Journal articles on the topic 'Radar Environmental aspects'
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1
Liu, Yuhang, Yu Shen, Lili Fan, Yonglin Tian, Yunfeng Ai, Bin Tian, Zhongmin Liu, and Fei-Yue Wang. "Parallel Radars: From Digital Twins to Digital Intelligence for Smart Radar Systems." Sensors 22, no. 24 (December 16, 2022): 9930. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22249930.
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Radar is widely employed in many applications, especially in autonomous driving. At present, radars are only designed as simple data collectors, and they are unable to meet new requirements for real-time and intelligent information processing as environmental complexity increases. It is inevitable that smart radar systems will need to be developed to deal with these challenges and digital twins in cyber-physical systems (CPS) have proven to be effective tools in many aspects. However, human involvement is closely related to radar technology and plays an important role in the operation and management of radars; thus, digital twins’ radars in CPS are insufficient to realize smart radar systems due to the inadequate consideration of human factors. ACP-based parallel intelligence in cyber-physical-social systems (CPSS) is used to construct a novel framework for smart radars, called Parallel Radars. A Parallel Radar consists of three main parts: a Descriptive Radar for constructing artificial radar systems in cyberspace, a Predictive Radar for conducting computational experiments with artificial systems, and a Prescriptive Radar for providing prescriptive control to both physical and artificial radars to complete parallel execution. To connect silos of data and protect data privacy, federated radars are proposed. Additionally, taking mines as an example, the application of Parallel Radars in autonomous driving is discussed in detail, and various experiments have been conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of Parallel Radars.
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Li, Xinzhi, and Shengbo Dong. "Research on Efficient Reinforcement Learning for Adaptive Frequency-Agility Radar." Sensors 21, no. 23 (November 27, 2021): 7931. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21237931.
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Modern radar jamming scenarios are complex and changeable. In order to improve the adaptability of frequency-agile radar under complex environmental conditions, reinforcement learning (RL) is introduced into the radar anti-jamming research. There are two aspects of the radar system that do not obey with the Markov decision process (MDP), which is the basic theory of RL: Firstly, the radar cannot confirm the interference rules of the jammer in advance, resulting in unclear environmental boundaries; secondly, the radar has frequency-agility characteristics, which does not meet the sequence change requirements of the MDP. As the existing RL algorithm is directly applied to the radar system, there would be problems, such as low sample utilization rate, poor computational efficiency and large error oscillation amplitude. In this paper, an adaptive frequency agile radar anti-jamming efficient RL model is proposed. First, a radar-jammer system model based on Markov game (MG) established, and the Nash equilibrium point determined and set as a dynamic environment boundary. Subsequently, the state and behavioral structure of RL model is improved to be suitable for processing frequency-agile data. Experiments that our proposal effectively the anti-jamming performance and efficiency of frequency-agile radar.
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Sterlyadkin, Victor V. "Some Aspects of the Scattering of Light and Microwaves on Non-Spherical Raindrops." Atmosphere 11, no. 5 (May 21, 2020): 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11050531.
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A review of the author’s work on the study of the microphysics of rain is carried out. The effect of an anomalously high modulation of light scattered by oscillating drops of water, which consists in the formation of powerful pulses of light when illuminating an oscillating drop with continuous light and observation at scattering angles near a first-order rainbow, is described and explained. The anomalous scattering tracks obtained in the photographs provide information on the mass, average shape, mode, and amplitude of oscillations for each drop, by analogy with the Wilson camera. In field measurements, spatial selection of droplets by size was detected, when droplets of different sizes were grouped in different parts of space. The theoretical substantiation of the grouping of rain particles in space under the influence of wind gusts is carried out. It has been shown that the grouping and clustering of raindrops affects the relationship between radar reflectivity Z and rain intensity R. The influence of non-sphericity and oscillation of raindrops on the scattering of microwave radiation is studied. Polarization methods are proposed for enhancing or sharply reducing the contributions of the asphericity of raindrops to reflected radar signals.
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Pearce, Andre, J. Andrew Zhang, and Richard Xu. "A Combined mmWave Tracking and Classification Framework Using a Camera for Labeling and Supervised Learning." Sensors 22, no. 22 (November 16, 2022): 8859. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22228859.
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Millimeter wave (mmWave) radar poses prosperous opportunities surrounding multiple-object tracking and sensing as a unified system. One of the most challenging aspects of exploiting sensing opportunities with mmWave radar is the labeling of mmWave data so that, in turn, a respective model can be designed to achieve the desired tracking and sensing goals. The labeling of mmWave datasets usually involves a domain expert manually associating radar frames with key events of interest. This is a laborious means of labeling mmWave data. This paper presents a framework for training a mmWave radar with a camera as a means of labeling the data and supervising the radar model. The methodology presented in this paper is compared and assessed against existing frameworks that aim to achieve a similar goal. The practicality of the proposed framework is demonstrated through experimentation in varying environmental conditions. The proposed framework is applied to design a mmWave multi-object tracking system that is additionally capable of classifying individual human motion patterns, such as running, walking, and falling. The experimental findings demonstrate a reliably trained radar model that uses a camera for labeling and supervision that can consistently produce high classification accuracy across environments beyond those in which the model was trained against. The research presented in this paper provides a foundation for future research in unified tracking and sensing systems by alleviating the labeling and training challenges associated with designing a mmWave classification model.
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Castillo, Sergio, Tomeu Rigo, and Carme Farnell. "Can the Correlation between Radar and Cloud-to-Ground Daily Fields Help to Identify the Different Rainfall Regimes? The Case of Catalonia." Atmosphere 13, no. 5 (May 16, 2022): 808. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13050808.
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The rainfall regime is changing in the Catalan territory, likely in most areas in the Mediterranean Basin. This variability, spatial and temporal, means that there may be periods of severe drought combined with periods of heavy rainfall and floods. In this way, the management of water resources is complicated and can produce a high impact on different social aspects. The high convective activity leads to investigating the relationship between the electric discharges and radar parameters (reflectivity, echo top, vertically integrated liquid, and accumulated rainfall). The correlation allows identifying some elements that may be significant in terms of changes in rainfall regimes. Besides, using several radar parameters apart from precipitation accumulation reveals interesting explicit patterns of the previously known. These patterns can help better understand the precipitation behavior and the changes associated with it.
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Et al., Jawad. "The Al-Abiadh Valley Drainage Basin Environmental Aspects Extraction Using Quantitatively Morphometric Analyses of Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission Data." Baghdad Science Journal 16, no. 1 (March 11, 2019): 0097. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2019.16.1.0097.
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The accurate extracting, studying, and analyzing of drainage basin morphometric aspects is important for the accurate determination of environmental factors that formed them, such as climate, tectonic activity, region lithology, and land covering vegetation.
This work was divided into three stages; the 1st stage was delineation of the Al-Abiadh basin borders using a new approach that depends on three-dimensional modeling of the studied region and a drainage network pattern extraction using (Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission) data, the 2nd was the classification of the Al-Abiadh basin streams according to their shape and widenings, and the 3rd was extracting then taking up the quantitative analysis technique to estimate the basin morphometric aspects and the basin's environmental parameters that created them.
The Al-Abiadh valley basin is a six-order one with a dendritic, parallel, and deranged drainage network. The flood hazard is absent at the basin mouth because the valley runoff takes a long time to reach the sink (Al-Razaza Lake), located in the middle part of Iraq, with a low flow peak due to the high permeability soil, the arid to semi-arid climate, and the low annual precipitation rate.
The region studied is an alluvial basin with similar geological structural solidity in most places. The drainage network was found to be controlled by lineaments and fracture traces; the basin has passed its youth geomorphic phase.
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A., Pandharpatte Priyanka, Adake Ashutosh D., Sapkal Neha R, and M. M. Maske. "Review of Applications of Ground Penetrating Radar as an NDT Tool." ASEAN Journal of Science and Engineering 2, no. 2 (August 19, 2021): 115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ajse.v2i2.37975.
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Ground-penetrating radar (also referred to as GPR, ground probing radar, or georadar) is a near-surface geophysical tool with a wide range of applications. Over the past 30 years, GPR has been used successfully to aid in constraining problems in diverse fields such as archaeology, environmental site characterization, glaciology, hydrology, land mine/unexploded ordinance detection, sedimentology, and structural geology. In many cases, however, GPR surveys have been planned or executed with little or no understanding of the physical basis by which GPR operates and is constrained. As a result, many unsuccessful GPR studies have also been presented or published over the past 30 years. The objectives of this primer are to (1) provide an introduction to the important variables pertinent to GPR and (2) explain the relevant aspects of these variables in GPR acquisition, in an attempt to provide fundamental knowledge for improving GPR usage in the future.
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Petruck, A., and F. Sperling. "Radar-aided CSO-control-criteria for an ecological approach." Water Science and Technology 36, no. 8-9 (October 1, 1997): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0670.
