Relevant bibliographies by topics / Radiation Bias

Academic literature on the topic 'Radiation Bias'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Radiation Bias"

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Diaz, Dayssy Alexandra, Gita Suneja, Reshma Jagsi, Parul Barry, Charles R. Thomas, Curtiland Deville, Karen Winkfield, Malika Siker, and Terri Bott-Kothari. "Mitigating Implicit Bias in Radiation Oncology." Advances in Radiation Oncology 6, no. 5 (September 2021): 100738. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adro.2021.100738.

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Hu, Zhiyuan, Zhangli Liu, Hua Shao, Zhengxuan Zhang, Bingxu Ning, Ming Chen, Dawei Bi, and Shichang Zou. "Radiation Hardening by Applying Substrate Bias." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 58, no. 3 (June 2011): 1355–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.2011.2138160.

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Schneider, David P., and David B. Reusch. "Antarctic and Southern Ocean Surface Temperatures in CMIP5 Models in the Context of the Surface Energy Budget*." Journal of Climate 29, no. 5 (February 24, 2016): 1689–716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-15-0429.1.

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Abstract This study examines the biases, intermodel spread, and intermodel range of surface air temperature (SAT) across the Antarctic ice sheet and Southern Ocean in 26 structurally different climate models. Over the ocean (40°–60°S), an ensemble-mean warm bias peaks in late austral summer concurrently with the peak in the intermodel range of SAT. This warm bias lags a spring–summer positive bias in net surface radiation due to weak shortwave cloud forcing and is gradually reduced during autumn and winter. For the ice sheet, inconsistencies among reanalyses and observational datasets give low confidence in the ensemble-mean bias of SAT, but a small summer warm bias is suggested in comparison with nonreanalysis SAT data. The ensemble mean hides a large intermodel range of SAT, which peaks during the summer insolation maximum. In summer on the ice sheet, the SAT intermodel spread is largely associated with the surface albedo. In winter, models universally exhibit a too-strong deficit in net surface radiation related to the downward longwave radiation, implying that the lower atmosphere is too stable. This radiation deficit is balanced by the transfer of sensible heat toward the surface (which largely explains the intermodel spread in SAT) and by a subsurface heat flux. The winter bias in downward longwave radiation is due to the longwave cloud radiative effect, which the ensemble mean underestimates by a factor of 2. The implications of these results for improving climate simulations over Antarctica and the Southern Ocean are discussed.
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Fiddes, Sonya L., Alain Protat, Marc D. Mallet, Simon P. Alexander, and Matthew T. Woodhouse. "Southern Ocean cloud and shortwave radiation biases in a nudged climate model simulation: does the model ever get it right?" Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 22, no. 22 (November 17, 2022): 14603–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14603-2022.

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Abstract. The Southern Ocean radiative bias continues to impact climate and weather models, including the Australian Community Climate and Earth System Simulator (ACCESS). The radiative bias, characterised by too much shortwave radiation reaching the surface, is attributed to the incorrect simulation of cloud properties, including frequency and phase. To identify cloud regimes important to the Southern Ocean, we use k-means cloud histogram clustering, applied to a satellite product and then fitted to nudged simulations of the latest-generation ACCESS atmosphere model. We identify instances when the model correctly or incorrectly simulates the same cloud type as the satellite product for any point in time or space. We then evaluate the cloud and radiation biases in these instances. We find that when the ACCESS model correctly simulates the cloud type, cloud property and radiation biases of equivalent, or in some cases greater, magnitude remain compared to when cloud types are incorrectly simulated. Furthermore, we find that even when radiative biases appear small on average, cloud property biases, such as liquid or ice water paths or cloud fractions, remain large. Our results suggest that simply getting the right cloud type (or the cloud macrophysics) is not enough to reduce the Southern Ocean radiative bias. Furthermore, in instances where the radiative bias is small, it may be so for the wrong reasons. Considerable effort is still required to improve cloud microphysics, with a particular focus on cloud phase.
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Tuononen, Minttu, Ewan J. O'Connor, and Victoria A. Sinclair. "Evaluating solar radiation forecast uncertainty." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, no. 3 (February 14, 2019): 1985–2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-1985-2019.

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Abstract. The presence of clouds and their characteristics have a strong impact on the radiative balance of the Earth and on the amount of solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. Many applications require accurate forecasts of surface radiation on weather timescales, for example solar energy and UV radiation forecasts. Here we investigate how operational forecasts of low and mid-level clouds affect the accuracy of solar radiation forecasts. A total of 4 years of cloud and solar radiation observations from one site in Helsinki, Finland, are analysed. Cloud observations are obtained from a ceilometer and therefore we first develop algorithms to reliably detect cloud base, precipitation, and fog. These new algorithms are widely applicable for both operational use and research, such as in-cloud icing detection for the wind energy industry and for aviation. The cloud and radiation observations are compared to forecasts from the Integrated Forecast System (IFS) run operationally and developed by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). We develop methods to evaluate the skill of the cloud and radiation forecasts. These methods can potentially be extended to hundreds of sites globally. Over Helsinki, the measured global horizontal irradiance (GHI) is strongly influenced by its northerly location and the annual variation in cloudiness. Solar radiation forecast error is therefore larger in summer than in winter, but the relative error in the solar radiation forecast is more or less constant throughout the year. The mean overall bias in the GHI forecast is positive (8 W m−2). The observed and forecast distributions in cloud cover, at the spatial scales we are considering, are strongly skewed towards clear-sky and overcast situations. Cloud cover forecasts show more skill in winter when the cloud cover is predominantly overcast; in summer there are more clear-sky and broken cloud situations. A negative bias was found in forecast GHI for correctly forecast clear-sky cases and a positive bias in correctly forecast overcast cases. Temporal averaging improved the cloud cover forecast and hence decreased the solar radiation forecast error. The positive bias seen in overcast situations occurs when the model cloud has low values of liquid water path (LWP). We attribute this bias to the model having LWP values that are too low or the model optical properties for clouds with low LWP being incorrect.
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Črnivec, Nina, and Bernhard Mayer. "Quantifying the bias of radiative heating rates in numerical weather prediction models for shallow cumulus clouds." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, no. 12 (June 20, 2019): 8083–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-8083-2019.

