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Journal articles on the topic 'Radiation induced precipitation'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Czekala, Harald, and Clemens Simmer. "On precipitation induced polarization of microwave radiation measured from space." Meteorologische Zeitschrift 11, no. 1 (March 5, 2002): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2002/0011-0049.

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2

Woo, O. T., and G. J. C. Carpenter. "Radiation-induced precipitation in Zircaloy-2." Journal of Nuclear Materials 159 (October 1988): 397–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3115(88)90106-7.

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3

Ezawa, Tadashi. "Radiation induced precipitation in Al-Zn alloys." Bulletin of the Japan Institute of Metals 28, no. 10 (1989): 794–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/materia1962.28.794.

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4

Jiao, Z., and G. S. Was. "Novel features of radiation-induced segregation and radiation-induced precipitation in austenitic stainless steels." Acta Materialia 59, no. 3 (February 2011): 1220–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2010.10.055.

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5

Lam, N. Q., T. Nguyen, G. K. Leaf, and S. Yip. "Kinetics of radiation-induced precipitation at the alloy surface." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 31, no. 3 (May 1988): 415–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-583x(88)90341-2.

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6

Ezawa, T., and F. E. Fujita. "Radiation-induced segregation and precipitation in Al-Zn alloys." Journal of Nuclear Materials 169 (December 1989): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3115(89)90528-x.

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7

Rodger, C. J., D. Nunn, and M. A. Clilverd. "Investigating radiation belt losses though numerical modelling of precipitating fluxes." Annales Geophysicae 22, no. 10 (November 3, 2004): 3657–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-22-3657-2004.

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Abstract. It has been suggested that whistler-induced electron precipitation (WEP) may be the most significant inner radiation belt loss process for some electron energy ranges. One area of uncertainty lies in identifying a typical estimate of the precipitating fluxes from the examples given in the literature to date. Here we aim to solve this difficulty through modelling satellite and ground-based observations of onset and decay of the precipitation and its effects in the ionosphere by examining WEP-produced Trimpi perturbations in subionospheric VLF transmissions. In this study we find that typical Trimpi are well described by the effects of WEP spectra derived from the AE-5 inner radiation belt model for typical precipitating energy fluxes. This confirms the validity of the radiation belt lifetimes determined in previous studies using these flux parameters. We find that the large variation in observed Trimpi perturbation size occurring over time scales of minutes to hours is primarily due to differing precipitation flux levels rather than changing WEP spectra. Finally, we show that high-time resolution measurements during the onset of Trimpi perturbations should provide a useful signature for discriminating WEP Trimpi from non-WEP Trimpi, due to the pulsed nature of the WEP arrival.

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8

Zheng, C., and D. Kaoumi. "Radiation-induced swelling and radiation-induced segregation & precipitation in dual beam irradiated Ferritic/Martensitic HT9 steel." Materials Characterization 134 (December 2017): 152–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2017.10.019.

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9

Soisson, Frédéric. "Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations of radiation induced segregation and precipitation." Journal of Nuclear Materials 349, no. 3 (March 2006): 235–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2005.11.003.

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10

Yacout, A. M., N. Q. Lam, and J. F. Stubbins. "Radiation-induced precipitation at the alloy surface during ion bombardment." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 71, no. 2 (August 1992): 148–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-583x(92)95315-i.

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11

Ishizaki, Yasuhiro, Hideo Shiogama, Seita Emori, Tokuta Yokohata, Toru Nozawa, Kiyoshi Takahashi, Tomoo Ogura, Masakazu Yoshimori, and Tatsuya Nagashima. "Dependence of Precipitation Scaling Patterns on Emission Scenarios for Representative Concentration Pathways." Journal of Climate 26, no. 22 (October 29, 2013): 8868–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00540.1.

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Abstract Pattern scaling is an efficient way to generate projections of regional climate change for various emission scenarios. This approach assumes that the spatial pattern of changes per degree of global warming (scaling pattern) is the same among emission scenarios. The hypothesis was tested for the scaling pattern of precipitation by focusing on the scenario dependence of aerosol scaling patterns. The scenario dependence of aerosol scaling patterns induced the scenario dependence of the surface shortwave radiation scaling pattern. The scenario dependence of the surface shortwave radiation scaling pattern over the ocean tended to induce the scenario dependence of evaporation scaling patterns. The scenario dependence of evaporation scaling patterns led to the scenario dependence of precipitation scaling patterns locally and downwind. Contrariwise, when the scenario dependence of aerosol scaling patterns occurred over land, the scenario dependence of surface shortwave radiation scaling patterns induced the scenario dependence of the scaling patterns of evaporation, surface longwave radiation, and sensible heat. Consequently, the scenario dependence of evaporation scaling patterns was smaller over land, and the scenario dependence of precipitation scaling patterns tended to be insignificant. Moreover, the scenario dependence of the southern annular mode and polar amplification caused some of the scenario dependence of precipitation scaling patterns. In this study, only one global climate mode was analyzed. In addition, sensitivity experiments that remove aerosol emissions from some regions or some kinds of aerosols are ideal to separate the impacts of aerosols. Thus, an analysis of the dependencies of precipitation scaling pattern among global climate models and the sensitivity experiments are required in future work.