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The control strategy of a combined sewer system incorporating three stormwater storage tanks with overflows presented here attempts to consider all aspects of acute CSO effects. These are the hydraulic and the composition components as well as the time factor. The result is an integrated approach, which is not based on the classic emission view (i.e. reduction of volume), but on pollution criteria (i.e. possible harm to the biotic community). The aim is to reduce the exceeding of critical peak values of the CSO components at critical time intervals. Control decisions will be based on continuous measurements in the sewer system and in the receiving stream. Furthermore the measurements are carried out to determine the effects (both hydraulic and chemical) of particular CSO discharges in order to evolve the critical values for the project area. The chemical and physical measurements are accompanied by a biological monitoring programme. Macroinvertebrates are sampled upstream and downstream of outfalls and at a reference site. This allows the evaluation of the control measures on an ecological basis, and thus an assessment of the ecological potential of radar-aided real-time control of the combined sewer systems.
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Dias, Erika Rodrigues. "Geração de Modelo Digital de Elevação utilizando dados do SRTM como subsídio ao planejamento e gestão territorial do município de Lucena(PB)/Generation of Digital Elevation Model using SRTM data as grant to territorial planning and management (...)." Caderno de Geografia 26, no. 45 (December 30, 2015): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.5752/p.2318-2962.2016v26n45p151.
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<p>Uma das grandes preocupações da atualidade encontra-se no uso racional das terras, conciliando aspectos sociais, econômicos e ambientais tornando necessário o planejamento territorial através de um conhecimento detalhado da superfície territorial. Dessa forma, é de fundamental importância a representação do terreno. Assim, este trabalho teve por objetivo gerar um modelo digital de elevação – MDE, utilizando imagens de radar SRTM com a finalidade de servir como subsídio à gestão e planejamento territorial. Os materiais utilizados nesse trabalho foram imagens de radar da missão Shuttle Radar Topography Mission – SRTM, imagens obtidas do Google Earth e softwares específicos. Como resultados foram gerados diversos produtos cartográficos que possibilitaram o reconhecimento territorial do município como os mapas de hipsometria e clinografia da área em estudo e a representação tridimensional do relevo visando servir como subsídio à gestão territorial e planejamento do meio físico.</p><p><strong>Palavras-Chave</strong>: Modelo Digital de Elevação, SRTM, Geotecnologias.</p><p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>A major concern of today is in the rational use of land, combining social, economic and environmental aspects making it necessary to territorial planning with a detailed knowledge of land area. Thus, it is fundamental to representation of the terrain. Thus, this study aimed to generate a digital elevation model - MDE using SRTM radar images in order to serve as a resource management and territorial planning. The materials used in this work were the mission radar images Shuttle Radar Topography Mission - SRTM, images obtained from Google Earth and specific software. The results were generated several cartographic products enabled the territorial recognition of the city as hypsometry maps and clinografia of the study area and the three-dimensional relief representation to serve as subsidy for territorial planning and management of the physical environment.<strong> </strong></p><p><strong> Keywords</strong>:Digital Elevation Model, SRTM, Geotechnology.</p><p> </p><p> </p>
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Eaton, R. M., S. E. Masry, and B. Shaw. "Investigations in combining ship’s position, radar and chart data on a single electronic display." CISM journal 42, no. 4 (January 1988): 353–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/geomat-1988-0030.
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To explore safety aspects of the Electronic Chart (EC), and to learn about the role of the Hydrographic Office in producing an EC database, the Canadian Hydrographic Service has developed an “EC testbed”, under contract, and is now starting a series of investigations with it. This paper describes the Testbed, and lessons learned in developing and sea-testing it, and out¬lines future plans.
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Yu, Cheng-Ku, David P. Jorgensen, and Frank Roux. "Multiple Precipitation Mechanisms over Mountains Observed by Airborne Doppler Radar during MAP IOP5." Monthly Weather Review 135, no. 3 (March 1, 2007): 955–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr3318.1.
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Abstract This study uses airborne Doppler radar measurements from the Special Observing Period of the Mesoscale Alpine Programme (MAP) to document the detailed airflow and precipitation structure over the mountainous regions near the border of northeastern Italy and Slovenia as a cold frontal system moved eastward and encountered the eastern Alps on 4 October 1999, during MAP IOP5. In contrast to previously documented MAP cases, the environmental conditions associated with this case are characterized by a deep layer of strong convective instability in the lower troposphere and by a cold, northeasterly continental flow coming down from the mountains (the so-called bora wind) along the southeastern Alps. Over the study region, there are two primary mountain barriers: the Julian Alps, oriented roughly west–east with a peak mountain height of ∼2500 m and a significant variation in terrain height along its length, and the other, the Dinaric Alps, a relatively lower mountain range oriented northwest–southeast, immediately adjacent to the south of the Julian Alps. How these two mountain barriers and the northeasterly continental flow influence the precipitation, and the nature of orographic precipitation developing in a potentially unstable environment, are explicitly addressed. Comprehensive analyses of airborne Doppler radar measurements reveal significant variations of precipitation in terms of its location, intensity, and type over the mountainous region. Particularly, five distinct forcing types of precipitation are evident for this case: slope convergence triggering, upslope triggering, weak slope convergence triggering, gap exit convergence triggering, and slope convergence forced stratiform. These precipitation characteristics are found to be closely related to the environmental thermodynamics, orographic features, and the complicated interactions between the southerly/southwesterly flow, northerly continental flow, and the orography. Details of these important observational aspects are elaborated upon in this paper.
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de Freitas, Rodrigo Rodrigues, Joyce Azevedo Caetano, Cintia Machado de Oliveira, Felipe do Carmo Amorim, and Marcio Antelio Neves da Silva. "Transport Sustainability Index: An Application Multicriteria Analysis." Energies 15, no. 20 (October 19, 2022): 7741. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15207741.
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The unrestricted consumption of fossil fuels negatively impacts the economic, social and environmental aspects, observed from a sustainable perspective. Therefore, it is necessary to develop and adopt skills that enable the monitoring and mitigation of risks to the environment. In view of this, we propose a method with multiple approaches emphasizing a three-dimensional perspective of energy consumption by diesel engines, which represent one of the main pollutants emitters in transport. As a methodology, fuzzy logic was adopted, together with a recognition system, in order to mitigate the uncertainties inherent to the applied data. The procedure was applied to the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, with information collected from seven toll plazas and a radar with volumetric counting. The results indicate a good adherence of the sustainability index to real cases, allowing a better observation of changes in environmental criteria and a more efficient inspection in the application of good practices, in addition to enabling greater participation of society in the inspection and adoption of environmental criteria in transport.
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Wang, Yongming, and Xuguang Wang. "Rapid Update with EnVar Direct Radar Reflectivity Data Assimilation for the NOAA Regional Convection-Allowing NMMB Model over the CONUS: System Description and Initial Experiment Results." Atmosphere 12, no. 10 (October 2, 2021): 1286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12101286.
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This study first describes the extended Grid-Point Statistical Interpolation analysis system (GSI)-based ensemble-variational data assimilation (DA) system within the North American Mesoscale Rapid Refresh (NAMRR) system for the Nonhydrostatic Multiscale Model on the B grid (NMMB). Experiments were conducted to examine three critical aspects of data assimilation configuration in this system. Ten retrospective high-impact convective cases during the warm season of 2015–2016 were adopted for testing. A 10-member, 18 h ensemble forecast was launched for each experiment. Specifically, the experiment using horizontal (vertical) localization radii (Lr) of 300 km (0.55-scaled height measured in the nature log of pressure) overall had more skills than that of 500 km (1.1-scaled height) for conventional in-situ observation assimilation. Diagnostics suggest that the higher forecast skills could be attributed to applying smaller Lr in the boundary with large temperature and moisture gradients. For radar DA, the experiment was more skillful with horizontal (vertical) Lr of 15 km (1.1-scaled height) than that of 12 km (0.55-scaled height). Diagnostics suggest that the improved forecasts were achieved by using wider Lr to spread radar observations into unobserved areas more effectively. Slight forecast skill differences between the relaxation inflation factors of 95% and 65% are presented. The impact of varying inflation magnitudes primarily occurred in the upper-level spread.
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Corradini, Erica, Daniel Groß, Tina Wunderlich, Harald Lübke, Dennis Wilken, Ercan Erkul, Ulrich Schmölcke, and Wolfgang Rabbel. "Finding Mesolithic Sites: A Multichannel Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) Investigation at the Ancient Lake Duvensee." Remote Sensing 14, no. 3 (February 8, 2022): 781. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14030781.
