Relevant bibliographies by topics / Radar operators

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Radar operators'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Radar operators"

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Ryzhkov, Alexander V., Jeffrey Snyder, Jacob T. Carlin, Alexander Khain, and Mark Pinsky. "What Polarimetric Weather Radars Offer to Cloud Modelers: Forward Radar Operators and Microphysical/Thermodynamic Retrievals." Atmosphere 11, no. 4 (April 8, 2020): 362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11040362.

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The utilization of polarimetric weather radars for optimizing cloud models is a next frontier of research. It is widely understood that inadequacies in microphysical parameterization schemes in numerical weather prediction (NWP) models is a primary cause of forecast uncertainties. Due to its ability to distinguish between hydrometeors with different microphysical habits and to identify “polarimetric fingerprints” of various microphysical processes, polarimetric radar emerges as a primary source of needed information. There are two approaches to leverage this information for NWP models: (1) radar microphysical and thermodynamic retrievals and (2) forward radar operators for converting the model outputs into the fields of polarimetric radar variables. In this paper, we will provide an overview of both. Polarimetric measurements can be combined with cloud models of varying complexity, including ones with bulk and spectral bin microphysics, as well as simplified Lagrangian models focused on a particular microphysical process. Combining polarimetric measurements with cloud modeling can reveal the impact of important microphysical agents such as aerosols or supercooled cloud water invisible to the radar on cloud and precipitation formation. Some pertinent results obtained from models with spectral bin microphysics, including the Hebrew University cloud model (HUCM) and 1D models of melting hail and snow coupled with the NSSL forward radar operator, are illustrated in the paper.
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Дудуш, А. С., І. І. Сачук, Сальман Оваід, and А. К. Бідун. "Science & technology trends in cognitive radar concept." Системи обробки інформації, no. 3(166) (September 24, 2021): 22–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.30748/soi.2021.166.02.

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Currently, human operators provide cognition in a radar system. However, advances in the “digitization” of radar front-ends, including digital arbitrary waveform generators (AWG) and advanced high performance embedded computing (HPEC) make it possible to vary all key radar parameters (power, pulse length, number of pulses, pulse repetition frequency (PRF), modulation, frequency, polarization) on a pulse-by-pulse basis within ns or ms and over a wide operating range. This timescale is much faster than the decision-making ability of a human operator. The cognitive-inspired techniques in radar, that are intensively developing last years, mimic elements of human cognition and the use of external knowledge to use the available system resources in an optimal way for the current goal and environment. Radar systems based on the perception-action cycle of cognition that senses the environment, learns relevant information from it about the target and the background and then adapts the radar to optimally satisfy the needs of the mission according to a desired goal are called cognitive radars. In the article, recent ideas and applications of cognitive radars were analyzed.
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Zhang, Guifu, Jidong Gao, and Muyun Du. "Parameterized Forward Operators for Simulation and Assimilation of Polarimetric Radar Data with Numerical Weather Predictions." Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 38, no. 5 (April 8, 2021): 737–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00376-021-0289-6.

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AbstractMany weather radar networks in the world have now provided polarimetric radar data (PRD) that have the potential to improve our understanding of cloud and precipitation microphysics, and numerical weather prediction (NWP). To realize this potential, an accurate and efficient set of polarimetric observation operators are needed to simulate and assimilate the PRD with an NWP model for an accurate analysis of the model state variables. For this purpose, a set of parameterized observation operators are developed to simulate and assimilate polarimetric radar data from NWP model-predicted hydrometeor mixing ratios and number concentrations of rain, snow, hail, and graupel. The polarimetric radar variables are calculated based on the T-matrix calculation of wave scattering and integrations of the scattering weighted by the particle size distribution. The calculated polarimetric variables are then fitted to simple functions of water content and volume-weighted mean diameter of the hydrometeor particle size distribution. The parameterized PRD operators are applied to an ideal case and a real case predicted by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to have simulated PRD, which are compared with existing operators and real observations to show their validity and applicability. The new PRD operators use less than one percent of the computing time of the old operators to complete the same simulations, making it efficient in PRD simulation and assimilation usage.
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Mahale, Vivek N., Guifu Zhang, Ming Xue, Jidong Gao, and Heather D. Reeves. "Variational Retrieval of Rain Microphysics and Related Parameters from Polarimetric Radar Data with a Parameterized Operator." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 36, no. 12 (December 1, 2019): 2483–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-18-0212.1.

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Abstract A variational retrieval of rain microphysics from polarimetric radar data (PRD) has been developed through the use of S-band parameterized polarimetric observation operators. Polarimetric observations allow for the optimal retrieval of cloud and precipitation microphysics for weather quantification and data assimilation for convective-scale numerical weather prediction (NWP) by linking PRD to physical parameters. Rain polarimetric observation operators for reflectivity ZH, differential reflectivity ZDR, and specific differential phase KDP were derived for S-band PRD using T-matrix scattering amplitudes. These observation operators link the PRD to the physical parameters of water content W and mass-/volume-weighted diameter Dm for rain, which can be used to calculate other microphysical information. The S-band observation operators were tested using a 1D variational retrieval that uses the (nonlinear) Gauss–Newton method to iteratively minimize the cost function to find an optimal estimate of Dm and W separately for each azimuth of radar data, which can be applied to a plan position indicator (PPI) radar scan (i.e., a single elevation). Experiments on two-dimensional video disdrometer (2DVD) data demonstrated the advantages of including ΦDP observations and using the nonlinear solution rather than the (linear) optimal interpolation (OI) solution. PRD collected by the Norman, Oklahoma (KOUN) WSR-88D on 15 June 2011 were used to successfully test the retrieval method on radar data. The successful variational retrieval from the 2DVD and the radar data demonstrate the utility of the proposed method.
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Goh, Y. K., A. R. Holt, and P. P. Alberoni. "Doppler radar wind field retrieval over the Po Valley." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 6, no. 2 (May 4, 2006): 285–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-6-285-2006.