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12

Fujita, Norihiko, Chihiro Matsuura, Daisuke Hiroishi, and Kazuhiko Saigo. "Radiation-induced precipitation of nickel ion in aqueous solution saturated with hydrogen gas." Radiation Physics and Chemistry 53, no. 6 (December 1998): 603–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0969-806x(97)00288-0.

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13

Arai, Masahiko, Yasuhisa Aono, Eiichi Kuramoto, Hiroaki Kurishita, and Fuminobu Hori. "Radiation-Induced Precipitation of Impurity Copper in the High-Purity Iron." Journal of the Japan Institute of Metals 64, no. 12 (2000): 1269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/jinstmet1952.64.12_1269.

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14

Inan, U. S., H. C. Chang, R. A. Helliwell, J. P. Katsufrakis, W. L. Imhof, J. B. Reagan, M. Walt, D. W. Datlowe, and J. Mobilia. "Wave-induced precipitation as a loss process for radiation belt particles." Advances in Space Research 5, no. 4 (January 1985): 243–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0273-1177(85)90146-2.

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15

Kesternich, W., N. H. Packan, and H. Schroeder. "Radiation-induced precipitation at grain boundaries in Ni-8 at.% Si." Acta Metallurgica et Materialia 39, no. 3 (March 1991): 351–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0956-7151(91)90314-q.

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16

Graf, K. L., U. S. Inan, D. Piddyachiy, P. Kulkarni, M. Parrot, and J. A. Sauvaud. "DEMETER observations of transmitter-induced precipitation of inner radiation belt electrons." Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 114, A7 (July 2009): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008ja013949.

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17

Zhong, Shi, Yun Qian, Chun Zhao, Ruby Leung, Hailong Wang, Ben Yang, Jiwen Fan, Huiping Yan, Xiu-Qun Yang, and Dongqing Liu. "Urbanization-induced urban heat island and aerosol effects on climate extremes in the Yangtze River Delta region of China." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 8 (April 27, 2017): 5439–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-5439-2017.

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Abstract. The WRF-Chem model coupled with a single-layer urban canopy model (UCM) is integrated for 5 years at convection-permitting scale to investigate the individual and combined impacts of urbanization-induced changes in land cover and pollutant emissions on regional climate in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region in eastern China. Simulations with the urbanization effects reasonably reproduced the observed features of temperature and precipitation in the YRD region. Urbanization over the YRD induces an urban heat island (UHI) effect, which increases the surface temperature by 0.53 °C in summer and increases the annual heat wave days at a rate of 3.7 d yr−1 in the major megacities in the YRD, accompanied by intensified heat stress. In winter, the near-surface air temperature increases by approximately 0.7 °C over commercial areas in the cities but decreases in the surrounding areas. Radiative effects of aerosols tend to cool the surface air by reducing net shortwave radiation at the surface. Compared to the more localized UHI effect, aerosol effects on solar radiation and temperature influence a much larger area, especially downwind of the city cluster in the YRD. Results also show that the UHI increases the frequency of extreme summer precipitation by strengthening the convergence and updrafts over urbanized areas in the afternoon, which favor the development of deep convection. In contrast, the radiative forcing of aerosols results in a surface cooling and upper-atmospheric heating, which enhances atmospheric stability and suppresses convection. The combined effects of the UHI and aerosols on precipitation depend on synoptic conditions. Two rainfall events under two typical but different synoptic weather patterns are further analyzed. It is shown that the impact of urban land cover and aerosols on precipitation is not only determined by their influence on local convergence but also modulated by large-scale weather systems. For the case with a strong synoptic forcing associated with stronger winds and larger spatial convergence, the UHI and aerosol effects are relatively weak. When the synoptic forcing is weak, however, the UHI and aerosol effects on local convergence dominate. This suggests that synoptic forcing plays a significant role in modulating the urbanization-induced land-cover and aerosol effects on individual rainfall event. Hence precipitation changes due to urbanization effects may offset each other under different synoptic conditions, resulting in little changes in mean precipitation at longer timescales.

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18

Jo, Hyun-Su, Sang-Wook Yeh, and Wenju Cai. "An Episodic Weakening in the Boreal Spring SST–Precipitation Relationship in the Western Tropical Pacific since the Late 1990s." Journal of Climate 32, no. 13 (June 10, 2019): 3837–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0737.1.

