Journal articles: 'Racist attitudes'

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Keum, Brian TaeHyuk. "Qualitative Examination on the Influences of the Internet on Racism and its Online Manifestation." International Journal of Cyber Behavior, Psychology and Learning 7, no. 3 (July 2017): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcbpl.2017070102.

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Growing number of scholars have noted that racism may thrive and persevere in explicit, blatant forms in the online context. Little research exists on the nature of racism on the Internet. In contributing to this emerging yet understudied issue, the current study conducted an inductive thematic analysis to examine people's attitude toward (a) how the Internet has influenced racism, and (b) how people may experience racism on the Internet. The themes represented in this paper show that the increased anonymity and greater accessibility of the Internet gave platform and identity protection for expressions and aggregation of racist attitudes. Some of the themes explicated positive influences in which people were also able to express and form anti-racist online movements, and confront racist users by taking advantage of the increased anonymity. In terms of how racism was experienced on the Internet, the author identified the following themes: vicarious observation, racist humor, negative racial stereotyping, racist online media, and racist online hate groups. Implications for future research on racism on Internet is discussed.

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Shelby, Tommie. "Ist Rassismus eine Sache des „Herzens“?" Deutsche Zeitschrift für Philosophie 67, no. 4 (November 5, 2019): 604–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/dzph-2019-0046.

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Abstract In his article, Shelby critically engages with a conception of racism that locates racism in the “heart” of individuals. Such a volitional conception, which has been proposed by Jorge Garcia, suffers from several defects, the most important of which are that it is difficult to identify racist attitudes without recourse to racist beliefs and that such a conception of racism does not allow to see how individuals can be complicit in race-based oppression in the absence of racial hatred or ill will. In lieu of a volitional conception of racism, Shelby advances a conception of racism as ideology which makes racist beliefs and their social consequences central to our understanding of racism.

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Konrad, Alison M. "Denial of racism and the Trump presidency." Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal 37, no. 1 (February 14, 2018): 14–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/edi-07-2017-0155.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to document the racist undertones of Donald Trump’s Presidential campaign rhetoric and draw implications regarding its impact on equality, diversity, and inclusion. Most contemporary individuals reject explicitly racist beliefs and strive to present themselves as having egalitarian attitudes toward other races and ethnicities. However, commonly held implicit biases toward historically marginalized racioethnic groups drive negative effect that is often unconscious and unacknowledged. Inconsistency between the conscious and unconscious aspects of contemporary racism generates a population of individuals who are uncomfortable with their attitudes, creating an opening for politicians willing to leverage racist rhetoric and gain support by resolving this inconsistency. Design/methodology/approach This paper applies social psychological theory and research to address the questions of what attracts otherwise non-racist individuals to racist-tinged rhetoric. The paper also provides theory-based interventions for reducing the attractiveness and impact of racist political campaigns. Findings Supporters of racist politicians resolve the conflict between their negative feelings toward racioethnic minorities and their espoused anti-racist views by distancing themselves from racist rhetorical content in three ways: by denying that racist statements or actions occurred, denying that the statements or actions are racist, and/or by denying responsibility for racism and its effects. These techniques provide supporters with validation from an authority that they can express their negative affect toward out-groups and still consider themselves to be good people and not racists. Practical implications Distancing from racism has allowed contemporary American extremists to reframe themselves as victims of closed-minded progressives seeking to elevate undeserving and/or dangerous out-groups at the in-group’s expense. Effective anti-racism techniques are needed to counter implicit biases in order to limit the attractiveness of extremist views. Implicit biases can be effectively reduced through training in counter-stereotypic imaging, stereotype replacement, and structured inter-group interaction. Effectively countering denial of the facts involves affirming the audience’s belief system while building skepticism toward the sources of misinformation. Social implications While countering racist politicians requires commitment, these efforts are essential for protecting the identity of the USA as a society striving toward equality, diversity, and inclusion. Originality/value By articulating the social psychological principles underpinning racist-tinged populist rhetoric, this paper explains the attractiveness of racist statements by politicians, which tends to be under-estimated.