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Abstract. Although methods of using multiple Doppler radars to study wind fields have long been proposed, and many research studies have been made, very few operational radar operators adopt methods which require the use of specific scanning strategies to allow the extraction of wind information. Here we report a collaborative study on dual-Doppler radars based on two Doppler radars in the Po valley, Italy. Unusually, the radars are only about 90 km apart, though operated by the same authority. The wind field syntheses are carried out on a 30 km by 30 km region where the two radars have overlapping scan coverage. An iterative method based on the linear wind model and the equation of mass continuity is used to construct the wind fields. The methodology has been validated by two different methods. The first method is to reconstruct the radial wind observed by each radar, and the second method is calculating and comparing the along-track component with that derived from the observations. Both two comparisons show good agreement with the original data.
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Beyea, Jan, Bernd Franke, and Melvin Siedband. "X-ray doses from radar received by Belgian professional military radar operators." International Journal of Cancer 134, no. 12 (December 6, 2013): 2995–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.28635.

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Burgers, Travis A., and Kelly J. Vanderwerff. "Vision and Radar Steering Reduces Agricultural Sprayer Operator Stress without Compromising Steering Performance." Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health 28, no. 3 (2022): 163–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/jash.15060.

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HighlightsStress was measured in professional sprayer operators who, while working, drove manually and with vision or radar steering.Vision and radar steering reduced the average operator stress rate by 48% relative to manual steering.The use of automatic guidance could have a dramatic positive effect on the health of sprayer operators.Sprayer steering performance was reported for professional operators and both vision and radar guidance for the first time.Abstract. Self-propelled agricultural sprayer operators work an average of 15 h d-1 in peak season, and steering is the task that causes the operator the most stress because of the large number of stimuli involved. Automatic guidance systems help reduce stress and fatigue for operators by allowing them to focus on tasks other than steering. Physiological signals like skin conductance (electrodermal activity, EDA) change with stress and can be used to identify stressful events. The objective of this study was to determine if using a commercially available vision and radar guidance system (VSN®, Raven Industries) reduces agricultural sprayer operators’ stress compared to when they are steering manually. Four male professional sprayer operators participated in this study. Each operator performed his job duties normally in GPS-guidance-planted fields, at his self-selected speed, except to drive some passes manually and others with VSN in the same field. EDA was measured with an Empatica E4 wristband, and stressful events were quantified. Machine data (e.g., speed, RTK-GPS, and VSN metrics) were collected from each sprayer via CAN logs. The steering type, stress rate (e.g., stressful events min-1), and steering performance (cross-track error standard deviation, XTE SD) were determined for each pass. In total, 51 passes (23 manual, 28 VSN) in six fields were analyzed. Operators using VSN had a significant reduction (48% lower, p < 0.001) in their stress rate compared to when they were steering manually. There was no significant difference in the XTE SD for the steering type. The use of an automatic guidance system such as VSN could have a dramatic positive effect on the health of sprayer operators, especially during the long workdays of the peak spraying season, and could reduce the negative effects that stress and fatigue have on steering performance, mistakes, and accidents. Keywords: Electrodermal activity, Guidance systems, Machine vision, Precision agriculture, Radar, Skin conductance, Vehicle guidance.
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Blahak, Ulrich. "An Approximation to the Effective Beam Weighting Function for Scanning Meteorological Radars with an Axisymmetric Antenna Pattern." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 25, no. 7 (July 1, 2008): 1182–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jtecha1010.1.

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Abstract To obtain statistically stable reflectivity measurements by meteorological radars, it is common practice to average over several consecutive pulses during which the antenna rotates at a certain angular velocity. Taking into account the antenna’s continuous motion, the measured reflectivity is determined by an effective beam weighting function, which is different from a single-pulse weighting function—a fact that is widely ignored in applications involving beam weighting. In this paper, the effective beam weighting function is investigated in detail. The theoretical derivation shows that the effective weighting function is essentially a simple moving sum of single-beam weighting functions. Assuming a Gaussian shape of a single pulse, a simple and easy-to-use parameterization of the effective beam weighting function is arrived at, which depends only on the single beamwidth and the ratio of the single beamwidth to the rotational angular averaging interval. The derived relation is formulated in the “radar system” (i.e., the spherical coordinate system consisting of azimuth and elevation angles) that is often applied in practice. Formulas for the “beam system” (two orthogonal angles relative to the beam axis) are also presented. The final parameterization should be applicable to almost all meteorological radars and might be used (i) in specialized radar data analyses (with ground-based or satellite radars) and (ii) for radar forward operators to calculate simulated radar parameters from the results of NWP models.
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Kawabata, Takuya, Thomas Schwitalla, Ahoro Adachi, Hans-Stefan Bauer, Volker Wulfmeyer, Nobuhiro Nagumo, and Hiroshi Yamauchi. "Observational operators for dual polarimetric radars in variational data assimilation systems (PolRad VAR v1.0)." Geoscientific Model Development 11, no. 6 (June 22, 2018): 2493–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-2493-2018.

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Abstract. We implemented two observational operators for dual polarimetric radars in two variational data assimilation systems: WRF Var, the Weather Research and Forecasting Model variational data assimilation system, and NHM-4DVAR, the nonhydrostatic variational data assimilation system for the Japan Meteorological Agency nonhydrostatic model. The operators consist of a space interpolator, two types of variable converters, and their linearized and transposed (adjoint) operators. The space interpolator takes account of the effects of radar-beam broadening in both the vertical and horizontal directions and climatological beam bending. The first variable converter emulates polarimetric parameters with model prognostic variables and includes attenuation effects, and the second one derives rainwater content from the observed polarimetric parameter (specific differential phase). We developed linearized and adjoint operators for the space interpolator and variable converters and then assessed whether the linearity of the linearized operators and the accuracy of the adjoint operators were good enough for implementation in variational systems. The results of a simple assimilation experiment showed good agreement between assimilation results and observations with respect to reflectivity and specific differential phase but not with respect to differential reflectivity.
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Fox, Elizabeth, Arielle Stephenson, Christopher Stevens, and Gregory Bowers. "Predictors of Human Efficiency in Radar Detection Tasks." International Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security 18, no. 1 (February 28, 2023): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.34190/iccws.18.1.976.