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Abstract We found that a positive sea surface temperature (SST)–precipitation relationship in the western tropical Pacific (WTP) during boreal spring, in which higher SSTs are associated with higher precipitation, episodically weakens from the late 1990s to the early 2010s. During 1980–98, warm SSTs induce positive precipitation and low pressure in the WTP. The associated enhanced convection dampens the initial warm SSTs by reflecting incoming solar radiation. The reduced incoming solar radiation into the ocean leads to a SST cooling tendency. In contrast, the associated southwesterly wind anomalies reduce oceanic mixing by decreasing the mean wind, contributing to an SST warming tendency, though relatively small. Therefore, the cloud–radiation effect is a dominant process of the negative SST tendency. By contrast, during 1999–2014, although an SST cooling tendency is similarly induced by warm SST anomalies, the cooling tendency is enhanced by anomalous ocean advection, as a result of enhanced easterly wind anomalies in the southern part of the WTP. This results in a weakening of a positive relationship of the SST and precipitation during 1999–2014. As such, the associated anomalous convective heating in the WTP during 1999–2014 is weak, changing the atmospheric teleconnection patterns in the midlatitude and surface air temperature anomalies in western North America and northeastern Eurasia.

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19

Pendergrass, Angeline G., and Dennis L. Hartmann. "The Atmospheric Energy Constraint on Global-Mean Precipitation Change." Journal of Climate 27, no. 2 (January 15, 2014): 757–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-13-00163.1.

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Abstract Models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) robustly predict that the rate of increase in global-mean precipitation with global-mean surface temperature increase is much less than the rate of increase of water vapor. The goal of this paper is to explain in detail the mechanisms by which precipitation increase is constrained by radiative cooling. Changes in clear-sky atmospheric radiative cooling resulting from changes in temperature and humidity in global warming simulations are in good agreement with the multimodel, global-mean precipitation increase projected by GCMs (~1.1 W m−2 K−1). In an atmosphere with fixed specific humidity, radiative cooling from the top of the atmosphere (TOA) increases in response to a uniform temperature increase of the surface and atmosphere, while atmospheric cooling by exchange with the surface decreases because the upward emission of longwave radiation from the surface increases more than the downward longwave radiation from the atmosphere. When a fixed relative humidity (RH) assumption is made, however, uniform warming causes a much smaller increase of cooling at the TOA, and the surface contribution reverses to an increase in net cooling rate due to increased downward emission from water vapor. Sensitivity of precipitation changes to lapse rate changes is modest when RH is fixed. Carbon dioxide reduces TOA emission with only weak effects on surface fluxes, and thus suppresses precipitation. The net atmospheric cooling response and thereby the precipitation response to CO2-induced warming at fixed RH are mostly contributed by changes in surface fluxes. The role of clouds is discussed. Intermodel spread in the rate of precipitation increase across the CMIP5 simulations is attributed to differences in the atmospheric cooling.

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20

Soisson, Frédéric, and Chu Chun Fu. "Atomistic Simulations of Copper Precipitation and Radiation Induced Segregation in α-Iron." Solid State Phenomena 139 (April 2008): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.139.107.

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We present Monte Carlo simulations of the first stages of the coherent precipitation of Cu in α-Fe during thermal ageing and under irradiation. The simulations are based on a diffusion model by vacancy and self-interstitial jumps, the parameters of which are fitted on ab initio calculations. The simulations of precipitation kinetics during thermal ageing are compared with experimental ones. They reveal that precipitates containing up to several tens of atoms can be much more mobile than individual copper atoms, due to the trapping of vacancies in Cu. Monte Carlo simulations are also used to analyze the coupling between fluxes of point defects and Cu which occurs under irradiation and the possible resulting radiation induced segregation phenomena.

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21

Kenik, E. A., and K. Hojou. "Radiation-induced segregation in austenitic stainless steels." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 49 (August 1991): 556–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100087094.

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Radiation-induced segregation (RIS) is driven by fluxes of point defects to sinks. RIS can induce composition fluctuations in irradiated stainless steels, which can result in microstructural and property changes, including precipitation, austenite instability, strengthening, embrittlement, and irradiation-assisted sensitization and stress corrosion cracking. Analytical electron microscopy (AEM) provides a powerful technique to study such segregation. RIS in several irradiated stainless steels has been investigated. AEM was performed in a Philips EM400T/FEG equipped with an EDAX 9100/70 analysis system. The specimens were neutron irradiated to 15 displacements per atom (dpa) at 520 ° C in the Fast Flux Test Facility (FFTF) and were only mildly radioactive (<50/μCi = 1.85 MBq), thus permitting high spatial resolution X-ray microanalysis to be employed. Typical acquisitions were performed for 100 s in the STEM mode with <2-nm-diam probes containing >0.5 nA current. Subtraction of “in-hole” spectra from the measured spectra corrected for both the normal “in-hole” counts and those associated with the radioactivity of the specimen.

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22

Lee, Myeongkyu, Geon Kim, Yunsong Jung, and Sangjoon Ahn. "Radiation-induced swelling and precipitation in Fe++ ion-irradiated ferritic/martensitic steels." Journal of Nuclear Materials 555 (November 2021): 153137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2021.153137.

