Journal articles on the topic 'Radar Scientific applications'
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Anderson, Stuart. "Societal Applications of HF Skywave Radar." Remote Sensing 14, no. 24 (December 12, 2022): 6287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14246287.
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After exploratory research in the 1950s, HF skywave ‘over-the-horizon’ radars (OTHR) were developed as operating systems in the 1960s for defence missions, notably the long-range detection of ballistic missiles, aircraft, and ships. The potential for a variety of non-defence applications soon became apparent, but the size, cost, siting requirements, and tasking priority hindered the implementation of these societal roles. A sister technology—HF surface wave radar (HFSWR)—evolved during the same period but, in this more compact form, the non-defence applications dominated, with hundreds of such radars presently deployed around the world, used primarily for ocean current mapping and wave measurements. In this paper, we examine the ocean monitoring capabilities of the latest generation of HF skywave radars, some shared with HFSWR, some unique to the skywave modality, and explore some new possibilities, along with selected technical details for their implementation. We apply state-of-the-art modelling and experimental data to illustrate the kinds of information that can be generated and exploited for civil, commercial, and scientific purposes. The examples treated confirm the relevance and value of this information to such diverse activities as shipping, fishing, offshore resource extraction, agriculture, communications, weather forecasting, and climate change studies.
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Miccinesi, Lapo, Alessandra Beni, and Massimiliano Pieraccini. "UAS-Borne Radar for Remote Sensing: A Review." Electronics 11, no. 20 (October 15, 2022): 3324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11203324.
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Since the 1950s, radar sensors have been widely used for the monitoring of the earth’s surface. The current radars for remote sensing can be divided into two main categories: Space/aerial-borne and ground-based systems. The unmanned aerial system (UAS) could bridge the gap between these two technologies. Indeed, UAS-borne radars can perform long scans (up to 100/200 m) in a brief time (a few minutes). From the 2010s, the interest in UAS-borne radars has increased in the research community, and it has led to the development of some commercial equipment and more than 150 papers. This review aims to present a study on the state-of-the-art of UAS-borne radars and to outline the future potential of this technology. In this work, the scientific literature was categorized in terms of application, purpose of the paper, radar technology, and type of UAS. In addition, a brief review of the main national UAS regulations is presented. The review on the technological state-of-the-art shows that there is currently no standard in terms of radar technology, and that the multi-helicopter could be the most used UAS in the near future. Moreover, the UAS-borne radar can be used for several remote sensing applications: From landmine detection to smart agriculture, and from archeological survey to research and rescue applications. Finally, the UAS-borne radar appears to be a mature technology, which is almost ready for industrialization. The main developmental limit may be found in the flight regulation, which does not allow for many operations and imposes strict limits on the payload weight.
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Zhang, Yong Zhen, Yi Wang, Xue Zhi Zhang, and Fei Hou. "Microwave Measuring Instrument Application in the Radar Equipment Maintenance Support." Applied Mechanics and Materials 687-691 (November 2014): 910–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.687-691.910.
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With the development of science and technology ,microwave measuring instrument become more important in the radar equipment maintenance support task.This paper expounds the principles of microwave measuring instrument work and test, describes the application of microwave measuring instrument in the maintenance detection of radar antenna feed system、radar antenna pattern test、power amplifier parameters measurement、the local oscillator test and receiving systems component test. Scientific applications of microwave measuring instrument is the important guarantee to ensure the radar equipment operate effectively.
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Van Zandt, T. E. "A brief history of the development of wind-profiling or MST radars." Annales Geophysicae 18, no. 7 (July 31, 2000): 740–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-000-0740-4.
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Abstract. The history of the development of the wind-profiling or MST radar technique is reviewed from its inception in the late 1960s to the present. Extensions of the technique by the development of boundary-layer radars and the radio-acoustic sounding system (RASS) technique to measure temperature are documented. Applications are described briefly, particularly practical applications to weather forecasting, with data from networks of radars, and scientific applications to the study of rapidly varying atmospheric phenomena such as gravity waves and turbulence.Key words: Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (instruments and techniques) · Radio science (remote sensing; instruments and techniques)
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Eldardiry, Hisham, Faisal Hossain, Margaret Srinivasan, and Vardis Tsontos. "Success Stories of Satellite Radar Altimeter Applications." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 103, no. 1 (January 2022): E33—E53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-21-0065.1.
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Abstract For nearly three decades, satellite nadir altimeters have provided essential information to understand primarily ocean but also inland water dynamics. A variety of parameters can be inferred via altimeter measurements, including sea surface height, sea surface wind speeds, significant wave heights, and topography of land, sea ice, and ice sheets. Taking advantage of these parameters with the long record of altimeter data spanning multiple decades has allowed a diverse range of societal applications. As the constellation of altimeter satellites grows, the proven value of the missions to a diverse user community can now be demonstrated by highlighting a selection of verifiable success stories. In this paper, we review selected altimeter success stories that incorporate altimetry data, alone or in conjunction with numerical models or other Earth observations, to solve a key societal problem. First, we define the problem or the key challenge of each use case, and then we articulate the uptake of the successful altimeter-based solution. Our review revealed steady progress by scientific and stakeholder communities in bridging the gap between data availability and their actual uptake to address a variety of applications. Highlighting these altimeter-based success stories can serve to further promote the widespread adoption of future satellite missions such as the Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission scheduled for launch in 2022. Knowledge of the breadth of current utility of altimeter observations can help the scientific community to demonstrate the value in continuing radar altimeter and similar missions, particularly those with expanded capabilities, such as SWOT.
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Mohanakumar, K., K. R. Santosh, P. Mohanan, K. Vasudevan, M. G. Manoj, Titu K. Samson, Ajil Kottayil, V. Rakesh, Rejoy Rebello, and S. Abhilash. "A Versatile 205 MHz Stratosphere–Troposphere Radar at Cochin – Scientific Applications." Current Science 114, no. 12 (June 25, 2018): 2459. http://dx.doi.org/10.18520/cs/v114/i12/2459-2466.
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Linz, Sarah, Gabor Vinci, Sebastian Mann, Stefan Lindner, Francesco Barbon, R. Weigel, and Alexander Koelpin. "A Compact, Versatile Six-Port Radar Module for Industrial and Medical Applications." Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/382913.
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The Six-port receiver has been intensively investigated in the last decade to be implemented as an alternative radar architecture. Plenty of current scientific publications demonstrate the effectiveness and versatility of the Six-port radar for special industrial, automotive, and medical applications, ranging from accurate contactless vibration analysis, through automotive radar calibration, to remote breath and heartbeat monitoring. Its highlights, such as excellent phase discrimination, trivial signal processing, low circuit complexity, and cost, have lately drawn the attention of companies working with radar technology. A joint project involving the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg and InnoSenT GmbH (Innovative Sensor Technology) led to the development of a highly accurate, compact, and versatile Six-port radar module aiming at a reliable high-integration of all subcomponents such as antenna, Six-port front-end, baseband circuitry, and digital signal processing in one single package. Innovative aspects in the RF front-end design as well as in the integration strategy are hereby presented, together with a system overview and measurement results.
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Heistermann, M., S. Jacobi, and T. Pfaff. "Technical Note: An open source library for processing weather radar data (<i>wradlib</i>)." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 17, no. 2 (February 28, 2013): 863–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-863-2013.
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Abstract. The potential of weather radar observations for hydrological and meteorological research and applications is undisputed, particularly with increasing world-wide radar coverage. However, several barriers impede the use of weather radar data. These barriers are of both scientific and technical nature. The former refers to inherent measurement errors and artefacts, the latter to aspects such as reading specific data formats, geo-referencing, visualisation. The radar processing library wradlib is intended to lower these barriers by providing a free and open source tool for the most important steps in processing weather radar data for hydro-meteorological and hydrological applications. Moreover, the community-based development approach of wradlib allows scientists to share their knowledge about efficient processing algorithms and to make this knowledge available to the weather radar community in a transparent, structured and well-documented way.