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Oxendine, David Bryan. "The Relationship between Political Orientation and Race on Modern Racism." Journal of Social Science Studies 3, no. 1 (August 15, 2015): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jsss.v3i1.7933.

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<p>Political orientation and race have consistently found to be associated with attitudes leading to the foundational elements underpinning prejudice. This study investigates these relationships more fully in order to determine the magnitude of these relationships leading to modern racist attitudes. The research participants consisted of 225 undergraduate and graduate students at an ethnically diverse regional university in the southeastern United States. Consistent with existing literature, White participants reported greater levels of modern racist attitudes than did Non-White participants. As hypothesized, political orientation and race significantly related to modern racist attitudes. Implications for continuing future research on political orientation, race and other factors associated with modern racism.</p>

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Grigg, Kaine, and Lenore Manderson. "Developing the Australian Racism, Acceptance, and Cultural-Ethnocentrism Scale (RACES)." Educational and Developmental Psychologist 32, no. 1 (April 20, 2015): 71–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/edp.2015.7.

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Existing Australian measures of racist attitudes focus on single groups or have not been validated across the lifespan. To redress this, the present research aimed to develop and validate a measure of racial, ethnic, cultural and religious acceptance — the Australian Racism, Acceptance, and Cultural-Ethnocentrism Scale (RACES) — for use with children, adolescents and adults. Interviews and focus groups were conducted with 30 adolescents in Victoria, Australia, to develop the instrument, which was pilot tested with eight children. The novel 34-item scale consists of three subscales (Accepting Attitudes — 12 items; Racist Attitudes — 8 items; Ethnocentric Attitudes — 4 items) and a 10-item measure of social desirability. The instrument was tested with 296 Victorian school children, 182 adolescents and 120 adults from the Australian community, with data modelled and analysed utilising classical test theory and item response theory. Estimates of internal consistency reliability and factorial, construct, convergent and discriminant validity support the measure. The instrument is the first general attitudinal measure of racial, ethnic, cultural and religious acceptance to be designed and scientifically validated within the Australian context. RACES can be utilised across the lifespan to evaluate attitudes towards all racial, ethnic, cultural and religious groups. RACES has potential to be widely utilised to evaluate anti-racism and pro-diversity interventions implemented within schools and throughout the community, enabling the development of a strong evidence base for initiatives to reduce community levels of racism. However, future research is needed to confirm the psychometric properties and establish the temporal stability of the scale prior to dissemination throughout Australia.

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Luoma, Virpi. "The Enlightenment: A century on its way to multiculturalism." Approaching Religion 1, no. 2 (November 28, 2011): 12–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.30664/ar.67476.

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This essay brings out the cultural encounters which characterise the Enlightenment and the contemporary situation. The Enlightenment was an era when cultural encounters were on the rise, but it was also a time when racist attitudes were acceptable. This essay suggests, from a young history student's point of view, how we should deal with contemporary racism and cultural encounters and how can we critically view the racial attitudes which were characteristic of the early modern period.

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Meyers, Chanel, Angelica Leon, and Amanda Williams. "Aggressive confrontation shapes perceptions and attitudes toward racist content online." Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 23, no. 6 (September 2020): 845–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430220935974.

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With more people using social media on a daily basis and the prevalence of racial discrimination online, it becomes imperative to understand what factors impact minority individuals’ perceptions of these transgressions in an online context. Confrontation to discrimination in the form of comments on social media may meaningfully shape perceptions of racism online. Across three studies, we examine how confrontation type (aggressive vs. passive) and confronter group membership (ingroup vs. outgroup) influence Asian Americans’ perceptions of online prejudice and attitudes towards the confronters. In Study 1, we find that aggressive confrontations alter perceptions of a racist online post to be more offensive as compared to passive confrontations. In Study 2, these findings extend to participants’ likelihood to report the content as offensive. Lastly, in Study 3, we find that aggressive confronters are evaluated more positively than passive confronters. These findings have important implications for understanding racial discrimination in an online context by demonstrating the impact of confrontation type on minority individuals’ perceptions and behaviors.

