capabilities. Results were further quantified in the form of new empirical correlations necessary for rapid thermal performance evaluations of current and future probe designs. Additionally, a new mixed-fidelity or Reduced Order Modeling (ROM) technique was developed which allows the coupling of high fidelity surface heat transfer data from CFD with a generalized form of the 1-D conducting solid equations for readily predicting the impact of radiation environment and transient errors on sensor performance.
Dagan, Michal. "3D field ion microscopy and atom probe tomography techniques for the atomic scale characterisation of radiation damage in tungsten." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a575ff83-9101-499e-a54d-23d59f0d4d16.
Full textDalveren, Taylan. "A Study of Sensitivity Mapping Techniques for Multi-Channel MR Coils." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1373403690.
Full textLucchesi, Christophe. "Design and development of a near-field thermophotovoltaic conversion device." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEI053.
Full textThermophotovoltaic (TPV) cells convert the energy of photons emitted by hot bodies into electrical energy. When the distance between two radiating bodies becomes smaller than the characteristic wavelength of thermal radiation (~ 10 µm at room temperature and ~ 2.3 µm near 1000 °C), radiative heat transfer can be enhanced by several orders of magnitude due to the contribution of evanescent waves. This property has an interest for energy harvesting because it should increase the electrical power generated by a TPV cell located in the near field of a radiative thermal emitter. With the aim of confirming this prediction, this thesis consisted in the development of an experimental setup for performing near-field TPV measurements. The setup is based on a scanning thermal microscopy (SThM) design involving piezoelectric actuators. The emitter is a microsphere made of graphite and glued on a SThM cantilever heated by Joule effect up to 1200 K and the TPV cell made of indium antimonide (InSb), which cannot operate above 100 K, is placed on the cold finger of a cryostat. Near-field radiative heat flux transferred from the emitter is measured independently from the electrical power generated by the cell. A study of different parameters provided the experimental proof of the near-field enhancement of the electrical power density generated in the near field by a factor up to 6 compared with the prediction based on the macroscale theory of thermal radiation. Output electrical power densities reach 7.5 kW.m-2 and conversion efficiencies ~20 %. In addition, near-field radiative heat transfer experiments were performed in various configurations (materials, geometries and temperatures). The near-field radiative power follows power laws different from those of the far field. These results highlight the interest of near-field effects on radiative heat transfer for applications
Carlotti, Jean-François. "Etude en champ proche des traces d'ions : Altération potentielle du fonctionnement des composants électroniques fortement intégrés, en environnement radiatif." Montpellier 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON20111.
Full textBrodu, Etienne. "Thermal radiative properties and behavior of refractory metals, highly textured metallic coatings and pyrolytic boron nitride on C/C composite for the Solar Probe Plus mission." Thesis, Perpignan, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PERP1203.
Full textSolar Probe Plus (NASA) will be a historic mission of space exploration as it will consist in the first spacecraft to enter the solar corona. The spacecraft will face harsh environmental conditions that no other spacecraft has ever encountered in the past. One of the most critical technology developments for this mission is thus material science related: the materials constituting all the surfaces directly facing the Sun must be studied and tested in a relevant environment. The study of the candidate materials has been carried out at PROMES-CNRS: refractory metals for the instruments (W, Re, Ta, Mo, Nb, Ti, and their alloys), and refractory ceramics for the thermal protection shield (C/C composite and pyrolytic boron nitride - pBN). Samples of these materials were tested experimentally in a simulated near-Sun environment. This environment was simulated on ground thanks to the association of the 1 MW solar furnace in Odeillo, to the MEDIASE facility. This way materials were tested at very high temperature (1100-2500 K) in high vacuum (10-4 Pa), with the solar wind being reproduced via a proton bombardment (1-4 keV, up to 1018 ions m-2 s-1). The material properties that we have studied the most are the thermal radiative properties as they fully determine the temperature of a free-standing surface exposed to an intense radiative flux in vacuum. For refractory metals, it mainly consisted in studying the relationship between surface state and radiative properties, as well as the effect of the treatments. As for the textured metallic coatings and pBN, it consisted mainly in determining their efficiencies and understanding their behaviors
Nygren, Anton, and Elin Sundström. "Modelling bifacial photovoltaic systems : Evaluating the albedo impact on bifacial PV systems based on case studies in Denver, USA and Västerås, Sweden." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-55111.
