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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 January 2023

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1

Helms, John A. "Radiata Pine." Journal of Forestry 117, no. 2 (February 19, 2019): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jofore/fvy076.

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2

Plugatar, Yu V., T. M. Sakhno, I. V. Bulavin, O. M. Shevchuk, and S. A. Feskov. "Morphology, anatomy and essential oil characterization of Pinus radiata needles in the conditions of the Southern Coast of the Crimea." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 843, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/843/1/012046.

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Abstract The paper presents data on the dendrometric parameters, a needle anatomy and an essential oil characterization of a radiate pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) in the conditions of the Southern Coast of the Crimea. The research was carried out on the model trees (age 70-80 years) growing in the territory of the Montedor Park. For research collected pine needles radiant cuts were made on the freezing microtome (MZ-2, Ukraine), were stained with Sudan III and examined with a light microscope Mikmed-5 (LOMO, Russia) equipped with a digital camera MS-3 (LOMO, Russia). The essential oil from the needles was extracted by hydrodistillation on Ginsberg devices and examined on a gas chromatograph 6890N (Agilent Technology, USA). The studies showed that radiata pine trees achieve their genetically determined parameters, compared to those in the nature habitats in Monterey (California, USA). A needle anatomical investigation clearly demonstrated typical structure. In the essential oil composition, predominance of monoterpenes, in particular a-and (3-pinenes with a large content of the latter was demonstrated. The peculiarity of P. radiata essential oil under the conditions of the Southern Coast of the Crimea, compared to some other regions, was the presence of limonene, which determined the stronger coniferous smell.
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3

Gordon, Thomas R., Dorothy Okamoto, Andrew J. Storer, and David L. Wood. "Surfactants Improve the Susceptibility of Five Landscape Pines to Pitch Canker Disease, Caused by Fusarium subglutinans f. sp. pini." HortTechnology 9, no. 1 (January 1999): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.9.1.132.

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Pitch canker, caused by Fusarium subglutinans f. sp. pini, causes branch die-back and stem cankers in many species of pine. Monterey pine (Pinus radiata D. Don), one of the most widely planted pines in the world, is extremely susceptible to pitch canker. Four other pine species, which might serve as alternatives to Monterey pine in landscape settings, were found to be relatively resistant, based on the size of lesions resulting from branch inoculations under greenhouse conditions. Of these species, Japanese black pine (P. thunbergiana Franco) was the most resistant, followed by Canary Island pine (P. canariensis Sweet ex K. Spreng), Italian stone pine (P. pinea L.), and Aleppo pine (P. halepensis Mill.). Consistent with these findings, a field survey conducted in Alameda County, Calif., revealed Monterey pine to have the highest incidence of infection, with significantly lower levels in Aleppo, Canary Island, and Italian stone pines. Japanese black pine was not observed in the survey area.
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4

Gordon, Thomas R., Dorothy Okamoto, Andrew J. Storer, and David L. Wood. "Susceptibility of Five Landscape Pines to Pitch Canker Disease, Caused by Fusarium subglutinans f. sp. pini." HortScience 33, no. 5 (August 1998): 868–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.5.868.

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Pitch canker, caused by Fusarium subglutinans f. sp. pini, causes branch dieback and stem cankers in many species of pine. Monterey pine (Pinus radiata D. Don), one of the most widely planted pines in the world, is extremely susceptible to pitch canker. Four other pine species, which might serve as alternatives to Monterey pine in landscape settings, were found to be relatively resistant, based on the size of lesions resulting from branch inoculations under greenhouse conditions. Of these species, Japanese black pine (P. thunbergiana Franco) was the most resistant, followed by Canary Island pine (P. canariensis Sweet ex K. Spreng), Italian stone pine (P. pinea L.), and Aleppo pine (P. halepensis Mill.). Consistent with these findings, a field survey conducted in Alameda County, Calif., revealed Monterey pine to have the highest incidence of infection, with significantly lower levels in Aleppo, Canary Island, and Italian stone pines. Japanese black pine was not observed in the survey area.
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5

Graham, Natalie, Emily Telfer, Tancred Frickey, Gancho Slavov, Ahmed Ismael, Jaroslav Klápště, and Heidi Dungey. "Development and Validation of a 36K SNP Array for Radiata Pine (Pinus radiata D.Don)." Forests 13, no. 2 (January 24, 2022): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13020176.

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Radiata pine (Pinus radiata D.Don) is one of the world’s most domesticated pines and a key economic species in New Zealand. Thus, the development of genomic resources for radiata pine has been a high priority for both research and commercial breeding. Leveraging off a previously developed exome capture panel, we tested the performance of 438,744 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on a screening array (NZPRAD01) and then selected 36,285 SNPs for a final genotyping array (NZPRAD02). These SNPs aligned to 15,372 scaffolds from the Pinus taeda L. v. 1.01e assembly, and 20,039 contigs from the radiata pine transcriptome assembly. The genotyping array was tested on more than 8000 samples, including material from archival progenitors, current breeding trials, nursery material, clonal lines, and material from Australia. Our analyses indicate that the array is performing well, with sample call rates greater than 98% and a sample reproducibility of 99.9%. Genotyping in two linkage mapping families indicated that the SNPs are well distributed across the 12 linkage groups. Using genotypic data from this array, we were also able to differentiate representatives of the five recognized provenances of radiata pine, Año Nuevo, Monterey, Cambria, Cedros and Guadalupe. Furthermore, principal component analysis of genotyped trees revealed clear patterns of population structure, with the primary axis of variation driven by provenance ancestry and the secondary axis reflecting breeding activities. This represents the first commercial use of genomics in a radiata pine breeding program.
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6

Qin, Ye, Fei Qi, Zhiping Wang, Xianbao Cheng, Botao Li, Anmin Huang, and Ru Liu. "Comparison on Reduction of VOCs Emissions from Radiata Pine (Pinus Radiata D. Don) between Sodium Bicarbonate and Ozone Treatments." Molecules 25, no. 3 (January 22, 2020): 471. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25030471.

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Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in wood furniture are an important factor that affects indoor air quality. In this study, radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) was treated with sodium bicarbonate and ozone aqueous solution to reduce the VOC contents without sacrificing mechanical properties. The VOCs of radiata pine were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and the functional group changes of wood samples were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results showed that the main VOCs of radiata pine include alkenes, aldehydes, and esters. The sodium bicarbonate and ozone treatments almost eliminated the VOC contents of radiata pine. The two treatments mentioned above had little effect on compressive strength and surface color of radiata pine.
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7

Wilkes, P., and L. J. Bren. "Radiata pine pruning technology." Australian Forestry 49, no. 3 (January 1986): 172–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.1986.11978489.