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23

Lauben, D. S., U. S. Inan, and T. F. Bell. "Precipitation of radiation belt electrons induced by obliquely propagating lightning-generated whistlers." Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 106, A12 (December 1, 2001): 29745–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999ja000155.

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24

Sueishi, Y. "Radiation-induced segregation and precipitation behaviours around cascade clusters under electron irradiation." Journal of Electron Microscopy 52, no. 1 (March 24, 2003): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmicro/52.1.63.

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25

Jiao, Z., J. Penisten, G. Was, and R. Martens. "Atom Probe Tomography of Radiation-Induced Precipitation in Ferritic-Martensitic Alloy HCM12A." Microscopy and Microanalysis 15, S2 (July 2009): 1374–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927609098171.

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26

Plumton, D. L., G. L. Kulcinski, and R. A. Dodd. "Radiation induced precipitation in 9 MeV Al ion irradiated Ti-6A1-4V." Journal of Nuclear Materials 144, no. 3 (February 1987): 264–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3115(87)90039-0.

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27

Venables, D., F. Ebrahimi, and J. J. Hren. "Fractographic study of neutron irradiated pressure vessel steel." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 44 (August 1986): 668–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100144747.

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The presence of phosphorous as a residual element has been correlated with moderate to severe irradiation embrittlement of nuclear reactor pressure vessel steels (RPV's). The degree of radiation embrittlement is usually characterized by a shift in ductile-to-brittle transition temperature and a decrease in upper shelf energy, as obtained by Charpy V-notch impact testing. The mechanism by which phosphorous enhances the radiation sensitivity is unclear, however several possible mechanisms can be proposed. These include 1) radiation induced segregation to interfaces such as grain boundaries and particle/matrix interfaces 2) modification of possible radiation induced changes in the carbide microstructure; 3) radiation induced precipitation of phosphorous and 4) stabilization of defects produced by irradiation.

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28

Sidiropoulos, N. F., G. Anagnostopoulos, and V. Rigas. "Comparative study on earthquake and ground based transmitter induced radiation belt electron precipitation at middle latitudes." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 11, no. 7 (July 8, 2011): 1901–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-1901-2011.

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Abstract. We examined (peak-to-background flux ratio p/b > 20) energetic electron bursts in the presence of VLF activity, as observed from the DEMETER satellite at low altitudes (~700 km). Our statistical analysis of measurements during two 6-month periods suggests that: (a) the powerful transmitter NWC causes the strongest effects on the inner radiation belts in comparison with other ground-based VLF transmitters, (b) the NWC transmitter was responsible for only ~1.5 % of total electron bursts examined during the 6-month period (1 July 2008 to 31 December 2008), (c) VLF transmitter-related electron bursts are accompanied by the presence of a narrow band emission centered at the radiating frequency emission, whereas the earthquake-related electron bursts are accompanied by the presence of broadband emissions from a few kHz to >20 KHz, (d) daytime events are less preferable than nighttime events, but this asymmetry was found to be less evident when the powerful transmitter NWC was turned off and (d) seismic activity most probably dominated the electromagnetic interactions producing the electron precipitation at middle latitudes. The results of this study support the proposal that the detection of radiation belt electron precipitation, besides other kinds of studies, is a useful tool for earthquake prediction research.

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29

Su, Lin, and Jimmy C. H. Fung. "Investigating the role of dust in ice nucleation within clouds and further effects on the regional weather system over East Asia – Part 2: modification of the weather system." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 15 (August 15, 2018): 11529–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-11529-2018.

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Abstract. An updated version of the Weather Research and Forecast model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) was applied to quantify and investigate the full effects of dust on the meteorological field over East Asia during March and April 2012. The performances of the model in simulating the shortwave and longwave radiation, surface temperature, and precipitation over East Asia are improved by incorporating the effects of dust in the simulations. The radiative forcing induced by the direct radiative effect of dust is greater than that by the dust-enhanced cloud radiative effect. The indirect effects of dust result in a substantial increase in ice clouds at the middle to upper troposphere and a reduction in liquid clouds at the low to mid-troposphere. The radiative forcing combined with the redistribution of atmospheric water vapor results in an overall decrease in near-surface temperature and an increase in temperature at the middle to upper troposphere over East Asia, leading to an inhibition of atmospheric instability over most land areas, but an enhancement of atmospheric instability over south China. Upon considering the effects of dust, convective precipitation exhibits an inhibition over areas from central to east China and an enhancement over south China. Meanwhile, the locations of non-convective precipitation are shifted due to the perturbation of cloud water path. The total amount of precipitation over East Asia remains unchanged; however, the precipitation locations are shifted. The precipitation can be enhanced or inhibited by up to 20 % at particular areas.

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30

L'Ecuyer, Tristan S., Hirohiko Masunaga, and Christian D. Kummerow. "Variability in the Characteristics of Precipitation Systems in the Tropical Pacific. Part II: Implications for Atmospheric Heating." Journal of Climate 19, no. 8 (April 15, 2006): 1388–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3698.1.