Full textLi, Claire. "Étude des propriétés de champ proche et de champ lointain des nano-antennes infrarouges." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLET044.
Full textNanoantennas have the ability to manipulate light both spatially and spectrally at the nanoscale. They can be arranged in arrays by the periodization of a pattern in order to construct tunable metasurfaces with spatially homogeneous properties. A promising application is the use of nanoantennas as thermal emitters for the design of infrared sources that bypass the limitations of conventional ones. Nevertheless, ensemble measurements give rise to collective effects such as inter-antenna coupling that are liable to impair the global optical response compared to that of the unit cell. The objective of this thesis is to develop highly-sensitive experimental methods that can resolve the intrinsic optical response of a subwavelength structure so that resonant processes at the single nano-antenna scale are better understood.The study hinges on two main research axes, one dedicated to a near-field technique using a thermal radiation scanning tunneling microscope for super-resolved imaging, the other pertaining to the development of an original experimental set-up that can extract the emission spectrum of a single nanoantenna in the far field. Following the results obtained with single nanoantennas, more complex structures comprised of several nanoantennas are investigated to characterize their interaction. This work paves the way towards design improvement of nanophotonic structures based on nanoantennas and control over their behavior in both the near field and the far field
Bejarano, Buele Ana Isabel. "Comparison of Radiation Treatment Plans for Breast Cancer between 3D Conformal in Prone and Supine Positions in Contrast to VMAT and IMRT Supine Positions." University of Toledo Health Science Campus / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=mco1449854456.
Full textCARMINATI, Remi. "Propagation, diffusion et emission thermique de rayonnement electromagnetique aux courtes echelles." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00002748.
Full textGilblas, Rémi. "Mesure de champs de températures vraies par thermoréflectométrie proche infrarouge." Phd thesis, INSA de Toulouse, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00797425.
Full textWilliamson, Thomas Patrick. "Expansion of laser-produced plasmas into vacuum and ambient gases." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.391485.
Full textRezende, Cíntia de Oliveira. "Efeito da exposição materna à radiação eletromagnética emitida por aparelho de telefonia móvel sobre o sistema endócrino da prole adulta de ratos Wistar (Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout, 1769)." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2016. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/3617.
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O uso de telefones móveis tem aumentado e junto a isso a preocupação dos seus possíveis efeitos à saúde tem aumentado também. Nosso laboratório tem desenvolvido estudos mostrando que a radiação emitida por aparelhos celulares pode afetar parâmetros reprodutivos e apresenta efeito programador na prole alterando o conteúdo de catecolaminas adrenal e glicose sérica, o que poderia influenciar no metabolismo energético desses animais. Pouco se sabe ainda sobre o efeito programador desse tipo de radiação no metabolismo energético. Mas tem sido mostrado que a radiação é capaz de afetar as células da tireoide aumentado a apoptose e levando ao hipotiroidismo, o que de certa forma também poderia influenciar no metabolismo. Sendo assim, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de ondas eletromagnéticas irradiadas por aparelhos celulares sobre o metabolismo da prole adulta submetida durante o período intra-uterino. Para isso ratas prenhes foram expostas à radiofrequência emitida por telefones celulares (1,8 GHz) durante o período gestacional. Ao atingir a idade adulta a prole foi analisada para os possíveis efeitos programadores no metabolismo energético desses animais através da dosagem de hormônios tireoidianos: Hormônio Estimulante da Tireóide (TSH), Triiodotironina (T3) e Tetraiodotironina (T4) e hormônios relacionados ao metabolismo como: insulina, adiponectina e leptina. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas nos hormônios analisados nem na prole adulta de fêmeas e nem de machos. Sugerindo assim que no modelo estudado a radiação não altera os hormônios analisados relacionados ao metabolismo energético.