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8

Liu, Hua Wu, Ping Xu, and Kai Fang Xie. "Modelling the Grain Pattern and Orientation in Radiata Pine Boards." Advanced Materials Research 189-193 (February 2011): 1737–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.189-193.1737.

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This study developed new algorithms to simulate the grain pattern and orientation of radiata pine boards based on the geometrical and growth features of radiata pine trees. Scenario simulation is presented in the article. The established methodology offers insights for sawmills to establish feasible log breakdown strategies and maximize radiata pine timber value.
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9

Bloomberg, M., J. R. Sedcole, E. G. Mason, and G. Buchan. "Hydrothermal time germination models for radiata pine (Pinus radiataD. Don)." Seed Science Research 19, no. 3 (September 2009): 171–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960258509990031.

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AbstractThe objective of this study was to fit a hydrothermal germination model to germination data for a seedlot of radiata pine (Pinus radiataD. Don). Seeds were incubated for 50 d at constant temperatures and water potentials (T = 12.5–32.5°C, Ψ = 0 to − 1.2 MPa). Most seeds completed germination within 50 d, but for low Ψ and/or non-optimal temperatures (T < 17.5°C,T>25°C) many seeds did not complete germination. In general, germination data conformed to the hydrothermal model. Departures from the model were encountered for slow-germinating seeds at suboptimal temperatures (T ≤ 20°C). To account for these departures, two alternative hydrothermal models were fitted with an additional term for an upwards shift in seed base water potential with increasing time to germination. The alternative models more correctly predicted germination time than the original model. Similarly, reduced percentage germination at supra-optimal temperatures (T>20°C) was explained by including a term in the hydrothermal model which shifted the base water potential of seeds upwards towards zero, which in turn reduced the predicted rate that hydrothermal time would be accumulated by seeds. The rate of this upwards shift in base water potential was dependent on time to complete germination and ambient water potential as well as supra-optimal temperature.
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10

Dean, C. A., P. P. Cotterill, and R. D. Burdon. "Early Selection of Radiata Pine." Silvae Genetica 55, no. 1-6 (December 1, 2006): 182–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sg-2006-0025.

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Abstract Additive genetic, dominance genetic and phenotypic variances and corresponding correlations were estimated for growth data collected from disconnected half-diallel progeny trials involving 25 Pinus radiata D. DON parents and replicated across two sites in central North Island, New Zealand. Sectional area of stem was measured at three, seven, 10 and 13 years after planting at both sites, and height at three and 10 years at one site. Sectional area at three years exhibited similar levels of estimated additive (σA2) and dominance (σD2) genetic variance. However, levels of σD2 remained approximately constant between three and 13 years while σA2 increased substantially. Thus, sectional-area growth changed from being under equal additive and dominance genetic control at three years to almost complete additive genetic control from seven to 13 years. The greater increase in additive variance relative to phenotypic variance led to increases in individual heritability from 0.16 to 0.28 to 0.35 for sectional-area increments between 3-7, 7-10 and 10-13 years, respectively. Height growth exhibited negligible levels of σD2 for the three- and 10-year measurements. The early sectional-area increment between 3-7 years showed an estimated additive genetic correlation of 0.87 with “mature” sectional area at 13 years. Subsequent sectional-area increments between 7-10 and 10-13 years showed estimates of additive genetic correlations of 0.99 with sectional area at 13 years. Dominance genetic correlations were much lower in magnitude, reflecting inconsistent dominance effects over time.
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11

Riley, S., and R. Sargent. "Optimizing radiata pine drying schedules." Wood Material Science and Engineering 6, no. 1-2 (March 2011): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2010.515033.

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12

Buchanan, Andrew H., and James C. Lai. "Glulam rivets in radiata pine." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 21, no. 2 (April 1, 1994): 340–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l94-034.

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Glulam rivets are special nails for making high strength connections in timber structures. This paper describes an investigation of glulam rivet behaviour in radiata pine timber grown in New Zealand. Test results are compared with those on Canadian species, and with several international codes. The European yield theory is shown to give excellent prediction of glulam rivet strength in those connections where wood tension failures do not occur. Simple techniques for obtaining rivet bending strength and wood embedment strength are described, to provide input to the yield theory equations. Key words: fastenings, glulam, laminated, nails, pine, radiata, rivets, timber, wood.
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13

Muir, John A., and Fields W. Cobb, Jr. "Infection of radiata and bishop pine by Mycosphaerella pini in California." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35, no. 11 (November 1, 2005): 2529–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x05-165.

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Infection of radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) and bishop pine (Pinus muricata D. Don) by Myco sphaerella pini Rostr. in Munk was determined on needles of infected forest trees in central to northern coastal California. Conidia from infected trees were used to inoculate radiata pine seedlings maintained in constant and (or) fluctuating moisture and temperature regimes. On needles of radiata pine but not bishop pine plantation trees, most conidial germ tubes grew directly towards and entered the nearest epistomatal opening. On inoculated radiata pine seedlings in infection chambers, germ tubes grew haphazardly and few entered openings. Germ tubes entered epistomatal openings more often on abaxial than adaxial needle surfaces of both plantation trees and inoculated seedlings, and more lesions developed on the abaxial surface. Simple hyphae penetrated through epistomatal chambers, between guard cells, and into substomatal chambers. On radiata pine plantation trees, germ tubes that penetrated below guard cells occasionally formed substomatal vesicles. On needles of northern race bishop pine that had few disease lesions per needle, substomatal vesicles were common and frequently partially disintegrated. On seedlings, "water-soaked" spots formed 5 days after hyphae of the fungus penetrated slightly below guard cells. Development of typical lesions was delayed when seedlings were initially exposed to up to 16 days of continuous mist spray and then kept dry for 8 weeks. Penetration on inoculated seedlings was significantly greater in a variable than in a constant air temperature regime on abaxial needle surfaces, and greater in 24 h/day than in a 16 h/day exposure of seedlings to mist spray. In both temperature regimes more needles were infected on seedlings exposed to 24 h/day mist spray and fewest were infected in the variable temperature, 16 h/day moisture regime.
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14

Espinoza, S., C. R. Magni, V. Martínez, W. Gapare, and C. Cordero. "Genetic diversity and differentiation of Chilean plantations of Pinus radiata D. Don using microsatellite DNA markers." Silvae Genetica 61, no. 1-6 (December 1, 2012): 221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sg-2012-0028.