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Heistermann, M., S. Jacobi, and T. Pfaff. "Technical Note: An open source library for processing weather radar data (<i>wradlib</i>)." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 9, no. 11 (November 2, 2012): 12333–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-9-12333-2012.
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Abstract. The potential of weather radar observations for hydrological and meteorological research and applications is undisputed, particularly with increasing world-wide radar coverage. However, several barriers impede the use of weather radar data. These barriers are of both scientific and technical nature. The former refers to inherent measurement errors and artefacts, the latter to aspects such as reading specific data formats, geo-referencing, visualisation. The radar processing library wradlib is intended to lower these barriers by providing a free and open source tool for the most important steps in processing weather radar data for hydro-meteorological and hydrological applications. Moreover, the community-based development approach of wradlib allows scientists to share their knowledge about efficient processing algorithms and to make this knowledge available to the weather radar community in a transparent, structured and well-documented way.
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Pieraccini, Massimiliano, and Lapo Miccinesi. "Ground-Based Radar Interferometry: A Bibliographic Review." Remote Sensing 11, no. 9 (April 30, 2019): 1029. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11091029.
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Ground-based/terrestrial radar interferometry (GBRI) is a scientific topic of increasing interest in recent years. This article is a bibliographic review, as much complete as possible, of the scientific papers/articles published in the last 20 years, since the pioneering works in the nineties. Some statistics are reported here about the number of publications in the years, popularity of applications, operative modalities, operative bands. The aim of this review is also to identify directions and perspectives. In the opinion of authors, this type of radar systems will move forward faster modulations, wider view angle, MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) systems and radar with capability to detect the vector of displacement and not only a single component.
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Binetti, Maria Silvia, Claudia Campanale, Carmine Massarelli, and Vito Felice Uricchio. "The Use of Weather Radar Data: Possibilities, Challenges and Advanced Applications." Earth 3, no. 1 (February 3, 2022): 157–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/earth3010012.
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The climate in recent decades has aroused interest in the scientific community, prompting us to analyse the mechanisms that regulate it, to understand the climate change responsible for an increase in extreme phenomena. Consequently, the increase in hydrogeological instability in the Italian territory has led to an in-depth study of atmospheric parameters to understand the variations of the atmospheric system. One tool capable of detecting such variations is the weather radar. The weather radar data available in the area provided by the National Radar Network of the Department of Civil Protection allow the evaluation of variations on a national scale for hydro-meteorological-climatic monitoring as well as the disasters that have occurred. Using open-source programming software, the servers can be queried and data retrieved from a source to perform processing for specific purposes through data extraction techniques.
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Kumari, Aman, Dhirendra Kumar, and Arun Kumar. "Dual-band substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) band pass filter for scientific radar applications." International Journal of Information Technology 11, no. 4 (February 3, 2018): 875–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41870-017-0076-x.
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Delacourt, Christophe, Pascal Allemand, Etienne Berthier, Daniel Raucoules, Bérangère Casson, Philippe Grandjean, Claude Pambrun, and Eric Varel. "Remote-sensing techniques for analysing landslide kinematics: a review." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 178, no. 2 (March 1, 2007): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.178.2.89.
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Abstract Surface displacement field of landslides is a key parameter to access to their geometries and mechanical properties. Surface displacements can be calculated using remote-sensing methods such as interferometry for radar data and image correlation for optical data. These methods have been elaborated this last decade and successfully applied on sensors (radar, cameras, terrestrial 3D laser scanner imaging) either attached to space or aerial platforms such as satellites, planes, and unmanned radio-controlled platforms (drones and helicopters) or settled at fixed positions emplaced in the front of landslides. This paper reviews the techniques of image analysis (interferometry and optical data correlation) to measure displacements and examines the performance of each type of platforms. Examples of applications of these techniques in French South Alps are shown. Depending on the landslide characteristics (exposure conditions, size, velocity) as well as the goal of the study (operational or scientific purpose), one or a combination of several techniques and data (characterized by several resolution, accuracy, covered surface, revisiting time) have to be used. Radar satellite data processed with differential interferometric or PS methods are mainly suitable for scientific purposes due to various application limitations in mountainous area. Optical satellite and aerial images can be used for scientific studies at fairly high resolution but are strongly dependant on atmospheric conditions. Platforms and sensors such as drone, fixed camera, fixed radar and Lidar have the advantage of high adaptability. They can be used to obtain very high resolution and precise 3D data (of centimetric accuracy) suitable for both scientific and operational purposes.
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Weber, Christoph, Marius Eggert, Jesús Rodrigo-Comino, and Thomas Udelhoven. "Transforming 2D Radar Remote Sensor Information from a UAV into a 3D World-View." Remote Sensing 14, no. 7 (March 29, 2022): 1633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14071633.
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Since unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have been established in geoscience as a key and accessible tool, a wide range of applications are currently being developed. However, not only the design of UAVs themselves is vital to carry out an accurate investigation, but also the sensors and the data processing are key parts to be considered. Several publications including accurate sensors are taking part in pioneer research programs, but less is explained about how they were designed. Besides the commonly used sensors such as a camera, one of the most popular ones is radar. The advantages of a radar sensor to perform research in geosciences are the robustness, the ability to consider large distances and velocity measurements. Unfortunately, these sensors are often expensive and there is a lack of methodological papers that explain how to reduce these costs. To fill this gap, this article aims to show how: (i) we used a radar sensor from the automotive field; and (ii) it is possible to reconstruct a three-dimensional scenario with a UAV and a radar sensor. Our methodological approach proposes a total of eleven stages to process the radar data. To verify and validate the process, a real-world scenario reconstruction is presented with a system resolution reaching from two to three times the radar resolution. We conclude that this research will help the scientific community to include the use of radars in their research projects and programs, reducing costs and increasing accuracy.
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Apriono, Catur, Fathul Muin, and Filbert H. Juwono. "Portable Micro-Doppler Radar with Quadrature Radar Architecture for Non-Contact Human Breath Detection." Sensors 21, no. 17 (August 28, 2021): 5807. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21175807.
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Recently, rapid advances in radio detection and ranging (radar) technology applications have been implemented in various fields. In particular, micro-Doppler radar has been widely developed to perform certain tasks, such as detection of buried victims in natural disaster, drone system detection, and classification of humans and animals. Further, micro-Doppler radar can also be implemented in medical applications for remote monitoring and examination. This paper proposes a human respiration rate detection system using micro-Doppler radar with quadrature architecture in the industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) frequency of 5.8 GHz. We use a mathematical model of human breathing to further explore any insights into signal processes in the radar. The experimental system is designed using the USRP B200 mini-module as the main component of the radar and the Vivaldi antennas working at 5.8 GHz. The radar system is integrated directly with the GNU Radio Companion software as the processing part. Using a frequency of 5.8 GHz and USRP output power of 0.33 mW, our proposed method was able to detect the respiration rate at a distance of 2 m or less with acceptable error. In addition, the radar system could differentiate different frequency rates for different targets, demonstrating that it is highly sensitive. We also emphasize that the designed radar system can be used as a portable device which offers flexibility to be used anytime and anywhere.
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Kueppers, Simon, Timo Jaeschke, Nils Pohl, and Jan Barowski. "Versatile 126–182 GHz UWB D-Band FMCW Radar for Industrial and Scientific Applications." IEEE Sensors Letters 6, no. 1 (January 2022): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lsens.2021.3130709.
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Müller, Simon, and Andreas R. Diewald. "Cooperative radar with signature method for unambiguity." Advances in Radio Science 17 (September 19, 2019): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-17-27-2019.
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Abstract. The increasing availability of off-the-shelf high-frequency components makes radar measurement become popular in mainstream industrial applications. We present a cooperative FM radar for strongly reflective environments, being devised for a range of up to approx. 120 m. The target is designed with an unambiguous signature method and satisfies coherence. A prototype is built with commercial semiconductor components that operates in the 24 GHz industrial, scientific and medical band. First experimental results taken in sewage pipes are presented, using the target prototype and a standard FMCW radio station. An overview on four data acquisition procedures is given.