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Aegis operators simultaneously locate and monitor the activity of several hostile targets, intervening and alerting their team when appropriate. Utilizing the Aegis Combat System, operators find, track, and respond to dynamic targets on a radar screen. The demand that operators undergo is often high, inevitably causing strain on cognitive functions and detriments to performance. We applied model-based measures, Cost and Multitasking Throughput, to quantify the influence of external factors on processing efficiency in radar task(s). We captured the influence of three experimental manipulations, each of three levels, on human efficiency to track the location of hostiles and/or detect brief radar interference. We collected participants’ performance to complete a multiple object tracking (MOT) task and an electronic attack detection task (EA) using a radar display. A factorial manipulation of conditions comprised changes to task(s) (EA, MOT, or both), the number of targets to track (2, 4, or 6) and the presence or absence of distractors, deemed 'friendlies' (between 500-1000 total tracks). Our novel individual- and model-based approach provided quantitative estimates of human efficiency. We compared the observed variation in efficiency among predictors including target quantity, visual load, and the presence of one or two interrelated tasks. Through quantifying the relationship of these variables to radar detection tasks, we discuss implications of our findings and provide a framework to examine how system designers may develop tools to alleviate observed cognitive demands and/or counter potential threats of electronic attacks in radar detection and tracking tasks.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Radar operators"

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Hodgetts, Vanessa. "The effect of feeding an oral solution of branched-chain amino acids on prolonged mental performance." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.320228.

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Zeng, Yuefei [Verfasser]. "Efficient Radar Forward Operator for Operational Data Assimilation within the COSMO-model / Yuefei Zeng." Karlsruhe : KIT Scientific Publishing, 2014. http://www.ksp.kit.edu.

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Jerger, Dorit [Verfasser]. "Radar Forward Operator for Verification of Cloud Resolving Simulations within the COSMO Model / Dorit Jerger." Karlsruhe : KIT Scientific Publishing, 2014. http://www.ksp.kit.edu.

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Khan, Kamran. "Refractive conditions in Arabian Sea and their effects on ESM and airborne radar operations." Thesis, Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 1990. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA238273.

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Thesis (M.S. in Systems Engineering (Electronic Warfare))--Naval Postgraduate School, September 1990.
Thesis Advisor(s): Davidson, Kenneth L. ; Powell, James R. "September 1990." Description based on title screen as viewed on December 29, 2009. DTIC Descriptor(s): Frequency, Electronic Warfare, Aircraft, Airborne, Electronic Equipment, Microwave Equipment, Radar, Profiles, Ducts, Meteorology, Communication And Radio Systems, Refraction, Arabian Sea, Refractometers, Military Operations. DTIC Identifier(s): Radar interference, meteorological phenomena, theses. Author(s) subject terms: Refractivity, Arabian Sea refractive conditions, ESM airborne radar, airborne microwave refractometer (AMR), IREPS, EREPS. Includes bibliographical references (p. 96-97). Also available in print.
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van, Duijn Leonard Franklin. "Clausewitz inspired reflections on aid operations in turbulent environments : the case of Nepal 1999-2005/06." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 2009. https://radar.brookes.ac.uk/radar/items/6742805c-a71a-4039-b954-8be76b864fbf/1.

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This research is an exploratory single case study, which focuses on the interplay between aspects of Clausewitz's theory on war and the practice of aid agencies in Nepal between 1999-2005/06. During which period Nepal was embroiled in an escalating violent contlict between Maoist rebels and the ruling establishment. which had a severe impact on the operations of aid agencies present in Nepal. The study draws primarily on Clausewitz's theory on war to provide analytical tools of help to the aid industry and those in strategizing roles at country level in thinking through the challenges faced in unstable and deteriorating operational contexts, in order to further poverty and contlict reduction efforts. The research reflects on the processes of strategizing and implementing aid operations in turbulent environments from a Clausewitz-inspired perspective and advances two main findings. First, the thesis finds that one key concept used in this retlection process, which shows itself to be of practical help, is the 'aid trinity'. The 'aid trinity' is a normative reflective framework that consists of three interacting layers, being psychological, social and managerial, which facilitates the thinking through and strategizing of aid operations. Second, by borrowing Clausewitz notion of friction, the research demonstrates that the existence of multiple forms of friction present in processes of strategizing and implementing aid operations in turbulent contexts like Nepal, could severely hamper these operations. Friction can be understood as the mediating force between what was perceived as the ideal fonn of conducting aid operations in Nepal and their actual character, resulting in the inability of the international aid community to address appropriately the dynamics of poverty and conflict. The research highlights the need to factor in the reality of these multiple forms of friction and to allow for their impact in policy, strategizing and implementation processes, in the hope of maximizing poverty and contlict reduction efforts in fragile states and other turbulent environments.
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Konyn, Mark. "Collision avoidance at sea and on a marine radar simulator using automatic encounter detection techniques." Thesis, London Metropolitan University, 1986. http://repository.londonmet.ac.uk/3212/.

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Considerable interest has recently been shown in the field of marine traffic engineering. Real life data sources made available for maritime studies are often expensive and inconvenient to collect. The marine radar simulator presents the researcher with a relatively inexpensive and readily available source of navlgatlonal data. With the improvement of remote vessel traffic monitoring systems the potential for inexpensive real life data analysis Is enhanced. The work of this study has been to allow the analysis of data archived from the Channel Navigation Information Service Automatic Data Processing system (CNIS AOP) installed at St. Margarets Bay Dover using contemporary digital computer graphical facilities, and to compare mariners' behaviour In a real life and simulator collision avoidance situation. For this comparison certain navigational situations known as encounters have been automatically detected using an extension of the Range to Domain Over Range Rate (RDRR) method (Colley et al 1983), referred to as the RDRR+ technique. A statistical comparison has been completed using non parametric techniques.
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Zeng, Yuefei [Verfasser], and K. D. [Akademischer Betreuer] Beheng. "Efficient Radar Forward Operator for Operational Data Assimilation within the COSMO-model / Yuefei Zeng. Betreuer: K. D. Beheng." Karlsruhe : KIT-Bibliothek, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1043756221/34.