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AbstractRadiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) is the most important tree species in Chilean forest economy that was introduced to the country in 1892. Despite its economical end ecological relevance, no information about its genetic diversity is today available. Forty individuals of P. radiata, representing all populations in the Chilean radiata pine breeding program were genotyped with five microsatellite loci in order to determine genetic diversity and structure of Chilean plantations. The results of genetic diversity indicated that, after its introduction and mass planting, Chilean plantations of P. radiata has retained levels of genetic diversity similar to those of the natural populations of the species (HE=0.87, A=11.4). Genetic differentiation among populations (FST=0.04) was low, which means that the genetic variation present in radiata pine in Chile is partitioned among populations, indicating they are poorly differentiated. The structure analysis indicated the genetic base of the present plantations in Chile comes only from one provenance of the native populations. The genetic information provided important implications for the future breeding programs of P. radiata in Chile.
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15

Baker, Andrew C., Brad R. Murray, and Grant C. Hose. "Relating pine-litter intrusion to plant-community structure in native eucalypt woodland adjacent to Pinus radiata (Pinaceae) plantations." Australian Journal of Botany 55, no. 5 (2007): 521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt06135.

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Radiata pine (Pinus radiata D.Don) plantations are often found in close proximity to vegetation set aside for biodiversity conservation. We examined the intrusive effects of radiata pine beyond the confines of plantations by quantifying the penetration of pine litter (needles, cones, twigs and seeds) and wildings from plantations into adjacent eucalypt woodland in the Jenolan Caves Karst Conservation Reserve (south-eastern Australia). We then investigated the relationship between pine-litter intrusion and plant-community structure in adjacent woodland vegetation. We found significantly higher quantities of pine litter and wildings at all sites adjacent to plantations than at reference woodland sites that were not adjacent to plantations. At adjacent sites, pine litter decreased significantly with increasing distance from plantations. Alarmingly, native plant species richness declined and exotic plant species richness increased with increasing quantities of pine litter. Thus, there were fewer native plant species and more exotics in areas bordering pine plantations. Our findings suggest a potentially important link between the intrusion of pine litter and a loss of native biodiversity and facilitation of exotic-species invasion. We suggest the provision of a buffer zone around plantations in order to minimise intrusive impacts of plantations on native biodiversity.
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16

Ade, Carsten P., Felix Bemm, James M. J. Dickson, Christian Walter, and Philip J. Harris. "Family 34 glycosyltransferase (GT34) genes and proteins inPinus radiata(radiata pine) andPinus taeda(loblolly pine)." Plant Journal 78, no. 2 (March 26, 2014): 305–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tpj.12468.

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17

Zamora-Ballesteros, Cristina, Gloria Pinto, Joana Amaral, Luis Valledor, Artur Alves, Julio J. Diez, and Jorge Martín-García. "Dual RNA-Sequencing Analysis of Resistant (Pinus pinea) and Susceptible (Pinus radiata) Hosts during Fusarium circinatum Challenge." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 10 (May 15, 2021): 5231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22105231.

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Fusarium circinatum causes one of the most important diseases of conifers worldwide, the pine pitch canker (PPC). However, no effective field intervention measures aiming to control or eradicate PPC are available. Due to the variation in host genetic resistance, the development of resistant varieties is postulated as a viable and promising strategy. By using an integrated approach, this study aimed to identify differences in the molecular responses and physiological traits of the highly susceptible Pinus radiata and the highly resistant Pinus pinea to F. circinatum at an early stage of infection. Dual RNA-Seq analysis also allowed to evaluate pathogen behavior when infecting each pine species. No significant changes in the physiological analysis were found upon pathogen infection, although transcriptional reprogramming was observed mainly in the resistant species. The transcriptome profiling of P. pinea revealed an early perception of the pathogen infection together with a strong and coordinated defense activation through the reinforcement and lignification of the cell wall, the antioxidant activity, the induction of PR genes, and the biosynthesis of defense hormones. On the contrary, P. radiata had a weaker response, possibly due to impaired perception of the fungal infection that led to a reduced downstream defense signaling. Fusarium circinatum showed a different transcriptomic profile depending on the pine species being infected. While in P. pinea, the pathogen focused on the degradation of plant cell walls, active uptake of the plant nutrients was showed in P. radiata. These findings present useful knowledge for the development of breeding programs to manage PPC.
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18

Steers, Robert J., Susan L. Fritzke, Jen J. Rogers, James Cartan, and Kaitlyn Hacker. "Invasive Pine Tree Effects on Northern Coastal Scrub Structure and Composition." Invasive Plant Science and Management 6, no. 2 (June 2013): 231–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ipsm-d-12-00044.1.

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AbstractVegetation that becomes overtopped usually experiences a decrease in abundance or species richness. When an overtopping plant alters the physiognomy of the existing vegetation (e.g., trees invading a shrubland), ecosystem processes can also be dramatically altered. Worldwide, Monterey pine (Pinus radiata) cultivars have been planted in Mediterranean-like climates and are known to invade surrounding natural communities. Ecological impacts resulting from these invasions have been widely investigated; however, the effects from solitary pine trees on the vegetation they overtop are lacking. Furthermore, studies on the impact of P. radiata cultivars from the California floristic province, where P. radiata is native, do not exist. In coastal California, north of the present-day range of native P. radiata stands, cultivars of this species have invaded northern coastal scrub vegetation. To determine the impact of pine invasion on species richness and structure in this habitat, floristic surveys were conducted in 20 blocks that consisted of invaded and uninvaded plots. An invaded plot contained two subplots located under the canopy of an isolated pine tree, whereas a paired, uninvaded plot contained two subplots located in coastal scrub adjacent to each pine. Pine trees selected ranged in size from 2.8 to 119 cm (1.1 to 46.9 in) basal diameter. Our results demonstrate that understory native cover and species richness are negatively correlated with tree size. Understory exotic plant cover and richness of species other than P. radiata did not show any correlation with tree size, mainly because exotic plants had a very low abundance overall.
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19

Xu, Ping, and J. C. F. Walker. "Stiffness gradients in radiata pine trees." Wood Science and Technology 38, no. 1 (April 1, 2004): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00226-003-0188-2.

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20

Chen, C. R., L. M. Condron, B. L. Turner, N. Mahieu, M. R. Davis, Z. H. Xu, and R. R. Sherlock. "Mineralisation of soil orthophosphate monoesters under pine seedlings and ryegrass." Soil Research 42, no. 2 (2004): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr03018.