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Abstract This paper explores changes in the principal components of observed energy budgets across the tropical Pacific in response to the strong 1998 El Niño event. Multisensor observations from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI), Visible and Infrared Scanner (VIRS), and precipitation radar (PR) instruments aboard TRMM are used to quantify changes in radiative and latent heating in the east and west Pacific in response to the different phases of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation. In periods of normal east–west SST gradients there is substantial heating in the west Pacific and cooling in the east, implying strong eastward atmospheric energy transport. During the active phase of the El Niño, both the east and west Pacific tend toward local radiative–convective equilibrium resulting in their temporary energetic decoupling. It is further demonstrated that the response of these regions to ENSO-induced SST variability is directly related to changes in the characteristics of clouds and precipitation in each region. Through quantitative analysis of the radiative and latent heating properties of shallow, midlevel, and deep precipitation events and an equivalent set of nonprecipitating cloud systems, times of reduced atmospheric heating are found to be associated with a shift toward shallow and midlevel precipitation systems and associated low-level cloudiness. The precipitation from such systems is typically less intense, and they do not trap outgoing longwave radiation as efficiently as their deeper counterparts, resulting in reduced radiative and latent heating of the atmosphere. The results also suggest that the net effect of precipitating systems on top-of-the-atmosphere (TOA) fluxes and the efficiency with which they heat the atmosphere and cool the surface exhibit strong dependence on their surroundings. The sensitivity of cloud radiative impacts to the atmospheric and surface properties they act to modify implies the existence of strong feedbacks whose representation may pose a significant challenge to the climate modeling community.

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31

Marshall, R. A., R. T. Newsome, N. G. Lehtinen, N. Lavassar, and U. S. Inan. "Optical signatures of radiation belt electron precipitation induced by ground-based VLF transmitters." Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 115, A8 (August 2010): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010ja015394.

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32

Jiao, Z., and GS Was. "Atom Probe Tomography of Radiation-Induced Precipitation in Reactor Cladding and Structural Steels." Microscopy and Microanalysis 16, S2 (July 2010): 1598–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927610056333.

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33

Pechenkin, V. A., I. A. Stepanov, and Yu V. Konobeev. "Analytical model of radiation-induced precipitation at the surface of dilute binary alloy." Journal of Nuclear Materials 307-311 (December 2002): 998–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3115(02)01256-4.

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34

Meslin, E., B. Radiguet, and M. Loyer-Prost. "Radiation-induced precipitation in a ferritic model alloy: An experimental and theoretical study." Acta Materialia 61, no. 16 (September 2013): 6246–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2013.07.008.

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35

Ma, Haichuan, Fan Zhang, Qiaoyu Li, Guobing Chen, Sheng Hu, and Haiming Cheng. "Preparation of ZnO nanoparticle loaded amidoximated wool fibers as a promising antibiofouling adsorbent for uranium(vi) recovery." RSC Advances 9, no. 32 (2019): 18406–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra03777b.

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In this study, nano-ZnO loaded amidoxime-functionalized wool fibers (wool-AO@ZnO) were synthesized by radiation-induced copolymerization and in situ co-precipitation as a novel adsorbent with good antibiofouling properties for uranium recovery.

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36

Pan, Chen, Bin Zhu, Chenwei Fang, Hanqing Kang, Zhiming Kang, Hao Chen, Duanyang Liu, and Xuewei Hou. "The Fast Response of the Atmospheric Water Cycle to Anthropogenic Black Carbon Aerosols during Summer in East Asia." Journal of Climate 34, no. 8 (April 2021): 3049–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-20-0492.1.

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Abstract Studies of the climate effects of black carbon (BC) in East Asia are not abundant and the effects remain uncertain. Using the Community Earth System Model version 1 (CESM1) with Peking University’s emissions data, the fast response of the atmospheric water cycle to anthropogenic BC during summer in East Asia is investigated in this study. Results show that the CESM1-simulated BC concentration and its direct effective radiative forcing are comparable to observations. With the combination of aerosol–radiation interaction (ARI) and non-aerosol–radiation interaction (including aerosol–cloud interaction and surface albedo effects), anthropogenic BC induces a “wetter south and drier north” pattern over East Asia during summer. Also, anthropogenic BC affects the summer precipitation primarily through changing moisture transport rather than altering local evaporation over East Asia. Using the self-developed atmospheric water tracer method, the responses of dominant moisture sources [the tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) and northwest Pacific] to anthropogenic BC are investigated. Results show that the moisture originating from southwest monsoon-related sources (especially the TIO) is more responsive to anthropogenic BC effects over East Asia. In particular, differing from total precipitation, TIO-supplied precipitation shows a significant response to the ARI of anthropogenic BC over East Asia. Process analyses show that anthropogenic BC affects the southwest monsoon-related moisture supplies primarily via advection, deep convection, and cloud macrophysics. Interestingly, the anthropogenic BC-induced changes of TIO-supplied water vapor in these three processes are all dominated by the ARI over East Asia.