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The shift to the early Holocene in northern Europe is strongly associated with major environmental and climatic changes that influenced hunter-gatherers’ activities and occupation during the Mesolithic period. The ancient lake Duvensee (10,000–6500 cal. BCE) has been studied for almost a century, providing archaeological sites consisting of bark mats and hazelnut-roasting hearths situated on small sand banks deposited by the glacier. No method is yet available to locate these features before excavation. Therefore, a key method for understanding the living conditions of hunter-gatherer groups is to reconstruct the paleoenvironment with a focus on the identification of areas that could possibly host Mesolithic camps and well-preserved archaeological artefacts. We performed a 16-channel MALÅ Imaging Radar Array (MIRA) system survey aimed at understanding the landscape surrounding the find spot Duvensee WP10, located in a hitherto uninvestigated part of the bog. Using an integrated approach of high-resolution ground radar mapping and targeted excavations enabled us to derive a 3D spatio-temporal landscape reconstruction of the investigated sector, including paleo-bathymetry, stratigraphy, and shorelines around the Mesolithic camps. Additionally, we detected previously unknown islands as potential areas for yet unknown dwelling sites. We found that the growth rates of the islands were in the order of approximately 0.3 m2/yr to 0.7 m2/yr between the late Preboreal and the Subboreal stages. The ground-penetrating radar surveying performed excellently in all aspects of near-surface landscape reconstruction as well as in identifying potential dwellings; however, the direct identification of small-scale artefacts, such as fireplaces, was not successful because of their similarity to natural structures.
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Navarro, F. J., J. Lapazaran, A. Martín-Español, and J. Otero. "Ground-penetrating radar studies in Svalbard aimed to the calculation of the ice volume of its glaciers." Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica 42, no. 2 (September 13, 2016): 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.18172/cig.2929.
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During the period 1999-2014, the Group of Numerical Simulation in Sciences and Engineering of Universidad Politécnica de Madrid carried out many ground-penetrating radar campaigns in Svalbard, aimed to the study of glacier ice-thickness and the physical properties of glacier ice. The regions covered were Nordenskiöld Land, Wedel Jarlsberg Land, Sabine Land and Nordaustlandet. We here present a review of these works, focused on the aspects related to the estimate of the volume of individual glaciers and its extrapolation to the entire set of Svalbard glaciers, for which the authors estimate a total volume of 6700±835 km3, o 17±2 mm in sea-level equivalent.
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Eicken, Hajo, Joshua Jones, Franz Meyer, Andy Mahoney, Matthew L. Druckenmiller, MV Rohith, and Chandra Kambhamettu. "Environmental Security in Arctic Ice-Covered Seas: From Strategy to Tactics of Hazard Identification and Emergency Response." Marine Technology Society Journal 45, no. 3 (May 1, 2011): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.45.3.1.
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AbstractEnvironmental change and increasing industrial activity in the maritime Arctic require strategies to adapt to change and ensure safe operations. This problem has been defined at the broader strategic level. We evaluate key aspects of environmental security in ice-covered waters, focusing on tactical and operational information needs, which have received less attention. Monitoring of environmental hazards and effective emergency response in sea ice environments require high-resolution data of ice hazard distributions (e.g., multiyear ice, landfast ice breakout, and ice push events), ice movement and deformation, as well as ice characteristics and dynamics relevant to emergency response. We have developed a prototype coastal observing system at Barrow, Alaska, that addresses such information needs. Imagery obtained from a marine X-band radar with a digital controller is combined with data from on-ice sensors (ice thickness, ice and water temperature, sea level) and assessments of potentially hazardous ice conditions by local experts. Digital imagery and data are processed and disseminated in near-real time. Using a combination of image processing approaches (optical flow, Lucas-Kanade tracker), ice velocity fields, floe trajectories, and boundaries of stationary ice are derived automatically. Early onset of hazardous events is detected through Hidden Markov Modeling, providing potential decision support in operational settings. We evaluate the utility of the system and strategies towards integration with broader emergency response efforts.
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Turini, Nazli, Boris Thies, Rütger Rollenbeck, Andreas Fries, Franz Pucha-Cofrep, Johanna Orellana-Alvear, Natalia Horna, and Jörg Bendix. "Assessment of Satellite-Based Rainfall Products Using a X-Band Rain Radar Network in the Complex Terrain of the Ecuadorian Andes." Atmosphere 12, no. 12 (December 14, 2021): 1678. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12121678.
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Ground based rainfall information is hardly available in most high mountain areas of the world due to the remoteness and complex topography. Thus, proper understanding of spatio-temporal rainfall dynamics still remains a challenge in those areas. Satellite-based rainfall products may help if their rainfall assessment are of high quality. In this paper, microwave-based integrated multi-satellite retrieval for the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) (IMERG) (MW-based IMERG) was assessed along with the random-forest-based rainfall (RF-based rainfall) and infrared-only IMERG (IR-only IMERG) products against the quality-controlled rain radar network and meteorological stations of high temporal resolution over the Pacific coast and the Andes of Ecuador. The rain area delineation and rain estimation of each product were evaluated at a spatial resolution of 11 km2 and at the time of MW overpass from IMERG. The regionally calibrated RF-based rainfall at 2 km2 and 30 min was also investigated. The validation results indicate different essential aspects: (i) the best performance is provided by MW-based IMERG in the region at the time of MW overpass; (ii) RF-based rainfall shows better accuracy rather than the IR-only IMERG rainfall product. This confirms that applying multispectral IR data in retrieval can improve the estimation of rainfall compared with single-spectrum IR retrieval algorithms. (iii) All of the products are prone to low-intensity false alarms. (iv) The downscaling of higher-resolution products leads to lower product performance, despite regional calibration. The results show that more caution is needed when developing new algorithms for satellite-based, high-spatiotemporal-resolution rainfall products. The radar data validation shows better performance than meteorological stations because gauge data cannot correctly represent spatial rainfall in complex topography under convective rainfall environments.
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McIntosh, P. D., I. H. Lynn, and P. D. Johnstone. "Creating and testing a geometric soil-landscape model in dry steeplands using a very low sampling density." Soil Research 38, no. 1 (2000): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr99029.
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The aim of this study was to determine whether a predictive geometric soil-landscape model, potentially applicable to 400 000 ha of seasonally dry greywacke steeplands in New Zealand, could be created for 29 soil properties, using a very low soil sampling density. We postulated that in these deeply dissected steeplands which have relatively uniform geology and slope form, landscape geometry (through its effects on microclimate), rather than vegetation, geology, or slope form will control the soil pattern. To create and test the soil-landscape model we sampled the 26 000 ha Benmore Range, South Canterbury, New Zealand, in a formally stratified way so that trends of soil carbon, soil nutrients, and profile characteristics could be established for predominant slopes, at various altitudes and aspects. We used a factorial sampling system (3 land systems × 3 altitudes × 4 aspects × 2 slope positions), giving 72 sampling sites in total, and a sampling density of one site per 360 ha. Altitude and aspect had significant (P < 0.05) effects on many topsoil characteristics, particularly those likely to be related to soil moisture status, leaching, and weathering (e.g. topsoil pH, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphate retention). For most soil properties the effect of slope position was not significant (P > 0.05). The soil-landscape model was tested by comparing predicted and actual soil properties at a further 22 sites. Soil properties that were laboratory-determined were generally satisfactorily predicted by the model, but properties based on several measurements (e.g. nutrient amounts in units of kg/ha) were less satisfactorily predicted, presumably because they incorporate more measurement error. Trends of soil properties that showed strong altitude and aspect relationships were effectively illustrated using 360° ‘radar diagrams’. We conclude that for dry steeplands of uniform geology, with simple and repeated landforms at the output scale being used, a geometric soil-landscape model based on a very low sampling density successfully predicts soil properties on dominant landscape units. The methodology has application to national resource inventories.
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Reid, Iain M. "Some aspects of Doppler radar measurements of the mean and fluctuating components of the wind field in the upper middle atmosphere." Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics 49, no. 5 (May 1987): 467–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9169(87)90041-9.
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Tessendorf, Sarah A., L. Jay Miller, Kyle C. Wiens, and Steven A. Rutledge. "The 29 June 2000 Supercell Observed during STEPS. Part I: Kinematics and Microphysics." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 62, no. 12 (December 1, 2005): 4127–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas3585.1.
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Abstract This is a two-part study that addresses the kinematic, microphysical, and electrical aspects of a severe storm that occurred in western Kansas on 29 June 2000 observed during the Severe Thunderstorm Electrification and Precipitation Study (STEPS) field campaign. In this first part, polarimetric and Doppler radar data are used along with a simple particle growth model to examine the evolution of the kinematic and microphysical properties of the storm from its earliest developing phase through its mature and dissipating phases. During its severe stage, the storm exhibited frequent positive cloud-to-ground lightning strikes, very large (∼5 cm) hail, and a tornado. Doppler-derived winds, radar reflectivity, and hydrometeor classifications from the polarimetric data over a nearly 4-h period are presented. It is shown that updraft velocity and vertical vorticity had to reach magnitudes of at least 10 m s−1 and 10−2 s−1 and occupy major portions of the storm before it could produce most of the observed severe storm characteristics. Furthermore, the establishment of cyclonic horizontal flow around the right flank of the updraft core was essential for hail production. Most of the largest hail grew from near millimeter-sized particles that originated in the mid- to upper-level stagnation region that resulted from obstacle-like flow of environmental air around the divergent outflow from the upper part of the updraft. These recycling embryonic particles descended around the right flank of the updraft core and reentered the updraft, intermingling with other smaller particles that had grown from cloud base along the main low-level updraft stream.