The use of mobile phones has increased and along with it the concern of the possible health effects has increased as well. Our laboratory has developed studies showing that radiation from mobile phones can affect reproductive parameters and features programmer effect on offspring by changing the adrenal catecholamine content and serum glucose, which could influence the energy metabolism of these animals. Little is yet known about the programmer effect of this radiation in energy metabolism. But it has been shown that radiation can affect the thyroid cells increased apoptosis and leading to hypothyroidism, which in a way could also influence the metabolism. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of electromagnetic waves radiated by cell phones on the metabolism of the adult offspring submitted during the intrauterine period. For that pregnant rats were exposed to radio frequency emitted by mobile phones (1.8 GHz) during pregnancy. Upon reaching adulthood offspring was analyzed for potential programmers effects on energy metabolism of these animals by the dosage of thyroid hormones: Hormone Stimulant Thyroid (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3) and Tetraiodothyronine (T4) and hormones related to metabolism as: insulin, adiponectin and leptin. No significatives differences were observed on hormones evaluated either on male and female offspring. Suggesting that the model studied the radiation does not alter the hormones analyzed related to energy metabolism.
Jansson, Adam. "Further development of Sand Bed Burner." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Science, Mathematics and Engineering Education Research (SMEER), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-33657.
Full textBushueva, Olga. "Conception, réalisation et caractérisation d'inductances et de transformateurs tridimensionnels pour applications RF et microondes." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30140/document.
Full textThe miniaturization, fabrication and integration of RF passive components are current major challenges, also taking into account the fabrication cost which is very important especially for consumer applications. Passive components such as inductors and transformers are subject to an ongoing development to improve their performance and reduce the area occupied. The work described in this manuscript is part of that context and target the development of a new technological process allowing the production of low-cost three-dimensional high-performance inductive components. The work presented in this paper is divided into four chapters. The first chapter describes the state of the art of integrated inductors and transformers by addressing the main topologies used fabrication technologies and applications. In the second chapter, the study and optimization of solenoid inductors and transformers is discussed after describing the origins of performance limiting losses. For this, we use the 3D electromagnetic simulation. In the third chapter, the problem concerning the characterization of inductive components with high Q factor is raised. After finding that the measurement environment artificially reduces performance, some solutions are proposed and experimentally verified. Finally, the last chapter discusses the fabrication and characterization of developed components. The best measured performance corresponds to a quality factor of 61 to 5.4 GHz for an inductance value of 2.5 nH and a maximum available gain of -0.5 dB to 0.39 dB over the range from 3.8 to 6.5 GHz for a 2:2 transformer. These results place these components among the best current achievements
MULET, Jean-Philippe. "Modélisation du rayonnement thermique par une approche électromagnétique. Rôle des ondes de surface dans le transfert d'énergie aux courtes échelles et dans les forces de Casimir." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00008907.
Full textFisher, Dave S. "Two-Photon Polarization Spectroscopy of Atomic Cesium Using Circularly Polarized Light." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1292444234.
Full textClavel, Maïca. "Activité du trou noir supermassif au centre de la Galaxie." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112170/document.
Full textSagittarius A⋆ is the supermassive black hole at the Galactic center. Due to its proximity, this specimen is an excellent laboratory to study the accretion processes occurring around black holes and to constrain the duty cycle of these objects. Sgr A* is currently extremely faint and despite the detection of daily flares, its luminosity remains at least eight orders of magnitude below its Eddington luminosity, making this specimen one of the least luminous known supermassive black holes. The radiative processes responsible for the daily variations of its luminosity have not been clearly identified yet. We present the results of a multi-wavelength campaign observing Sgr A* simultaneously in X-rays and in the near-infrared, using the XMM-Newton observatory and the VLT/NACO instrument. We studied the spectral variability of Sgr A* using the infrared data we obtained through a spectro-imaging technique. Uncertainties linked to the systematic errors are still large but the first tests applied seem to show that the spectral index of Sgr A* could depend on the black hole luminosity. On longer timescales, we demonstrate that Sgr A* experienced a higher level of activity in the recent past. Indeed, echoes of its past activity can be detected in the molecular material surrounding the black hole. They are traced by a strong signal in the iron fluorescence line at 6.4 keV. We achieved a complete and systematic study of this variable emission detected from the central molecular zone, using Chandra and XMM-Newton observatories. Our results confirm that Sgr A* experienced intense flares in the past few centuries, with a luminosity at least six orders of magnitude higher than its current one. In particular, we highlight for the first time the existence of two distinct transient events of relatively short duration, which are probably due to catastrophic events. These results are the first step needed to include Sgr A*’s activity into a broader understanding of the galactic nuclei
Akhatova, Alfiia. "Méthodologie instrumentale à l'échelle atomique pour une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes de ségrégation intergranulaire dans les aciers : application au phosphore." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMR131/document.