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Abstract. The interaction between radiation and clouds represents a source of uncertainty in numerical weather prediction (NWP) due to both intrinsic problems of one-dimensional radiation schemes and poor representation of clouds. The underlying question addressed in this study is how large the NWP radiative bias is for shallow cumulus clouds and how it scales with various input parameters of radiation schemes, such as solar zenith angle, surface albedo, cloud cover and liquid water path. A set of radiative transfer calculations was carried out for a realistically evolving shallow cumulus cloud field stemming from a large-eddy simulation (LES). The benchmark experiments were performed on the highly resolved LES cloud scenes (25 m grid spacing) using a three-dimensional Monte Carlo radiation model. An absence of middle and high clouds is assumed above the shallow cumulus cloud layer. In order to imitate the poor representation of shallow cumulus in NWP models, cloud optical properties were horizontally averaged over the cloudy part of the boxes with dimensions comparable to NWP horizontal grid spacing (several kilometers), and the common δ-Eddington two-stream method with maximum-random overlap assumption for partial cloudiness was applied (denoted as the “1-D” experiment). The bias of the 1-D experiment relative to the benchmark was investigated in the solar and thermal parts of the spectrum, examining the vertical profile of heating rate within the cloud layer and the net surface flux. It is found that, during daytime and nighttime, the destabilization of the cloud layer in the benchmark experiment is artificially enhanced by an overestimation of the cooling at cloud top and an overestimation of the warming at cloud bottom in the 1-D experiment (a bias of about −15 K d−1 is observed locally for stratocumulus scenarios). This destabilization, driven by the thermal radiation, is maximized during nighttime, since during daytime the solar radiation has a stabilizing tendency. The daytime bias at the surface is governed by the solar fluxes, where the 1-D solar net flux overestimates (underestimates) the corresponding benchmark at low (high) Sun. The overestimation at low Sun (bias up to 80 % over land and ocean) is largest at intermediate cloud cover, while the underestimation at high Sun (bias up to −40 % over land and ocean) peaks at larger cloud cover (80 % and beyond). At nighttime, the 1-D experiment overestimates the amount of benchmark surface cooling with the maximal bias of about 50 % peaked at intermediate cloud cover. Moreover, an additional experiment was carried out by running the Monte Carlo radiation model in the independent column mode on cloud scenes preserving their LES structure (denoted as the “ICA” experiment). The ICA is clearly more accurate than the 1-D experiment (with respect to the same benchmark). This highlights the importance of an improved representation of clouds even at the resolution of today's regional (limited-area) numerical models, which needs to be considered if NWP radiative biases are to be efficiently reduced. All in all, this paper provides a systematic documentation of NWP radiative biases, which is a necessary first step towards an improved treatment of radiation–cloud interaction in atmospheric models.
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Bisht, Uma. "FinFET Response under Radiation and Bias Stress." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 8 (August 31, 2021): 2895–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.37893.

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Abstract: The study of FinFET Response under various parameters change is widely studied in many branches of Electronics Engineering. FinFET structure is going beyond the downscaling limit of the conventional planar CMOS technology. The major applications of FinFET have been mainly devoted to digital circuits, analog circuits, and targeting a successful mixed integration of analog and digital circuits. The purpose of this paper is to provide a clear and exhaustive understanding of the state of the art, challenges, and future trends of the FinFET technology from a microwave modeling perspective. Inspired by the traditional modeling techniques for conventional MOSFETs, different strategies have been proposed over the last years to model the FinFET behavior at gamma radiation. With the aim to support the development of this technology, a comparative study of the achieved results is carried out to gain both useful feedbacks to investigate the microwave FinFET performance as well as valuable modeling. Keywords: CMOS, MOSFET, FinFET, Hot carriers, Gamma Chamber, SCE, DIBL, Oslo Si-Bulk FinFET, Wafer probe station.
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Barton, Neil P., Stephen A. Klein, and James S. Boyle. "On the Contribution of Longwave Radiation to Global Climate Model Biases in Arctic Lower Tropospheric Stability." Journal of Climate 27, no. 19 (September 24, 2014): 7250–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00126.1.

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Abstract Previous research has found that global climate models (GCMs) usually simulate greater lower tropospheric stabilities compared to reanalysis data. To understand the origins of this bias, the authors examine hindcast simulations initialized with reanalysis data of six GCMs and find that four of the six models simulate within five days a positive bias in Arctic lower tropospheric stability during the Arctic polar night over sea ice regions. These biases in lower tropospheric stability are mainly due to cold biases in surface temperature, as very small potential temperature biases exist aloft. Similar to previous research, polar night surface temperature biases in the hindcast runs relate to all-sky downwelling longwave radiation in the models, which very much relates to the cloud liquid water. Also found herein are clear-sky longwave radiation biases and a fairly large clear-sky longwave radiation bias in the day one hindcast. This clear-sky longwave bias is analyzed by running the same radiation transfer model for each model’s temperature and moisture profile, and the model spread in clear-sky downwelling longwave radiation with the same radiative transfer model is found to be much less, suggesting that model differences other than temperature and moisture are aiding in the spread in downwelling longwave radiation. The six models were also analyzed in Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP) mode to determine if hindcast simulations are analogous to free-running simulations. Similar winter lower tropospheric stability biases occur in four of the six models with surface temperature biases relating to the winter lower tropospheric stability values.
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Haddeland, I., J. Heinke, F. Voß, S. Eisner, C. Chen, S. Hagemann, and F. Ludwig. "Effects of climate model radiation, humidity and wind estimates on hydrological simulations." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 16, no. 2 (February 2, 2012): 305–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-305-2012.

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Abstract. Due to biases in the output of climate models, a bias correction is often needed to make the output suitable for use in hydrological simulations. In most cases only the temperature and precipitation values are bias corrected. However, often there are also biases in other variables such as radiation, humidity and wind speed. In this study we tested to what extent it is also needed to bias correct these variables. Responses to radiation, humidity and wind estimates from two climate models for four large-scale hydrological models are analysed. For the period 1971–2000 these hydrological simulations are compared to simulations using meteorological data based on observations and reanalysis; i.e. the baseline simulation. In both forcing datasets originating from climate models precipitation and temperature are bias corrected to the baseline forcing dataset. Hence, it is only effects of radiation, humidity and wind estimates that are tested here. The direct use of climate model outputs result in substantial different evapotranspiration and runoff estimates, when compared to the baseline simulations. A simple bias correction method is implemented and tested by rerunning the hydrological models using bias corrected radiation, humidity and wind values. The results indicate that bias correction can successfully be used to match the baseline simulations. Finally, historical (1971–2000) and future (2071–2100) model simulations resulting from using bias corrected forcings are compared to the results using non-bias corrected forcings. The relative changes in simulated evapotranspiration and runoff are relatively similar for the bias corrected and non bias corrected hydrological projections, although the absolute evapotranspiration and runoff numbers are often very different. The simulated relative and absolute differences when using bias corrected and non bias corrected climate model radiation, humidity and wind values are, however, smaller than literature reported differences resulting from using bias corrected and non bias corrected climate model precipitation and temperature values.
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Haddeland, I., J. Heinke, F. Voß, S. Eisner, C. Chen, S. Hagemann, and F. Ludwig. "Effects of climate model radiation, humidity and wind estimates on hydrological simulations." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 8, no. 4 (August 22, 2011): 7919–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-8-7919-2011.

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Abstract. Due to biases in the output of climate models, a bias correction is often needed to make the output suitable for use in hydrological simulations. In most cases only the temperature and precipitation values are bias corrected. However, often there are also biases in other variables such as radiation, humidity and wind speed. In this study we tested to what extent it is also needed to bias correct these variables. Responses to radiation, humidity and wind estimates from two climate models for four large-scale hydrological models are analysed. For the period 1971–2000 these hydrological simulations are compared to simulations using meteorological data based on observations and reanalysis; i.e. the baseline simulation. In both forcing datasets originating from climate models precipitation and temperature are bias corrected to the baseline forcing dataset. Hence, it is only effects of radiation, humidity and wind estimates that are tested here. The direct use of climate model outputs result in substantial different evapotranspiration and runoff estimates, when compared to the baseline simulations. A simple bias correction method is implemented and tested by rerunning the hydrological models using bias corrected radiation, humidity and wind values. The results indicate that bias correction can successfully be used to match the baseline simulations. Finally, historical (1971–2000) and future (2071–2100) model simulations resulting from using bias corrected forcings are compared to the results using non-bias corrected forcings. The relative changes in simulated evapotranspiration and runoff are relatively similar for the bias corrected and non bias corrected hydrological projections, although the absolute evapotranspiration and runoff numbers are often very different. The simulated relative and absolute differences when using bias corrected and non bias corrected climate model radiation, humidity and wind values are, however, smaller than literature reported differences resulting from using bias corrected and non bias corrected climate model precipitation and temperature values.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Radiation Bias"

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Thompson, Grant. "Effects of DEM resolution on GIS-based solar radiation model output: A comparison with the National Solar Radiation Database." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1258663688.