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Oue, Mariko, Aleksandra Tatarevic, Pavlos Kollias, Dié Wang, Kwangmin Yu, and Andrew M. Vogelmann. "The Cloud-resolving model Radar SIMulator (CR-SIM) Version 3.3: description and applications of a virtual observatory." Geoscientific Model Development 13, no. 4 (April 21, 2020): 1975–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-1975-2020.
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Abstract. Ground-based observatories use multisensor observations to characterize cloud and precipitation properties. One of the challenges is how to design strategies to best use these observations to understand these properties and evaluate weather and climate models. This paper introduces the Cloud-resolving model Radar SIMulator (CR-SIM), which uses output from high-resolution cloud-resolving models (CRMs) to emulate multiwavelength, zenith-pointing, and scanning radar observables and multisensor (radar and lidar) products. CR-SIM allows for direct comparison between an atmospheric model simulation and remote-sensing products using a forward-modeling framework consistent with the microphysical assumptions used in the atmospheric model. CR-SIM has the flexibility to easily incorporate additional microphysical modules, such as microphysical schemes and scattering calculations, and expand the applications to simulate multisensor retrieval products. In this paper, we present several applications of CR-SIM for evaluating the representativeness of cloud microphysics and dynamics in a CRM, quantifying uncertainties in radar–lidar integrated cloud products and multi-Doppler wind retrievals, and optimizing radar sampling strategy using observing system simulation experiments. These applications demonstrate CR-SIM as a virtual observatory operator on high-resolution model output for a consistent comparison between model results and observations to aid interpretation of the differences and improve understanding of the representativeness errors due to the sampling limitations of the ground-based measurements. CR-SIM is licensed under the GNU GPL package and both the software and the user guide are publicly available to the scientific community.
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Frank, Martin, Fabian Lurz, Robert Weigel, and Alexander Koelpin. "Compact low-cost substrate integrated waveguide fed antenna for 122 GHz radar applications." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 11, no. 4 (February 20, 2019): 408–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078719000072.
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AbstractThis paper describes the design and characterization of a compact substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) fed antenna for the 122 GHz industrial, scientific, and medical band. The use of a single RO4350B substrate layer and the SIW feeding ensure a low-cost fabrication. Two versions of the antenna are presented differing in antenna gain and size. For measurement purpose, a transition from rectangular waveguide to SIW is introduced. Measurements of the radiation pattern have been performed and show good agreement with the numerical results for both antennas and an antenna gain up to 7.14 dBi.
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Savi, Patrizia, Mauro Giorcelli, and Simone Quaranta. "Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Composites for Microwave Absorbing Applications." Applied Sciences 9, no. 5 (February 27, 2019): 851. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9050851.
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The response of materials to impinging electromagnetic waves is mainly determined by their dielectric (complex permittivity) and magnetic (complex permeability). In particular, radar absorbing materials are characterized by high complex permittivity (and eventually large values of magnetic permeability), Indeed, energy dissipation by dielectric relaxation and carrier conduction are principally responsible for diminishing microwave radiation reflection and transmission in non-magnetic materials. Therefore, the scientific and technological community has been investigating lightweight composites with high dielectric permittivity in order to improve the microwave absorption (i.e., radar cross-section reduction) in structural materials for the aerospace industry. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes films and their composites with different kind of polymeric resins are regarded as promising materials for radar absorbing applications because of their high permittivity. Nanocomposites based on commercial multi-wall carbon nano-tube (MWCNT) fillers dispersed in an epoxy resin matrix were fabricated. The morphology of the filler was analyzed by Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and Raman spectroscopy, while the complex permittivity and the radiation reflection coefficient of the composites was measured in the radio frequency range. The reflection coefficient of a single-layer structure backed by a metallic plate was simulated based on the measured permittivity. Simulation achievements were compared to the measured reflection coefficient. Besides, the influence of morphological MWCNT parameters (i.e., aspect ratio and specific surface area) on the reflection coefficient was evaluated. Results verify that relatively low weight percent of MWCNTs are suitable for microwave absorption applications when incorporated into polymer matrixes (i.e., epoxy resin).
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Del Soldato, Matteo, Pierluigi Confuorto, Silvia Bianchini, Paolo Sbarra, and Nicola Casagli. "Review of Works Combining GNSS and InSAR in Europe." Remote Sensing 13, no. 9 (April 27, 2021): 1684. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13091684.
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The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (InSAR) can be combined to achieve different goals, owing to their main principles. Both enable the collection of information about ground deformation due to the differences of two consequent acquisitions. Their variable applications, even if strictly related to ground deformation and water vapor determination, have encouraged the scientific community to combine GNSS and InSAR data and their derivable products. In this work, more than 190 scientific contributions were collected spanning the whole European continent. The spatial and temporal distribution of such studies, as well as the distinction in different fields of application, were analyzed. Research in Italy, as the most represented nation, with 47 scientific contributions, has been dedicated to the spatial and temporal distribution of its studied phenomena. The state-of-the-art of the various applications of these two combined techniques can improve the knowledge of the scientific community and help in the further development of new approaches or additional applications in different fields. The demonstrated usefulness and versability of the combination of GNSS and InSAR remote sensing techniques for different purposes, as well as the availability of free data, EUREF and GMS (Ground Motion Service), and the possibility of overcoming some limitations of these techniques through their combination suggest an increasingly widespread approach.
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Rodriguez-Alvarez, Nereida, Sidharth Misra, Erika Podest, Mary Morris, and Xavier Bosch-Lluis. "The Use of SMAP-Reflectometry in Science Applications: Calibration and Capabilities." Remote Sensing 11, no. 20 (October 21, 2019): 2442. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11202442.
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The Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission became one of the newest spaceborne Global Navigation Satellite System–Reflectometry (GNSS-R) missions collecting Global Positioning System (GPS) bistatic radar measurements when the band-pass center frequency of its radar receiver was switched to the GPS L2C band. SMAP-Reflectometry (SMAP-R) brings a set of unique capabilities, such as polarimetry and improved spatial resolution, that allow for the exploration of scientific applications that other GNSS-R missions cannot address. In order to leverage SMAP-R for scientific applications, a calibration must be performed to account for the characteristics of the SMAP radar receiver and each GPS transmitter. In this study, we analyze the unique characteristics of SMAP-R, as compared to other GNSS-R missions, and present a calibration method for the SMAP-R signals that enables the standardized use of these signals by the scientific community. There are two key calibration parameters that need to be corrected: The first is the GPS transmitted power and GPS antenna gain at the incidence angle of the measured reflections and the second is the convolution of the SMAP high gain antenna pattern and the glistening zone (Earth surface area from where GPS signals scatter). To account for the GPS transmitter variability, GPS instrument properties—transmitted power and antenna gain—are collocated with information collected from the CYclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) at SMAP’s range of incidence angles (37.3° to 42.7°). To account for the convolutional effect of the SMAP antenna gain, both the scattering area of the reflected GPS signal and the SMAP antenna footprint are mapped on the surface. We account for the size of the scattering area corresponding to each delay and Doppler bin of the SMAP-R measurements based off the SMAP antenna pattern, and normalize according to the size of a measurement representative to one obtained with an omnidirectional antenna. We have validated these calibration methods through an analysis of the coherency of the reflected signal over an extensive area of old sea ice having constant surface characteristics over a period of 3 months. By selecting a vicarious scattering surface with high coherency, we eliminated scene variability and complexity in order to avoid scene dependent aliases in the calibration. The calibration method reduced the dependence on the GPS transmitter power and gain from ~1.08 dB/dB to a residual error of about −0.2 dB/dB. Results also showed that the calibration method eliminates the effect of the high gain antenna filtering effect, thus reducing errors as high as 10 dB on angles furthest from SMAP’s constant 40° incidence angle.