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Borderies, Mary. "Assimilation de données de radar à nuages aéroporté pendant la campagne de mesures HyMeX." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2018. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/24550/1/Borderies_Mary.pdf.

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Les radars à nuages sont des atouts indéniables pour la Prévision Numérique du Temps (PNT). De par leur petite longueur d’onde, ils possèdent une excellente sensibilité aux particules nuageuses et ils sont facilement déployables à bord de plates-formes mobiles. Cette thèse a permis d’évaluer l’apport des observations de radars à nuages pour la validation et l’initialisation de modèles de PNT à échelle kilométrique. Dans la première partie, un opérateur d’observation pour la réflectivité en bande W a été conçu en cohérence avec le schéma microphysique à un moment d'Arome, le modèle de PNT à échelle kilométrique de Météo-France, mais de façon suffisamment générale pour pouvoir être adapté à un autre modèle de PNT à échelle kilométrique. Il est adaptable pour des radars à visée verticale aéroportés ou au sol. Afin de dissocier les erreurs de positionnement des nuages prévus par Arome, de celles présentes dans l’opérateur d’observation, une nouvelle méthode de validation, appelée "la méthode de la colonne la plus ressemblante (CPR), a été élaborée. Cette méthode a été employée afin de valider et de calibrer l'opérateur d'observation en utilisant les profils de réflectivité collectés par le radar à nuages aéroporté Rasta dans des conditions variées durant la première période d’observations (SOP1) du programme international HyMeX, qui vise à améliorer notre compréhension du cycle de l'eau en méditerranée. La seconde partie s'est intéressée à l'apport respectif de l'assimilation de profils verticaux de réflectivité et de vents horizontaux mesurés par le radar à nuages Rasta dans le système d'assimilation variationnel tridimensionnel (3DVar) d'Arome. Le bénéfice apporté par des conditions thermodynamiques, via l'assimilation de la réflectivité en bande W, et dynamiques, via l'assimilation des profils de vents horizontaux, cohérentes dans l'état initial a également été étudié. Pour assimiler la réflectivité en bande W, la méthode d'assimilation "1D+3DVar", qui est opérationnelle dans Arome pour assimiler les réflectivités des radars de précipitation au sol, a été employée. La méthode de restitution bayésienne 1D de profils d'humidité a été validée avec des mesures d'humidité in situ indépendantes. Puis, les expériences d'assimilation ont été menées sur un événement fortement convectif, ainsi que sur une plus longue période de 45 jours. Les résultats suggèrent notamment que l'assimilation conjointe des profils de réflectivité en bande W et des profils verticaux de vents horizontaux permet d'améliorer les analyses d'humidité, mais suggèrent également une légère amélioration des prévisions des cumuls de précipitation
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Augros, Clotilde. "Apport des données polarimétriques radar pour un modèle atmosphérique à échelle convective." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30056/document.

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Cette thèse a permis d'explorer l'apport des variables polarimétriques radar (aux longueurs d'onde centimétriques), sensibles aux propriétés microphysiques des hydrométéores, pour les modèles de prévision numérique à échelle convective. Dans la première partie de la thèse, un opérateur d'observation radar polarimétrique, cohérent avec les paramétrisations microphysiques à 1 moment couramment utilisées par les modèles opérationnels à échelle convective a été développé. Des comparaisons entre données simulées et observées pour tous les types de radar (S, C et X) ont été réalisées pour deux cas d'étude convectifs, et ont permis de valider l'opérateur d'observation. La deuxième partie de cette thèse a été consacrée à la conception et au test d'une méthode d'assimilation des variables polarimétriques, s'appuyant sur la méthode opérationnelle 1D+3D-Var, d'assimilation des réflectivités radar dans le modèle AROME. La méthode de restitution bayésienne 1D des profils d'humidité a été adaptée, afin d'inclure la phase différentielle spécifique et la réflectivité différentielle, en plus de la réflectivité, dans le vecteur d'observation. Plusieurs options de la méthode de restitution ont été testées et évaluées par des comparaisons aux observations radar et GPS. Des expériences d'assimilation menées sur deux cas convectifs ont ensuite été réalisées et ont permis d'évaluer l'impact des observations polarimétriques sur les champs analysés d'humidité ainsi que sur les prévisions de réflectivité et de cumuls de précipitation
This PhD has explored the benefits of polarimetric variables (for centimeter wavelength radars), which are sensitive to the microphysical properties of hydrometeors, for convective scale numerical prediction models. In the first part of the PhD, a radar forward operator, consistent with the bulk 1 moment microphysical schemes typically used by the operational convective scale models, has been designed. Comparisons between observed and simulated variables for all radar types (S, C, X) have been performed for two convective cases, and helped validate the forward operator. Following these comparisons, quality controls have been specified so as to limitate the errors on the polarimetric variables before using them for assimilation. In the second part of the PhD, an assimilation method for polarimetric variables, based on the operational 1D+3D-Var assimilation method used for radar reflectivities in AROME model has been designed. The Bayesian retrieval of 1D humidity profiles has been adapted in order to include differential reflectivity and specific differential phase within the observation vector. Different options of the methodology have been tested and evaluated by comparisons with radar and GPS observations. Assimilation experiments conducted for two convective cases demonstrated an impact on analysed humidity fields. The effect of the assimilation of polarimetric variables on forecasted reflectivities and precipitation accumulations was also evaluated
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Le, Bastard Tony. "Utilisation des données radar volumiques et d'un modèle de PNT à haute résolution pour une meilleure estimation quantitative des précipitations en plaine et sur les massifs montagneux." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019INPT0140.