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Pillay, Neeshi Singh, and Steven J. Collings. "RACISM ON A SOUTH AFRICAN CAMPUS: A SURVEY OF STUDENTS' EXPERIENCES AND ATTITUDES." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 32, no. 7 (January 1, 2004): 607–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2004.32.7.607.

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Racial experiences and attitudes were examined in a sample of 433 South African university students. Two hundred and forty-two respondents (55.9%) reported that they had experienced a total of 926 racial incidents on campus in the 12-month period reviewed. The majority of these experiences (71%) involved discriminatory behaviors, with members of the university staff being the modal perpetrators (56% of all incidents). Although racial experiences elicited a range of negative reactions (becoming upset, fearful, or angry) none of the incidents had been reported to campus authorities. Respondents' racial attitudes were found to vary as a function of both gender (males being more likely to endorse racist statements) and race (white students scoring highest on a measure of old-fashioned racism, and Indian and white students scoring highest on a measure of modern racism).

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Strass, Haley A., and David L. Vogel. "Do Stereotypical Media Representations Influence White Individuals’ Perceptions of American Indians?" Counseling Psychologist 46, no. 5 (July 2018): 656–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011000018788532.

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In this study, we examined exposure to stereotypical movie portrayals of American Indians, motivations to respond without prejudice, and awareness of White privilege on racist attitudes. European American participants ( N = 232) were randomly assigned to watch stereotypical representations of American Indians or control videos. Hierarchical regression results revealed that higher internal motivations to respond without prejudice and awareness were associated with lower levels of racist attitudes. Higher external motivations to respond without prejudice were associated with higher levels of modern racist attitudes. For participants high in awareness, there was no significant difference in modern racist attitudes between the control and stereotype conditions. For participants low in awareness, those in the control condition reported lower modern racist attitudes than those in the stereotype condition. Results suggest awareness is an important predictor of lower racist attitudes but needs to be reconceptualized within the counseling literature. Social justice implications and limitations are discussed.

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Eckstein, Rick. "The Surprising Face of Racist Attitudes." Journal for Peace and Justice Studies 16, no. 1 (2006): 78–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/peacejustice200616111.

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Jefferson, Tony. "What is Racism? Othering, Prejudice and Hate-motivated Violence." International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 4, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 120–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v4i4.261.

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The paper’s concern is the current difficulty, in journalism, the academy and politics, of discussing questions to do with race, ethnicity, difference and immigration because of the fear of being called a racist. It starts with an analysis of biographical interview data drawn from fifteen people who had variously acquired the label racist and who were part of a small-scale study into racism in the Midlands city of Stoke-on-Trent, UK conducted between 2003 and 2005. The interviews used the free association narrative interview method. This analysis revealed that most people do not consider themselves racist and that having a conviction for a racially aggravated offence or being a member of a far right organisation was not able to differentiate racists from non-racists. It also revealed a spectrum of attitudes towards immigrants or particular ethnic groups: strong expressions of hatred at one end of the spectrum; strong prejudicial feelings in the middle; and a feeling that ‘outsider’ groups should not benefit at the expense of ‘insiders’ (called ‘othering’) at the other end. The turn to theory for assistance revealed that, although hatred, prejudice and ‘othering’ are not the same thing, and do not have the same origins, they have become elided. This is primarily because cognitive psychology’s hostility to psychoanalysis marginalised hatred whilst its exclusive preoccupation with prejudice came effectively to define racism at the individual level. Progress in thinking about racism might consist of abolishing the term and returning to thinking about hatred, prejudice and ‘othering’ separately.

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Slabbert, André. "CROS S-CULTURAL RACISM IN SOUTH AFRICA – DEAD OR ALIVE?" Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 29, no. 2 (January 1, 2001): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2001.29.2.125.