Full textIt is well known that the intergranular segregation of phosphorus can diminish the cohesion between grains, resulting in steel embrittlement. Low alloyed bainitic steels used to build nuclear reactor pressure vessel (RPV) generally contain a small amount of phosphorus (in the range of 100 ppm). Continuous exposure to a low neutron dose rate irradiation at intermediate temperature (~300°C) results in radiation embrittlement of RPV steel. Since intergranular segregation of phosphorous can contribute to this embrittlement, for purpose of RPV reliability during operation, it is important to understand the effects of ageing conditions (temperature, irradiation dose etc.), material composition and grain boundary (GB) type on the intensity of phosphorus intergranular segregation. Regarding to literature sources, it was revealed that the intergranular segregation values may strongly vary among different GBs. However, there is a lack of systematic studies in this field.In order to get an accurate and representative description of GB from structural and chemical points of view, different techniques are combined in this work. Atom Probe Tomography technique is utilized as the main tool. This technique is able to explore the 3D atomic distribution of broad variety elements at GB. GB geometry is determined from Transmission Kikuchi Diffraction (TKD) map supplemented by APT reconstruction. To gain a better understanding of segregation mechanisms, models of thermally and radiation-induced segregation were employed
Siódmok, Andrzej. "Theoretical predictions for the Drell-Yan process through a Monte Carlo event generator." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066666.
Full textThis work concerns the study of the Drell-Yan (DY) process in hadronic collisions which is a very important process for the experimental program at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). In the first chapter we present the calculation of multiphoton radiation effects in leptonic Z-boson decays in the framework of the Yennie-Frautschi-Suura exclusive exponentiation. This calculation is implemented in the ZINHAC program, written in C++, which is a dedicated Monte Carlo event generator for precision description of the neutral-current DY process, i. E. Z/gamma production with leptonic decays in hadronic collisions. In the second chapter we concentrate on the QCD corrections to the transverse momentum (pT) spectrum of vector bosons in the DY processes. We present a new model of non-perturbative gluon emission in an initial-state parton shower. This model gives a good description of pT spectrum of Z boson for the data taken in previous experiments over a wide range of CM energy. The model's prediction for the pT distribution of the Z bosons for the LHC is also presented and used for a comparison with other approaches. In the third chapter we focus our attention on the measurement of the W-boson mass (MW). The result of this investigation shows that several important sources of errors have been neglected in all the previous analyses performed by the LHC experimental Collaborations. For the very first time the precision of MW is evaluated in the presence of these effects. This evaluation shows that in order to reach a desired precision of MW at the LHC, novel measurement strategies must be developed. We provide two examples of such strategies
Wang, Mengjie. "Quantum and classical aspects of scalar and vector fields around black holes." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/16275.
Full textThis thesis presents recent studies on test scalar and vector fields around black holes in the classical theory of General Relativity. It is separated in two parts according to the asymptotic properties of the spacetime under study. In the first part, we investigate scalar and Proca fields on an asymptotically flat background. For the Proca field, we obtain a complete set of equations of motion in higher dimensional spherically symmetric backgrounds. These equations are solved numerically, both to compute Hawking radiation spectra and quasi-bound states. In the former case, for the first time, we carry out a precise study of the longitudinal degrees of freedom induced by the mass of the field. This can be used to improve the modeling of evaporation of black holes coupled to massive vector fields, and black hole event generators currently used at the Large Hadron Collider to probe TeV gravity models with extra dimensions. Regarding quasi-bound states, we find arbitrarily long lived modes for a charged Proca field in a Reissner-Nordström black hole. As a comparison, we also find such long lived modes for a charged scalar field. The second part of this thesis presents research on superradiant instabilities of scalar and Maxwell fields on an asymptotically anti-de Sitter background. For the scalar case, we introduce a charge coupling between the field and the background, and show that superradiant instabilities do exist for all values of the total angular momentum, `, in higher dimensions. This result corrects a statement in the literature that such instabilities only appear in even dimensions. For the Maxwell case, we first propose a general prescription to impose boundary conditions on the Kerr-anti-de Sitter spacetime, and obtain two Robin boundary conditions which give two different quasinormal modes even in a simpler Schwarzschild-anti-de Sitter black hole. Then these two boundary conditions are implemented to study superradiant unstable modes and vector clouds. In particular, we find that the new branch of quasinormal modes may be unstable in a larger parameter space. Furthermore, the existence of vector clouds indicates that one may find a vector hairy black hole solution for the Einstein-Maxwell-anti-de Sitter system at the nonlinear level, which implies, in such system, that the Kerr-Newman-anti-de Sitter black hole is not a unique solution.