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The effects of radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) seedlings and ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) on the mineralisation of orthophosphate monoesters in 7 grassland soils were assessed in a 10-month pot trial using NaOH–EDTA extraction and solution 31P NMR spectroscopy. Extraction with NaOH–EDTA recovered 46–86% of the total soil P, and NaOH–EDTA-extractable organic P determined by molybdate colourimetry ranged between 194 and 715 mg/kg soil, representing 34–85% of the total soil organic P. Orthophosphate monoesters were the predominant species of the extracted organic P in all soils, with much smaller concentrations of orthophosphate diesters, and traces of phosphonates. Concentrations of orthophosphate monoesters were consistently lower in soils under pine (103–480 mg P/kg soil) compared with the initial soils (142–598 mg P/kg soil) and most soils under grass (122–679 mg/kg soil). Mineralisation of myo-inositol hexakisphosphate accounted for 18–100% of the total mineralisation of orthophosphate monoesters in most soils under radiata pine. This suggests that supposedly recalcitrant inositol phosphates are available for uptake by radiata pine, although the extent of this varies among soils.
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21

McDonald, Armando G., Marc Fernandez, Bernhard Kreber, and Frank Laytner. "The Chemical Nature of Kiln Brown Stain in Radiata Pine." Holzforschung 54, no. 1 (January 28, 2000): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2000.003.

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Summary This paper presents results of a study on the chemical nature of kiln brown stain (KBS) that develops in kiln dried radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) sapwood. KBS is a chocolate brown discolouration which develops approximately 0.5 mm under the timber surface. Stain free radiata pine was achieved during drying trials on “green” radiata pine sapwood which had been treated to extensive cold and hot water extraction. Differences in chemical composition between the sap and hot water extract were observed. Chemical analyses (of the water-soluble extracts) by a combination of chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques, demonstrated that carbohydrates, cyclitols, amino acids, protein, and phenolics were the main compound classes present. The presence of reducing sugars (glucose and fructose) and amino acids (glutamic acid) in the sap and hot water extracts support the theory that Amadori-Maillard type reactions significantly contribute to the formation of colour in KBS. Furthermore, lignin was also detected and is suspected to contribute to KBS formation. The relative contributions of colour formation to KBS intensity from either phenolics or Maillard-Amadori mechanisms is unknown.
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22

Thumm, Armin, and Roger Meder. "Stiffness Prediction of Radiata Pine Clearwood Test Pieces Using near Infrared Spectroscopy." Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy 9, no. 2 (March 2001): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1255/jnirs.298.

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Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has been used to predict the modulus of elasticity (stiffness) of samples taken from knot-free sapwood specimens of radiata pine ( Pinus radiata D. Don). The method shows the potential of using NIR spectroscopy for assessment of lumber stiffness. A model based on NIR spectra taken on the radial face of 404 samples of radiata pine clearwood was established to predict stiffness. Samples were moved past the detector at a rate of 900 mm min−1. This model then was used to predict the stiffness of a further 80 samples and the results show an error in prediction of 14% of the mean measured value.
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23

Yazaki, Yoshikazu. "Utilization of Flavonoid Compounds from Bark and Wood: A Review." Natural Product Communications 10, no. 3 (March 2015): 1934578X1501000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1501000333.

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Flavonoid compounds, which are extracted from bark and wood and used commercially, are flavan 3-ols as monomers and their polymers, which are called “condensed tannins”. Reactions of the condensed tannins with formaldehyde are the basis for wood adhesives. In the late 1940s, tannin research for wood adhesives was begun and the world-first commercial use of wattle tannin from black wattle ( Acacia mearnsii) bark as wood adhesives occurred in Australia in the 1960s. In addition, wattle tannin-based adhesives were further developed in South Africa and the uses of these adhesives have been continuing to date. The success of wattle tannin in wood adhesives is demonstrated by the collaboration of the ACIAR with the CAF in the early 1990s. Although radiata pine bark ( Pinus radiata) could be a useful resource for the production of wood adhesives, three problems prevented its use in this application: low extractive yields from the bark, variable quality of the tannin extracts and excessive viscosity of the formulated tannin adhesives. In order to overcome these problems, various extraction methods have been proposed. Studies on tannin adhesives from bark of other pine species are also described. Furthermore, the use of the tannin in the bark without extraction is described as “bark adhesives” from radiata pine and black wattle. The use of radiata tannin without formaldehyde for moulded wood products is also described. Owing to the strong antioxidant activity of flavonoid compounds, bark extracts from French maritime pine ( Pinus pinaster, synonym P. maritima) and radiata pine have been commercialized as nutritional supplements: Pycnogenol and Enzogenol, respectively. The background and the development of Pycnogenol and the basic difference in the preparation processes between Pycnogenol and Enzogenol are described. On the basis of the discovery that the SOSA value for wattle tannin is approximately 10 times that of extracts from pine bark supplements (Pycnogenol and Enzogenol), chemical, biochemical and clinical studies on wattle tannin were conducted. Results from these studies are outlined. Wattle tannin has been developed as a nutritional supplement and marketed as Acapolia in Japan.
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24

Widmer, Timothy L., and Stephen C. Dodge. "Infection of Select Pinaceae and Cupressaceae Seedlings to Phytophthora pinifolia." Plant Health Progress 20, no. 2 (January 1, 2019): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-02-19-0011-rs.

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Phytophthora pinifolia caused a devastating disease on Monterey pine (Pinus radiata) in Chile. This pathogen has not been reported in the United States, but there is concern should it arrive. There is little information regarding other hosts besides Monterey pine that may be susceptible to this pathogen. In the present study, other potential hosts within the Pinaceae and Cupressaceae were inoculated with zoospores of P. pinifolia and observed for symptoms and infection after 4 weeks. Similar to Monterey pine, knobcone (Pinus attenuata), bishop (P. muricata), and ponderosa (P. ponderosa) pines were highly infectious, whereas several important species such as loblolly pine (P. taeda) and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) showed no infection. P. pinifolia was also not recovered from slash (Pinus elliottii) and eastern white (P. strobus) pines. This study is important because it demonstrates other economically important tree hosts are at risk by P. pinifolia, should it enter the United States.
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25

Srinivasan, Narayana, Debes Bhattacharyya, and Krishnan Jayaraman. "Thermoforming of wood veneer composite sheets." Holzforschung 61, no. 5 (August 1, 2007): 558–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2007.105.