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Caldas, Anthony. "Étude des biais observationnels induits par le caractère tridimensionnel des atmosphères d’exoplanètes." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0439/document.

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Nous cherchons à mettre en évidence l'influence des hétérogénéités de température, de structure ou de composition des atmosphères sur leurs observations. Dans le années à venir, de plus en plus d'appareils vont permettre l'observation par transmission des atmosphères d'exoplanètes. Toutefois, les outils numériques permettant de contraindre ces dernières reposent sur des modèles simples à une dimension. Ils supposent en effet des atmosphères ne possédant qu'une structure verticale (le climat est le même en tout point de la surface, la composition ou la température n'évolue qu'avec l'altitude). Cette approche a le mérite de permettre des calculs rapides et de contraindre les paramètres globaux de l'atmosphère avec des temps raisonnables. Ceci ne serait pas possible en l'état avec une modélisation en 3 dimensions des atmosphères, même si ce serait beaucoup plus réaliste. Ce que nous cherchons à mettre en évidence, ce sont les limites des techniques actuelles d'inversion et donc, de caractérisation des atmosphères qui seront observées. Pour cela, il fallait mettre au point un logiciel capable de résoudre le transfert radiatif au sein d'une atmosphère en 3 dimensions (et non plus 1 seul). Une fois le logiciel terminé, nous avons éprouvé l'algorithme de traitement du signal TauREx en comparant les résultats qu'il proposait à des simulations atmosphériques parfaitement contrôlées. Nous nous sommes tout principalement arrêté sur les biais découlant d'hétérogénéités de température en simulant des atmosphères avec un fort contraste jour/nuit. Ceci nous a permis de caractériser les biais découlant de ces types d'hétérogénéités, de les quantifier et de mettre l'accent sur un biais jusqu'ici très sous-estimé par la communauté, à savoir celui découlant des hétérogénéités le long de la ligne de visée. Nous avons appuyé nos propos et concentré nos efforts sur l'interprétation de l'inversion d'une simulation complexe de l'atmosphère de GJ 1214 b. La reconstitution de la chaine observationnelle : GCM (LMD), Pytmosph3R (LAB) et TauREx (UCL) ouvre les portes d'un vaste panel d'études envisageables, et notamment tout ce qui va concerner l'identification et la caractérisation des biais systématiques qui incomberont les observations à venir
Transmission spectroscopy provides us with information on the atmospheric properties at the limb, which is often intuitively assumed to be a narrow annulus aound ther planet. Consequently, the few recent studies on the effect of atmospheric horizontal heterogeneities on transmission spectra have used approaches sensitive to variations along the limb only. Here we demonstrate that the region probed in transmission – the limb – actually extends significantly toward the day and night sides of the planet. Consequently we show that thestrong day-night thermal and compositional gradients expected on synchronous exoplanets create sufficient heterogeneities across the limb to result in important systematic effects on the spectrum and bias its interpretation. To quantify these effects, we developed a 3D radiative transfer model able to generate transmission spectra of atmospheres based on 3D atmospheric structures, whether they come from a Global Climate Model or more parametrized models. We first apply this tool to a simulation of the atmosphere of GJ 1214 b toproduce synethic JWST observations and show that producing a spectrum using only atmospheric columns at the terminator results in errors greater than expected noise. This demonstrates the necessity of a real 3D approach to model data for such precise observatories.Second, we investigate how day-night temperature gradients cause a systematic bias in retrieval analysis performed with 1D forward models. For that purpose we synthesize a large set of forward spectra for prototypical HD209458 b and GJ 1214 b type planets varying the temperatures of the day and night sides as well as the width of the transition region. We then perform typical retrievalanalyses and compare the retrieved parameters to the ground truth of the input model. This study reveals systematic biases on the retrieved temperature (found to be higher than the terminator temperature) and absorber abundances. This is due to the fact that the hotter dayside is more extended vertically and screens the nightside—a result of the nonlinear properties of atmospheric transmission.These biases will be difficult to detect as the 1D profiles used in the retrieval procedure are found to provide an excellent match to theobserved spectra based on standard fitting criteria (chi2, posterior distributions). This fact needs to be kept in mind when interpretingcurrent and future data
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Chen, Si. "Conception d’ASICs Mixtes Durcis aux Radiations pour Observatoires Spatiaux." Thesis, Université de Paris (2019-....), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UNIP7051.