Nesta tese apresentamos estudos recentes sobre campos escalares e vetoriais de teste, em torno de buracos negros na teoria clássica da relatividade geral. A tese encontra-se dividida em duas partes, de acordo com as propriedades asimtóticas do espaço-tempo em estudo. Na primeira parte, investigamos os campos escalar e de Proca num espaço asimtóticamente plano. Para o campo de Proca, obtemos um conjunto completo de equações do movimento em espaços esfericamente simétricos em dimensões elevadas. Estas equações são resolvidas numericamente, tanto para o cálculo de radiação de Hawking como para o cálculo de estados quasi-ligados. No primeiro cálculo, pela primeira vez, efetuamos um estudo preciso dos graus de liberdade longitudinais que são induzidos pelo termo de massa do campo. Este estudo pode ser usado para melhorar o modelo da evaporação de buracos negros acoplados a campos vetoriais massivos e geradores de eventos de buraco negro usados presentemente no Grande Colisor de Hádrons para testar modelos de gravidade com dimensões extra à escala do TeV. Relativamente aos estados quasi-ligados, encontramos estados com tempos de vida arbitrariamente longos para o campo de Proca carregado, no buraco negro de Reissner-Nordström. Como comparação, obtemos estados com tempos de vida arbitrariamente longos também para o campo escalar. Na segunda parte da tese, apresentamos investigação sobre instabilidades super-radiantes para os campos escalar e de Maxwell em espaço asimtóticamente anti-de Sitter. No caso escalar introduzimos um acoplamento de carga entre o campo e o background e mostramos que instabilidades super-radiantes existem para todos os valores do momento angular total, `, em dimensões mais elevadas. Este resultado corrige a afirmação na literatura de que estas instabilidades aparecem apenas em dimensões ímpares. Para o caso do campo de Maxwell, propomos primeiro uma prescrição para impor condições fronteira no espaço tempo de Kerr-antide Sitter obtendo duas condições fronteira do tipo de Robin que originam dois tipos diferentes de modos quasi-normais, mesmo no caso mais simples do buraco negro de Schwarzschild-anti-de Sitter. Estas duas condições fronteira são implementadas no estudo de modos super-radiantes instáveis e nuvens vetoriais. Em particular, encontramos um novo ramo de modos quasi-normais que podem conter instabilidades mais fortes. Mostramos ainda que a existência de nuvens vetoriais indica a possível existência de soluções de buraco negro com cabelo vetorial para o sistema Einstein-Maxwell-anti-de Sitter a nível não linear, o que implica, nesse sistema, que o buraco negro de Kerr-Newman-anti-de Sitter poderá não ser único.
Mordenti, Stéphane. "Etude magnéto-optique dans le proche infrarouge de systèmes bidimensionnels élaborés à partir d'alliages II-VI ou III-V." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE10127.
Full textLin, Chung-Han. "The Effects of Thermal, Strain, and Neutron Irradiation on Defect Formation in AlGaN/GaN High Electron Mobility Transistors and GaN Schottky Diodes." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1371466261.
Full textGluchko, Sergei. "Manipulation d’énergie thermique avec des ondes de surface électromagnétique aux échelles micro- et anoscopiques." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLC075/document.