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Zhang, Jiahe, Zhenying Zhang, Jiayue Zhang, Guoyang Fan, and Dazhi Wu. "A Quantitative Study on the Benefit of Various Waste Classifications." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (May 26, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6660927.
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Chinese economic development has continuously increased national municipal solid waste (MSW) output. However, the existing MSW classification method is insufficient and exacerbates several urgent problems. There are many factors to consider in Chinese waste classification (population, MSW production, food waste content, water content, economy, environment, and waste disposal methods). Based on research and analysis, MSW classification should highlight and implement treatment methods that focus on incineration, the distinct treatment of kitchen waste, and landfills as a waste disposal supplement. MSW is divided into five categories: kitchen waste, incineration, recyclable, hazardous waste, and other waste. Using economic benefit analysis, life cycle assessment, and radar chart analysis, a quantitative study is conducted on the classification methods of MSW used in Germany, the US, the UK, Sweden, Japan, China, and this study. The results indicate that a more refined classification can effectively improve many aspects of MSW management, especially regarding economic and environmental benefits, which are significantly affected. Effective MSW management can reduce the cost of waste disposal by 69.4% and greenhouse gas and acidic substance emissions and increase the energy utilisation rate four fold. This research is of great significance to environmental protection and the development of a circular economy and provides a reference for the management of MSW.
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Miranda, Francisco Otávio, Leonardo Deane de Abreu Sá, Celso Von Radow, Fernando M. Ramos, and Antônio O. Manzi. "Picos na velocidade do vento e sua relação com aumentos em fluxos de escalares na atmosfera tropical noturna: Estudo de caso." Ciência e Natura 42 (August 28, 2020): e12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460x45354.
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Some physical aspects related to the occurrence of nocturnal instability-inducing intense peaks in wind speed (here abbreviated by PV.) in the tropical atmosphere above forest were investigated. Such phenomena cause strong variations in turbulent signals, occurrence of strong turbulence regimes, and significant increases in scalar fluxes. Was found that these events that occur during strong turbulence regimes can be preceded and succeeded by low frequency oscillations in environmental variables and that the significant increase in scalar fluxes observed is associated with the existence of a relative maximum wind speed value (). Procedures are applied to the data used here to enable the construction of phase space diagrams in order to better analyze the increase in amplitude of low frequency oscillations observed before PV outbreak, as well as the decrease in amplitude after PV. The aforementioned phase diagrams are used to obtain repulsor and attractor limit cycles, which respectively precede and succeed the peaks in wind speed. Weather radar images are also used to further investigate the studied atmospheric phenomenon.
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Lippi, Donald E., Jacob R. Carley, and Daryl T. Kleist. "Improvements to the Assimilation of Doppler Radial Winds for Convection-Permitting Forecasts of a Heavy Rain Event." Monthly Weather Review 147, no. 10 (September 20, 2019): 3609–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-18-0411.1.
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Abstract This work describes developments to improve the Doppler radial wind data assimilation scheme used in the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation (GSI) data assimilation system with a focus on convection-permitting, 0–18-h forecasts of a heavy precipitation single case study. This work focuses on two aspects: 1) the extension of the radial wind observation operator to include vertical velocity and 2) a refinement of the radial wind super-observation processing. The refinement includes reducing the magnitude of observation smoothing and allowing observations from higher scan angles into the analysis with the intent to improve the assimilation of the radar data for operational, convection-permitting models. The results of this study demonstrate that there is sensitivity to the refinement in super-observation settings. The inclusion of vertical velocity in the observation operator is shown to have a neutral to slightly positive impact on the forecast. Results from this study are suggested to be used as a foundation to prioritize future research into the effective assimilation of radial winds in an operational setting.
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Li, Shuyun, Gerardo J. Ruiz-Mercado, and Fernando V. Lima. "A Visualization and Control Strategy for Dynamic Sustainability of Chemical Processes." Processes 8, no. 3 (March 7, 2020): 310. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8030310.
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Our societal needs for greener, economically viable products and processes have grown given the adverse environmental impact and unsustainable development caused by human activities, including chemical releases, exposure, and impacts. To make chemical processes safer and more sustainable, a novel sustainability-oriented control strategy is developed in this work. This strategy enables the incorporation of online sustainability assessment and process control with sustainability constraints into chemical process operations. Specifically, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)’s GREENSCOPE (Gauging Reaction Effectiveness for the ENvironmental Sustainability of Chemistries with a multi-Objective Process Evaluator) tool is used for sustainability assessment and environmental release minimization of chemical processes. The multivariable GREENSCOPE indicators in real time can be represented using a novel visualization method with dynamic radar plots. The analysis of the process dynamic behavior in terms of sustainability performance provides means of defining sustainability constraints for the control strategy to improve process sustainability aspects with lower scores. For the control task, Biologically Inspired Optimal Control Strategy (BIO-CS) is implemented with sustainability constraints so that the control actions can be calculated considering the sustainability performance. This work leads to a significant step forward towards augmenting the capability of process control to meet future demands on multiple control objectives (e.g., economic, environmental, and safety related). The effectiveness of the proposed framework is illustrated via two case studies associated with a fermentation system. The results show that the proposed control strategy can effectively drive the system to the desired setpoints while meeting a preset sustainability constraint and improving the transient sustainability performance by up to 16.86% in terms of selected GREENSCOPE indicators.
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Megahed, Hanaa A., Awad Hassoup, Abd El-Hay A. Farrag, and Doaa Wahba. "Modeling the Environmental Hazards of El-Kharga Oasis Sand Dunes, Western Desert of Egypt, using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques." International Journal of Advanced Remote Sensing and GIS 10, no. 1 (July 19, 2021): 3501–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.23953/cloud.ijarsg.505.
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In this study, an integrated suite of Remote Sensing (RS) data and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques supported by fieldwork is used to assess the sand dunes movement hazards at El-Kharga Oasis. Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data obtained from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) and Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection (ASTER) were integrated with GIS techniques to model the vulnerable locations and to study the terrain characteristics (slope angles and aspects) in the studied area. The risk assessment model output was verified with the field investigations using multi-temporal satellite images recorded between 1990 and 2019. Monthly wind roses showed that the sand drifts in the southeastern direction differed widely from one direction to another depending on the wind direction and velocity. The most important output of the spatial model’s, results was a geo-hazard map that classified the sand dunes hazard zones into low, slight, moderate, and high-risk zones. It is concluded that, the sand dunes pose a serious hazard because of their fast movement and accumulation near the monumental sites, over roads and invading the agricultural fields. The obtained results can serve as a basis for planners and decision-makers to take the necessary precautions and measures to minimize the sand dune hazard’s impact on the monumental sites (e.g., Hibis, El-Nadura, El-Ghueita and El-Zayyan), roads, and the agricultural fields at El-Kharga Oasis and lead to a sustainable development plan. Keywords Environmental Hazards; Sand Dunes Movement; Remote Sensing; Risk Assessment, Egypt
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Weckwerth, Tammy M., David B. Parsons, Steven E. Koch, James A. Moore, Margaret A. LeMone, Belay B. Demoz, Cyrille Flamant, Bart Geerts, Junhong Wang, and Wayne F. Feltz. "An Overview of the International H2O Project (IHOP_2002) and Some Preliminary Highlights." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 85, no. 2 (February 1, 2004): 253–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-85-2-253.
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The International H2O Project (IHOP_2002) is one of the largest North American meteorological field experiments in history. From 13 May to 25 June 2002, over 250 researchers and technical staff from the United States, Germany, France, and Canada converged on the Southern Great Plains to measure water vapor and other atmospheric variables. The principal objective of IHOP_2002 is to obtain an improved characterization of the time-varying three-dimensional water vapor field and evaluate its utility in improving the understanding and prediction of convective processes. The motivation for this objective is the combination of extremely low forecast skill for warm-season rainfall and the relatively large loss of life and property from flash floods and other warm-season weather hazards. Many prior studies on convective storm forecasting have shown that water vapor is a key atmospheric variable that is insufficiently measured. Toward this goal, IHOP_2002 brought together many of the existing operational and new state-of-the-art research water vapor sensors and numerical models. The IHOP_2002 experiment comprised numerous unique aspects. These included several instruments fielded for the first time (e.g., reference radiosonde); numerous upgraded instruments (e.g., Wyoming Cloud Radar); the first ever horizontal-pointing water vapor differential absorption lidar (DIAL; i.e., Leandre II on the Naval Research Laboratory P-3), which required the first onboard aircraft avoidance radar; several unique combinations of sensors (e.g., multiple profiling instruments at one field site and the German water vapor DIAL and NOAA/Environmental Technology Laboratory Doppler lidar on board the German Falcon aircraft); and many logistical challenges. This article presents a summary of the motivation, goals, and experimental design of the project, illustrates some preliminary data collected, and includes discussion on some potential operational and research implications of the experiment.