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L'exploitation des données radar météorologiques utilisées pour estimer la lame d'eau est souvent compliquée par la hauteur de la mesure. C'est tout particulièrement le cas en zone montagneuse où le faisceau est très éloigné du sol du fait que les radars sont installés en haute altitude et queles élévations les plus basses sont partiellement ou totalement masquées. La méthode classiquement utilisée en opérationnel (et notamment à Météo-France) pour extrapoler les réflectivités à hauteur du sol, ne permet pas de considérer certains processus trop complexes pour être modélisés simplement, comme l'évaporation ou le renforcement des précipitations sous le faisceau. De plus, la variabilité spatiale des profils de précipitations n'est pas prise en compte, limitant considérablement les performances de l'algorithme d'estimation de la lame d'eau en plaine comme en régions montagneuses. C'est en identifiant ces lacunes et limitations que s'est inscrite cette thèse, avec pour but le développement d'une méthode novatrice d'estimation de la lame d'eau. L'idée est de tirer partie de la capacité du modèle numérique de prévision immédiate à haute résolution de Météo-France (AROME-PI) à produire des profils de précipitations réalistes, pour établir les profils les plus probables compte tenu des observations volumiques disponibles et les utiliser pour estimer la précipitation au sol. On s'appuie sur un simulateur radar qui, à partir des variables pronostiquées par le modèle (contenus en hydrométéores, température...), simule la réflectivité, tout en respectant la géométrie du faisceau du radar. La première partie de la thèse se concentre sur la mise en place d'une méthode bayésienne de recherche des profils de réflectivitéssimulés les plus pertinents par rapport à l'observation et ensuite utilisés pour la restitution des taux de précipitations et de la lame d'eau. Deux cas d'études stratiformes complexes ont été étudiés pour tester les performances du nouveau schéma et souligner les limitations de la correction des réflectivités actuellement utilisée à Météo-France. Une étude de sensibilité sur le poids donné aux élévations les plus basses dans la méthode ainsi que sur le nombre de profils simulés utilisés a été menée. La deuxième partie de cette thèse présente des améliorations apportées à la paramétrisation de la bande brillante de ce simulateur en cohérence avec le schéma microphysique ICE3 utilisé dans AROME. Les réflectivités ainsi simulées ont été évaluées sur différents cas d'études. Les biais identifiés ont été en partie corrigés grâce au développement d'une méthode statistique adaptée, permettant l'élaboration d'un jeu de données simulées plus robuste. Enfin, le dernier volet du travail se focalise sur l'évaluation du potentiel de la méthode à mieux estimer les précipitations en zone montagneuse. Des premiers tests ont été effectués sur un cas idéalisé de plaine pour lequel on a volontairement masqué l'élévation la plus basse. On a ensuite reconstitué les réflectivité masquées pour les comparer avec les réflectivités réellement observées. La nouvelle méthode a ensuite été appliquée sur un cas convectif et un cas stratiforme en zone montagneuse. Une évaluation tri-dimensionnelle des résultats a été faite à partir des profils quasi-verticaux du radar Xport de l'IGE, des pluviomètres ainsi que des profils de référence issus des réanalyses SAFRAN, un modèle d'analyse et de prévision de grandeurs météorologiques adapté pour la montagne. Elle a permis de montrer tout le potentiel que représente cette nouvelle approche pour l'estimation de la lame d'eau en montagne
The use of weather radar data to estimate rainfall accumulations is often complicated by the heightof the measurement. This is particularly true in mountainous areas where the beam is very farfrom the ground either because the radar are installed at high altitude or because the lowest elevations are partially or totally hidden or both. The method conventionally used in operationalsystems (and in particular at Météo-France) to extrapolate reflectivities to ground level, does notallow to consider some processes too complex to be modeled easily, such as evaporation orstrengthening of precipitation under the radar beam. In addition, the spatial variability of theprecipitation profiles is not taken into account, limiting considerably the performance of the rainfallestimation by the algorithm in both plains and mountainous regions. It is by identifying these gapsand limitations that this thesis was written, with the aim of developing an innovative method forestimating the rainfall accumulations. The idea is to take advantage of the ability of MétéoFrance's high-resolution nowcasting model (AROME-PI) to produce realistic precipitation profiles.These profiles are used to estimate the most probable one according to the available volume observations, and to use it to estimate the precipitation at the ground. In order to do so, we relie ona radar simulator that simulates the reflectivity from the model prognostic variables (hydrometeorcontents, temperature ...), and that takes into acount the radar beam geometry. The first part ofthe thesis focused on the implementation of a Bayesian method to retrieve the most relevantsimulated profiles of reflectivity which are then used to estimate the rainfall rates and accumulations. Two complex stratiform situations were studied to test the performance of the newscheme and to highlight the limitations of the correction currently used at Météo-France. Thesensitivity of the results to the weight given to the lowest elevations in the method as well as to thenumber of simulated profiles used was conducted. The second part of this thesis presentsimprovements brought to the parametrization of the bright band in the radar simulator while keeping the coherence with the microphysics scheme ICE3 implemented in AROME model. Thesimulated reflectivities were evaluated on different case studies. The biases identified have beenpartially corrected through the development of a suitable statistical method, allowing thedevelopment of a more robust simulated dataset. Finally, the last part of the work focused onevaluating the potential of the method in mountainous areas. First tests were carried out on anidealized case over flat areas for which the lowest elevation was deliberately hidden. There flectivity behind this fictive mask was then reconstructed and compared with the reflectivitiesactually observed. Next, the new method was applied to a convective case and a stratiform caseover mountainous areas. A three-dimensional evaluation of the performances from the quasivertical profiles of the Xport radar from IGE, the rain gauges as well as the SAFRAN reanalysis (amodel producing analysis and forecast of meteorological quantities adapted for the mountain),helped to evaluate the full potential of this new approach for estimating the rainfall accumulationsin complex terrain
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Books on the topic "Radar operators"

1

Moule, Dick. The radar mechanics' secret war: 1940-1945. Calgary, AB: G.R. Moule, 1993.

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Maia, Fred. GROL plus: General Radiotelephone Operator License plus Radar Endorsement : FCC commercial radio license preparation element 1, element 3 and element 8 question pools. Richardson, Tex: Master Pub., 1996.

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Fred, Maia. GROL plus: General Radiotelephone Operator License plus Radar Endorsement : FCC commercial radio license preparation element 1, element 3 and element 8 question pools. Niles, Ill: Master Pub., 2003.