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37

Wu, Zhiyuan, and Naire Mohamad Alshdaifat. "Simulation of Marine Weather during an Extreme Rainfall Event: A Case Study of a Tropical Cyclone." Hydrology 6, no. 2 (May 24, 2019): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology6020042.

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The ocean is the largest source of water vapor on the planet, while precipitation is the greatest in tropical oceans and coastal areas. As a strong convective weather, typhoons bring not only strong winds but also strong precipitations. The accurate prediction of rainfall and precipitation induced by typhoons is still difficult because of the nonlinear relationship between typhoon precipitation and physical processes such as typhoon dynamics, heat, cloud microphysics, and radiation. In order to fully describe the interaction between sea and air, we simulated rainfall distribution under the influence of a typhoon using a state-of-the-art, atmosphere–ocean-wave model considering a real typhoon over the South China Sea as a case study. The typhoon wind field, pressure field, and spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall were simulated on the basis of this coupled atmosphere–ocean-wave model. The spatial asymmetry distribution characteristics of typhoon wind field, pressure field, and rainfall were revealed by the simulation. The reasons for this asymmetric distribution were elaborated through a diagnostic analysis.

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38

Farrell, B. F., and D. S. Abbot. "A mechanism for dust-induced destabilization of glacial climates." Climate of the Past 8, no. 6 (December 18, 2012): 2061–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-2061-2012.

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Abstract. Abrupt transitions between cold/dry stadial and warm/wet interstadial states occurred during glacial periods in the absence of any known external forcing. The climate record preserved in polar glaciers, mountain glaciers, and widespread cave deposits reveals that these events were global in extent with temporal distribution implying an underlying memoryless process with millennial time scale. Here a theory is advanced implicating feedback between atmospheric dust and the hydrological cycle in producing these abrupt transitions. Calculations are performed using a radiative-convective model that includes the interaction of aerosols with radiation to reveal the mechanism of this dust/precipitation interaction feedback process and a Langevin equation is used to illustrate glacial climate destabilization by this mechanism. This theory explains the observed abrupt, bimodal, and memoryless nature of these transitions as well as their intrinsic connection with the hydrological cycle.

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Farrell, B. F., and D. S. Abbot. "A mechanism for dust-induced destabilization of glacial climates." Climate of the Past Discussions 8, no. 3 (May 15, 2012): 1721–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-8-1721-2012.

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Abstract. Abrupt transitions between cold/dry stadial and warm/wet interstadial states occurred during glacial periods in the absence of any known external forcing. The climate record preserved in polar glaciers, mountain glaciers, and widespread cave deposits reveals that these events were global in extent with temporal distribution implying an underlying memoryless process with millennial time scale. Here a theory is advanced implicating feedback between atmospheric dust and the hydrological cycle in producing these abrupt transitions. Calculations are performed using a radiative-convective model that includes the interaction of aerosols with radiation to reveal the mechanism of this dust/precipitation interaction feedback process and a Langevin equation is used to illustrate qualitatively glacial climate destabilization by this mechanism. This theory explains the observed abrupt, bimodal, and memoryless nature of these transitions as well as their intrinsic connection with the hydrological cycle.

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Miltenberger, Annette K., Paul R. Field, Adrian A. Hill, Ben J. Shipway, and Jonathan M. Wilkinson. "Aerosol–cloud interactions in mixed-phase convective clouds – Part 2: Meteorological ensemble." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 14 (July 25, 2018): 10593–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-10593-2018.

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Abstract. The relative contribution of variations in meteorological and aerosol initial and boundary conditions to the variability in modelled cloud properties is investigated with a high-resolution ensemble (30 members). In the investigated case, moderately deep convection develops along sea-breeze convergence zones over the southwestern peninsula of the UK. A detailed analysis of the mechanism of aerosol–cloud interactions in this case has been presented in the first part of this study (Miltenberger et al., 2018). The meteorological ensemble (10 members) varies by about a factor of 2 in boundary-layer moisture convergence, surface precipitation, and cloud fraction, while aerosol number concentrations are varied by a factor of 100 between the three considered aerosol scenarios. If ensemble members are paired according to the meteorological initial and boundary conditions, aerosol-induced changes are consistent across the ensemble. Aerosol-induced changes in CDNC (cloud droplet number concentration), cloud fraction, cell number and size, outgoing shortwave radiation (OSR), instantaneous and mean precipitation rates, and precipitation efficiency (PE) are statistically significant at the 5 % level, but changes in cloud top height or condensate gain are not. In contrast, if ensemble members are not paired according to meteorological conditions, aerosol-induced changes are statistically significant only for CDNC, cell number and size, outgoing shortwave radiation, and precipitation efficiency. The significance of aerosol-induced changes depends on the aerosol scenarios compared, i.e. an increase or decrease relative to the standard scenario. A simple statistical analysis of the results suggests that a large number of realisations (typically >100) of meteorological conditions within the uncertainty of a single day are required for retrieving robust aerosol signals in most cloud properties. Only for CDNC and shortwave radiation small samples are sufficient. While the results are strictly only valid for the investigated case, the presented evidence combined with previous studies highlights the necessity for careful consideration of intrinsic predictability, meteorological conditions, and co-variability between aerosol and meteorological conditions in observational or modelling studies on aerosol indirect effects.