Full textSurface phonon-polaritons (SPhPs) are evanescent electromagnetic surface waves generated by the phononphoton coupling and that propagate along the interface of a polar medium (such as SiO2 and SiC) and a dielectric one. In this work, we investigate possible applications of SPhPs for enhancing the thermal performance of micro- and nanoscale devices, focusing of thermal energy with micro-structures, decreasing the diffraction angles of infrared radiation on subwavelength apertures, and demonstrating broadband coherent thermal emission. We also perform infrared spectroscopy microscopy measurements of microscale objects and demonstrate long-range thermally excited surface modes in a broad frequency range. The results presented in this thesis can have possible applications in fields related to heat transfer, infrared optics, near-field thermal radiation, infrared microscopy, and polaritonics
Fu, Yan. "Etude d'un banc de caractérisation d'antennes intégrées miniatures aux fréquences millimétriques." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00768559.
Full textDiakite, Cheick. "Identification d’un modèle de mesure au sol du diagramme de rayonnement des antennes installées sur aéronefs." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AZUR4007.
Full textAircraft antennas radiation pattern must be measured before radiofrequency systems deployment. When an antenna is on the aircraft, radiating structure is not only antenna element but it’s the set antenna and aircraft. Radiation pattern have to be determined at great distance from the radiating structure. This distance is located in area called far field area depending on the frequency of operation and the maximal size of the aircraft. For example, to measure an antenna on an aircraft of 12 m of long at 88 MHz; the far field area is at 85m.To get this distance, flight measurement is performed. During flight test, radiation pattern is determined by a ground station which is at 80 km of the aircraft. This method is very expensive and takes much time and causes serious delays on aircraft delivery. For these reasons Airbus Helicopters explores new innovative solution, like as radiation pattern measurement on the ground. The last one disturbs the radiation pattern. The proposed method allows to perform measurement in compact volume and cancel out the ground influence. Proposed solution is based on cylindrical near field measurement, and cylindrical modes decomposition. Near field data are scanned on cylinder surface, then an algorithm developed on MATLAB environment do near field to far field transformation. Cylindrical modes decomposition and modal filtering rid of ground reflections. Proposed solution has been validated numerically through comparison with electromagnetic simulator software results. Antenna measurement range in the laboratory has served to validate experimentally the proposed solution on a prototype in scale size
Wu, Yunhui. "Experimental Investigation of Size Effects on Surface Phonon Polaritons and Phonon Transport." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLC012/document.
Full textThermal conduction becomes less efficient as structures scale down into submicron sizes since phonon-boundary scattering becomes predominant and impede phonons more efficiently than Umklapp scattering. Recent studies indicated that the surface phonon polaritons (SPhPs), which are the evanescent electromagnetic waves generated by the hybridation of the optical phonons and the photons and propagating at the surface of a polar dielectric material surface, potentially serve as novel heat carriers to enhance the thermal performance in micro- and nanoscale devices. We study the condition of SPhPs existing in a dielectric submicron film with a broad frequency range. The calculaton of SPhPs thermal conductivity based on Boltzmann transport equation (BTE) demonstrates that the heat flux carried by SPhPs exceeds the one carried by phonons. We also conduct a time-domain-thermal-reflectance (TDTR) measurement of $SiN$ submicron films and demonstrate that the thermal conductivity due to the SPhPs at high temperatures increases by decreasing the film thickness. The results presented in this thesis have potential applications in the field of heat transfer, thermal management, near-field radiation and polaritonics
Friez, Pierre. "Contribution a l'etude de la propagation d'une onde optique dans des structures bidimensionnelles realisees a partir d'un empilement de grenats ferrimagnetiques." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066106.
Full textPareige, Philippe. "Etude à la sonde atomique de l'évolution microstructurale sous irradiation d'alliages ferritiques FeCu et d'aciers de cuve de réacteurs nucléaires." Rouen, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ROUES070.
Full textCholachue, Ngounou Christel. "Caractérisation des blindages électromagnétiques des câbles et faisceaux aéronautiques." Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMR025.