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Cammaroto, Biagio, Matteo Cacciola, and Mario Versaci. "A Fuzzy Approach Using Euclidean Geometrical Formulation for Classifying SAR Images." International Journal of Measurement Technologies and Instrumentation Engineering 3, no. 4 (October 2013): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijmtie.2013100103.
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Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is a good tool to investigate problems in many geophysical application as classification of ground terrain types and coastal protection. In scientific literature, many analytical and/or numerical techniques have been taken into account to solve the classification problem at hand, especially in all of applications in which it is necessary to classify portion of images with uncertainty and imprecision. In fact, according to the conventional classification approaches, the assignment of a class to each portion of an image could be particularly inadequate for all those portions that span more than a class (for example the coastal areas of the shoreline). This article is devoted to present a fuzzy-geometric approach based on fuzzy subsethood operator to classify SAR images for coastal protection applications. The obtained results were compared, in terms of accuracy, with standard techniques of classification.
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Picciotti, E., F. S. Marzano, E. N. Anagnostou, J. Kalogiros, Y. Fessas, A. Volpi, V. Cazac, et al. "Coupling X-band dual-polarized mini-radars and hydro-meteorological forecast models: the HYDRORAD project." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 13, no. 5 (May 16, 2013): 1229–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-1229-2013.
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Abstract. Hydro-meteorological hazards like convective outbreaks leading to torrential rain and floods are among the most critical environmental issues world-wide. In that context weather radar observations have proven to be very useful in providing information on the spatial distribution of rainfall that can support early warning of floods. However, quantitative precipitation estimation by radar is subjected to many limitations and uncertainties. The use of dual-polarization at high frequency (i.e. X-band) has proven particularly useful for mitigating some of the limitation of operational systems, by exploiting the benefit of easiness to transport and deploy and the high spatial and temporal resolution achievable at small antenna sizes. New developments on X-band dual-polarization technology in recent years have received the interest of scientific and operational communities in these systems. New enterprises are focusing on the advancement of cost-efficient mini-radar network technology, based on high-frequency (mainly X-band) and low-power weather radar systems for weather monitoring and hydro-meteorological forecasting. Within the above context, the main objective of the HYDRORAD project was the development of an innovative \\mbox{integrated} decision support tool for weather monitoring and hydro-meteorological applications. The integrated system tool is based on a polarimetric X-band mini-radar network which is the core of the decision support tool, a novel radar products generator and a hydro-meteorological forecast modelling system that ingests mini-radar rainfall products to forecast precipitation and floods. The radar products generator includes algorithms for attenuation correction, hydrometeor classification, a vertical profile reflectivity correction, a new polarimetric rainfall estimators developed for mini-radar observations, and short-term nowcasting of convective cells. The hydro-meteorological modelling system includes the Mesoscale Model 5 (MM5) and the Army Corps of Engineers Hydrologic Engineering Center hydrologic and hydraulic modelling chain. The characteristics of this tool make it ideal to support flood monitoring and forecasting within urban environment and small-scale basins. Preliminary results, carried out during a field campaign in Moldova, showed that the mini-radar based hydro-meteorological forecasting system can constitute a suitable solution for local flood warning and civil flood protection applications.
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Luce, H., G. Hassenpflug, M. Yamamoto, and S. Fukao. "Comparisons of refractive index gradient and stability profiles measured by balloons and the MU radar at a high vertical resolution in the lower stratosphere." Annales Geophysicae 25, no. 1 (February 1, 2007): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-25-47-2007.
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Abstract. Many experimental studies have demonstrated that VHF Stratosphere-Troposphere (ST) radar echo power is proportional to the generalized refractive index gradient squared M2 when using a vertically oriented beam. Because humidity is generally negligible above the tropopause, VHF ST radars can thus provide information on the static stability (quantified by the squared Brunt-Väisälä frequency N2) at stratospheric heights and this capability is useful for many scientific applications. Most studies have been performed until now at a vertical resolution of 150 m or more. In the present paper, results of comparisons between radar- and (balloon borne) radiosonde-derived M2 and N2 are shown at a better vertical resolution of 50 m with the MU radar (34.85° N, 136.15° E; Japan) by benefiting from the range resolution improvement provided by the multi-frequency range imaging technique, using the Capon processing method. Owing to favorable winds in the troposphere, the radiosondes did not drift horizontally more than about 30 km from the MU radar site by the time they reached an altitude of 20 km. The measurements were thus simultaneous and almost collocated. Very good agreements have been obtained between both high resolution profiles of M2, as well as profiles of N2. It is also shown that this agreement can still be improved by taking into account a frozen-in advection of the air parcels by a horizontally uniform wind. Therefore, it can be concluded that 1) the range imaging technique with the Capon method really provides substantial range resolution improvement, despite the relatively weak Signal-to-Noise Ratios (SNR) over the analyzed region of the lower stratosphere, 2) the proportionality of the radar echo power to M2 at a vertical scale down to 50 m in the lower stratosphere is experimentally demonstrated, 3) the MU radar can provide stability profiles with a vertical resolution of 50 m at heights where humidity is negligible, 4) stable stratospheric layers as thin as 50 m or less have at least a horizontal extent of a few km to several tens of kilometers and can be considered as frozenly advected over scales of a few tens of minutes.
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Trinder, John C. "Editorial for Special Issue “Applications of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) for Land Cover Analysis”." Remote Sensing 12, no. 15 (July 29, 2020): 2428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12152428.
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Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging systems derive microwave data, from space or airborne (piloted and remote piloted), that provide opportunities for the interpretation of many characteristics of the terrain surface. The increasing number of satellites equipped with SAR data acquisition systems that are being launched with a range of wavelengths, polarizations, and operating characteristics are enabling a better understanding of the earth’s environment, for such activities as vegetation analysis, forest inventories, land subsidence, and urban analysis. In addition, airborne systems for remote piloted systems and ground-based systems are available. This Special Issue presents six quality scientific papers on typical applications of SAR technologies. They include methods for the determination of above ground biomass (AGB), crop mapping using data from an advanced X-band system developed in Japan, analysis of natural and human-induced slow-rate ground deformations in the region of Campania, in Italy, the location of landslides caused by natural phenomena based on SAR images derived from the Japanese high-resolution Advanced Land Observing Satellite-2 (ALOS-2), and monitoring the size of refugee camps and their environmental impacts caused by the displacement of people from Myanmar to the Cox’s Bazar District, around Kutupalong, in Bangladesh. The paper concludes with some comments on the future directions of developments in SAR systems.
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Zakharova, Elena, Svetlana Agafonova, Claude Duguay, Natalia Frolova, and Alexei Kouraev. "River ice phenology and thickness from satellite altimetry: potential for ice bridge road operation and climate studies." Cryosphere 15, no. 12 (December 7, 2021): 5387–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5387-2021.
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Abstract. River ice is a key component of the cryosphere. Satellite monitoring of river ice is a rapidly developing area of scientific enquiry, which has wide-ranging implications for climate, environmental and socioeconomic applications. Spaceborne radar altimetry is widely used for monitoring river water regimes; however, its potential for the observation of river ice processes and properties has not been demonstrated yet. Using Ku-band backscatter measurements from the Jason-2 and Jason-3 satellite missions (2008–2019), we demonstrate the potential of radar altimetry for the retrieval of river ice phenology dates and ice thickness for the first time. The altimetric measurements were determined to be sensitive enough to detect the first appearance of ice and the beginning of thermal breakup on the lower Ob River (Western Siberia). The uncertainties in the retrieval of ice event timing were within the 10 d repeat cycle of Jason-2 and Jason-3 in 88 %–90 % of the cases analysed. The uncertainties in the river ice thickness retrievals made via empirical relations between the satellite backscatter measurements and in situ observations, expressed as the root mean square error (RMSE), were of 0.07–0.18 m. A novel application of radar altimetry is the prediction of ice bridge road operations, which is demonstrated herein. We established that the dates of ferry closing and ice road opening and closing in the city of Salekhard can be predicted with an accuracy (expressed as RMSE) of 3–5 d.