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Mecikalski, John R., and Kristopher M. Bedka. "Forecasting Convective Initiation by Monitoring the Evolution of Moving Cumulus in Daytime GOES Imagery." Monthly Weather Review 134, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 49–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr3062.1.
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Abstract This study identifies the precursor signals of convective initiation within sequences of 1-km-resolution visible (VIS) and 4–8-km infrared (IR) imagery from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) instrument. Convective initiation (CI) is defined for this study as the first detection of Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) reflectivities ≥35 dBZ produced by convective clouds. Results indicate that CI may be forecasted ∼30–45 min in advance through the monitoring of key IR fields for convective clouds. This is made possible by the coincident use of three components of GOES data: 1) a cumulus cloud “mask” at 1-km resolution using VIS and IR data, 2) satellite-derived atmospheric motion vectors (AMVs) for tracking individual cumulus clouds, and 3) IR brightness temperature (TB) and multispectral band-differencing time trends. In effect, these techniques isolate only the cumulus convection in satellite imagery, track moving cumulus convection, and evaluate various IR cloud properties in time. Convective initiation is predicted by accumulating information within a satellite pixel that is attributed to the first occurrence of a ≥35 dBZ radar echo. Through the incorporation of satellite tracking of moving cumulus clouds, this work represents a significant advance in the use of routinely available GOES data for monitoring aspects of cumulus clouds important for nowcasting CI (0–1-h forecasts). Once cumulus cloud tracking is established, eight predictor fields based on Lagrangian trends in IR data are used to characterize cloud conditions consistent with CI. Cumulus cloud pixels for which ≥7 of the 8 CI indicators are satisfied are labeled as having high CI potential, assuming an extrapolation of past trends into the future. Comparison to future WSR-88D imagery then measures the method's predictive skill. Convective initiation predictability is demonstrated using several convective events—one during IHOP_2002—that occur over a variety of synoptic and mesoscale forcing regimes.
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Dunkle, Ruth, Katherine Cavagnini, Joonyoung Cho, Laura Sutherland, Helen Kales, Cathleen Connell, and Amanda Leggett. "Barriers and Challenges Faced by Social Workers Caring for Dementia Patients in Acute Care Settings." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 76–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.251.
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Abstract The nature of dementia care provided by social workers across various hospital settings is unexplored. This study utilized the “rigorous and accelerated data reduction” (RADaR) qualitative analysis technique to explore the process of care among social workers for persons with dementia (PWDs) across a Midwestern tertiary care system with two aims: 1) to identify environmental barriers and supports to quality dementia care in two hospital settings (medical and psychiatric emergency departments (ED), and the main inpatient hospital (IP)), and 2) to identify existing strengths and challenges to high quality social work dementia care within these settings. Twelve qualitative interviews were conducted with a purposive, snowball sample of social workers in dementia care in a large, academic health care system in 2016. Results identify environmental barriers in both settings (physical space design, patient-environment interactions, safety, and discharge disposition). Environmental aspects that promote quality care include supportive staff and family in the patient environment in the IP and ED hospital sections while the discharge disposition is more relevant in the IP. While there are some areas of social work involvement (discharge, psycho-social needs, treatment/management issues) that promote quality of care across locales, the pattern of performing roles varied, e.g. there is more focus on discharge planning and less management of competing demands in the IP than in the ED. Also, social workers were more involved in the diagnosis of dementia in the ED than other settings. We offer policy and practice recommendations to improve care for PWDs in academic hospital settings.
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Nikitina, Valentina N., N. I. Kalinina, G. G. Lyashko, E. N. Pankina, and V. P. Plekhanov. "Analysis of design decisions on establishing an aerodrome territory based on the electromagnetic factor." Hygiene and sanitation 99, no. 6 (July 29, 2020): 557–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2020-99-6-557-562.
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Introduction. Under the regulations for civil aviation aerodromes, aerodrome territories (AT) are established. The analysis of the literature data shows that when considering the hygienic aspects of the operation of airfields, the authors focus on aviation noise and pollutants in the environment.The purpose of the study: to analyze the design documentation for the establishment of the AT of many civil aviation aerodromes to study the effects of electromagnetic fields of the radio frequency range created by antennas of modern transmitting radio engineering objects (TREO). Materials and methods. We studied regulatory documents on the procedure for establishing and using aerodrome territories, radio engineering support for airfields, technical characteristics and operating modes of modern radio equipment, and regulatory documents for ensuring electromagnetic safety of the population. The analysis of the project documentation for the organization of the aerodrome territory on the electromagnetic effects of seven civil aviation airfields was carried out.Results. The study found the electromagnetic environment in an open area to depend on the power of the radio object, the frequency range, the height of the antenna installation, the radiation pattern in the vertical and horizontal plane, and the combination of two survey radars in one position. Sanitary protection zones and restricted areas for communication and navigation facilities are located within the technical territory of the airfield. Zones of restriction of radar objects fall into the seventh subzone of the AT, established by the noise factor.Conclusion. According to regulatory documents, the justification of the boundaries of the seventh subzone of the AT of civil aviation airfields is established by the factor of noise and electro-magnetic effects, and air pollution. The experience of reviewing the project documentation for the establishment of near-aerodrome territories for electromagnetic effects shows that the zone of restriction of powerful radars can influence the formation of the seventh subzone of the AT. If the restriction zones go beyond the boundaries of the aerodrome land plot, then restrictions on the use of real estate objects and activities are imposed on the territories that fall within the zone.
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Luo, Yali, Steven K. Krueger, and Shrinivas Moorthi. "Cloud Properties Simulated by a Single-Column Model. Part I: Comparison to Cloud Radar Observations of Cirrus Clouds." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 62, no. 5 (May 1, 2005): 1428–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas3425.1.
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Abstract This study describes and demonstrates a new method for identifying deficiencies in how cloud processes are represented in large-scale models. Kilometer-scale-resolving cloud radar observations and cloud-resolving model (CRM) simulations were used to evaluate the representation of cirrus clouds in the single-column model (SCM) version of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction Global Forecast System model for a 29-day period during June and July 1997 at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program site in Oklahoma. To produce kilometer-scale cirrus statistics from the SCM results, synthetic subgrid-scale (SGS) cloud fields were generated using the SCM’s cloud fraction and hydrometeor content profiles, and the SCM’s cloud overlap and horizontal inhomogeneity assumptions. Three sets of SCM synthetic SGS cloud fields were analyzed. Two NOSNOW sets were produced in which clouds did not include snow; one set used random overlap, the other, maximum/random. In the SNOW set, clouds included snow and random overlap was used. The three sets were sampled in the same way as the cloud-radar-detected cloud fields and the CRM-simulated cloud fields. The mean cirrus cloud occurrence frequency for the SCM NOSNOW cloud fields agrees with the observed value as well as the CRM’s does, while that for SCM SNOW cloud fields is only half that observed. In most aspects, the SCM’s cirrus properties differ significantly from the cloud radar’s and the CRM’s, which generally agree. In comparison, there are too many physically thin SCM NOSNOW cirrus layers (most occupy only a single model layer) and too many physically thick SCM SNOW cirrus layers (most are thicker than 4 km). For the optically thin subset of cirrus layers, 1) the mean, mode, and median ice water path, and layer-mean ice water content (IWC) values for the SCM are significantly larger than the observed and CRM values; 2) the SCM layer-mean IWCs decrease with cloud physical thickness, opposite to the observations and CRM results; and 3) the range of layer-mean effective radii in the SCM thin cirrus is too narrow.
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Rankin, Jeff, Aminah Robinson Fayek, Gerry Meade, Carl Haas, and André Manseau. "Initial metrics and pilot program results for measuring the performance of the Canadian construction industry." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 35, no. 9 (September 2008): 894–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l08-018.
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A study has been initiated by the Canadian Construction Innovation Council to support the measurement of the performance of the Canadian construction industry. Metrics have been established to cover aspects of cost, time, scope, quality, safety, innovation, and sustainability. The metrics were piloted with industry partners and applied to institutional building and infrastructure projects. The metrics were selected in recognition of other national and international efforts in benchmarking and with a view of supporting analysis at the project, organization, and industry level. The experience gained through the pilot project indicates that the metrics are reasonably well understood in their definition. While the cost, time, scope, and safety information is readily available, as expected, the information for quality innovation and sustainability is not or requires more detailed in-person interviews of project participants to obtain a complete picture of project performance. The data analysis and presentation conducted to date indicates that a combination of radar charts and box plots works best as a means to communicate results. The result of the study to date is a standard set of metrics, and collection and reporting methods for the performance of the Canadian construction industry that are useful as the basis of a broad benchmarking program.
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Matrosov, Sergey Y. "Ice Hydrometeor Shape Estimations Using Polarimetric Operational and Research Radar Measurements." Atmosphere 11, no. 1 (January 14, 2020): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11010097.