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Le sujet de ma thèse est la conception d’ASICs (Application-Specific Integrated Circuits) mixtes durcis aux radiations pour observatoires spatiaux. La thèse se déroule dans le contexte d'un futur observatoire spatial à rayons X de l’ESA, se nomme « Advanced Telescope for High ENergy Astrophysics (ATHENA) ». Les ASICs développés appartiennent à l'un des deux instruments scientifiques de cet observatoire, s’appelle « X-ray Integral Field Unit (X-IFU) », et sont dédiés à l'un des sous-systèmes de l'instrument X-IFU, le WFEE (Warm Front End Electronics).Le WFEE est un système électronique mixte comprenant principalement un amplificateur à bas bruit (LNA), un circuit de polarisation configurable pour SQUIDs, un buffer et un thermomètre. Par conséquent, mes travaux de thèse sont composés de deux parties: la partie numérique et la partie analogique.Mes contributions aux circuits numériques du WFEE sont présentées dans « Part III » de ma thèse. Elles comprennent la conception d'une nouvelle librairie des portes logiques numériques durcies aux radiations et la création d'un nouveau décodeur I2C avec ses schémas et layouts optimisés, en utilisant ma nouvelle librairie numérique. Les résultats représentatifs des essais de radiation sur les composants et les registres à 8-bit avec une telle conception durcie aux radiations sont également discutés dans « Part III » de ma thèse. Tous les circuits numériques dans les deux nouveaux ASICs «AwaXe_v2» et «AwaXe_v2.5» sont constitués de cette nouvelle librairie numérique durcie aux radiations, ainsi que ceux dans les futurs ASICs. Les décodeurs I2C optimisés ont prouvé un bon fonctionnement, testés avec les autres circuits intégrés dans «AwaXe_v2» et «AwaXe_v2.5».Mes contributions sur les circuits analogiques du WFEE sont présentées dans « Part IV ». Elles comprennent la conception d'un LNA, d'un buffer, d'une référence de courant et d'un convertisseur numérique-analogique (DAC). Le LNA est essentiel pour atteindre la résolution spectrale élevée sans précédent de 2,5 eV proposée par l'instrument X-IFU. Il a une conception originale, intégrée dans les ASICs v2 et v2.5. Il a été entièrement testée et a donné des résultats satisfaisants et cohérents. Ses performances ont été prouvées expérimentalement pour répondre à toutes les spécifications requises par le CNES. Fonctionnant dans la bande de fréquence de 1-5 MHz, il fournit un gain de tension super-linéaire de 85 V/V, une large bande passante de -1 dB à 17,5 MHz et une faible dérive de gain <350 ppm/K. Il réalise un très faible bruit à tension ≈ 0,8 nV/√Hz à l’entrée, ainsi qu’une faible fréquence de coupure de bruit 1/f <4 kHz, un bon PSRR et un bon CMRR. Le buffer utilise une conception similaire à celle du LNA et a besoin plus d’études dans les travaux futurs. La référence de courant a été entièrement testée avec une sortie de 1 mA. Grâce à sa conception originale, qui compense les références CTAT et PTAT, elle est capable de fournir un courant super stable, indépendant de la température, parfaite pour la polarisation de SQUID. Enfin, j'ai également développé un DAC à 8-bit pour la polarisation de SQUID. 8 DACs, une référence de courant et un bus série composent un circuit complet de la polarisation de SQUID d’un canal WFEE. Ce circuit a été intégré dans l’ASIC «AwaXe_v2.5» et a donné un bon résultat lors de la première mesure.En conclusion, ma thèse a produit deux ASICs pour le WFEE: «AwaXe_v2» et «AwaXe_v2.5». Les deux ASICs montrent de bonnes performances. En particulier, le dernier ASIC intègre tous les composants d'un canal WFEE, ce qui peut être considéré comme un prototype. Ainsi, il est un bon représentant de mes travaux de la thèse. En outre, les performances élevées du LNA et de la référence de courant aussi montrent le potentiel pour s’adapter à d’autres missions scientifiques similaires
The subject of my thesis is the development of radiation-hardened mixed-signal Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) for space observatories. The thesis takes place in the context of a future X-ray space observatory of the European Space Agency, named Advanced Telescope for High ENergy Astrophysics (ATHENA). The ASICs developed belong to one of the two scientific instruments of the observatory, called X-ray Integral Field Unit (X-IFU) and are dedicated to one of the subsystems of the X-IFU instrument, the WFEE (Warm Front End Electronics).The WFEE is a mixed electronic system, mainly including a Low Noise Amplifier (LNA), a configurable SQUID bias, a buffer and a thermometer. Consequently, my thesis work is composed of two parts: the digital part and the analogue part.My contributions to the digital microelectronics of the WFEE are presented in Part III of my thesis. It includes the design of a new radiation-hardened digital library and the creation of a new I2C decoder with optimised schematic and layout, made of my new digital library. The representative radiation assessment results concerning the components and 8-bit registers with such radiation-hardened design are also discussed in Part III of the thesis. All the digital circuits of the two new ASICs “AwaXe_v2” and “AwaXe_v2.5” are made of this new radiation-hardened digital library, as well as those in the future ASICs. The optimised I2C decoders have been proved a good functioning along with the other circuits, integrated into the “AwaXe_v2” and “AwaXe_v2.5”.My contributions on the analogue circuits of the WFEE are presented in Part IV. It includes the design of an LNA, a buffer, a current reference and a Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC). The LNA is critical for fulfilling the unprecedented high spectral resolution of 2.5 eV proposed by the X-IFU instrument. Its original design has been integrated into the ASICs v2 and v2.5, both fully tested and showing satisfying and coherent results. Its performance has been experimentally proved to fulfil all the specifications required by the CNES. Operating within the frequency band of 1-5 MHz, it provides a super-linear voltage gain of 85 V/V, with a large bandwidth of −1 dB up to 17.5 MHz and a low gain drift < 350 ppm/K. It realises an ultra-low voltage noise ≈ 0.8 nV/√Hz at the input, as well as a low 1/f noise corner frequency < 4 kHz, a good PSRR and CMRR. The buffer uses a similar design as the LNA and needs to be further studied in future work. The current reference has been fully tested with an output of 1 mA. Thanks to its original design compensating a CTAT and a PTAT reference, it has been proved to be capable of providing a super-stable temperature independent current, perfect for the SQUID bias. At last, I have also developed an 8-bit DAC for the SQUID bias. 8 DACs along with a current reference and a series bus compose a complete SQUID bias of one WFEE channel. This circuit has been integrated into the ASIC “AwaXe_v2.5” and showed a good result for the first measurement.In conclusion, my thesis has yielded two ASICs for the WFEE: “AwaXe_v2” and “AwaXe_v2.5”. Both ASICs show good performance. In particular, the last ASIC integrates all the components of one WFEE channel, which can be considered as a prototype. Thus, it is a good representative of my work. Moreover, the high performance of the LNA and the current reference also give them the potential to adapt with other similar scientific missions
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Song, Mingxia. "Surface plasmon propagation in metal nanowires." Thesis, Dijon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012DIJOS053/document.

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Pas de résumé en français
Plasmonic circuitry is considered as a promising solution-effectivetechnology for miniaturizing and integrating the next generation ofoptical nano-devices. The realization of a practical plasmonic circuitry strongly depends on the complete understanding of the propagation properties of two key elements: surface plasmons and electrons. The critical part constituting the plasmonic circuitry is a waveguide which can sustain the two information-carriers simultaneously. Therefore, we present in this thesis the investigations on the propagation of surface plasmons and the co-propagation of surface plasmons and electrons in single crystalline metal nanowires. This thesis is therefore divided into two parts. In the first part, we investigate surface plasmons propagating in individual thick penta-twinned crystalline silver nanowires using dual-plane leakage radiation microscopy. The effective index and the losses of the mode are determined by measuring the wave vector content of the light emitted in the substrate. Surface plasmon mode is determined by numerical simulations and an analogy is drawn with molecular orbitals compound with similar symmetry. Leaky and bound modes selected by polarization inhomogeneity are demonstrated. We further investigate the effect of wire geometry (length, diameter) on the effective index and propagation losses. On the basis of the results obtained during the first part, we further investigate the effect of an electron flow on surface plasmon properties. We investigate to what extend surface plasmons and current-carrying electrons interfere in such a shared circuitry. By synchronously recording surface plasmons and electrical output characteristics of single crystalline silver and gold nanowires, we determine the limiting factors hindering the co-propagation of electrical current and surface plasmons in these nanoscale circuits. Analysis of wave vector distributions in Fourier images indicates that the effect of current flow on surface plasmons propagation is reflected by the morphological change during the electromigration process. We further investigate the possible crosstalk between co-propagating electrons and surface plasmons by applying alternating current bias
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5

Song, Mingxia. "Propagation des plasmons de surface dans des nanofils métalliques." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00842236.

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Plasmonic circuitry is considered as a promising solution-effectivetechnology for miniaturizing and integrating the next generation ofoptical nano-devices. The realization of a practical plasmonic circuitry strongly depends on the complete understanding of the propagation properties of two key elements: surface plasmons and electrons. The critical part constituting the plasmonic circuitry is a waveguide which can sustain the two information-carriers simultaneously. Therefore, we present in this thesis the investigations on the propagation of surface plasmons and the co-propagation of surface plasmons and electrons in single crystalline metal nanowires. This thesis is therefore divided into two parts. In the first part, we investigate surface plasmons propagating in individual thick penta-twinned crystalline silver nanowires using dual-plane leakage radiation microscopy. The effective index and the losses of the mode are determined by measuring the wave vector content of the light emitted in the substrate. Surface plasmon mode is determined by numerical simulations and an analogy is drawn with molecular orbitals compound with similar symmetry. Leaky and bound modes selected by polarization inhomogeneity are demonstrated. We further investigate the effect of wire geometry (length, diameter) on the effective index and propagation losses. On the basis of the results obtained during the first part, we further investigate the effect of an electron flow on surface plasmon properties. We investigate to what extend surface plasmons and current-carrying electrons interfere in such a shared circuitry. By synchronously recording surface plasmons and electrical output characteristics of single crystalline silver and gold nanowires, we determine the limiting factors hindering the co-propagation of electrical current and surface plasmons in these nanoscale circuits. Analysis of wave vector distributions in Fourier images indicates that the effect of current flow on surface plasmons propagation is reflected by the morphological change during the electromigration process. We further investigate the possible crosstalk between co-propagating electrons and surface plasmons by applying alternating current bias
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6

Faure, Fabien. "Injection de fautes simulant les effets de basculement de bits induits par radiation." Grenoble INPG, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005INPG0123.