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Robinson, J. R. Radar officers of the Royal Canadian Air Force, 1940-1946. 2nd ed. Dundas, Ont: Magra Pub., 1995.

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White, Vern. One man's memories of World War II: Airplanes, radar and fascinating people. Owatonna, Minn: [s.n.], 2007.

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Inkster, Marjorie. Bow and arrow war: From FANY to radar in World War II. Studley: Brewin, 2005.

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Vild, Miroslav. Osud byl mým přítelem. Praha: Naše vojsko, 1985.

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Vild, Miroslav. Osud byl mým přítelem. Praha: Naše vojsko, 1985.

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Hamilton, Angus C. Canadians on radar in South East Asia, 1941-1945: The saga of the seven hundred and twenty-three RCAF radar mechanics who served with the RAF in South East Asia during WWII. Douglas (Fredericton), NB: ACH Publishing, 1999.

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Hamilton, Angus C. Canadians on radar in South East Asia 1941-1945: The saga of the seven hundred and twenty three RCAF radar mechanics who served with the RAF in South East Asia during World W.r II. Fredericton, NB: ACH Publishing, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Radar operators"

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Gekat, Frank, Peter Meischner, Katja Friedrich, Martin Hagen, Jarmo Koistinen, Daniel B. Michelson, and Asko Huuskonen. "The State of Weather Radar Operations, Networks and Products." In Weather Radar, 1–51. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-05202-0_1.

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Jevtić, Miloš, Nikola Zogović, and Stevica Graovac. "Optimal Pulse-Doppler Waveform Design for VHF Solid-State Air Surveillance Radar." In Operations Research Proceedings, 309–15. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42902-1_42.

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Boudjemaa, Redouane. "Optimal Placement of Weather Radars Network as a Multi-objectives Problem." In Operations Research Proceedings 2016, 71–76. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55702-1_11.

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Yu, Ki-Young, DaeWon Chung, Dong-Gyu Kim, and Jun-Yeong Bok. "Performance Analysis of LEO Space Object Tracking Using Monostatic and Bistatic Radar." In Space Operations: Contributions from the Global Community, 645–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51941-8_28.

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Huntley, David, Drew Rotheram-Clarke, Roger MacLeod, Robert Cocking, Philip LeSueur, Bill Lakeland, and Alec Wilson. "Scalable Platform for UAV Flight Operations, Data Capture, Cloud Processing and Image Rendering of Landslide Hazards and Surface Change Detection for Disaster-Risk Reduction." In Progress in Landslide Research and Technology, Volume 1 Issue 2, 2022, 49–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18471-0_4.

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AbstractThis International Programme on Landslide (IPL) Project 202 paper presents a scalable remote piloted aircraft system (RPAS) platform that streamlines unoccupied aerial vehicle (UAV) flight operations for data capture, cloud processing and image rendering to inventory and monitor slow-moving landslides along the national railway transportation corridor in southwestern British Columbia, Canada. Merging UAV photogrammetry, ground-based real-time kinematic global navigation satellite system (RTK-GNSS) measurements, and satellite synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) datasets best characterizes the distribution, morphology and activity of landslides over time. Our study shows that epochal UAV photogrammetry, benchmarked with periodic ground-based RTK-GNSS measurements and satellite InSAR platforms with repeat visit times of weeks (e.g., RADARSAT-2 and SENTINEL-1) to days (e.g. RADARSAT Constellation Mission) provides rapid landslide monitoring capability with cm-scale precision and accuracy.
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Ou, Hongyan, Di Wu, Lin Chen, Zhibing Pang, Zhiqinq Liu, Jifeng Wang, Jiantao Liu, and Yan Xu. "The Influence of a Certain Type of Radar Operator’s Operating Ability on the Operational Effectiveness of Equipment." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 599–606. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8779-1_68.

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Picetti, Francesco. "How Deep Learning Can Help Solving Geophysical Inverse Problems." In Special Topics in Information Technology, 141–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15374-7_12.

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AbstractThis brief summarizes some of the main results I obtained during my Ph.D. studies at Politecnico di Milano, under the supervision of Professor Stefano Tubaro. The thesis provides contributions to understanding the advantages, and limitations, of data-driven deep learning approaches to geophysical inverse problems, with a special focus on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). Exploration Geophysics aims at estimating accurate physical properties of the Earth subsurface from seismic data acquired close to the surface. Seismic data show a great variety of statistically relevant and independent patterns. I devise Deep Learning methods to solve several geophysical tasks by learning such patterns. First, I devise generative networks as a post-processing operator for refining reflectivity images. When trained on pure image datasets, these networks suffer from the lack of physical knowledge. Then, I show a different approach named Deep Priors, which are CNNs that precondition the inverse problem. In particular, I develop a scheme to interpolate seismic data. Finally, I leverage the features extraction ability of CNNs for buried landmine detection on Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) acquisitions. While the presented methods are effective compared to the state of the art, improvements can be achieved by integrating pure data-driven algorithms within general inverse problems theory through a-priori information derived from domain knowledge.
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Manson, Anthony C., and Wolfgang-M. Boerner. "Interpretation of High-Resolution Polarimetric Radar Target Down-Range Signatures Using Kennaugh’s and Huynen’s Target Characteristic Operator Theories." In Inverse Methods in Electromagnetic Imaging, 695–720. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5271-3_3.

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Manson, Anthony C., and Wolfgang-M. Boerner. "Interpretation of High-Resolution Polarimetric Radar Target Down-Range Signatures Using Kennaugh’s and Huynen’s Target Characteristic Operator Theories." In Inverse Methods in Electromagnetic Imaging, 695–720. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9444-3_42.

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Wang, Jingluan, Huizhong Zhang, Zhongjian Han, Yu Fan, and Dengkai Chen. "Research on the Risk of Radar Antenna Array Maintenance Operations in Real Working Conditions Based on Intelligent Evaluation Tools." In Digital Human Modeling and Applications in Health, Safety, Ergonomics and Risk Management, 129–40. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-61066-0_9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Radar operators"

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Gray, John E., and Stephen R. Addison. "A formulation of noise operators and their applications." In Radar Sensor Technology XXIII, edited by Kenneth I. Ranney and Armin Doerry. SPIE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2519923.