Full textDuring the last decade, the proliferation of on-board leisure activities in the new aircrafts have been growing exponentially. In the airplane like A380, each seat integrates several functions (video games, music, etc. ..) Additionally, each function must be connected using at least one electric cable. This system requires a significant number of kilometers of cables to establish all the on-board electrical connections. Furthermore, for reasons of safety and security related to mechanical, hydraulic or pneumatic functions, the wiring EMC requirements associated to the massive progressive electrification becomes considerably stricter. The coexistence of kilometer lengths of cables system in such a small space has increased the requirements in terms of electromagnetic (EM) shielding. Most of existing numerous methods for analyzing the shielding of cables and harnesses are limited in terms of computation speed, design process and in accuracies for the multiport systems analysis. Moreover, most of popular simulation and commercial tools are very expensive (for example with license cost can be more than 18K€). The use of commercial tools requires advanced skills and a lot of time to characterize the shielding of cables and harnesses. For example, with a simulation tool like HFSSR from ANSYSR , the computation time may cost approximately 3 hours to create a design model of a braided shields heath. Then, the computed results can be generated during an average simulation time of 20 minutes using a PC equipped with an Intel single-core processor RXeon RCPU E5-1620 v4 @ 3.50 GHz and 32 GB of physical RAM with 64-bit Windows 10. Most of available methods and techniques for characterizing the shielding of aeronautical cables and cable harnesses have shown their limits. For example, most of existing triaxial benches are particularly difficult to deploy for the transfer impedance measurements and they cannot operate beyond 100 MHz. The present PhD thesis aims to overcome these technical limits. Doing this, an original analytical method is developed for extracting S-parameters from multiport systems under fast computation speed and design process. An innovative methodology of EMC modelling was proposed. The knowledge of S-parameters is helpful to determine the broadband EM intrinsic parameters of the cabling as coaxial system. The developed analytical and semi-hybrid model is based on the unfamiliar formalism using tensorial analysis of networks (TAN) based on the Kron’s method. The model offers an outstanding possibility to analyze complex systems with deep knowledge of physical phenomenal behind the EM shielding. Thanks to the TAN formalism, an innovative method of circuit theory has been developed to determine the shielding efficiency (SE) of shielded cable. The feasibility of this multiport S-parameter approach was verified with the consideration of EM coupling between a nude cable constituting an internal conductor and a braided cable placed in parallel. More importantly, an advanced study of shielding efficiency (SE) with respect to the EM coupling configuration between a shielded coaxial cable and a loop probe is performed. Substantially, it was noteworthy that the TAN formalism provides an illuminating know-how on the theoretical, numerical and experimental analyses of cables and bundles EM shielding, and transfer impedances of the shielding sheath. Moreover, the TAN modelling effectiveness was confirmed with different applications with computation time which does not exceed milliseconds. Finally, the TAN model was also used to develop a SE characterization bench for tubular EM shielding structures up to 300 MHz. Emphatically, broadband SE and transfer impedance results in good correlation between 3D simulations and measurements were obtained
Rouland, Solene. "Etude expérimentale des cinétiques de diffusion et de la ségrégation induite sous irradiation d'alliages modèles et industriel austénitiques." Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMR050.
Full textRadiation induced segregation (RIS) is a process identified to be involved in most of the degradation mechanisms of austenitic stainless steels core components of nuclear reactors. During irradiation within the operating temperature range of present and possible prototypes of future reactors, chemical elements of reactor internal metallic components redistribute heterogeneously and segregate on the pre-existent and newly created defects. Local enrichments or depletions levels depend, inter alia, on the element and nature of the defect affected. While mechanisms involved in RIS have already been identified, their kinetics and mutual weigh are still poorly known. Indeed, current theorical models of RIS suffer from a lack of experimental data. These two aspects motivated this study. First, by the determination of interdiffusion kinetics after thermal ageing and under irradiation on model alloys in the Fe-Ni-Cr system. Irradiation effect on diffusion have been studied at 440°C. At this temperature, conventional methods to study diffusion fail to give access to such slow kinetics under reasonable time. Experimental implementation of the nanolayers method on binary and ternary alloys gave, in this case, encouraging results. However, discrepancies between experiments and predictions revealed the need of optimizations on both sides. In the framework of this study, recommendations have been established to account for the effect of the microstructure and the selected ageing conditions on measured effective kinetics. Experiments on model alloys have the great interest to be directly confronted to simulation. Nevertheless, nuclear steels contain a large variety of minor alloying elements and impurities which have shown to play a key role on RIS behaviour. Thus, in a second part, RIS study on various bulk defects of an optimized nuclear austenitic stainless steel, a 316L(N) has been performed. Consequently, nanoscale coupled and correlated techniques (Atom Probe Tomography and Transmission Eelectron Microscopy) have been implemented. Techniques complementarity offered the possibility to associate enrichments to defect crystallography and revealed singular tendencies of RIS depending on the element and the defect involved. Furthermore, a higher nitrogen and niobium content in the steel nominal composition formed primary Z-phase, its stability under irradiation had also been for the first time studied in austenitic stainless steels
Park, Hyunbae. "The kinetic Sunyaev-Zel’dovich effect as a probe of the physics of cosmic reionization : the effect of self-regulated reionization." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/28093.