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Abstract Thermoforming of wood veneers into profiles is a novel idea and the focus of this paper is to study the formability characteristics of thin radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) veneers, which are generally used as surface coverings. Radiata pine is well suited as a raw material for furniture, joinery, and interior architectural products. This is because it has excellent turning, shaping, and laminating properties and readily achieves brilliant stain and paint finishes. In this study, radiata pine veneers were softened by immersion in a hot water bath and then thermoformed by means of heated dies/moulds. The formability characteristics were investigated by conducting single-curvature V-bending tests. The influence of the forming method on the shape conformance of softened veneers under single- and multiple-bend conditions was examined. The paper also discusses the influences of manufacturing parameters that include the softening method, the die temperature, the duration of forming, the ratio of bend radius to veneer thickness, and the veneer architecture. The study clearly establishes the feasibility of forming veneers into multi-bend products in a semi-continuous manner using matched dies.
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Dick, M. A., and K. Dobbie. "Species of Fusarium on Pinus radiata in New Zealand." New Zealand Plant Protection 55 (August 1, 2002): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2002.55.3919.

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The common diseases of pines caused by Fusarium species in New Zealand are dampingoff and root rot disorders of seedlings in forest nurseries The emergence of pine pitch canker disease caused by Fusarium subglutinans f sp pini as a serious threat to Pinus radiata plantations has increased the need for an awareness of the species associated with pines in New Zealand Standard morphological procedures were used to identify Fusarium cultures isolated from diseased pines and from soil in forest nurseries Fusarium oxysporum and F solani were the most commonly found species in bareroot P radiata nurseries and were obtained from both seedlings and from soil The species most frequently obtained from branches and needles of older trees in plantations were F avenaceum and F sambucinum but these were not associated with serious disease
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27

Palanti, Sabrina, Federico Stefani, Monica Andrenacci, Marco Faimali, Irene Guarneri, Marco Sigovini, and Davide Tagliapietra. "Biological Resistance of Acetylated Radiata Pine, European Beech, and MDF against Marine Borers at Three Italian Sites after Five Years Immersion." Forests 13, no. 5 (April 20, 2022): 636. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13050636.

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The aim of this research was to determine the resistance of acetylated wood against marine biodeterioration in use class 5 for use in temperate waters. The resistance of acetylated radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) on solid and medium-density fiberboard (MDF) panels was compared with untreated wood of European species, such as European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.), European oak (Quercus robur L.), and marine plywood. As a reference control, untreated Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) sapwood was used. The field tests were carried out in accordance with EN 275, and started in April 2015. The three Italian exposure sites were Marine of Scarlino private harbor, Port of Genoa, and the Venice Lagoon. Final evaluation in 2021 showed a greater resistance to marine borers of acetylated wood, radiata pine, and beech and MDF panels. However, the untreated European species showed low resistance against marine organisms, with complete decay after the first year of exposure.
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28

Sechi, C., S. Seddaiu, B. T. Linaldeddu, A. Franceschini, and B. Scanu. "Dieback and Mortality of Pinus radiata Trees in Italy Associated with Phytophthora cryptogea." Plant Disease 98, no. 1 (January 2014): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-13-0572-pdn.

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Pinus radiata D. Don is a forest tree species native to the Monterey Baja in California. Due to its rapid growth and desirable lumber and pulp qualities, between 1960 and 1980, about 12,000 ha of P. radiata were planted in Sardinia, Italy. The only disease reported on this conifer species has been Diplodia pinea, which causes tip and branch dieback (3). In January 2012, dieback and mortality of 25-year-old radiata pine trees were observed in a reforestation area of about 20 ha located in northern Sardinia (40°43′N, 9°22′E, 600 m a.s.l.). Symptoms included chlorosis, reddish-brown discoloration of the whole crown or dieback starting in the upper crown and progressing downward through the crown, and necrotic bark tissues at root collar. Approximately 25% of the trees were affected. In a first attempt, a Phytophthora species was consistently isolated from the rhizosphere of 23 symptomatic trees, which included necrotic fine roots using oak leaves as bait (4). Afterwards, it was also isolated from phloem samples taken from the margins of fresh lesions at the stem base and upper roots of affected trees using synthetic mucor agar medium (1). Isolation from soil samples of six healthy pine trees randomly selected in the site did not yield any Phytophthora isolate. On carrot agar (CA), Phytophthora colonies were stellate to slightly radiate with limited aerial mycelium. Sporangia were obpiryform, non-papillate, and non-caducous, measuring 46.9 to 51.2 × 29.1 to 32.6 μm (l:b ratio 1.9). Hyphal swellings were formed in chains or clusters; chlamydospores were not observed. These isolates had cardinal temperatures of <5°C, 25°C, and 35°C, respectively. Their morphological and cultural features were typical of Phytophthora cryptogea Pethybridge & Lafferty. They were heterothallic and produced oogonia with amphyginous antheridia when paired with an A2 mating type tester strain of P. cryptogea. This identity was corroborated by sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rDNA. BLAST searches showed 99% homology with sequences of P. cryptogea available in GenBank (DQ479410 and HQ697245). The ITS sequence of a representative isolate (PH101) was submitted to GenBank (Accession Nos. KC603895). The strain PH101 was stored in the culture collection of the Department of Agriculture at the University of Sassari. Pathogenicity of isolate PH101 was verified by inoculating five freshly cut logs of radiata pine (1 m long and 15 cm diam.) with a 5-mm agar plug taken from the margin of 4-day-old culture grown on CA (4). The plug was inserted in a 5-mm hole made through the bark with a cork borer. Five control logs were inoculated with sterile CA. All logs were incubated in a growth chamber at 20°C. Phloem lesion sizes were assessed after 1 month and measured 9.7 ± 5.5 cm2 (average ± standard deviation). Control logs had no lesions. The pathogen was re-isolated from the lesions, thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. P. cryptogea has been previously reported in Australia, causing decline of radiata pine trees in wet and flooded soils (2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. cryptogea on P. radiata trees in Europe. References: (1) C. M. Brasier and S. A. Kirk. Plant Pathol. 50:218, 2001. (2) M. Bumbieris. Aust. J. Bot. 24:703, 1976. (3) A. Franceschini et al. Informatore Fitopatologico 1:54, 2006. (4) B. Scanu et al. For. Pathol. 43:340, 2013.
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29

Lefort, M. C., A. C. McKinnon, T. L. Nelson, and T. R. Glare. "Natural occurrence of the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana as a vertically transmitted endophyte of Pinus radiata and its effect on above and belowground insect pests." New Zealand Plant Protection 69 (January 8, 2016): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2016.69.5917.