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Obtenir une estimation du taux d'erreurs induit par les phénomènes de basculement de bit (soft error rate, SER) des équipements électroniques est d'un intérêt grandissant. Les standards publiés traitent principalement de la qualification des circuits de type mémoire. Il n'y a pas d'accord sur les méthodes de qualification des microprocesseurs. Dans ce contexte, cette thèse s'attache à définir une méthodologie permettant de prédire le SER d'un processeur à l'aide d'une approche en trois étapes : -En définissant une méthode de test sous radiation permettant d'obtenir de façon précise la sensibilité du circuit au rayonnement ionisant ; -En présentant une analyse détaillée des mesures, dont le but est d'extraire un modèle statistique d'un test accéléré ; -En utilisant cette empreinte statistique pour reproduire à l'aide d'injection de fautes le comportement du circuit étudié afin de prédire le comportement d'une application quelconque exécutée par le processeur
Estimating the soft error rate (SER) of digital equipment is a major concern : while the SER of a single bit can be extremely low, the increasing amount of bits per device combined with their use in safety-critical applications makes the SER evaluation an important milestone before introducing a new technology to the market or using it in a space application. To derive the SER of a device, the commonly adopted strategy consists in exposing the tested part to either a particle beam (accelerated test) or to its natural environment while it carries on a given activity. The difficult point is to exercise the tested chip in a way as representative as possible of the one that will be used in the final environment Standards have been published, defining requirements and procedures for SER testing of integrated circuits. However, the procedures presented in these texts apply primarily to memory devices. There is not such an agreement on the SER evaluation of microprocessors. Ln this context, the work done in this Ph. D. Defines a methodology to measure and predict the SER of a processor using a three steps approach : By defining a correct static test strategy allowing to measure the cross-section of the processor's memory elements ; By presenting a detailed analysis of radiation ground testing data, aiming at extracting a statistical model of an accelerated radiation ground test, that is where and when SEUs do occur in the studied processor ; By usina this statistical footDrint and fault iniection techniaues to studv the behaviour of any application executed by the processor
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Leite, Franco Ripoll. "Estudo e implementação de um microcontrolador tolerante à radiação." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/18991.

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Neste trabalho foi elaborado um microcontrolador 8051 tolerante à radiação, usando para isso técnicas de recomputação de instruções. A base para este trabalho foi a descrição VHDL desse microcontrolador, sendo proposto o uso de sensores de radiação, Bulk-BICS, e códigos de proteção de erros para os elementos de memória, como forma de suporte à técnica apresentada. Inicialmente serão abordados sucintamente a origem e os efeitos prejudiciais da radiação nos dispositivos eletrônicos, motivando a realização deste trabalho. Serão mostrados em detalhes os passos para implementar a técnica de recomputação, que consiste em monitorar os sensores e, ao ser detectado um pulso transiente, fazer o processador reler a última instrução e executá-la novamente, a fim de mitigar o efeito do SET (Single Event Transient). Para isso a manipulação do contador de programa (PC) e o apontador de pilha (SP) são fundamentais. Durante esse processo também deve ser garantido que nenhum dado, potencialmente corrompido, seja armazenado na memória. Contra SEUs (Single Event Upsets) é pressuposto que todos os elementos de memória do microcontrolador estão protegidos através de algum código de correção de erros, assunto já pesquisado por outros autores. Na seqüência serão apresentadas várias simulações realizadas, onde é possível ver o processo de recomputação sendo iniciado a partir da incidência de partículas geradas através de um testbench. Por fim será feita uma comparação entre o 8051 original e o protegido, mostrando dados de área, freqüência de operação e potência de cada um.
This work presents a radiation hard 8051 microcontroller, designed using instruction recomputation techniques. The basis for this work was the VHDL description of the microcontroller. To make the microcontroller radiation hard, built in radiation sensors, called Bulk-BICS, were use to protect the combinational logic blocks. Codes for error detection and correction were used to protect the memory elements. Initially, this work discusses the sources of ionizing radiation and its harmful effects on digital integrated circuits, showing the motivation for this work. Next, the details of the implemented instruction re-computation technique are shown. It consists in monitoring the radiation sensors and, if the incidence of ionizing radiation is detected, the processor reads the last instruction and executes it again, in order to mitigate the effect of a single event transient (SET). In order to implement this re-computation, the manipulation of the program counter (PC) and stack pointer (SP) is essential. During this process it must be guaranteed that any data, potentially corrupted, will not be stored in memory. Regarding radiation effects on memory elements (Single Event Upsets-SEUs), it is assumed that all memory elements of the microcontroller are protected by some error detection and correction code, a topic previously studied by other authors. Finally, several simulations will be shown, where it is possible to see the evolution of the re-computation process, from the detection of the incidence of ionizing radiation (incidence generated by a testbench) to the full re-computation of the instruction. Finally, a comparison is made between the performance of the original 8051 and the radiation hardened version, showing overheads of area, frequency of operation and power.
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Gill, Balkaran S. "Design and Analysis Methodologies to Reduce Soft Errors in nanometer VLSI Circuits." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1126207930.

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Rodriguez, Axel. "Étude des mécanismes de déclenchement des Bits Collés dans les SRAM et DRAM en Environnement Radiatif Spatial." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTS032/document.

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Les résultats de différentes expériences du CNES (Centre National d’Études Spatiales) embarquées sur satellites montrent que des composants SRAM et SDRAM subissent des erreurs atypiques, qui se caractérisent par une fraction d’emplacements mémoire présentant des erreurs récurrentes. Ces erreurs non-catégorisées représentent la quasi-totalité des erreurs détectées sur ces mémoires. Une revue interne du CNES a déterminé que ces erreurs étaient dues aux radiations présentes dans l’environnement spatial (protons, électrons, ions lourds). Cette thèse s’attache à reproduire ces erreurs atypiques au sol en utilisant des moyens d’irradiation et des accélérateurs de particules, à les caractériser ainsi qu’à expliquer le mécanisme physique menant à l’apparition de ces cellules endommagées. Le mécanisme physique que nous proposons est cohérent avec les données obtenues sous faisceau de particules et soutenu par nos simulations de type TCAD
CNES’s onboard experiment results on several satellites have demonstrated that on SRAM and SDRAM memories, a fraction of words suffers from unknown errors that increase the afflicted words’ rate of error by orders of magnitude compared to other words. CNES’s experts found that these errors were due to the space radiation environment (proton, electrons, heavy ions).The main goals of this Ph.D. thesis are to successfully recreate such errors at ground level using irradiation facilities and particle accelerators, to investigate their behavior and finally, to submit a physical mechanism for memory cell degradation under irradiation, both coherent with experimental data and data obtained from TCAD simulations
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Bocquillon, Alexandre. "Évaluation de la sensibilité des FGPA SRAM-based face aux erreurs induites par les radiations naturelles." Grenoble INPG, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009INPG0174.