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Race, discrimination, prejudice and stereotypes remain emotive words in numerous societies around the globe. Racism implies that a definitive social/psychological process exists through which individuals are categorised, despite the fact that there is often no clear delineation, and this causes chaos in setting evaluative parameters for the structuring of this categorisation process. A non-racial world can exist only if theories and postulations re race are rendered irrelevant. Subsequent to the 1994 South African elections, it became imperative to do this. This artificially polarized society had the opportunity to develop racial unity and hegemony. To assess the relative status of racist paradigms in students, 265 students completed a questionnaire which attempted to measure ethnic group identification and particular interracial attitudes. Results were disappointing, indeed distressing. Significant indications of racist stereotypes were found in all racial groups, with a strong bias towards subjects'own racial groups. The primary conclusion is that racist perceptions and stereotypes remain very prevalent and active in the South African society. A number of recommendations to address the issue are made, e.g. school curricula should include particular components to develop greater understanding/sensitivity re other racial groups; social emphasis should be on cultural solidarity rather than on cultural diversity; national governments should contribute funding towards setting up an international forum to study/combat racism, etc.The concept of race, and the existence of the phenomenon in the minds of perceivers, must be attacked and discarded on an international level if the world is to achieve a state of racial harmony.

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Grzanka, Patrick R., Keri A. Frantell, and Ruth E. Fassinger. "The White Racial Affect Scale (WRAS): A Measure of White Guilt, Shame, and Negation." Counseling Psychologist 48, no. 1 (October 21, 2019): 47–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011000019878808.

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The construct White guilt is typically motivated by the recognition of unearned and unfair racial privileges, the acknowledgement of personal racist attitudes or behavior, and/or the sense of responsibility for others’ racist attitudes or behavior. Empirical and conceptual work suggests mixed consequences of White guilt: it may correspond with antiracist attitudes and behavior, but it may also motivate defensiveness and disengagement. We addressed weaknesses in existing psychometric tools used to measure White guilt by synthesizing approaches from the literature on White racial emotions and self-conscious affect, and by attempting to distinguish between White guilt and shame. The results of Study 1 yielded a three-factor structure of White Guilt, Negation, and White Shame, and provided initial support for construct validity. In Study 2, a confirmatory factor analysis provided mixed support for a three-factor structure. In Study 3, our results suggest test-retest reliability over two weeks.

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Kamp, Alanna, Oishee Alam, Kathleen Blair, and Kevin Dunn. "Australians’ Views on Cultural Diversity, Nation and Migration, 2015-16." Cosmopolitan Civil Societies: An Interdisciplinary Journal 9, no. 3 (December 1, 2017): 61–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ccs.v9i3.5635.

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Between July and August 2015, and in November 2016, the Challenging Racism Project team conducted an online survey to measure the extent and variation of racist attitudes and experiences in Australia. The survey comprised a sample of 6001 Australian residents, which was largely representative of the Australian population. The survey gauged Australians’ attitudes toward cultural diversity, intolerance of specific groups, immigration, perceptions of Anglo-Celtic cultural privilege, and belief in racialism, racial separatism and racial hierarchy. In this paper we report findings on respondents’ views on cultural diversity, nation and migration. The majority of Australians are pro-diversity. However, we also acknowledge conflicting findings such as strong support for assimilation and identification of ‘out groups’. The findings paint a complex picture of attitudes towards cultural diversity, nation and migration in Australia. The attitudes reflect contradictory political trends of celebrated diversity, triumphalist claims about freedom, alongside pro-assimilationist views and stoked Islamophobia. This is within the context of a stalled multicultural project that has not sufficiently challenged assimilationist assumptions and Anglo-privilege.

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Everett, Jim A. C., Lucius Caviola, Julian Savulescu, and Nadira S. Faber. "Speciesism, generalized prejudice, and perceptions of prejudiced others." Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 22, no. 6 (September 2019): 785–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430218816962.