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Lynn, K. J. W. "A technique for calculating ionospheric Doppler shifts from standard ionograms suitable for scientific, HF communication, and OTH radar applications." Radio Science 44, no. 6 (November 17, 2009): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009rs004210.
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Braun, Andreas. "Retrieval of digital elevation models from Sentinel-1 radar data – open applications, techniques, and limitations." Open Geosciences 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 532–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geo-2020-0246.
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Abstract With the launch of Sentinel-1 in 2014, a new era of openly accessible spaceborne radar imagery was begun, and its potential has been demonstrated throughout all fields of applications. However, while interferometric approaches to detect surface deformations are continuously being published, only a few studies address the derivation of digital elevation models (DEMs) from Sentinel-1 data. This is mainly because of the narrow orbital tube, which was primarily designed for subsidence measurements using differential interferometry. Nonetheless, the technical conditions are provided for successful applications involving DEM generation. These are outlined in the first part of this article with a focus on potential error sources and the impact of the most important constraints, namely, temporal and perpendicular baselines. The second part evaluates 21 studies on this topic, their aims, and how they dealt with error sources and the necessity of validation. These studies are then discussed based on the main challenges and potentials including how these can be tackled in the future to lay a solid foundation for scientific discourse.
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Muntoni, Giacomo, Giorgio Montisci, Tonino Pisanu, Pietro Andronico, and Giuseppe Valente. "Crowded Space: A Review on Radar Measurements for Space Debris Monitoring and Tracking." Applied Sciences 11, no. 4 (February 3, 2021): 1364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11041364.
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Space debris monitoring is nowadays a priority for worldwide space agencies, due to the serious threat that these objects present. More and more efforts have been made to extend the network of available radar systems devoted to the control of space. A meticulous review has been done in this paper, in order to find and classify the considerable amounts of data provided by the scientific community that deal with RADAR measurement for the debris monitoring and tracking. The information gathered is organized based on the volume of found data and classified taking into account the geographical location of the facilities.
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Wagner, Wolfgang, Bernhard Bauer-Marschallinger, Claudio Navacchi, Felix Reuß, Senmao Cao, Christoph Reimer, Matthias Schramm, and Christian Briese. "A Sentinel-1 Backscatter Datacube for Global Land Monitoring Applications." Remote Sensing 13, no. 22 (November 17, 2021): 4622. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13224622.
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The Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) satellites allow global monitoring of the Earth’s land surface with unprecedented spatio-temporal coverage. Yet, implementing large-scale monitoring capabilities is a challenging task given the large volume of data from Sentinel-1 and the complex algorithms needed to convert the SAR intensity data into higher-level geophysical data products. While on-demand processing solutions have been proposed to cope with the petabyte-scale data volumes, in practice many applications require preprocessed datacubes that permit fast access to multi-year time series and image stacks. To serve near-real-time as well as offline land monitoring applications, we have created a Sentinel-1 backscatter datacube for all continents (except Antarctica) that is constantly being updated and maintained to ensure consistency and completeness of the data record over time. In this technical note, we present the technical specifications of the datacube, means of access and analysis capabilities, and its use in scientific and operational applications.
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Pelicano, Ana Catarina, and Raquel C. Conceição. "Development of a 3D Anthropomorphic Phantom Generator for Microwave Imaging Applications of the Head and Neck Region." Sensors 20, no. 7 (April 4, 2020): 2029. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20072029.
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The development of 3D anthropomorphic head and neck phantoms is of crucial and timely importance to explore novel imaging techniques, such as radar-based MicroWave Imaging (MWI), which have the potential to accurately diagnose Cervical Lymph Nodes (CLNs) in a neoadjuvant and non-invasive manner. We are motivated by a significant diagnostic blind-spot regarding mass screening of LNs in the case of head and neck cancer. The timely detection and selective removal of metastatic CLNs will prevent tumor cells from entering the lymphatic and blood systems and metastasizing to other body regions. The present paper describes the developed phantom generator which allows the anthropomorphic modelling of the main biological tissues of the cervical region, including CLNs, as well as their dielectric properties, for a frequency range from 1 to 10 GHz, based on Magnetic Resonance images. The resulting phantoms of varying complexity are well-suited to contribute to all stages of the development of a radar-based MWI device capable of detecting CLNs. Simpler models are essential since complexity could hinder the initial development stages of MWI devices. Besides, the diversity of anthropomorphic phantoms resulting from the developed phantom generator can be explored in other scientific contexts and may be useful to other medical imaging modalities.
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Patruno, Jolanda, Magdalena Fitrzyk, and Jose Manuel Delgado Blasco. "Monitoring and Detecting Archaeological Features with Multi-Frequency Polarimetric Analysis." Remote Sensing 12, no. 1 (December 18, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12010001.
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In remote sensing for archaeology, an unequivocal method capable of automatic detection of archaeological features still does not exists. Applications of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) remote sensing for archaeology mainly focus on high spatial resolution SAR sensors, which allow the recognition of structures of small dimension and give information of the surface topography of sites. In this study we investigated the potential of combined dual and fully polarized SAR data and performed polarimetric multi-frequency and multi-incidence angle analysis of C-band Sentinel-1, L-band Advanced Land Observing Satellite Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (ALOS PALSAR) and of C-band Radar Satellite-2 (RADARSAT-2) datasets for the detection of surface and subsurface archaeological structures over the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) site of Gebel Barkal (Sudan). While PALSAR offers a good historical reference, Sentinel-1 time series provide recent and systematic monitoring opportunities. RADARSAT-2 polarimetric data have been specifically acquired in 2012/2013, and have been scheduled to achieve a multi-temporal observation of the archaeological area under study. This work demonstrated how to exploit a complex but significant dataset composed of SAR full polarimetric and dual polarimetric acquisitions, with the purpose of identifying the most suitable earth observation technique for the preservation and identification of archaeological features. The scientific potential of the illustrated analysis fits perfectly with the current delicate needs of cultural heritage; such analysis demonstrates how multi-temporal and multi-data cultural heritage monitoring can be applied not only for documentation purposes, but can be addressed especially to those areas exposed to threats of different nature that require a constant and prompt intervention plans.
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Bigazzi, Luca, Lapo Miccinesi, Enrico Boni, Michele Basso, Tommaso Consumi, and Massimiliano Pieraccini. "Fast Obstacle Detection System for UAS Based on Complementary Use of Radar and Stereoscopic Camera." Drones 6, no. 11 (November 18, 2022): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones6110361.
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Autonomous unmanned aerial systems (UAS) are having an increasing impact in the scientific community. One of the most challenging problems in this research area is the design of robust real-time obstacle detection and avoidance systems. In the automotive field, applications of obstacle detection systems combining radar and vision sensors are common and widely documented. However, these technologies are not currently employed in the UAS field due to the major complexity of the flight scenario, especially in urban environments. In this paper, a real-time obstacle-detection system based on the use of a 77 GHz radar and a stereoscopic camera is proposed for use in small UASs. The resulting system is capable of detecting obstacles in a broad spectrum of environmental conditions. In particular, the vision system guarantees a high resolution for short distances, while the radar has a lower resolution but can cover greater distances, being insensitive to poor lighting conditions. The developed hardware and software architecture and the related obstacle-detection algorithm are illustrated within the European project AURORA. Experimental results carried out employing a small UAS show the effectiveness of the obstacle detection system and of a simple avoidance strategy during several autonomous missions on a test site.
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Ouaadi, Nadia, Jamal Ezzahar, Saïd Khabba, Salah Er-Raki, Adnane Chakir, Bouchra Ait Hssaine, Valérie Le Dantec, et al. "C-band radar data and in situ measurements for the monitoring of wheat crops in a semi-arid area (center of Morocco)." Earth System Science Data 13, no. 7 (July 29, 2021): 3707–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3707-2021.