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The New Zealand forest industry would greatly benefit from a successful way of controlling insect pests The entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana could hold such potential It has previously been shown to be capable of endophytic colonisation of the Monterey pine Pinus radiata We investigated B bassiana transmission in P radiata and whether this fungus while acting as an endophyte was beneficial to this tree species by testing its effect on above and belowground insect feeders Beauveria bassiana was detected in P radiata seedlings which had not previously been exposed to the fungus indicating a vertical mode of transmission The presence of the fungus negatively affected the fitness of belowground insects feeding on the plant by reducing their survival by over 10 and their weight by about 5 This verticallytransmitted beneficial endophyte of pine could be used costeffectively to control insect pests in commerciallygrown P radiata plantations
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30

Cabezas-Romero, José Luis, Linette Salvo-Sepúlveda, Helga Contreras-Moraga, Natalia Pérez-Peña, Víctor Sepúlveda-Villarroel, Maximilian Wentzel, and Rubén A. Ananías. "Microstructure of thermally modified radiata pine wood." BioResources 16, no. 1 (January 10, 2020): 1523–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.1.1523-1533.

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The thermal modification of wood is a potential alternative method for improving wood dimensional stability and increasing the resistance of wood to decay. However, during thermal modification, morphological changes occur within the microstructure of the cell, and these confer different properties to the wood. This study investigated the effects of the thermal modification process on the microstructure of radiata pine juvenile wood. Therefore, anatomical measurements were performed via optical microscopy in selected earlywood and latewood samples after each treatment, and the results were compared to untreated wood samples. In this study, two temperatures (190 °C and 210 °C) were considered for the thermal modification process. The results showed that the level of temperature of modification affected to microstructure of cell wall. The cell wall thickness decreased as treatment temperature increased, whereas the average lumen diameter increased slightly as temperature increased. Thermally modified radiata pine showed signs of damage (cracks, broken cells and deformations in the wood cell wall). The proportion of destroyed area increased as temperature increased, and significant differences were evident for the thermal treatment at 210 °C.
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31

Grace, Carson, and Carson. "RADIATA PINE IMPROVEMENT — RESPONSE TO CLIMATE CHANGE?" Weather and Climate 11, no. 2 (1991): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/44279816.

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32

Horgan, Kathryn, and Lyn Holland. "Rooting micropropagated shoots from mature radiata pine." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 19, no. 10 (October 1, 1989): 1309–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x89-201.

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A reliable method of rooting shoots from mature micropropagated Pinusradiata D. Don has been developed. At the beginning of the research, difficulty in achieving consistent results was experienced. At the end of the series of described experiments, high rooting percentages (78%) were attained. The condition of shoots is important. Shoots that had been cold-stored prior to rooting did not survive. Best rooting was obtained in a free-draining peat–pumice–perlite medium in propagation trays maintained under controlled environmental conditions. A well-managed watering regime and the gradual conditioning of shoots from the day of setting enhanced survival and rooting. Removal of basal callus from shoots prior to an auxin treatment significantly improved survival (30–70%) and rooting (16–56%). A further improvement was made by providing a 5 week prerooting treatment of nutrient medium containing 6% sucrose. This pretreatment was particularly effective for one difficult to root clone. Shoots formed vigorous plantlets which were successfully acclimatised to full sunlight within 4–6 weeks of transfer to root trainers. Plantlet survival ranged from 90 to 100%.
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33

Moore, Andrew, Sunkyu Park, Cristina Segura, and Marion Carrier. "Fast pyrolysis of lignin-coated radiata pine." Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 115 (September 2015): 203–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2015.07.017.

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34

Aguilera, Jose M., and Ricardo San Martin. "Steam hydrolysis of pine (Pinus radiata) sawdust." Biomass 8, no. 4 (January 1985): 301–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0144-4565(85)90062-9.

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35

Ganjegunte, Girisha K., Leo M. Condron, Peter W. Clinton, Murray R. Davis, and Nathalie Mahieu. "Decomposition and nutrient release from radiata pine (Pinus radiata) coarse woody debris." Forest Ecology and Management 187, no. 2-3 (January 2004): 197–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1127(03)00332-3.

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36

Regliński, T., N. Rodenburg, J. T. Taylor, G. L. Northcott, A. Ah Chee, T. M. Spiers, and R. A. Hill. "Trichoderma atroviride promotes growth and enhances systemic resistance to Diplodia pinea in radiata pine (Pinus radiata) seedlings." Forest Pathology 42, no. 1 (February 15, 2011): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.2010.00710.x.

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37

Nair, Hema, Brian Butterfield, and Sandra Jackson. "Are Rays and Resin Canals Causal Sites for Intra-Ring Checking in the Wood of Pinus Radiata?" IAWA Journal 30, no. 2 (2009): 189–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000214.

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Pinus radiata D. Don (radiata pine) wood can develop a wood quality defect called ‘intra-ring checking’ (checks) during kiln drying. A study was conducted to examine if rays and resin canals were the initiation sites of checks, and if the presence of the rays and resin canals increased the susceptibility of radiata pine wood to checking. The structural features associated with checking were observed in images of thirteen oven-dried radiata pine disks. Six of the sixty checks observed were associated with rays and resin canals. It is clear from the observations that rays and resin canals could not be the primary sites for check development. A comparative study showed some differences between the checked and non-checked wood with respect to rays and resin canals. Checked wood showed a higher amount of tissue area occupied by rays than the nonchecked wood. Hence, it is possible that rays can influence the tendency of wood to check. Such a relationship was not seen with respect to resin canals. However, a difference in the arrangement of resin canals was observed between checked and non-checked wood. Checked wood showed a scattered arrangement of resin canals, while the non-checked wood showed a linear arrangement.
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38

Ryan, PJ. "Characteristics of soil and productivity of Pinus radiata (D Don) in New South Wales .II. Pedogenesis on a range of parent materials." Soil Research 24, no. 1 (1986): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9860103.

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Soil profile descriptions were made at a series of 11-year-old unfertilized Pinus radiata stands in the Lithgow district of New South Wales. Catenas within three soil parent materials were selected to compare variation in soil physical and morphological properties with growth of P. radiata. These parent materials were a Silurian siltstone, a Permian conglomerate and a Silurian-Devonian rhyolite. Basal area growth of the P. radiata stands increased down catenas on the Silurian siltstone as soil depth to a root impeding layer increased. Plateau soils on the Permian conglomerate had hardsetting surfaces and high gravel contents, and were associated with very poor pine growth. By way of contrast, lower slope, colluvial gradational earths were deep, fine-textured soils and supported more productive pine stands. The Silurian-Devonian rhyolite parent material produced highly leached soils, commonly with conspicuously bleached A2 horizons and poor sandy textures of surface soil. Both physical and chemical features of the rhyolite interacted with pedological processes to affect adversely soil physical conditions and trace element availability, in particular boron. The poorer P. radiata growth on lower or concave slope in comparison with upper slope position was a result of increased soil leaching and horizon differentiation. This pattern contrasted with improved pine growth on the deeper soils on lower slopes on the two sedimentary parent materials. These case studies emphasize the importance of geology and pedological processes when evaluating the applicability of specific soil physical factors to site classification for P. radiata plantations.
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39

Medina-Torres, Byron, Mathieu Jonard, Melina Rendón, and Anne-Laure Jacquemart. "Effects of Pine Plantation on Native Ecuadorian Páramo Vegetation." Forests 13, no. 9 (September 16, 2022): 1499. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13091499.