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Philosophers have argued there is a normative relationship between our attitudes towards animals (“speciesism”) and other prejudices, and psychological work suggests speciesism relies on similar psychological processes and motivations as those underlying other prejudices. But do laypeople perceive such a connection? We compared perceptions of a target who is high or low on speciesism with those of a target who is high or low on racism (Studies 1–2), sexism (Study 2), or homophobia (Study 3). We find that just like racists, sexists, and homophobes, speciesists were both evaluated more negatively and expected to hold more general prejudicial attitudes and ideologies (e.g., thought to be higher on SDO and more prejudiced in other ways). Our results suggest that laypeople seem intuitively aware of the connection between speciesism and “traditional” forms of prejudice, inferring similar personality traits and general prejudicial attitudes from a speciesist just as they do from a racist, sexist, or homophobe.

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Kaufhold, Kelly. "Mediating empathy: The role of news consumption in mitigating attitudes about race and immigration." Newspaper Research Journal 40, no. 2 (May 22, 2019): 222–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0739532919835001.

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Controversies over racism and xenophobia during and after the campaign of President Donald Trump contributed to big increases in media consumption—and racist incidents. This study examines whether and how much news media consumption mitigates perceptions of 12 measures of attitudes about race and immigration, using a national instrument of 64,600 cases. Selective exposure played an outsized role in media consumption during this election cycle and was highly predictive of partisan attitudes, which predicted attitudes on race and immigration. News media use—especially newspaper use—does soften attitudes about race and immigration, although it is not as predictive as party identification.

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Lui, P. Priscilla, Shalanda R. Berkley, Savannah Pham, and Lauren Sanders. "Is microaggression an oxymoron? A mixed methods study on attitudes toward racial microaggressions among United States university students." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 2, 2020): e0243058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243058.

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To best understand the possible negative health and social consequences associated with racial microaggression, in-depth understanding of how people judge these events is needed. People of Color (POC) and White participants (N = 64) were recruited for a mixed-methods study that incorporated quantitative attitude ratings and focus group interviews. Participants read and discussed their attitudes toward five vignettes that reflected microassault, microinsult, and microinvalidation scenarios. Semantic differential ratings showed that participants judged microassaults to be most unacceptable, followed by microinsults and then microinvalidations. Using a grounded theory approach, our qualitative analysis of interview data revealed five thematic categories. First, participants judged receivers’ psychological harm to be a critical consideration for their attitudes toward microaggression scenarios; they discussed factors associated with individual differences in appraisals, prior exposures to discrimination, and sensitivity to race. Second, participants were less consistent in their opinion about the role of the deliverers’ intent on their judgment of microaggressions; many considered microaggression events to be results of deliverers’ cultural ignorance and racial insensitivity. Third, our analysis revealed the central importance of contexts that shaped participants’ attitudes toward microaggression. Fourth, participants also discussed the notion that receivers of microaggression were racist for calling attention to race issues. Finally, POC participants tended to relate to the vignettes and use their lived experiences to contextualize their opinions about racial microaggression. The current results raise concerns regarding the conceptualization and utility of the word “microaggression,” especially within the broader contexts of racism and major discrimination. Other empirical and practical implications are discussed.

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Merga, Margaret K., and Sarah Booth. "Investigating Debates Around Racism in Sport to Facilitate Perspective Transformation in the Secondary English Classroom." Journal of Transformative Education 15, no. 3 (February 9, 2017): 184–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541344617692773.

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The English classroom is a space in which issues of social justice can be explored through texts, using a critical literacy approach. Indigenous Australians have been subject to racist policies throughout postcolonial Australian history, and racist attitudes toward Australia’s original inhabitants prevail. This article suggests that racism in the Australian Football League online discourse community can be addressed in the English classroom, as social media texts in this area provide rich illustration of the prevailing antisocial attitudes thriving both in this community and the broader Australian community. Informed by both critical literacy and transformative learning theory (TLT), this article proposes a learning experience to facilitate perspective transformation in a secondary classroom. This experience draws on TLT to construct an experience incorporating introspection, stimulating awareness, reflection, and action. This experience is proposed in the hope that reticence to directly challenge antisocial views in the classroom may be overcome.