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Adams, Joshua Jesse. "Integral field spectroscopy as a probe of galaxy evolution." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2011-08-3741.
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KE, SHYH-YEONG, and 柯世勇. "RADIATION AND COUPLING OF PROBE-FED MICROSTRIP ANTENNAS ON CYLINDRICAL AND PLANAR SURFACES." Thesis, 1995. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/52399437218598294993.
Full text國立中山大學
電機工程研究所
83
The characteristics of probe-fed rectangular microstrip antennas on a cylindrical or planar body have been studied in this dissertation. Two different theoretical treatments of cavity-model method and full-wave analysis are used. The cavity- model method is based on the magnetic-wall approximation, which is valid for thin-substrate conditions. On the other hand, the full-wave analysis incorporating with a moment-method calculation is more rigorous for analyzing microstrip antennas. Various characteristics obtained using these two methods are discussed. Besides the analysis of a single microstrip antenna, the mutual coupling between two microstrip antennas is also investigated. Numerical results for the microstrip antennas covered with a lossy or lossless dielectric superstrate are presented, and the curvature effects on the mutual coupling are studied. With the introduction of loss into the superstrate layer, a noticeable reduction in the coupling level is observed. A broadband cylindrical-rectangular microstrip antenna using two parasitic patches gap-coupled to its radiating edges is also analyzed. Results indicate that, with parasitic patches, the antenna bandwidth greater than two times that of a single cylindrical- rectangular microstrip antenna can be obtained. Finally, a planar microstrip Yagi antenna is investigated. Both the E-plane and H-plane coupling cases are disscussed. Numerical results show that such an array antenna has a much wider bandwidth than a single antenna, the array''s main-beam radiation is tilted from the broadside direction. The dependence of the antenna bandwidth and radiation pattern on the patch size, gap-spacing, substrate thickness, and substrate dielectric constant is calculated and discussed.
Liao, Li-Yuan, and 廖立元. "Development of Chirp-Controlled Pump-Probe Technique and Study of TeraHertz Radiation Enhancement." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/87381378297901036453.
Full text國立中山大學
光電工程研究所
94
In this thesis, a home made chirp-controlled pump-probe measurement system has been developed and is used to explain possible mechanism of THz radiation enhancement under positive chirped incident pulse. The chirp-controlled pump-probe measurement system with temporal resolution of around 100 femtosecond and chirp parameter tuning from –350 fs2 to +650 fs2 is demonstrated. Meanwhile, using chirp-controlled pump-probe measurement system, ultrafast dynamics of photogenerated carrier in low-temperature growth GaAs in different chirp by is characterized. The relaxation time of low-temperature growth GaAs in positive chirp pump pulse is 461fs and shorter than one, which is 497fs, in negative chirp pump pulse. The result is explained by the Pump-Dump process in negative chirp pump pulse and similar band-filling effect in positive chirp pump pulse.
KŘÍŽOVÁ, Marcela. "Biodozimetrie pro osoby exponované zářením alfa: závislost na nádorovém onemocnění (exp. práce)." Master's thesis, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-137776.
Full textVenkatesan, Aparna. "The optical depth to reionization as a probe of cosmological and astrophysical parameters /." 2000. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:9959121.
Full textWarne, Ryan Russell. "The thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect as a probe of cluster physics and cosmology." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/5867.
Full textThesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, 2010.