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Exotic pine plantations, installed mainly for timber production and carbon sequestration purposes, cover an ever-expanding area of equatorial and tropical regions; however, their economic and environmental benefits are under debate due to their potential negative effects on native plant species conservation. The native understory plant species richness and cover under pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) plantations were compared with natural grasslands in the Ecuadorian Páramo. We analyzed the vegetation in four zones: Antisana (8-year-old pines), Cajas (16-year-old pines), Tisaleo (41-year-old pines) and Cotopaxi (53-year-old pines). The total understory plant cover decreased between 29% and 90% under pine plantations in all zones. The mean species richness in the pine plantations decreased by 44% in Antisana, Cajas and Tisaleo but not in Cotopaxi. Pine plantations strongly reduced the abundance of herbaceous light-demanding species (59%), except small herbs whose cover increased under pine (17.6%). Shrub cover was also negatively affected in Tisaleo and Cotopaxi (7.4%). Pine afforestation effects on Páramo vegetation depend mainly on canopy cover which changes with age and growing conditions (altitude) and secondarily on the vegetation state at the time of planting, resulting from land use history and ecological conditions. The pine effect was therefore more pronounced in the young and dense plantations of Antisana and Cajas than in the old and open stand of Cotopaxi, whose understory vegetation was more similar to that of grasslands.
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40

Halliday, M. M., and R. L. Knowles. "Farm forestry for economic and environmental sustainability - A new decision support system for farm foresters." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 10 (January 1, 2003): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.10.2003.2981.

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The objective of this programme is to provide farm foresters and others with knowledge about sustainable and profitable land use with commercial tree crops. Initially the study examined the role of trees in stabilising soils when planted on eroding hill country pasture. Three species - radiata pine, Douglas-fir, and poplar - were compared for effects in reducing erosion. Tree size, tree stocking per hectare, root tensile strength, and rate of decay of roots after harvest were found to be important. Erosion control becomes effective once a stand of trees reached the equivalent of 30 tonnes/ha of radiata pine root biomass. Silviculture, and choice of species, determines to what extent this critical threshold is achieved. Decision support software, developed in this programme as "calculators', estimate the 'Equivalent Farming Gross Margin' of crops of radiata pine, and Douglas-fir, compared to the livestock previously grazing the land. The calculators, which run under Microsoft EXCELTM, also allow the identification of the most profitable silviculture for the tree crop, and generate yield tables. The calculators are being applied in two case studies; the first involves calibrating the radiata pine calculator for Hawkes Bay and the Wairarapa against actual tree data. Calibration of the calculator for bare land is also being studied. The second study will investigate how well tree crops can compete financially with pastoral farming systems in the Lake Taupo catchment, where there are increasing concerns about nutrient in-flows from pastoral farming. Further enhancements of the calculators are planned which will permit calibration against younger stands, and evaluation of a much wider range of silviculture. Keywords: farm forestry, erosion, root biomass, root strength, financial return, IRR, PNW, farming gross margin, Pinus radiata, Douglas-fir, poplar
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41

Donaldson, L. A., M. Croucher, and J. M. Uprichard. "Clonal Variation of Wood Chemistry Variables in Radiata Pine(Pinus RadiataD. Don.) Wood." Holzforschung 51, no. 6 (January 1997): 537–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hfsg.1997.51.6.537.

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42

Matheson, A. C., W. J. Gapare, J. Ilic, and H. X. Wu. "Inheritance and Genetic Gain in Wood Stiffness in Radiata Pine Assessed Acoustically in Young Standing Trees." Silvae Genetica 57, no. 1-6 (December 1, 2008): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sg-2008-0009.

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Abstract Wood stiffness, measured in terms of its modulus of elasticity (MoE) is an important characteristic of radiata pine for structural products. To select high stiffness radiata pine for breeding purpose, rapid, inexpensive methods for measuring wood stiffness are desirable. In this study, we explored acoustic instruments to measure stiffness of young standing trees in radiata pine and examined inheritance and genetic gain for stiffness in an Australian national breeding program. Time of flight of sound waves was recorded in standing trees in two progeny trials, one in eastern Victoria (Flynn) aged 8 years and the other in South Australia (Kromelite) aged 7 years. Average time of flight at Kromelite was higher than at Flynn, (519 μs/metre compared to 463 μs/metre) which corresponds to 3.7 GPa and 4.7 GPa for MoE, respectively. Heritability for time of flight was higher at Flynn (h2 = 0.67 ± 0.10) than at Kromelite (h2 = 0.30 ± 0.14). Selection of the best 10% for time of flight based on pooled data would result in 21% genetic gain in wood stiffness.
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43

Liu, Hua Wu, Zhen Yun Wang, and Ping Xu. "Parameters for Heat Transport in Radiata Pine Board." Advanced Materials Research 156-157 (October 2010): 400–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.156-157.400.

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A universal transit heat transport equation was represented and all parameters for applying such a formula to drying of Radiata pine were modeled, incorporating reasonable physical conditions. In previous empirical models, the influence of drying temperature on the conviction heat transfer was ignored, though it is parentally not negligible. In this study, a multivariate regression model was developed from previous experimental data, in which both air velocity and drying temperature were taken into consideration. In addition, the models of heat diffusion properties in axial, tangential and radial directions were presented in which drying conditions and wood properties were taken into account. With those models, scenario computer simulation may be conducted to explore the drying phenomena of Radiata pine board.
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44

Kim, Gyu-Hyeok, Jae-Jin Kim, Young Woon Lim, and Colette Breuil. "Ophiostomatoid fungi isolated from Pinus radiata logs imported from New Zealand to Korea." Canadian Journal of Botany 83, no. 3 (March 1, 2005): 272–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b04-170.