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Zheng, Ce, Maria A. Auger, Michael P. Moody, and Djamel Kaoumi. "Radiation induced segregation and precipitation behavior in self-ion irradiated Ferritic/Martensitic HT9 steel." Journal of Nuclear Materials 491 (August 2017): 162–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2017.04.040.

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Tunes, Matheus A., Cláudio G. Schön, and Graeme Greaves. "Radiation-induced precipitation with concurrent bubbles formation in an austenitic stainless steel (AISI-348)." Materialia 7 (September 2019): 100408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mtla.2019.100408.

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Rodger, Craig J., and Mark A. Clilverd. "Inner radiation belt electron lifetimes due to whistler-induced electron precipitation (WEP) driven losses." Geophysical Research Letters 29, no. 19 (October 2002): 30–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002gl015795.

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Talkachova, E. A., L. I. Murin, I. F. Medvedeva, F. P. Korshunov, and V. P. Markevich. "Formation of oxygen-containing centers in irradiated silicon crystals during annealing in 450 – 700 °С temperature range." Perspektivnye Materialy, no. 11 (2020): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.30791/1028-978x-2020-6-22-29.

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The processes associated with transformations of oxygen-related radiation-induced defects in Czochralski-grown silicon crystals irradiated with fast electrons or neutrons and subjected to heat-treatments in the temperature range 450 – 700 °C have been studied by means of IR absorption spectroscopy. It is found that upon disappearance of the VO3 and VO4 defects the new vacancy-oxygen-related complexes, which give rise to a number of vibrational absorption bands in the 980 – 1115 cm–1 vawenumber range, are formed. It is argued that these complexes are VOm (m ≥ 5) defects which serve as radiation-induced nucleation centers of enhanced oxygen precipitation.

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Martínez, Irene Reinares, and Jean-Pierre Chaboureau. "Precipitation and Mesoscale Convective Systems: Radiative Impact of Dust over Northern Africa." Monthly Weather Review 146, no. 9 (August 30, 2018): 3011–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-18-0103.1.

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Abstract The radiative effect of dust on precipitation and mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) is examined during a case of dust emission and transport from 9 to 14 June 2006 over northern Africa. The same method to identify and track different cloud types is applied to satellite observations and two convection-permitting simulations (with grid mesh of 2.5 km), with and without the radiative effect of dust, performed with the MesoNH model. The MCSs produce most of the observed total precipitation (66%), and the long-lived systems (lasting 6 h or more) are responsible for 55% of the total. Both simulations reproduce the observed distribution of precipitation between the cloud categories but differ due to the radiative effects of dust. The overall impacts of dust are a warming of the midtroposphere; a cooling of the near surface, primarily in the western parts of northern Africa; and a decrease in precipitation due to a too-low number of long-lived MCSs. The drop in their number is due to the stabilization of the lower atmosphere, which inhibits the triggering of convection. The long-lived MCSs are a little longer lived, faster, and more efficient in rainfall production when accounting for the dust–radiation interaction. This higher degree of organization is due to the larger convective available potential energy and an intensified African easterly jet. The latter is, in turn, a response to the variation in the meridional gradient of the temperature induced by the dust.

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Tang, Y., Q. Tang, F. Tian, Z. Zhang, and G. Liu. "Responses of natural runoff to recent climatic variations in the Yellow River basin, China." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 17, no. 11 (November 12, 2013): 4471–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-4471-2013.

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Abstract. The zero-flow phenomenon appeared frequently in the lower reaches of the Yellow River in China in the 1990s, whereas it has almost disappeared in recent years. The disappearance of the zero-flow phenomenon should be mainly attributed to the recent water management practices. However, little is known about the effects of recent climatic variations on natural runoff. In this study, we investigated the impacts of climatic variations on natural runoff above the Huayuankou station. The results indicate that there was little increase in precipitation, but substantial recovery of natural runoff in the recent period (2003–2011) compared with the low-flow period (1991–2002). The recent precipitation was slightly greater (∼2% of the baseline precipitation in 1960–1990) than precipitation in the low-flow period. However, the recent natural runoff was much larger (∼14% baseline runoff) than runoff in the low-flow period. The runoff reduction in the low-flow period was mainly caused by precipitation decrease. In the recent period, precipitation accounted for a runoff reduction (∼21% baseline runoff), whereas net radiation, wind speed, air temperature, and relative humidity accounted for a runoff increase (∼7.5% baseline runoff). The spatial pattern of the climatic variation is a factor influencing the response of runoff to climatic variations. The reduction in runoff induced by precipitation change was offset up to half by the impacts of changes in net radiation and wind speed at most sub-basins in the recent period.