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A polarimetric radar method to estimate mean shapes of ice hydrometeors was applied to several snowfall and ice cloud events observed by operational and research weather radars. The hydrometeor shape information is described in terms of their aspect ratios, r, which represent the ratio of particle minor and major dimensions. The method is based on the relations between depolarization ratio (DR) estimates and aspect ratios. DR values, which are a proxy for circular depolarization ratio, were reconstructed from radar variables of reflectivity factor, Ze, differential reflectivity, ZDR, and copolar correlation coefficient ρhv, which are available from radar systems operating in either simultaneous or alternate transmutation of horizontally and vertically polarized signals. DR-r relations were developed for retrieving aspect ratios and their sensitivity to different assumptions and model uncertainties were discussed. To account for changing particle bulk density, which is a major contributor to the retrieval uncertainty, an approach is suggested to tune the DR-r relations using reflectivity-based estimates of characteristic hydrometeor size. The analyzed events include moderate snowfall observed by an operational S-band weather radar and a precipitating ice cloud observed by a scanning Ka-band cloud radar at an Arctic location. Uncertainties of the retrievals are discussed.
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Chen, Shuyi S., Brandon W. Kerns, Nick Guy, David P. Jorgensen, Julien Delanoë, Nicolas Viltard, Christopher J. Zappa, Falko Judt, Chia-Ying Lee, and Ajda Savarin. "Aircraft Observations of Dry Air, the ITCZ, Convective Cloud Systems, and Cold Pools in MJO during DYNAMO." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 97, no. 3 (March 1, 2016): 405–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-13-00196.1.
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Abstract One of the most challenging problems in predicting the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) is the initiation of large-scale convective activity associated with the MJO over the tropical Indian Ocean. The lack of observations is a major obstacle. The Dynamics of the MJO (DYNAMO) field campaign collected unprecedented observations from air-, land-, and ship-based platforms from October 2011 to February 2012. Here we provide an overview of the aircraft observations in DYNAMO, which captured an MJO initiation event from November to December 2011. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) WP-3D aircraft was stationed at Diego Garcia and the French Falcon 20 aircraft on Gan Island in the Maldives. Observations from the two aircraft provide a unique dataset of three-dimensional structure of convective cloud systems and their environment from the flight level, airborne Doppler radar, microphysics probes, ocean surface imaging, global positioning system (GPS) dropsonde, and airborne expendable bathythermograph (AXBT) data. The aircraft observations revealed interactions among dry air, the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ), convective cloud systems, and air–sea interaction induced by convective cold pools, which may play important roles in the multiscale processes of MJO initiation. This overview focuses on some key aspects of the aircraft observations that contribute directly to better understanding of the interactions among convective cloud systems, environmental moisture, and the upper ocean during the MJO initiation over the tropical Indian Ocean. Special emphasis is on the distinct characteristics of convective cloud systems, environmental moisture and winds, air–sea fluxes, and convective cold pools during the convectively suppressed, transition/onset, and active phases of the MJO.
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Alfaro, Diego A., and Michael C. Coniglio. "Discrimination of Mature and Dissipating Severe-Wind-Producing MCSs with Layer-Lifting Indices." Weather and Forecasting 33, no. 1 (December 28, 2017): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-17-0088.1.
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Abstract The environmental factors that drive the dissipation of linear severe-wind-producing mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) are investigated. Layer-lifting indices are emphasized, which measure convective instability in forward-propagating MCSs by considering that deep convective latent heating depends on 1) the potential latent heating within the atmospheric column, measured by the integrated CAPE (ICAPE), and 2) the dilution of buoyancy due to midtropospheric inflow, measured by the inflow fraction (IF) of convectively unstable air to total system-relative inflow. These elements are integrated to define the layer-lifting CAPE (CAPEll), which depends on environmental thermodynamics, kinematics, and the MCS’s movement vector. Radar reflectivity plots are used to subjectively identify and classify MCSs in terms of their stage (mature or dissipating) and degree of organization (highly or weakly organized). Nonparametric statistical inferences are performed on several metrics computed at maturity and dissipation from RUC/RAP analysis data, aiming to identify the most skillful indices for diagnosing three different aspects of MCS dissipation: 1) the transition from maturity to dissipation, 2) the stage of an MCS, and 3) the disorganization that characterizes the dissipating stage. In terms of MCS dissipation CAPEll is the best diagnostic. A close approximation to CAPEll is accomplished by estimating an MCS’s movement with Corfidi vectors, providing a potentially useful index in operational settings. ICAPE is the most skillful thermodynamic metric, while IF is the best kinematic discriminator of MCS stage and stage transition, suggesting the fundamental importance of layer-lifting convective instability for MCS maintenance. Layer-lifting indices are not particularly skillful at distinguishing the degree of MCS organization at maturity, which is best diagnosed by deep vertical wind shear.
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Norreys, Richard, and Ian Cluckie. "Real time assessment of transient spills (rats)." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 2 (January 1, 1996): 187–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0048.
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The influence of Combined Sewer Overflows (CSOs) on receiving water quality must be considered for comprehensive river basin management. Receiving water impact models are tools to assess the influence of intermittent discharges on water quality. Owing to the difficulty and expense of collecting data and a perceived requirement for a computationally fast model this relatively simple fast dynamic flow and pollutant routing model was developed. In this paper the flow and pollutant routing techniques are detailed for the construction of a dendritic model to represent many aspects of an urban watercourse. The flow routing is achieved with a combination of hydraulic and hydrologic techniques. The pollutant routing is undertaken using a variation of a Lagrangian routing technique to enable routing on a widely spaced flow grid. Results of the flow routing model and details of the complete models performance in a simulation of an English urban river system are given. The assessment of the model showed the pollutant routing technique to require some further refinement for real-time simulation and the Water Quality Index (WQI) was also found to be successful but required more sensitivity. As a whole the model was found to be too slow to be operated as part of a real time control scheme but was a useful tool for the assessment of multiple CSO impacts on a dendritic urban river system. The future development of RATS will involve a close association with the continuing development of radar based real-time control procedures for controlling strategic urban drainage systems in a climate of uncertainty.
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Doblas, Juan, Mariane S. Reis, Amanda P. Belluzzo, Camila B. Quadros, Douglas R. V. Moraes, Claudio A. Almeida, Luis E. P. Maurano, André F. A. Carvalho, Sidnei J. S. Sant’Anna, and Yosio E. Shimabukuro. "DETER-R: An Operational Near-Real Time Tropical Forest Disturbance Warning System Based on Sentinel-1 Time Series Analysis." Remote Sensing 14, no. 15 (July 30, 2022): 3658. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14153658.
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Continuous monitoring of forest disturbance on tropical forests is a fundamental tool to support proactive preservation actions and to stop further destruction of native vegetation. Currently most of the monitoring systems in operation are based on optical imagery, and thus are flaw-prone on areas with frequent cloud cover. As this, several Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)-based systems have been developed recently, aiming all-weather disturbance detection. This article presents the main aspects and the results of the first year of operation of the SAR based Near Real-Time Deforestation Detection System (DETER-R), an automated deforestation detection system focused on the Brazilian Amazon. DETER-R uses the Google Earth Engine platform to preprocess and analyze Sentinel-1 SAR time series. New images are treated and analyzed daily. After the automated analysis, the system vectorizes clusters of deforested pixels and sends the corresponding polygons to the environmental enforcement agency. After 12 months of operational life, the system has produced 88,572 forest disturbance warnings. Human validation of the warning polygons showed a extremely low rate of misdetections, with less than 0.2% of the detected area corresponding to false positives. During the first year of operation, DETER-R provided 33,234 warnings of interest to national monitoring agencies which were not detected by its optical counterpart DETER in the same period, corresponding to an area of 105,238.5 ha, or approximately 5% of the total detections. During the rainy season, the rate of additional detections increased as expected, reaching 8.1%.
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Lee, Bruce D., Brian F. Jewett, and Robert B. Wilhelmson. "The 19 April 1996 Illinois Tornado Outbreak. Part II: Cell Mergers and Associated Tornado Incidence." Weather and Forecasting 21, no. 4 (August 1, 2006): 449–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf943.1.