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Ophiostomatoid fungi discolor lumber, logs, and tree sapwood. Stained wood has a lower market value and can be refused by importing customers because such products can potentially carry pathogenic fungi. Little information is available on the ophiostomatoid fungi that colonize Pinus radiata D. Don (radiata pine) logs imported from New Zealand into Korea. In this work, we attempted to identify the native and non-native fungi colonizing wood imported into Korea. At least 12 species of ophiostomatoid fungi, including an unknown Ophiostoma sp. A, were identified among the fungi-staining radiata pine. They were Leptographium procerum (Kendr.) Wingf., Leptographium bistatum Kim & Kim, Ophiostoma floccosum Mathiesen, Ophiostoma huntii (Rob.) Hoog & Scheff., Ophiostoma ips (Rumbold) Nannf., Ophiostoma nigrocarpum (David.) Hoog, Ophiostoma piceae (Münch) H. & P. Sydow, Ophiostoma piliferum (Fries) H. & P. Sydow, Ophiostoma quercus (Georgév.) Nannf., Ophiostoma radiaticola Kim et al., and Ophiostoma setosum Uzunovic et al. Of these species, O. floccosum was the dominant species in both logs and boards. We confirmed that many of the sapstain species that we isolated have been previously reported in Korea. However, four species, O. radiatcola, O. setosum, O. huntii, and O. nigrocarpum have not been reported previously in Korea. We also found the new species, L. bistatum, along with an unknown Ophiostoma sp. A.Key words: radiata pine, ophiostomatoid fungi, New Zealand, non-native organisms, β-tubulin gene.
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45

Zas, Rafael, Luis Sampedro, Xoaquín Moreira, and Patricia Martíns. "Effect of fertilization and genetic variation on susceptibility of Pinus radiata seedlings to Hylobius abietis damage." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38, no. 1 (January 2008): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x07-128.

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The effects of establishment fertilization and pine genotype on pine weevil ( Hylobius abietis L.) damage was studied in a radiata pine ( Pinus radiata D. Don) naturally infected family × fertilization genetic trial in Galicia (northwestern Spain). Fertilization strongly increased both growth and H. abietis damage, especially when calcium phosphate was included in the fertilization treatment. Fertilized plants showed higher degree of debarking, greater leader loss, and higher mortality than unfertilized controls. Because of the greater leader loss, fertilization did not significantly increase the actual height (height of live stem) 1 year after planting. In contrast, after the second growing season, fertilized plants overcompensated for the weevil damage and reached greater height than the unfertilized controls. However, considering the effects on survival and the stem deformities resulting from the leader losses, fertilization should be avoided (or delayed) in P. radiata plantations on clear-cut coniferous areas if the risk of H. abietis is high. Our results also indicate a strong genetic variation in H. abietis susceptibility within the Galician P. radiata breeding population. The high family-mean and the moderate individual-tree heritability estimates suggest that improving resistance to this pest by conventional breeding techniques is possible. The use of planting stock with improved resistance should be considered as another prophylactic measure to supplement the traditional methods employed against this pest.
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46

Singh, Adya P., and Lloyd A. Donaldson. "Ultrastructure of tracheid cell walls in radiata pine (Pinus radiata) mild compression wood." Canadian Journal of Botany 77, no. 1 (June 1, 1999): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b98-184.

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The structure of tracheid cell walls in mild compression wood of Pinus radiata D. Don was examined by confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy (CLSM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Fluorescence microscopy using lignin autofluorescence revealed cell to cell variations in lignification of the cell corner middle lamella (CCML) and outer S2 (S2L) regions supporting observations made at higher resolution with TEM. The mild compression wood sample examined lacked the characteristic intercellular spaces of most grades of compression wood and thus represents the least severe grade of compression wood. TEM observations revealed evidence for radial striations in the S2 region probably representing regions of alternating high and low lignin concentration, which may be the precursor to the helical cavities found in severe compression wood. These radial striations typically showed a sinuous and branched structure, extending partly into the S2L region, where the orientation of lignin lamellae was predominantly tangential following the arrangement of the cellulose microfibrils. At high magnification lignin occurred in a patchy distribution overlaying the typical lamellate arrangement associated with normal wood. Significant variability in the lignification of the CCML region was also observed sometimes giving a patchy or granular appearance. The lignification of the CCML and the S2L regions was generally comparable, while S1 and S2 layers were less lignified. A residual S3 layer was sometimes present in the form of a very thin layer slightly more lignified than the adjacent S2 layer.Key words: compression wood, Pinus radiata D. Don, ultrastructure, confocal laser scanning microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, lignin distribution.
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47

Singh, Tripti, Adya P. Singh, Ibrar Hussain, and Peter Hall. "Chemical characterisation and durability assessment of torrefied radiata pine (Pinus radiata) wood chips." International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 85 (November 2013): 347–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2013.07.014.

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48

Sharma, M., M. Brennan, S. S. Chauhan, K. M. Entwistle, C. M. Altaner, and P. J. Harris. "Wood quality assessment of Pinus radiata (radiata pine) saplings by dynamic mechanical analysis." Wood Science and Technology 49, no. 6 (October 1, 2015): 1239–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00226-015-0769-x.

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49

Qu, Da Guang, and Hua Wu Liu. "Scenario Simulations of Knot-Containing Radiata Boards." Advanced Materials Research 1048 (October 2014): 432–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1048.432.

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Drying deformation of radiata pine boards results in a great loss of revenue to the wood industry. A computer simulation model, which is capable of predicting the drying quality of radiata pine boards, was developed in this paper for pre-grading and for setting of drying schedules in sawmills. Moreover, Logs must be sawn into slabs before drying. Accordingly, the geometrical configurations of boards were generated. Next, the structures of knot-containing boards were modelled on the basis of the growth features of branches. Later, the 2D and 3D scenario simulations of different knot shapes and knot types were performed and illustrated specifically. In the last, the key points in the model development were found and stated.
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50

Zhang, Z., C. W. Van_Epenhuijsen, D. W. Brash, and G. P. Hosking. "Phosphine as a fumigant to control Hylastes ater and Arhopalus ferus pests of export logs." New Zealand Plant Protection 57 (August 1, 2004): 257–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2004.57.6903.

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The black pine bark beetle (Hylastes ater) and the burnt pine longhorn beetle (Arhopalus ferus) are major insect pests of Pinus radiata in New Zealand and are currently listed as undesirable on imported P radiata logs from New Zealand by AQISQ the Chinese quarantine authorities Any discoveries of these pests could endanger one of the most important export markets for New Zealand logs Experiments were carried out to examine the efficacy of the non ozonedepleting fumigant phosphine for eliminating these two pests from P radiata logs at egg larva and adult life stages Direct exposure to phosphine at levels as low as 200 ppm for up to 10 days has disinfested the three life stages of both pests Phosphine has the potential to control both pests in export logs before they arrive in the other countries and may be a replacement fumigant for the ozonedepleting methyl bromide
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