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Abstract. A better understanding of the hydrological functioning of irrigated crops using remote sensing observations is of prime importance in semi-arid areas where water resources are limited. Radar observations, available at high resolution and with a high revisit time since the launch of Sentinel-1 in 2014, have shown great potential for the monitoring of the water content of the upper soil and of the canopy. In this paper, a complete set of data for radar signal analysis is shared with the scientific community for the first time to our knowledge. The data set is composed of Sentinel-1 products and in situ measurements of soil and vegetation variables collected during three agricultural seasons over drip-irrigated winter wheat in the Haouz plain in Morocco. The in situ data gather soil measurements (time series of half-hourly surface soil moisture, surface roughness and agricultural practices) and vegetation measurements collected every week/2 weeks including aboveground fresh and dry biomasses, vegetation water content based on destructive measurements, the cover fraction, the leaf area index, and plant height. Radar data are the backscattering coefficient and the interferometric coherence derived from Sentinel-1 GRDH (Ground Range Detected High Resolution) and SLC (Single Look Complex) products, respectively. The normalized difference vegetation index derived from Sentinel-2 data based on Level-2A (surface reflectance and cloud mask) atmospheric-effects-corrected products is also provided. This database, which is the first of its kind made available open access, is described here comprehensively in order to help the scientific community to evaluate and to develop new or existing remote sensing algorithms for monitoring wheat canopy under semi-arid conditions. The data set is particularly relevant for the development of radar applications including surface soil moisture and vegetation variable retrieval using either physically based or empirical approaches such as machine and deep learning algorithms. The database is archived in the DataSuds repository and is freely accessible via the following DOI: https://doi.org/10.23708/8D6WQC (Ouaadi et al., 2020a).
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Neuneck, Götz. "Die Rolle der Naturwissenschaft." PROKLA. Zeitschrift für kritische Sozialwissenschaft 32, no. 127 (June 1, 2002): 227–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.32387/prokla.v32i127.703.
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In the last century, science was not only a dominant factor in society, but helped also to create incredible weapon arsenals: Nuclear weapons, radar, computers, operations research, missiles, lasers have been established for warfare purposes Ieading to a narrow relationship between national security and science, especially in the United States. Scientists not only made scientific discoveries, but were also instrumental in advising their governments to develop new weapons leading to an qualitative arms race that never stopped. On the other hand, scientists using their reputation, their international contacts and their knowledge helped to establish arms control regimes and disarmament to restrict or to ban the use of weapons of mass destruction. The speed of scientific progress and the proliferation of materials, knowledge and individuals seems not to slow down. New military applications based on scientific knowledge are likely: Computers, molecular biology, electronic communication, space technologies could also be put to evil purposes. Bio-weapons, information warfare, precision munitions, encryption etc. can support asymmetrical warfare but also be used as new powerful force multipliers. New ways to contro! cruel weapons uses have to be established in the new century. lt would be the responsibility of scientists to help mankind to ban new devasting weapon applications.
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Cosoli, Simone, and Stuart de Vos. "Interoperability of Direction-Finding and Beam-Forming High-Frequency Radar Systems: An Example from the Australian High-Frequency Ocean Radar Network." Remote Sensing 11, no. 3 (February 1, 2019): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11030291.
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Direction-finding SeaSonde (4.463 MHz; 5.2625 MHz) and phased-array WEllen RAdar WERA (9.33 MHz; 13.5 MHz) High-frequency radar (HFR) systems are routinely operated in Australia for scientific research, operational modeling, coastal monitoring, fisheries, and other applications. Coverage of WERA and SeaSonde HFRs in Western Australia overlap. Comparisons with subsurface currents show that both HFR types agree well with current meter records. Correlation (R), root-mean-squares differences (RMSDs), and mean bias (bias) for hourly-averaged radial currents range between R = (−0.03, 0.78), RMSD = (9.2, 30.3) cm/s, and bias = (−5.2, 5.2) cm/s for WERAs; and R = (0.1, 0.76), RMSD = (17.4, 33.6) cm/s, bias = (0.03, 0.36) cm/s for SeaSonde HFRs. Pointing errors (θ) are in the range θ = (1°, 21°) for SeaSonde HFRs, and θ = (3°, 8°) for WERA HFRs. For WERA HFR current components, comparison metrics are RU = (−0.12, 0.86), RMSDU = (12.3, 15.7) cm/s, biasU = (−5.1, −0.5) cm/s; and, RV = (0.61, 0.86), RMSDV = (15.4, 21.1) cm/s, and biasV = (−0.5, 9.6) cm/s for the zonal (u) and the meridional (v) components. Magnitude and phase angle for the vector correlation are ρ = (0.58, 0.86), φ = (−10°, 28°). Good match was found in a direct comparison of SeaSonde and WERA HFR currents in their overlap (ρ = (0.19, 0.59), φ = (−4°, +54°)). Comparison metrics at the mooring slightly decrease when SeaSonde HFR radials are combined with WERA HFR: scalar (vector) correlations for RU, V, (ρ) are in the range RU = (−0.20, 0.83), RV = (0.39, 0.79), ρ = (0.47, 0.72). When directly compared over the same grid, however, vectors from WERA HFR radials and vectors from merged SeaSonde–WERA show RU (RV) exceeding 0.9 (0.7) within the HFR grid. Despite the intrinsic differences between the two types of radars used here, findings show that different HFR genres can be successfully merged, thus increasing current mapping capability of the existing HFR networks, and minimising operational downtime, however at a likely cost of slightly decreased data quality.
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Wu, Yuanzhe, Chang Liu, Qian Zhang, and Linlin Ge. "Bibliometric Analysis of Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) Application in Land Subsidence from 2000 to 2021." Journal of Sensors 2022 (November 10, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1027673.
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Land subsidence is one of the serious natural disasters which can cause heavy casualties and economic losses. As a vital method, Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) can provide quick and efficient solutions for analysis. Currently, most reviews on InSAR application in land subsidence only focused on single types of land areas, such as the land around groundwater and land of the mining area. There is a lack of discussion on all types of land areas. This study thus aims at conducting a bibliometric literature analysis of the existing literature from 2000 to 2021 to fill this gap. The authors used scientific mapping methods to analyze the InSAR applications in land subsidence so that researchers and practitioners can comprehend the procedure. Then, the authors identified the major research areas, development milestones, evolutionary stages, and the transaction dynamics of evolutionary stages. Knowledge maps of five aspects were applied and analyzed in this research, including temporal development analysis, countries and institutions, major research disciplines, high-frequency terms, and cocitation of high-citation papers. The results reveal that the research of land subsidence monitoring with InSAR is in the stage of diffusion from developing many tools and techniques to integrating with other research areas. Overall, the bibliometric results combined with evolutionary stages provide a holistic picture of the status quo and future trends in InSAR application in land subsidence.
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Goliber, Sophie, Taryn Black, Ginny Catania, James M. Lea, Helene Olsen, Daniel Cheng, Suzanne Bevan, et al. "TermPicks: a century of Greenland glacier terminus data for use in scientific and machine learning applications." Cryosphere 16, no. 8 (August 12, 2022): 3215–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3215-2022.