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Ce travail contribue à établir une méthode de test permettant de déterminer l'impact des radiations naturelles sur le fonctionnement de circuits intégrés de type FPGA SRAM-Based. L'étude des erreurs potentielles liées aux événements singuliers ou multiples ayant lieu dans la mémoire de configuration sera faite à l'aide d'expériences d'injection de fautes réalisées avec un équipement laser. Il s'appuie sur une présentation du contexte scientifique ainsi qu'une description de l'architecture complexe des FPGA SRAM-Based et des moyens de tests usuels. Des expériences d'injection de fautes à l'aide d'un laser sont menées sur plusieurs familles de composants afin de réaliser des tests statiques de la mémoire de configuration et de trouver les liens avec le fonctionnement de l'application. Elles révèlent ainsi l'organisation et la sensibilité des cellules SRAM de configuration. Des tests dynamiques en accélérateur de protons permettent de définir des critères de criticité des bits de configuration en fonction de leur impact sur l'application. Un outil de prédiction du taux d'erreur critique a été développé et validé à partir de cette classification
This work aims at designing a test methodology to analyze the effect of natural radiation on FPGA SRAM-based chipsets. Study of likely errors due to single or multiple events occurring in the configuration memory will be based on fault-injection experiments performed with laser devices. It relies on both a description of scientific background and a description of complex architecture of FPGA SRAM-Based and usual testing apparatus. Fault injection experiments with laser are conducted on several classes of components in order to perform static tests of the configuration memory and identify the links with the application. It shows the organization and sensitivity of SRAM configuration cells. Criticity criteria for configuration bits have been specified following dynamic tests in protons accelerator, in regard to their impact on the application. From this classification was developed a predicting tool for critical error rate estimation
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Books on the topic "Radiation Bias"

1

Xing zheng yuan yuan zi neng wei yuan/ hui (China). You li fu she fang hu fa gui hui bian. Taibei Xian Yonghe Shi: Xing zheng yuan yuan zi neng wei yuan/ hui, 2003.

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Kyle, H. Lee. User's guide: Nimbus-7 earth radiation budget narrow-field-of-view products: Scene radiance tape products, sorting into angular bins products, and maximum likelihood cloud estimation products. Greenbelt, Md: Goddard Space Flight Center, 1990.

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1931-, Peterson Laurence E., U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research. Division of Regulatory Applications., and University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston. School of Public Health., eds. Information bias and lifetime mortality risks of radiation-induced cancer: Low LET radiation. Washington, D.C: Division of Regulatory Applications, Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, U.S. Regulatory Commission, 1994.

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Eric, Peterson Leif, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston. School of Public Health., and U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research. Division of Regulatory Applications., eds. Information bias and lifetime mortality risks of radiation-induced cancer : low LET radiation. Washington, D.C: Division of Regulatory Applications, Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, U.S. Regulatory Commission, 1994.

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Information bias and lifetime mortality risks of radiation-induced cancer: Low LET radiation. Washington, D.C: Division of Regulatory Applications, Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, U.S. Regulatory Commission, 1994.

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Staats, Richard L. Forward-bias current annealing of radiation damaged gallium arsenide and silicon solar cells. 1987.

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Zhongguo ya re dai dong bu shan qu po bian tai yang neng zi yuan he jing fu she tu ji. Xin hua shu dian Beijing fa xing suo fa xing, 1988.

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Lee, Kyle H., ed. User's guide--Nimbus-7 earth radiation budget narrow-field-of-view products: Scene radiance tape products, sorting into angular bins products, and maximum likelihood cloud estimation products. Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Management, Scientific and Technical Information Division, 1990.

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Uv Radiation In Global Climate Change Measurements Modeling And Effects On Ecosystems Quan Qiu Qi Hou Bian Hua Zhong De Zhi Wai Xian Fu She Guan Ce Mou Ni Ji Qi Dui Sheng Tai Xi Tong De Xing Xiang. Springer, 2010.

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Lee, Kyle H., and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Scientific and Technical Information Branch., eds. User's guide: Nimbus-7 earth radiation budget narrow-field-of-view products: Scene radiance tape products, sorting into angular bins products, and maximum likelihood cloud estimation products. [Washington, D.C.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Scientific and Technical Information Division, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Radiation Bias"

1

Schotland, R. M., and T. K. Lea. "Bias in a Solar Constant Determination by the Langley Method Due to Aerosols." In Atmospheric Radiation, 655–62. Boston, MA: American Meteorological Society, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-935704-18-8_95.

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Seif, Dariush, and Nasr M. Ghoniem. "Dislocation Bias Calculations in Metals Using a Combined Finite-Element Rate-Theory Approach." In Effects of Radiation on Nuclear Materials: 25thVolume, 1–12. 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959: ASTM International, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp103987t.

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Seif, Dariush, and Nasr M. Ghoniem. "Dislocation Bias Calculations in Metals Using a Combined Finite-Element Rate-Theory Approach." In Effects of Radiation on Nuclear Materials: 25th Volume, 338–49. 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959: ASTM International, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp103987.

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Goto, Shinobu. "An investigation into fairness and bias in educational materials produced by the Japanese government to teach school children about nuclear power and radiation." In Educating for Sustainability in Japan, 99–118. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2017.: Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315715582-7.

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Montagnani, Giovanni Ludovico. "Development of a 3” LaBr3 SiPM-Based Detection Module for High Resolution Gamma Ray Spectroscopy and Imaging." In Special Topics in Information Technology, 77–82. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62476-7_7.

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AbstractGamma radiation detection finds many applications in different fields, including astrophysics, nuclear physics and medical diagnostics. Nowadays large Lanthanum Bromide crystals coupled to Photomultiplier Tubes (PMTs) represent the state of the art for gamma detection modules, in particular for spectroscopic measurements. Nevertheless, there is an interest in substituting photomultiplier tubes with solid state photodetectors like Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs), owing to the latter’s significant advantages. These include insensitivity to magnetic fields, low bias voltage, compactness, fast response and mechanical robustness. The aim of this thesis work, which was carried out within the context of the GAMMA project supported by IstitutoNazionale di FisicaNucleare (INFN), is the design, development and experimental characterization of a -ray spectrometer based on large Lanthanum Bromide scintillator crystals coupled with Silicon Photomultipliers. This detector specifications are compliant with nuclear physics experiments with energies ranging from 100 keV to 20 MeV, characterized by state-of-the-art energy resolution and imaging capability, in a compact, modular and robust structure. In order to perform the readout of large scintillator crystals, a matrix of 144 Silicon Photomultipliers was designed using NUV-HD SiPMs from Fondazione Bruno Kessler (FBK). These were chosen due to their high Photon Detection Efficiency in correspondence with the peak emission wavelength of the crystal, the high cell density and low Dark Count Rate.
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Wagner, Gottfried, Torsten Rothärmel, and Bernhard Traulich. "Retinal-Opsin-Dependent Detection of Short-Wavelength Ultraviolet Radiation (UV-B), and Endogenous Bias on Direction of Flagellar Rotation in Tethered Halobacterium Halobium Cells." In General and Applied Aspects of Halophilic Microorganisms, 139–47. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3730-4_17.

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Taguchi, Katsuyuki, Zhang Zhidu, Li Mohan, Wei Cunfeng, and Wei Long. "Optimized Energy Bins for K-Edge Imaging Using a Photon Counting Detector." In Radiation Detection Systems, 67–90. 2nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003218364-3.

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Ghammraoui, Bahaa, and Stephen J. Glick. "A New Method of Estimating Incident X-Ray Spectra with Photon Counting Detectors Using a Limited Number of Energy Bins with Dedicated Clinical X-Ray Imaging Systems." In Advanced X-Ray Radiation Detection:, 133–48. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92989-3_6.

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Esteban Garcia-Robledo, Juan, Alejandro Ruíz-Patiño, Carolina Sotelo, Álvaro Muñoz, Oscar Arrieta, Lucia Zatarain-Barrón, Camila Ordoñez, Christian Rolfo, and Andrés F. Cardona. "Diagnosis and Management of Radiation Necrosis in Patients with Brain Metastases and Primary Tumors." In CNS Malignancies [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96824.