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Bennett, Curtis, Glyn Anderson, and Jill Brady. "Improving situational awareness training for Patriot radar operators." In 2010 IEEE Aerospace Conference. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aero.2010.5446795.

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Doyon, Bernard, and Bernard Giroux. "Weighted-averaging operators for accurate 2.5D finite-difference frequency domain radar waves modeling." In 2018 17th International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icgpr.2018.8441622.

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McNamara, Laura A., Kristin M. Divis, and J. Daniel Morrow. "Sensor operators as technology consumers: What do users really think about that radar?" In Ground/Air Multisensor Interoperability, Integration, and Networking for Persistent ISR IX, edited by Tien Pham, Michael A. Kolodny, and Dietrich M. Wiegmann. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2310247.

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Gader, Paul D., Roopnath Grandhi, Wen-Hsiung Lee, Joseph N. Wilson, and Dominic K. C. Ho. "Feature analysis for the NIITEK ground-penetrating radar using order-weighted averaging operators for landmine detection." In Defense and Security, edited by Russell S. Harmon, J. Thomas Broach, and John H. Holloway, Jr. SPIE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.544320.

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Holzenkamp, Sören, and Martin Jung. "Identification of airspaces with increased coordination effort based on radar data." In 9th International Conference on Human Interaction and Emerging Technologies - Artificial Intelligence and Future Applications. AHFE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002952.

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Artificial intelligence (AI) systems can be beneficial in various disciplines such as medicine, space travel or air transport. The Project “Collaboration of aviation operators and AI systems” (LOKI) of the German Aerospace Center (DLR) aims to develop guidelines for a human-centered design of communication and also collaboration between users and AI systems. The Project focusses on areas of activity in air traffic management where operators work together collaboratively. To identify the potential for AI support of air traffic controllers as well as pilots, information about the coordination effort of aircrafts for air traffic controllers in the European airspace is needed. The aim of this paper is to identify areas of increased coordination effort for air traffic controllers based on four-dimensional radar data. Here, AI could be advantageous for air traffic management.For this purpose, we used flight tracking data from a network of ADS-B receivers. The data includes all flights in the upper European airspace in September 2019 and has a resolution of one data point per minute. First, the data was pre-processed and visualized. Afterwards three criteria for detecting possible communications between pilots and controllers were applied to the data. The first criterion examines the frequency of climbs and descents in the course of a flight. The second one analyses the changes in flight direction in the flight trajectories. The third criterion identifies aircraft that fall below a minimum vertical and lateral separation between each other. The Python programming language and various data science libraries were used to apply the criteria to the data. The result is a spatio-temporal cadastre with entries of possible controller communication which shows that relatively large areas with a high coordination effort for air traffic management controllers exist in Europe. These areas are mostly located in Central Western Europe and UK, but also in Spain, Portugal and Russia, inter alia. In reality, the coordination effort is probably even higher than in this model. Against this background, it is reasonable to conclude that the potential for using AI in air traffic management is rather high and that the use of AI can be beneficial for ATM operations in Europe.
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Czaja, Wojciech, Ariel Hafftka, Benjamin Manning, and Dan Weinberg. "Randomized approximations of operators and their spectral decomposition for diffusion based embeddings of heterogeneous data." In 2015 3rd International Workshop on Compressed Sensing Theory and its Applications to Radar, Sonar and Remote Sensing (CoSeRa). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cosera.2015.7330267.

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Zito, Domenico, Domenico Pepe, Bruno Neri, Danilo De Rossi, Antonio Lanata, Alessandro Tognetti, and Enzo Pasquale Scilingo. "Wearable System-on-a-Chip UWB Radar for Health Care and its Application to the Safety Improvement of Emergency Operators." In 2007 29th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2007.4352874.

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Oruc, A., and Fred Flinstone. "Tanker Industry is More Ready against Cyber Threats." In International Conference on Marine Engineering and Technology Oman. London: IMarEST, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24868/icmet.oman.2019.030.

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Cyber security in the maritime industry became crucial due to both academic researches and incidents. There are academic studies that show vulnerabilities in various navigation equipments such as GPS, ECDIS, AIS and ARPA-Radar. Additionally, there are different cyber incidents around the world. Developments in technology, autonomous ship projects, academic studies and cyber incidents in the sector put in action IMO. As per ISM Code, all shipping companies are mandatory to add “Guidelines on Maritime Cyber Risk Management” manual to their SMS manuals until 1st January 2021. Both OCIMF and CDI failed to be indifferent to developments that are important for tanker operators as well as IMO. While OCIMF added cybersecurity-related questions to vetting programs called TMSA 3 and VIQ 7, CDI also added cybersecurity-related items in SIR 9.8.1 edition. On the other hand, RightShip provides significant vetting service for dry cargo ships. “Inspection and Assessment Report” is issued by RigthShip for dry cargo ships. Questions related with cybersecurity was added with Revision No: 11 dated on 11th May 2017 in “Inspection and Assessment Report”. In this study, cyber security related questions which are asked during TMSA, SIRE and CDI vettings which play a critical role for commercial life of tanker firms, were analyzed. Moreover, questions and efficiency of RightShip that offers vetting service for dry cargo ships, were assessed to maritime cyber security. Also, cybersecurity-related questions in vetting questionnaires were interpreted by the author. These comments rely on benchmarking meetings among tanker operators where the author personally attended, and interview with key persons. Noted observations during vettings may negatively impact both commercial life and reputation of the tanker operators. That’s why the firm names and interviewee names were kept confidential. In this study, it was seen that although IMO demanded verification of cyber security-related implementations for the ship operators until 1st January 2021, this process started earlier for tanker operators.
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Bolton, Roman, Sophie Hallam, Alex Smith, Jade Melendez, Craig Allison, and Katie Plant. "An investigation into how an integrated user interface and virtual reality affects operator performance when completing submarine control room tasks." In AHFE 2023 Hawaii Edition. AHFE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1004264.