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Abstract In the 19 April 1996 Illinois tornado outbreak, cell mergers played a very important role in the convective evolution. With a large number of cells forming within a short time period, the early stages of cell organization were marked by cell merger interactions and cell attrition that led to a pattern of isolated tornadic supercells as described in Part I of this study. Twenty-six mergers were documented and analyzed. Storm-rotation-induced differential cell propagation accounted for 58% of these 26 cell mergers while differing cell speeds prompted 27% of the mergers. Cell merger characterizations were utilized to describe the cell reflectivity coalescence morphology including aspects of new cell development, development along the periphery of an existing cell, or an upward pulse in the cell intensity of a dominant cell. In cases where the merging cells were of similar intensity, a rapidly developing cellular pulse “bridging” the two echoes was often observed. When the relationship between short-term cell intensity changes and cell mergers was examined, it was found that the maximum reflectivity tendency showed a bias toward higher reflectivity for the product storm. Depending upon the radar elevation angle utilized, 27%–44% of mergers were associated with an increase in peak reflectivity while 40%–58% of the storms realized little or no increase. With respect to short-term cell rotation changes, the merger signal was marked. Depending upon the length of the evaluation window, in 44%–60% of the mergers, there was evidence of a merger-associated increase in cell rotation. When considering the association between tornado occurrence and cell mergers, a striking 54% of the tornadoes occurred within 15 min before or after a cell merger. This high percentage is strongly suggestive of a physical relationship between storm mergers and tornadogenesis. A discussion is presented of potential merger scenarios and favorable ambient environmental conditions that may have been conducive to tornadogenesis in this event. Suggestions are presented to raise the awareness level of forecasters to key aspects of cell evolution and interaction in nowcasting severe convection.
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Mohammadimanesh, F., B. Salehi, M. Mahdianpari, and S. Homayouni. "UNSUPERVISED WISHART CLASSFICATION OF WETLANDS IN NEWFOUNDLAND, CANADA USING POLSAR DATA BASED ON FISHER LINEAR DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B7 (June 21, 2016): 305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b7-305-2016.
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Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PolSAR) imagery is a complex multi-dimensional dataset, which is an important source of information for various natural resources and environmental classification and monitoring applications. PolSAR imagery produces valuable information by observing scattering mechanisms from different natural and man-made objects. Land cover mapping using PolSAR data classification is one of the most important applications of SAR remote sensing earth observations, which have gained increasing attention in the recent years. However, one of the most challenging aspects of classification is selecting features with maximum discrimination capability. To address this challenge, a statistical approach based on the Fisher Linear Discriminant Analysis (FLDA) and the incorporation of physical interpretation of PolSAR data into classification is proposed in this paper. After pre-processing of PolSAR data, including the speckle reduction, the H/α classification is used in order to classify the basic scattering mechanisms. Then, a new method for feature weighting, based on the fusion of FLDA and physical interpretation, is implemented. This method proves to increase the classification accuracy as well as increasing between-class discrimination in the final Wishart classification. The proposed method was applied to a full polarimetric C-band RADARSAT-2 data set from Avalon area, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. This imagery has been acquired in June 2015, and covers various types of wetlands including bogs, fens, marshes and shallow water. The results were compared with the standard Wishart classification, and an improvement of about 20% was achieved in the overall accuracy. This method provides an opportunity for operational wetland classification in northern latitude with high accuracy using only SAR polarimetric data.
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Tennyson, Edward. "Recent Results from Oil Spill Response Research." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1991, no. 1 (March 1, 1991): 673–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1991-1-673.
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ABSTRACT Recent large oil spills from tankers have reaffirmed the need for continuing technology assessment and research to improve oil-spill response capabilities. The Minerals Management Service (MMS) remains a lead agency in conducting these studies. This paper discusses MMS concerns, as reinforced by the acceleration of its research program in 1990. It briefly assesses the current state-of-the-art technology for major aspects of spill response, including remote sensing, open-ocean containment, recovery, in-situ burning, chemical treating agents, beach-line cleanup, and oil behavior. The paper reports on specific research projects that have begun to yield information that will improve detection and at-sea equipment performance. The first detection project, for which MMS has patent pending, involves the use of shipboard navigational radar to track slicks at relatively long range. The second project involves the use of conventional containment and cleanup in a downwind mode, which is contrary to the traditional procedures. The paper also discusses current research projects, including the development of an airborne, laser-assisted fluorosensor that can determine whether apparent slicks contain oil. Additional projects involve the development of improved strategies for responding to oil in broken-ice conditions, for gaining an improved understanding of the fate and behavior of spilled oil as it affects response strategies, and for reopening and operating the oil and hazardous materials simulated environmental test tank (OHMSETT) facility in Leonardo, New Jersey. Recent progress on the development of safe and environmentally acceptable strategies to burn spilled oil in-situ is also discussed. The OHMSETT facility is necessary for testing prospective improvements in chemical treating agents and to develop standard procedures for testing and evaluating response equipment.
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Mohammadimanesh, F., B. Salehi, M. Mahdianpari, and S. Homayouni. "UNSUPERVISED WISHART CLASSFICATION OF WETLANDS IN NEWFOUNDLAND, CANADA USING POLSAR DATA BASED ON FISHER LINEAR DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B7 (June 21, 2016): 305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b7-305-2016.
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Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PolSAR) imagery is a complex multi-dimensional dataset, which is an important source of information for various natural resources and environmental classification and monitoring applications. PolSAR imagery produces valuable information by observing scattering mechanisms from different natural and man-made objects. Land cover mapping using PolSAR data classification is one of the most important applications of SAR remote sensing earth observations, which have gained increasing attention in the recent years. However, one of the most challenging aspects of classification is selecting features with maximum discrimination capability. To address this challenge, a statistical approach based on the Fisher Linear Discriminant Analysis (FLDA) and the incorporation of physical interpretation of PolSAR data into classification is proposed in this paper. After pre-processing of PolSAR data, including the speckle reduction, the H/α classification is used in order to classify the basic scattering mechanisms. Then, a new method for feature weighting, based on the fusion of FLDA and physical interpretation, is implemented. This method proves to increase the classification accuracy as well as increasing between-class discrimination in the final Wishart classification. The proposed method was applied to a full polarimetric C-band RADARSAT-2 data set from Avalon area, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. This imagery has been acquired in June 2015, and covers various types of wetlands including bogs, fens, marshes and shallow water. The results were compared with the standard Wishart classification, and an improvement of about 20% was achieved in the overall accuracy. This method provides an opportunity for operational wetland classification in northern latitude with high accuracy using only SAR polarimetric data.
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Gonga-Saholiariliva, N., Y. Gunnell, C. Petit, and C. Mering. "Techniques for quantifying the accuracy of gridded elevation models and for mapping uncertainty in digital terrain analysis." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 35, no. 6 (July 13, 2011): 739–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133311409086.
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We first provide a critical review of statistical procedures employed in the literature for testing uncertainty in digital terrain analysis, then focus on several aspects of spatial autocorrelation that have been neglected in the analysis of gridded elevation data. When applied to first derivatives of elevation such as topographic slope, a spatial approach using Moran’s I and the LISA (Local Indicator of Spatial Association) allows: (1) georeferenced data patterns to be generated; (2) error hot- and coldspots to be located; and (3) error propagation during DEM manipulation to be evaluated. In a worked example focusing on the Wasatch mountain front, Utah, we analyse the relative advantages of six DEMs resulting from different acquisition modes (airborne, optical, radar, or composite): the LiDAR (2 m), CODEM (5 m), NED10 (10 m), ASTER DEM (15 m) and GDEM (30 m), and SRTM (90 m). The example shows that (apart from the LiDAR) the NED10, which is generated from composite data sources, is the least error-ridden DEM for that region. Knowing error magnitudes and where errors are located determines where corrections to elevation are required in order to minimize error accumulation or propagation, and clarifies how they might affect expert judgement in environmental decisions. Ground resolution issues can subsequently be addressed with greater confidence by resampling the preferred grid to terrain resolutions suited to the landscape attributes of interest. Source product testing is an essential yet often neglected part of DEM analysis, with many practical applications in hydrological modelling, for predictions of slope- to catchment-scale mass sediment flux, or for the assessment of slope stability thresholds.
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Luo, Yali, Steven K. Krueger, and Kuan-Man Xu. "Cloud Properties Simulated by a Single-Column Model. Part II: Evaluation of Cumulus Detrainment and Ice-Phase Microphysics Using a Cloud-Resolving Model." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 63, no. 11 (November 1, 2006): 2831–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas3785.1.
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Abstract This paper is the second in a series in which kilometer-scale-resolving observations from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program and output from the University of California, Los Angeles/Colorado State University cloud-resolving model (CRM) are used to evaluate the single-column model (SCM) version of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction Global Forecast System model. Part I demonstrated that kilometer-scale cirrus properties analyzed by applying the SCM’s assumptions about cloud vertical overlap and horizontal homogeneity to its profiles of cloud water/ice mixing ratio, cloud fraction, and snow flux differed from the cloud radar observations while the CRM simulation reproduced most of the observed cirrus properties. The present study evaluates, through a comparison with the CRM, the SCM’s representation of detrainment from deep cumulus and ice-phase microphysics in an effort to better understand the findings of Part I. This study finds that, although the SCM’s detrainment rate profile averaged over the entire simulation period is comparable to the CRM’s, detrainment in the SCM is comparatively sporadic and vertically localized. Too much detrained ice is sublimated when first detrained. Snow formed from detrained cloud ice falls through too deep of a layer. These aspects of the SCM’s parameterizations may explain many of the differences in the cirrus properties between the SCM and the observations (or between the SCM and the CRM), and suggest several possible improvements for the SCM: 1) allowing multiple coexisting cumulus cloud types as in the original Arakawa–Schubert scheme, 2) prognostically determining the stratiform cloud fraction, and 3) explicitly predicting the snow mixing ratio. These would allow better representation of the detrainment from deep convection, better coupling of the volume of detrained air with cloud fraction, and better representation of snow flux.