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The incidence of radiation necrosis has increased secondary to combined modality therapy for brain tumors and stereotactic radiosurgery. The pathology of progressive brain radiation necrosis (RN) primarily includes inflammation and angiogenesis in which cytokines, chemokines, and vascular endothelial growth factors are upregulated. Combined multiparametric imaging, including lesional metabolism, spectroscopy, and blood flow, could enhance diagnostic accuracy compared with a single imaging study. Nevertheless, a substantial risk of bias restricts firm conclusions about the best imaging technique for diagnosing brain RN. Bevacizumab shows promising results of improving radiographic edema and post-gadolinium enhancement with associated symptomatic improvement. However, this was based on small double-blinded randomized controlled trials, which introduces a high risk of bias due to the small sample size despite the high-quality trial design. Edaravone combined with corticosteroids also resulted in a more significant reduction in radiographic edema than corticosteroids alone but had no impact on reducing the enhancing lesion. There is a great need for further prospective randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to treat brain RN.
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Alfihed, Salman, and Abdullah Alharbi. "Broadband Terahertz Emission from Photoconductive Devices." In Intelligent Electronics and Circuits - Terahertz, IRS, and Beyond [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.102930.

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This chapter explores the terahertz (THz) emission from biased semiconductor photoconductive devices. The photoconductive device is an optoelectronic device that is able to emit broadband THz radiation under the optical excitation, by an ultrafast laser, in the existence of a bias field. This chapter explains the basic principle of photoconductive devices with focusing on the main device components, being the photoconductive material and the photoconductive structure. Then, various materials and structures are discussed toward improving the performance of the photoconductive THz emitters. Furthermore, the main limitations and considerations are presented with insight into the different saturation and screening effects due to the bias field and pump fluence. Ultimately, the recent advances and studies of photoconductive THz emitters are presented in terms of material and structure, including the quantum dots, the nanostructure, the use of dielectric materials, and the grating structure on the photoconductive surfaces.
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Conference papers on the topic "Radiation Bias"

1

OYEDELE, J. A. "THE BIAS IN THICKNESS CALIBRATION EMPLOYING PENETRATING RADIATION." In Proceedings of the International Conference. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812810175_0038.

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Chavez, R., B. Rax, and A. Johnston. "Total Ionizing Dose Effects and Bias Dependence in Selected Bipolar Devices." In 2006 IEEE Radiation Effects Data Workshop. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/redw.2006.295467.

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Huang, Xuebo, Chenggen Quan, Joanne Chan, and Patrick Ng. "Investigation of bias radiation effect on PV cell measurement." In International Conference on Optics in Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology (icOPEN2013), edited by Chenggen Quan, Kemao Qian, and Anand Asundi. SPIE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2021519.

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Xie, Xinxin, Mu Qiao, Jiakai He, and Hongxin Xu. "Along-Scan Bias of Fengyun-3c Microwave Radiation Imager." In IGARSS 2019 - 2019 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2019.8900111.

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Singh, Omveer, Raj P. Dahiya, Hitendra K. Malik, and Parmod Kumar. "Influence of bias voltage on structural and optical properties of TiNx thin films." In ADVANCED MATERIALS AND RADIATION PHYSICS (AMRP-2015): 4th National Conference on Advanced Materials and Radiation Physics. AIP Publishing LLC, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4929266.

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Zhou, Xiao, Ping Luo, Linyan He, and Tiancheng Xiao. "Bias Effects on Power MOSFET in Total Dose Irradiation." In 2018 International Conference on Radiation Effects of Electronic Devices (ICREED). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icreed.2018.8905082.

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Oreopoulos, Lazaros, Steven E. Platnick, Gang Hong, Ping Yang, and Robert F. Cahalan. "The Shortwave Radiative Forcing Bias of Homogeneous Liquid and Ice Clouds Observed by MODIS." In CURRENT PROBLEMS IN ATMOSPHERIC RADIATION (IRS 2008): Proceedings of the International Radiation Symposium (IRC/IAMAS). American Institute of Physics, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3117049.

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Li, Lerenhan, Luxin Yan, Nong Sang, Changxin Gao, and Jing Hu. "Aero-thermal radiation correction via multi-scale bias field estimation." In 2015 3rd IAPR Asian Conference on Pattern Recognition (ACPR). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acpr.2015.7486503.

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Gopalakrishnan, Jaya Bharath, Thennarasan Sabapathy, Muzammil Jusoh, Hasliza A. Rahim, Muhammad Ramlee Kamarudin, and Ping Jack Soh. "Radiation Pattern Reconfigurable MIMO Antenna With Practical DC Bias Network." In 2022 IEEE Region 10 Symposium (TENSYMP). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tensymp54529.2022.9864567.

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Hatch, Joel M. "LM185 voltage reference radiation tests: Variable temperature and bias conditions." In 2011 12th European Conference on Radiation and Its Effects on Components and Systems (RADECS). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/radecs.2011.6131332.

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Reports on the topic "Radiation Bias"

1

Peterson, L. E., W. J. Schull, B. R. Davis, and P. A. Buffler. Information bias and lifetime mortality risks of radiation-induced cancer: Low LET radiation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10147822.

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Morley, Steven Karl. Alternatives to accuracy and bias metrics based on percentage errors for radiation belt modeling applications. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1260362.

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Garsa, Adam, Julie K. Jang, Sangita Baxi, Christine Chen, Olamigoke Akinniranye, Owen Hall, Jody Larkin, Aneesa Motala, Sydne Newberry, and Susanne Hempel. Radiation Therapy for Brain Metasases. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer242.

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Objective. This evidence report synthesizes the available evidence on radiation therapy for brain metastases. Data sources. We searched PubMed®, Embase®, Web of Science, Scopus, CINAHL®, clinicaltrials.gov, and published guidelines in July 2020; assessed independently submitted data; consulted with experts; and contacted authors. Review methods. The protocol was informed by Key Informants. The systematic review was supported by a Technical Expert Panel and is registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020168260). Two reviewers independently screened citations; data were abstracted by one reviewer and checked by an experienced reviewer. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and large observational studies (for safety assessments), evaluating whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT) and stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) alone or in combination, as initial or postoperative treatment, with or without systemic therapy for adults with brain metastases due to non-small cell lung cancer, breast cancer, or melanoma. Results. In total, 97 studies, reported in 190 publications, were identified, but the number of analyses was limited due to different intervention and comparator combinations as well as insufficient reporting of outcome data. Risk of bias varied; 25 trials were terminated early, predominantly due to poor accrual. Most studies evaluated WBRT, alone or in combination with SRS, as initial treatment; 10 RCTs reported on post-surgical interventions. The combination treatment SRS plus WBRT compared to SRS alone or WBRT alone showed no statistically significant difference in overall survival (hazard ratio [HR], 1.09; confidence interval [CI], 0.69 to 1.73; 4 RCTs; low strength of evidence [SoE]) or death due to brain metastases (relative risk [RR], 0.93; CI, 0.48 to 1.81; 3 RCTs; low SoE). Radiation therapy after surgery did not improve overall survival compared with surgery alone (HR, 0.98; CI, 0.76 to 1.26; 5 RCTs; moderate SoE). Data for quality of life, functional status, and cognitive effects were insufficient to determine effects of WBRT, SRS, or post-surgical interventions. We did not find systematic differences across interventions in serious adverse events radiation necrosis, fatigue, or seizures (all low or moderate SoE). WBRT plus systemic therapy (RR, 1.44; CI, 1.03 to 2.00; 14 studies; moderate SoE) was associated with increased risks for vomiting compared to WBRT alone. Conclusion. Despite the substantial research literature on radiation therapy, comparative effectiveness information is limited. There is a need for more data on patient-relevant outcomes such as quality of life, functional status, and cognitive effects.
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Fix, J. J., E. S. Gilbert, and W. V. Baumgartner. An assessment of bias and uncertainty in recorded dose from external sources of radiation for workers at the Hanford Site. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10177505.