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Abstract. Marine-terminating outlet glacier terminus traces, mapped from satellite and aerial imagery, have been used extensively in understanding how outlet glaciers adjust to climate change variability over a range of timescales. Numerous studies have digitized termini manually, but this process is labor intensive, and no consistent approach exists. A lack of coordination leads to duplication of efforts, particularly for Greenland, which is a major scientific research focus. At the same time, machine learning techniques are rapidly making progress in their ability to automate accurate extraction of glacier termini, with promising developments across a number of optical and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellite sensors. These techniques rely on high-quality, manually digitized terminus traces to be used as training data for robust automatic traces. Here we present a database of manually digitized terminus traces for machine learning and scientific applications. These data have been collected, cleaned, assigned with appropriate metadata including image scenes, and compiled so they can be easily accessed by scientists. The TermPicks data set includes 39 060 individual terminus traces for 278 glaciers with a mean of 136 ± 190 and median of 93 of traces per glacier. Across all glaciers, 32 567 dates have been digitized, of which 4467 have traces from more than one author, and there is a duplication rate of 17 %. We find a median error of ∼ 100 m among manually traced termini. Most traces are obtained after 1999, when Landsat 7 was launched. We also provide an overview of an updated version of the Google Earth Engine Digitization Tool (GEEDiT), which has been developed specifically for future manual picking of the Greenland Ice Sheet.
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González, Carolina, Markus Bachmann, José-Luis Bueso-Bello, Paola Rizzoli, and Manfred Zink. "A Fully Automatic Algorithm for Editing the TanDEM-X Global DEM." Remote Sensing 12, no. 23 (December 3, 2020): 3961. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12233961.
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The spaceborne mission TanDEM-X successfully acquired and processed a global Digital Elevation Model (DEM) from interferometric bistatic SAR data at X band. The product has been delivered in 2016 and is characterized by an unprecedented vertical accuracy. It is provided at 12 m, 30 m, and 90 m sampling and can be accessed by the scientific community via a standard announcement of opportunity process and the submission of a scientific proposal. The 90 m version is freely available for scientific purposes. The DEM is unedited, which means that it is the pure result of the interferometric SAR processing and subsequent mosaicking. Residual gaps, resulting, e.g., from unprocessable data, are still present and water surfaces appear noisy. This paper reports on the algorithms developed at DLR’s Microwaves and Radar Institute for a fully automatic editing of the global TanDEM-X DEM comprising gap filling and water editing. The result is a new global gap-free DEM product at 30 m sampling, which can be used for a large variety of scientific applications. It also serves as a reference for processing the upcoming TanDEM-X Change DEM layer.
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Cui, Xiangbin, Jamin S. Greenbaum, Shinan Lang, Xi Zhao, Lin Li, Jingxue Guo, and Bo Sun. "The Scientific Operations of Snow Eagle 601 in Antarctica in the Past Five Austral Seasons." Remote Sensing 12, no. 18 (September 15, 2020): 2994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12182994.
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The Antarctic ice sheet and the continent both play critical roles in global sea level rise and climate change but they remain poorly understood because data collection is greatly limited by the remote location and hostile conditions there. Airborne platforms have been extensively used in Antarctica due to their capabilities and flexibility and have contributed a great deal of knowledge to both the ice sheet and the continent. The Snow Eagle 601 fixed-wing airborne platform has been deployed by China for Antarctic expeditions since 2015. Scientific instruments on the airplane include an ice-penetrating radar, a gravimeter, a magnetometer, a laser altimeter, a camera and a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). In the past five austral seasons, the airborne platform has been used to survey Princess Elizabeth Land, the largest data gap in Antarctica, as well as other critical areas. This paper reviews the scientific operations of Snow Eagle 601 including airborne and ground-based scientific instrumentation, aviation logistics, field data acquisition and processing and data quality control. We summarize the progress of airborne surveys to date, focusing on scientific motivations, data coverage and national and international collaborations. Finally, we discuss potential regions for applications of the airborne platform in Antarctica and developments of the airborne scientific system for future work.
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Tampubolon, W., and W. Reinhardt. "QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF AN EXTENDED INTERFEROMETRIC RADAR DATA PROCESSING APPROACH." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4 (September 19, 2018): 615–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-615-2018.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Radar data acquisition is a reliable technology to provide base data for topographical mapping. Its flexibility and weather independency makes radar data more attractive in comparison with traditional airborne data acquisition. This advantage emplaces radar data acquisition as an alternative method for many applications including Large Scale Topographical Mapping (LSTM). LSTM i.e. larger or equal than 1<span class="thinspace"></span>:<span class="thinspace"></span>10.000 map scale is one of the prominent priority tasks to be finished in an accelerated way especially in third world countries such as Indonesia. The available TerraSAR-X Add on Digital Elevation Model X (TanDEM-X) Intermediate Digital Elevation Model (IDEM) from German Aerospace Center (DLR) as one useful global scientific data set however still complies with High Resolution Terrain Information (HRTI) Level 3 only. The accuracy of the end product of pairwise bi-static TanDEM-X data can be improved by some potential measures such as incorporation of Ground Control Points (GCPs) within the interferometric data processing. It is expected that the corresponding end product can fulfil HRTI Level 4 specification. From this point, we focus on the step of phase difference measurements in radar interferometry to generate elevation model with least square adjustment approach using three main parameters i.e. height reference, absolute phase offset and baseline. Those three parameters are considered to be essential within the Digital Surface Model (DSM) generation process. Therefore it is necessary to find the optimal solution within aforementioned adjustment model. In this paper we use an linearized model, as discussed in section 2.4, to process the bi-static TanDEM-X datasets and investigate how this improves the accuracy of the generated DSM. As interferometric radar data processing relies on accurate GCP data we use Indonesian Geospatial Reference System (SRGI) for our investigations. Also, we use baseline and phase offset information from TanDEM-X metadata. Subsequently, the DSM generated using Sentinel Application Platform (SNAP) desktop, is the main product used for LSTM. This product has to be assessed using check points derived from conventional airborne data acquisition using RCD-30 metric camera and the accuracy is compared with the accuracy of the IDEM. Summarized, this paper aims on an improvement of the DSM generation by adjusting main parameters through our linearized model.</p>
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Schäfer, Matthias, Martin Strohmeier, Mauro Leonardi, and Vincent Lenders. "LocaRDS: A Localization Reference Data Set." Sensors 21, no. 16 (August 17, 2021): 5516. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21165516.
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The use of wireless signals for the purposes of localization enables a host of applications relating to the determination and verification of the positions of network participants ranging from radar to satellite navigation. Consequently, this has been a longstanding interest of theoretical and practical research in mobile networks and many solutions have been proposed in the scientific literature. However, it is hard to assess the performance of these in the real world and, more importantly, to compare their advantages and disadvantages in a controlled scientific manner. With this work, we attempt to improve the current state of art methodology in localization research and to place it on a solid scientific grounding for future investigations. Concretely, we developed LocaRDS, an open reference data set of real-world crowdsourced flight data featuring more than 222 million measurements from over 50 million transmissions recorded by 323 sensors. We demonstrate how we can verify the quality of LocaRDS measurements so that it can be used to test, analyze and directly compare different localization methods. Finally, we provide an example implementation for the aircraft localization problem and a discussion of possible metrics for use with LocaRDS.
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Kapoulas, Ioannis K., Antonios Hatziefremidis, A. K. Baldoukas, Evangelos S. Valamontes, and J. C. Statharas. "Small Fixed-Wing UAV Radar Cross-Section Signature Investigation and Detection and Classification of Distance Estimation Using Realistic Parameters of a Commercial Anti-Drone System." Drones 7, no. 1 (January 6, 2023): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones7010039.