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Fang, Yong, Wenli Zhang, Hua Hu, Jiayi Zhou, Dianliang Xiao, and Shaojie Li. "Adaptive Aging Safety of Guidance Marks in Rail Transit Connection Systems Based on Eye Movement Data." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 2 (January 10, 2022): 725. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19020725.
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The aim of this study was to meet the visual cognition needs of the elderly population for the guidance marks and safety guidance marks of the rail transit connection system. Based on the visual characteristics of the elderly population, this paper firstly determined the visual field and sight range of the marks of the elderly population from three aspects—visual angle, visual distance, and height of the elderly population—and constructed the visual recognition space of the elderly population. Then, from the perspective of the setting position, the setting height, and the deflection angle, an adaptive aging safety design method for the guidance marks in the rail transit connection system is proposed. Then, based on the eye movement data of fixation duration, initial fixation duration, and the number of visits, a visual behavior index model is constructed to iteratively optimize the adaptive aging safety design of guidance marks in a rail transit connection system. A radar map is used to calculate the comprehensive index of visual behavior to determine the optimal scheme. Finally, taking the traffic connection system of Shanghai Songjiang University Town Station as an example, the eye movement data of 37 participants were collected, according to the principle that each connection path should only be taken once per person; the above method was used to design 7 connection path guidance marks for an adaptive aging safety design. The results showed that the comprehensive index of visual behavior of different paths had different degrees of improvement of up to 14.00%, which verified the effectiveness of the design method. The research results have certain theoretical significance and application value for the adaptive aging safety design and retrofit of guidance marks of rail transit connection systems.
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Raj, Vishnu, Ankita Kumari, and Tanay V N. "STEALTH TECHNOLOGY AND INDIA-A REVIEW." International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology 7, no. 4 (August 1, 2022): 164–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.33564/ijeast.2022.v07i04.025.
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Stealth Technology so as to avoid detection by using combination of features so that Aircraft can interfere with RADAR and also reduce the visibility in radio frequency (RF) spectrum, audio and infrared visual. During the last decades, stealth technology has proven to be one of the most effective approaches as far as the Endeavour to hide from radar systems is concerned. Stealth means to avoid the detection or try to hide, for airplanes, hiding from radar meant stealth. The concept used in the stealth technology is not so difficult. It uses the principle to absorb and reflect the radar waves. Aircraft deflects the radar waves in various directions and minimizes the radar waves which return backs to radar. This paper reviews about the different aspects in stealth technology
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Belenguer-Plomer, Miguel A., Emilio Chuvieco, and Mihai A. Tanase. "Temporal Decorrelation of C-Band Backscatter Coefficient in Mediterranean Burned Areas." Remote Sensing 11, no. 22 (November 14, 2019): 2661. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11222661.
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Burned area algorithms from radar images are often based on temporal differences between pre- and post-fire backscatter values. However, such differences may occur long past the fire event, an effect known as temporal decorrelation. Improvements in radar-based burned areas monitoring depend on a better understanding of the temporal decorrelation effects as well as its sources. This paper analyses the temporal decorrelation of the Sentinel-1 C-band backscatter coefficient over burned areas in Mediterranean ecosystems. Several environmental variables influenced the radar scattering such as fire severity, post-fire vegetation recovery, water content, soil moisture, and local slope and aspect were analyzed. The ensemble learning method random forests was employed to estimate the importance of these variables to the decorrelation process by land cover classes. Temporal decorrelation was observed for over 32% of the burned pixels located within the study area. Fire severity, vegetation water content, and soil moisture were the main drivers behind temporal decorrelation processes and are of the utmost importance for areas detected as burned immediately after fire events. When burned areas were detected long after fire (decorrelated areas), due to reduced backscatter coefficient variations between pre- to post-fire acquisitions, water content (soil and vegetation) was the main driver behind the backscatter coefficient changes. Therefore, for efficient synthetic aperture radar (SAR)-based monitoring of burned areas, detection, and mapping algorithms need to account for the interaction between fire impact and soil and vegetation water content.
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Misita, Mirjana, Vesna Spasojević-Brkić, Ivan Rakonjac, Milanko Damjanović, Martina Perišić, Neda Papić, and Goran Đurić. "Dumper operation risk analysis model and HAMRISK expert system." Tehnika 77, no. 5 (2022): 617–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/tehnika2205617m.
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The paper presents a model of risk analysis of dumper operation with the aim of determining the most common reason for unplanned stoppages, as well as, after classifying stoppages by system, to evaluate them from the aspect of risk. The set criteria for risk analysis are: time spent in downtime, frequency of downtime and level of danger. The results of the research indicated the causes of high risk on the observed machines, on the basis of which priority preventive maintenance measures can be refined in order to reduce risk. Furthermore, in the research on risk prevention of the operation of transport and mining machines, the online contextual and adaptive expert system HAMRISK was developed and the advantages and disadvantages of the developed software solution were examined in practice.
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Gulck, Lisa Van, Eline Leenknecht, Emiel Debusseré, Jona Van Steenkiste, Marijke Steeman, and Nathan Van Den Bossche. "Development of a circularity assessment method for facade systems." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 855, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/855/1/012008.
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Various authorities identify the circular building strategy as the best way to reduce the environmental impact of the building sector. The EURECA project aims to develop a circular facade system for the renovation of high-rise buildings. The circularity of the facade systems proposed within the project should be evaluated in an objective manner. Current circularity assessment methods exist, however, they appear unfit to evaluate facade systems at an early design stage. Based on the analysis of existing assessment methods a new circularity assessment method is developed. The developed method allows to measure the circularity on element level with a limited amount of required information, allowing early stage decision-making. The method considers the parameters recycling, environmental cost, expected service life, component dependency, layer dependency and flexibility for reuse. The method is tested on four facade renovation systems: standard ETICS, circular ETICS, ventilated facade with rigid insulation and ventilated facade with flexible insulation. The circularity of each system can be represented by a radar chart, giving the score per parameter, or by a single score. In addition to the circular aspect, the financial aspect is added in the evaluation of the facade systems by using the Pareto front method.
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Mohan Rao, U., Anant K. Verma, Naresh K. Darimireddy, I. Fofana, Chan-Wang Park, and B. Vedik. "Perspectives of Convertors and Communication Aspects in Automated Vehicles, Part 1: Convertors and Condition Monitoring." Energies 14, no. 7 (March 24, 2021): 1795. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14071795.
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A critical survey has been conducted on high energy-efficient bidirectional converters, various topologies that effectively meet the automated vehicle requirements, and 24 GHz/77 GHz low-profile antennas (for automotive radar applications). The present survey has been identified into two parts on the current topic of study as perspectives and challenges. Part 1 of this survey covers energy-efficient power electronic convertor topologies and condition monitoring aspects of convertors to enhance the lifespan and improve performance. Condition-monitoring issues concerning the abnormalities of electrical components, high switching frequencies, electromagnetic interference, leakage currents, and unwanted joint ruptures have also been emphasized. It is observed that composite converters are proficient for automated hybrid electric vehicles due to fast dynamic response and reduced component count. Importantly, electrical component failures in power electronic converters are most common and need attention for the effective operation of the bidirectional converters. Hence, condition monitoring implementation schemes have also been summarized. Part 2 of this survey focuses on 24 and 77 GHz low-profile (microstrip-based) antennas for automotive radar applications, types of antenna structures, feed mechanisms, dielectric material requirements, design techniques, and performance parameters. The discussion in Part 2 also covers feed methodologies, beam scanning concepts, and side-lobe levels on the autonomous vehicle communication activities.
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Briggs, B. H. "Radar measurements of aspect sensitivity of atmospheric scatterers using spaced-antenna correlation techniques." Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics 54, no. 2 (February 1992): 153–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9169(92)90123-3.
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Troisi, Roberta, and Livia Arena. "Organizational Aspects of Sustainable Infrastructure Safety Planning by Means of Alert Maps." Sustainability 14, no. 4 (February 18, 2022): 2335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14042335.
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Road infrastructure safety is a key issue in urban planning for numerous agencies, authorities, central and local administrations, road operators and contractors, in addition to researchers and technology experts. The present study describes a theoretical framework and examines coordination models highlighting how the integration between agencies can be developed with a supporting methodology. By means of alert maps derived from the elaboration of DInSAR (differential interferometry synthetic aperture radar) data, the study defines the actors involved, the alert level for each road infrastructure and the rationale for centralized or flexible coordination models. The potential applications of the approach are tested on a case study in Italy, in an area with about 1600 km of roads in Rome. The study aims to promote synergy between the various agencies for more sustainable infrastructure safety planning and governance.