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Saldanha, Ian J., Wangnan Cao, Justin M. Broyles, Gaelen P. Adam, Monika Reddy Bhuma, Shivani Mehta, Laura S. Dominici, Andrea L. Pusic, and Ethan M. Balk. Breast Reconstruction After Mastectomy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer245.

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Objectives. This systematic review evaluates breast reconstruction options for women after mastectomy for breast cancer (or breast cancer prophylaxis). We addressed six Key Questions (KQs): (1) implant-based reconstruction (IBR) versus autologous reconstruction (AR), (2) timing of IBR and AR in relation to chemotherapy and radiation therapy, (3) comparisons of implant materials, (4) comparisons of anatomic planes for IBR, (5) use versus nonuse of human acellular dermal matrices (ADMs) during IBR, and (6) comparisons of AR flap types. Data sources and review methods. We searched Medline®, Embase®, Cochrane CENTRAL, CINAHL®, and ClinicalTrials.gov from inception to March 23, 2021, to identify comparative and single group studies. We extracted study data into the Systematic Review Data Repository Plus (SRDR+). We assessed the risk of bias and evaluated the strength of evidence (SoE) using standard methods. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (registration number CRD42020193183). Results. We found 8 randomized controlled trials, 83 nonrandomized comparative studies, and 69 single group studies. Risk of bias was moderate to high for most studies. KQ1: Compared with IBR, AR is probably associated with clinically better patient satisfaction with breasts and sexual well-being but comparable general quality of life and psychosocial well-being (moderate SoE, all outcomes). AR probably poses a greater risk of deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism (moderate SoE), but IBR probably poses a greater risk of reconstructive failure in the long term (1.5 to 4 years) (moderate SoE) and may pose a greater risk of breast seroma (low SoE). KQ 2: Conducting IBR either before or after radiation therapy may result in comparable physical well-being, psychosocial well-being, sexual well-being, and patient satisfaction with breasts (all low SoE), and probably results in comparable risks of implant failure/loss or need for explant surgery (moderate SoE). We found no evidence addressing timing of IBR or AR in relation to chemotherapy or timing of AR in relation to radiation therapy. KQ 3: Silicone and saline implants may result in clinically comparable patient satisfaction with breasts (low SoE). There is insufficient evidence regarding double lumen implants. KQ 4: Whether the implant is placed in the prepectoral or total submuscular plane may not be associated with risk of infections that are not explicitly implant related (low SoE). There is insufficient evidence addressing the comparisons between prepectoral and partial submuscular and between partial and total submuscular planes. KQ 5: The evidence is inconsistent regarding whether human ADM use during IBR impacts physical well-being, psychosocial well-being, or satisfaction with breasts. However, ADM use probably increases the risk of implant failure/loss or need for explant surgery (moderate SoE) and may increase the risk of infections not explicitly implant related (low SoE). Whether or not ADM is used probably is associated with comparable risks of seroma and unplanned repeat surgeries for revision (moderate SoE for both), and possibly necrosis (low SoE). KQ 6: AR with either transverse rectus abdominis (TRAM) or deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flaps may result in comparable patient satisfaction with breasts (low SoE), but TRAM flaps probably increase the risk of harms to the area of flap harvest (moderate SoE). AR with either DIEP or latissimus dorsi flaps may result in comparable patient satisfaction with breasts (low SoE), but there is insufficient evidence regarding thromboembolic events and no evidence regarding other surgical complications. Conclusion. Evidence regarding surgical breast reconstruction options is largely insufficient or of only low or moderate SoE. New high-quality research is needed, especially for timing of IBR and AR in relation to chemotherapy and radiation therapy, for comparisons of implant materials, and for comparisons of anatomic planes of implant placement.
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Dahm, Philipp, Michelle Brasure, Elizabeth Ester, Eric J. Linskens, Roderick MacDonald, Victoria A. Nelson, Charles Ryan, et al. Therapies for Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer230.

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Objective. To update findings from previous Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)- and American Urological Association (AUA) funded reviews evaluating therapies for clinically localized prostate cancer (CLPC). Sources. Bibliographic databases (2013–January 2020); ClinicalTrials.gov; systematic reviews Methods. Controlled studies of CLPC treatments with duration ≥5 years for mortality and metastases and ≥1 year for quality of life and harms. One investigator rated risk of bias (RoB), extracted data, and assessed certainty of evidence; a second checked accuracy. We analyzed English-language studies with low or medium RoB. We incorporated findings from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) identified in the prior reviews if new RCTs provided information on the same intervention comparison. Results. We identified 67 eligible references; 17 were unique RCTs. Among clinically rather than prostate specific antigen (PSA) detected CLPC, Watchful Waiting (WW) may increase mortality and metastases versus Radical Prostatectomy (RP) at 20+ years. Urinary and erectile dysfunction were lower with WW versus RP. WW’s effect on mortality may vary by tumor risk and age but not by race, health status, comorbidities, or PSA. Active Monitoring (AM) probably results in little to no difference in mortality in PSA detected CLPC versus RP or external beam radiation (EBR) plus Androgen Deprivation (AD) regardless of tumor risk. Metastases were slightly higher with AM. Harms were greater with RP than AM and mixed between EBR plus AD versus AM. 3D-conformal EBR and AD plus low-dose-rate brachytherapy (BT) provided a small reduction in all-cause mortality versus three dimensional conformal EBR and AD but little to no difference on metastases. EBR plus AD versus EBR alone may result in a small reduction in mortality and metastases in higher risk disease but may increase sexual harms. EBR plus neoadjuvant AD versus EBR plus concurrent AD may result in little to no difference in mortality and genitourinary toxicity. Conventionally fractionated EBR versus ultrahypofractionated EBR may result in little to no difference in mortality and metastases and urinary and bowel toxicity. Active Surveillance may result in fewer harms than photodynamic therapy and laparoscopic RP may result in more harms than robotic-assisted RP. Little information exists on other treatments. No studies assessed provider or hospital factors of RP comparative effectiveness. Conclusions. RP reduces mortality versus WW in clinically detected CLPC but causes more harms. Effectiveness may be limited to younger men or to those with intermediate risk disease and requires many years to occur. AM results in little to no mortality difference versus RP or EBR plus AD. EBR plus AD reduces mortality versus EBR alone in higher risk CLPC but may worsen sexual function. Adding low-dose-rate BT to 3D-conformal EBR and AD may reduce mortality in higher risk CLPC. RCTs in PSA-detected and MRI staged CLPC are needed.
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Grdina, D. J., J. L. Schwartz, and N. Shigematsu. Protection against radiation-induced mutations at the hprt locus by spermine and N,N{double_prime}-(dithiodi-2,1-ethanediyl)bis-1,3-propanediamine (WR-33278). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10184595.

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Grdina, D. J., N. Shigematsu, and J. L. Schwartz. Protection against radiation-induced mutations at the hprt locus by spermine and N,N{double_prime}-(dithiodi-2,1-ethanediyl)bis-1,3-propanediamine (WR-33278). WR-33278 and spermine protect against mutation induction. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10172494.

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