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Balabin, Yury, Boris Gvozdevsky, Alexey Germanenko, Evgeny Mikhalko, Evgeny Maurchev, and Leonid Shchur. "Common features of gamma-radiation increase at different stations from Arctic to mid-latitudes." E3S Web of Conferences 62 (2018): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20186201003.

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Background gamma-radiation (20-400 KeV) monitoring in the near-surface layer of the atmosphere has been carried out by Polar Geophysical Institute (PGI) for many years. This radiation originates in the atmosphere by cosmic rays. In propagation through the atmosphere, the flux of soft radiation experiences variations which are induced by various processes in the atmosphere. A unique and extensive database has been collected on the level of the soft gamma-radiation occurring in 2009-2017. Measurements are made with the help of similar detectors developed at PGI. All the stations observe the event which was for the first time discovered by the authors: gamma-background increase at precipitation. These increases are not related to any radionuclides in precipitation. Increases are observed only in the electromagnetic component originating in the atmosphere from cosmic rays. The complex analysis of the data collected has shown that the characteristics of the events (such as amplitude, duration, the count-rate, a total energy) have clear differences through the seasons at each station. The analysis of the events shows that variations of the background gamma-radiation can be used to study some atmospheric processes in the lower atmosphere.

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Martin, Thomas Newton, José Eduardo Minussi, Jessica Deolinda Leivas Stecca, Giovani Mathias Burg, and Marlo Bison Pinto. "Meteorological conditions and their associations with the productive performance of wheat." January 2020, no. 14(01) 2020 (January 20, 2020): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.20.14.01.p1704.

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This study aimed at assessing the effect of the photothermal quotient, meteorological variables and their effects on the grain production and yield of the wheat cultivars in terms of hectoliter mass in Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. The experiments were carried out in the same experimental area in different years. Four experiments were performed in the experimental field during the agricultural years of 2013 (10 cultivars), 2014 (16 cultivars), 2015 (15 cultivars) and 2016 (15 cultivars) with the principal cultivars in the Rio Grande do Sul state, during each of these years. The meteorological factors (mean air temperature, solar radiation, insolation and accumulated precipitation) showed wide fluctuations over these years. They induced instability in the production. The grain yield and the hectoliter mass were compared in each of the agricultural years (Scott-Knott, α≤0.05) and are related in dispersion plots according to the climatic variables for the set of years and cultivars (regression analysis). The available solar radiation (number of sunshine hours), quality (photothermal quotient) and average air temperature were the determinant factors for wheat productivity. However, the hectoliter mass was influenced more by the effect of genetic variability, lack of precipitation during crop maturation, and photothermal quotient around the time of anthesis. Wheat crop investments can be expanded to maximize wheat grain yield when average cycle temperatures remain near 16.5 oC, high solar radiation and low rainfall. Better quality trains (hectoliter mass) will be obtained when smaller precipitations are observed at harvest and higher photothermal quotient.

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Cossu, F., and K. Hocke. "Influence of microphysical schemes on atmospheric water in the Weather Research and Forecasting model." Geoscientific Model Development 7, no. 1 (January 28, 2014): 147–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-147-2014.

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Abstract. This study examines how different microphysical parameterization schemes influence orographically induced precipitation and the distributions of hydrometeors and water vapour for midlatitude summer conditions in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. A high-resolution two-dimensional idealized simulation is used to assess the differences between the schemes in which a moist air flow is interacting with a bell-shaped 2 km high mountain. Periodic lateral boundary conditions are chosen to recirculate atmospheric water in the domain. It is found that the 13 selected microphysical schemes conserve the water in the model domain. The gain or loss of water is less than 0.81% over a simulation time interval of 61 days. The differences of the microphysical schemes in terms of the distributions of water vapour, hydrometeors and accumulated precipitation are presented and discussed. The Kessler scheme, the only scheme without ice-phase processes, shows final values of cloud liquid water 14 times greater than the other schemes. The differences among the other schemes are not as extreme, but still they differ up to 79% in water vapour, up to 10 times in hydrometeors and up to 64% in accumulated precipitation at the end of the simulation. The microphysical schemes also differ in the surface evaporation rate. The WRF single-moment 3-class scheme has the highest surface evaporation rate compensated by the highest precipitation rate. The different distributions of hydrometeors and water vapour of the microphysical schemes induce differences up to 49 W m−2 in the downwelling shortwave radiation and up to 33 W m−2 in the downwelling longwave radiation.

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Marshall, R. A., R. T. Newsome, N. G. Lehtinen, N. Lavassar, and U. S. Inan. "Correction to “Optical signatures of radiation belt electron precipitation induced by ground-based VLF transmitters”." Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 115, A9 (September 2010): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010ja016025.

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