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Submarines use a plethora of sensors crucial for above-water surveillance. For example, the optronics mast utilises sensors that collect optical data on the surrounding environment. Whereas the Radar Electronic Support Measures (RESM) mast provides electromagnetic surveillance that focuses on avoiding counter-detection. Paradoxically though, every time the mast is up it increases the risk of counter-detection. To reduce exposure time, submarine masts are integrating multiple sensors; like optronics and RESM, to collect data simultaneously. Traditionally, different operators complete optronics and RESM tasks. However, an integrated optronics and RESM mast, would likely require an integrated operator role. Therefore, optimising the Human-Machine Interface would enable optimal operator performance. One suggestion is to present both optronics and RESM data on a single user interface and explore different ways of presenting this information, using more emerging technologies. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate how an interface, which supports the presentation of both optronics and RESM data, affects operator performance compared to an interface that presents optronics data only. The study will also explore the effects of presenting such information using current and novel display methods, specifically computer monitors and virtual reality (VR). To test this, four experimental conditions were devised: (1) no additional data using a conventional display, (2) additional RESM data using a conventional display, (3) no additional data using a VR display, and (4) additional RESM data using a VR display. To assess operator performance, participants will complete simulations in each condition, and data will be collected on task accuracy, task completion time, operator workload, situation awareness, and system usability. A detailed account of the research findings will be presented.
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Reports on the topic "Radar operators"

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Rubio, Anna, Emma Reyes, Carlo Mantovani, Lorenzo Corgnati, Pablo Lorente, Lohitzune Solabarrieta, Julien Mader, et al. European High Frequency Radar network governance. EuroSea, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/eurosea_d3.4.

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This report describes the governance of the European HF radar network including: the landscape of the Ocean observation networks and infrastructures, the role and links between operators of observational systems and stakeholders, the role and activities of the EuroGOOS HF radar Task Team in building a sound community strategy, the roadmap of the community with current achievements and future work lines.
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Deschamps, Robert, and Henschel. PR-420-133721-R01 Comparison of Radar Satellite Methods for Observation of Stability. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), July 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010840.

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This report discusses the use of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) satellites for monitoring above ground pipelines and buried pipeline Rights-Of-Way (ROWs) using Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) techniques. The main thrust of the research was to evaluate the suitability of above-ground pipeline support members as InSAR measurement points, and to adapt existing techniques to allow for precise monitoring of jacking and subsidence caused by permafrost degradation and dynamics. The study site at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska includes more than 60,000 horizontal pipeline supports. The known locations of supports were used to identify and isolate supports in the radar imagery, and the phase and intensity of supports were analyzed to determine their ability to provide reliable estimates of deformation. An additional component of this research was the comparison of two satellites operating at different frequencies, RADARSAT-2 operating at C-band and TerraSAR-X operating at X-band. One year of data was acquired with both sensors in similar acquisition geometries and resolutions, at 24-day intervals for RADARSAT-2 and 11-day intervals for TerraSAR-X. Recommendations are made on the choice of wavelength and concerning future work in this area. A list of technical requirements is also provided. The technologies for obtaining ground deformation estimates from natural targets, coherent targets and homogeneous and distributed targets are explained and supported by three operational case-studies in different environments. The work should provide above-ground pipeline operators working in permafrost areas with a clear view of the current state of research towards the operationalization of InSAR monitoring, but also of current operational capabilities in other pipeline applications, including ROW geohazard monitoring and monitoring of buried pipelines crossing Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) fields.
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Oliver, Peter, and Gillian Robert. PR-420-183903-R01 Pipeline Right-of-Way River Crossing Monitoring With Satellites. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0012247.

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The goal of the work described herein is to provide PRCI and the pipeline industry further understanding of the current capabilities and limitations of combined SAR and high resolution optical satellite imagery for the monitoring of pipeline ROWs which span river crossings. Four Areas of Interests (AOIs) with pipeline ROWs that span river crossings were selected for analysis: South Saskatchewan River, Saskatchewan, Canada operated by SaskEnergy Incorporated; Thompson Creek, Louisiana, USA operated by Colonial Pipeline Company; Gila River, Arizona, USA operated by Kinder Morgan Incorporated; and Humber Estuary, UK, operated by National Grid. For each AOI, monitoring requirements were defined by the operators. Amplitude Change Detection (ACD) and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) were performed for all AOIs; results correlated to the defined monitoring requirements are discussed. A high level summary of the role of combined SAR and optical satellite operational monitoring of pipeline river crossings is listed below: - InSAR "Phase" used for (a) Subsidence (b) Slope Movement - SAR "Amplitude" used to both detect and classify (a) large scale Land Cover/Land Use Change (e.g. bridge construction), (b) flooding, (c) river channel changes, (d) river bed exposure, and (e) vessel traffic. - SAR "Amplitude" used to detect changes resulting from (a) small scale Land Cover/ Land Use (e.g. construction of individual buildings), and possibly (b) bank erosion and (c) pipeline exposure. Optical Satellite imagery is required for classification of these changes.
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Sikora, Todd D., George S. Young, and Nathaniel S. Winstead. Applications of Synthetic Aperture Radar to Meteorology and Oceanography Command Operations. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada531293.

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Sikora, Todd D., George S. Young, and Nathaniel S. Winstead. Applications of Synthetic Aperture Radar to Meteorology and Oceanography Command Operations. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada533584.

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Sikora, Todd D., George S. Young, and Nathaniel S. Winstead. Applications of Synthetic Aperture Radar to Meteorology and Oceanography Command Operations. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada541161.

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Sikora, Todd D., George S. Young, and Nathaniel S. Winstead. Applications of Synthetic Aperture Radar to Meteorology and Oceanography Command Operations. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada541816.

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Sikora, Todd D. Applications of Synthetic Aperture Radar to Meteorology and Oceanography Command Operations. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada541828.

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Sikora, Todd D. Applications of Synthetic Aperture Radar to Meteorology and Oceanography Command Operations. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada570975.

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Sikora, Todd D., George S. Young, and Nathanial S. Winstead. Applications of Synthetic Aperture Radar to Meteorology and Oceanography Command Operations. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada557183.

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