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Various types of small drones constitute a modern threat for infrastructure and hardware, as well as for humans; thus, special-purpose radar has been developed in the last years in order to identify such drones. When studying the radar signatures, we observed that the majority of the scientific studies refer to multirotor aerial vehicles; there is a significant gap regarding small, fixed-wing Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). Driven by the security principle, we conducted a series of Radar Cross Section (RCS) simulations on the Euclid fixed-wing UAV, which has a wingspan of 2 m and is being developed by our University. The purpose of this study is to partially fill the gap that exists regarding the RCS signatures and identification distances of fixed-wing UAVs of the same wingspan as the Euclid. The software used for the simulations was POFACETS (v.4.1). Two different scenarios were carried out. In scenario A, the RCS of the Euclid fixed-wing UAV, with a 2 m wingspan, was analytically studied. Robin radar systems’ Elvira Anti Drone System is the simulated radar, operating at 8.7 to 9.65 GHz; θ angle is set at 85° for this scenario. Scenario B studies the Euclid RCS within the broader 3 to 16 Ghz spectrum at the same θ = 85° angle. The results indicated that the Euclid UAV presents a mean RCS value (σ ¯) of −17.62 dBsm for scenario A, and a mean RCS value (σ ¯) of −22.77 dBsm for scenario B. These values are much smaller than the values of a typical commercial quadcopter, such as DJI Inspire 1, which presents −9.75 dBsm and −13.92 dBsm for the same exact scenarios, respectively. As calculated in the study, the Euclid UAV can penetrate up to a distance of 1784 m close to the Elvira Anti Drone System, while the DJI Inspire 1 will be detected at 2768 m. This finding is of great importance, as the obviously larger fixed-wing Euclid UAV will be detected about one kilometer closer to the anti-drone system.
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Luo, Li. "Research on Sensing Detection Technology in the Automotive Electronic Program Design." Applied Mechanics and Materials 380-384 (August 2013): 613–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.380-384.613.
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with the rapid development of information technology, the deepening of sensing detection and automobile electronic technology, the safety and reliability of vehicle electronic control has been the core problem to be solved in the automotive electronic control system. Sensor detection technology has become an important part of the development of automotive technology. This paper first analyzes the automobile electronic detection technology and sensing detection applications. Based on this, the theoretical framework principle model of automotive electronic software program design has been further deepened, so as to take the electronic program design of automotive anti-collision radar as the empirical analysis example. Finally, the optimization of automotive electronic program software design provides scientific basis and practice way to a certain extent in this field research.
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Scott, Chelsea Phipps, Matthew Beckley, Minh Phan, Emily Zawacki, Christopher Crosby, Viswanath Nandigam, and Ramon Arrowsmith. "Statewide USGS 3DEP Lidar Topographic Differencing Applied to Indiana, USA." Remote Sensing 14, no. 4 (February 11, 2022): 847. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14040847.
Full textAbstract:
Differencing multi-temporal topographic data (radar, lidar, or photogrammetrically derived point clouds or digital elevation models—DEMs) measures landscape change, with broad applications for scientific research, hazard management, industry, and urban planning. The United States Geological Survey’s 3D Elevation Program (3DEP) is an ambitious effort to collect light detection and ranging (lidar) topography over the United States’ lower 48 and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (IfSAR) in Alaska by 2023. The datasets collected through this program present an important opportunity to characterize topography and topographic change at regional and national scales. We present Indiana statewide topographic differencing results produced from the 2011–2013 and 2016–2020 lidar collections. We discuss the insights, challenges, and lessons learned from conducting large-scale differencing. Challenges include: (1) designing and implementing an automated differencing workflow over 94,000 km2 of high-resolution topography data, (2) ensuring sufficient computing resources, and (3) managing the analysis and visualization of the multiple terabytes of data. We highlight observations including infrastructure development, vegetation growth, and landscape change driven by agricultural practices, fluvial processes, and natural resource extraction. With 3DEP and the U.S. Interagency Elevation Inventory data, at least 37% of the Contiguous 48 U.S. states are already covered by repeat, openly available, high-resolution topography datasets, making topographic differencing possible.
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Whitehead, Ken, and Chris H. Hugenholtz. "Remote sensing of the environment with small unmanned aircraft systems (UASs), part 1: a review of progress and challenges." Journal of Unmanned Vehicle Systems 02, no. 03 (September 1, 2014): 69–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/juvs-2014-0006.
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The recent development and proliferation of unmanned aircraft systems (UASs) has made it possible to examine environmental processes and changes occurring at spatial and temporal scales that would be difficult or impossible to detect using conventional remote sensing platforms. This review article highlights new developments in UAS-based remote sensing, focusing mainly on small UASs (<25 kg). Because this class is generally less expensive and more versatile than larger systems the use of small UASs for civil, commercial, and scientific applications is expected to expand considerably in the future. To highlight different environmental applications, we provide an overview of recent progress in remote sensing with small UASs, including photogrammetry, multispectral and hyperspectral imaging, thermal, and synthetic aperture radar and LiDAR. We also draw on the literature and our own research experience to identify some key research challenges, including limitations of the current generation of platforms and sensors, and the development of optimal methodologies for processing and analysis. While much of the potential of small UASs for remote sensing remains to be realised, it is likely that the next few years will see such systems being used to provide data for an ever-increasing range of environmental applications.
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Tao, Mingliang, Jieshuang Li, Jia Su, and Ling Wang. "Characterization and Removal of RFI Artifacts in Radar Data via Model-Constrained Deep Learning Approach." Remote Sensing 14, no. 7 (March 24, 2022): 1578. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14071578.
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Microwave remote sensing instruments such as synthetic aperture radar (SAR) play an important role in scientific research applications, while they suffer great measurement distortion with the presence of radio frequency interference (RFI). Existing methods either adopt model−based optimization or follow a data−driven black−box learning scheme, and both have specific limitations in terms of efficiency, accuracy, and interpretability. In this paper, we propose a hybrid model−constrained deep learning approach for RFI extraction and mitigation by fusing the classical model-based and advanced data-driven method. Considering the temporal-spatial correlation of target response, as well as the random sparsity property for time−varying interference, a joint low−rank and sparse optimization framework is established. Instead of applying the iterative optimization process with uncertain convergency, the proposed scheme approximates the iterative process with a stacked recurrent neural network. By adopting this hybrid model−constrained deep learning strategy, the original unsupervised decomposition problem is converted to a supervised learning problem. Experimental results show the validity of the proposed method under diverse RFI scenarios, which could avoid the manual tuning of model hyperparameters as well as speed up the efficiency.
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Jeng, Y., and C. S. Chen. "A nonlinear method of removing harmonic noise in geophysical data." Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics 18, no. 3 (June 21, 2011): 367–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/npg-18-367-2011.
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Abstract. A nonlinear, adaptive method to remove the harmonic noise that commonly resides in geophysical data is proposed in this study. This filtering method is based on the ensemble empirical mode decomposition algorithm in conjunction with the logarithmic transform. We present a synthetic model study to investigate the capability of signal reconstruction from the decomposed data, and compare the results with those derived from other 2-D adaptive filters. Applications to the real seismic data acquired by using an ocean bottom seismograph and to a shot gather of the ground penetrating radar demonstrate the robustness of this method. Our work proposes a concept that instead of Fourier-based approaches, the harmonic noise removal in geophysical data can be achieved effectively by using an alternative nonlinear adaptive data analysis method, which has been applied extensively in other scientific studies.
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Radočaj, Dorijan, Jasmina Obhođaš, Mladen Jurišić, and Mateo Gašparović. "Global Open Data Remote Sensing Satellite Missions for Land Monitoring and Conservation: A Review." Land 9, no. 11 (October 23, 2020): 402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9110402.
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The application of global open data remote sensing satellite missions in land monitoring and conservation studies is in the state of rapid growth, ensuring an observation with high spatial and spectral resolution over large areas. The purpose of this study was to provide a review of the most important global open data remote sensing satellite missions, current state-of-the-art processing methods and applications in land monitoring and conservation studies. Multispectral (Landsat, Sentinel-2, and MODIS), radar (Sentinel-1), and digital elevation model missions (SRTM, ASTER) were analyzed, as the most often used global open data satellite missions, according to the number of scientific research articles published in Web of Science database. Processing methods of these missions’ data consisting of image preprocessing, spectral indices, image classification methods, and modelling of terrain topographic parameters were analyzed and demonstrated. Possibilities of their application in land cover, land suitability, vegetation monitoring, and natural disaster management were evaluated, having high potential in broad use worldwide. Availability of free and complementary satellite missions, as well as the open-source software, ensures the basis of effective and sustainable land use management, with the prerequisite of the more extensive knowledge and expertise gathering at a global scale.