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Rosvall, Per-Åke, and Elisabet Öhrn. "Teachers’ silences about racist attitudes and students’ desires to address these attitudes." Intercultural Education 25, no. 5 (September 3, 2014): 337–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14675986.2014.967972.

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Selvanathan, Hema Preya, and Brian Lickel. "A field study around a racial justice protest on a college campus: The proximal impact of collective action on the social change attitudes of uninvolved bystanders." Journal of Social and Political Psychology 7, no. 1 (July 17, 2019): 598–619. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v7i1.1063.

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Social movements often use protests and other collective actions to draw public attention to their cause, yet the psychological reactions to such actions from their targeted audience is not well understood. This research investigates uninvolved bystanders’ immediate responses to collective action using a quasi-experimental field study designed around a racial justice protest that took place at a large public university in the United States. We surveyed two student samples exactly one week apart at the same time and location, first in the absence of protest and then again at the time of a racial justice protest (Total N = 240). We found that participants who believed that racism was not a problem on campus had more negative attitudes toward racial justice protests and protesters, as well as lower support for anti-racist efforts on campus on the day of the protest, compared to the day without a protest. These findings provide initial evidence that a protest encounter may trigger a backlash effect amongst those who have the most resistant attitudes toward social change.

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Chakraborti, Neil, and Jon Garland. "An ‘Invisible’ Problem? Uncovering the Nature of Racist Victimisation in Rural Suffolk." International Review of Victimology 10, no. 1 (January 2003): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026975800301000101.

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The issue of racist victimisation in rural areas has been largely overlooked in academic and political circles, although there is growing evidence to suggest that the prevalence and impact of racism are significant problems for minority ethnic groups living in rural parts of England. This article aims to address the paucity of research conducted in the area by outlining the findings of a study conducted in rural parts of Suffolk (a county in the east of England), which was based upon a series of interviews with victims of racial harassment and local agency workers, a questionnaire survey of minority ethnic groups and focus groups with members of the county's established white rural communities. In highlighting the prejudiced attitudes and stereotypes that affect the day-to-day existence of rural Suffolk's minority ethnic population, the article draws attention to the alarming nature and extent of racial harassment in typically intransient communities, together with the perceived sense of isolation suffered by victims of such harassment. The article also discusses the reasons behind victims' reluctance to report racist incidents, and offers suggestions as to how local agencies can make much-needed improvements to their response to victims in rural areas.

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Díaz McConnell, Eileen. "Numbers, Narratives, and Nation: Mainstream News Coverage of U.S. Latino Population Growth, 1990–2010." Sociology of Race and Ethnicity 5, no. 4 (April 3, 2018): 500–517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2332649218761978.

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Ideologies that support racial domination and White supremacy remain foundational in U.S. society, even as the nation becomes increasingly diverse and progressively focused on quantitative measurement. This study explores how a prominent mainstream news outlet represents the growth of the nation’s second largest population, Latinos, within this changing demographic and numeric environment. Drawing from two frameworks, the Latino Threat Narrative and Color-Blind Racism, quantitative and qualitative analyses are conducted with 174 Los Angeles Times ( LAT) articles about 2000 and 2010 census results. Reporters for the LAT, located in the single most important U.S. location for Latinos, frame Latinos and their population dynamics in line with the overtly racist narrative of Latino threat and the covertly racist ideology of color-blind racism. Moreover, the analyses reveal that quantitative logics circulating in the present evaluative climate further the view that Latinos pose cultural-demographic threats to the nation. Quantification also enhances color-blind frames and rhetorical strategies justifying present-day racial stratification and the subordinate locations of non-White groups. This suggests how White supremacy retains its power as the populations and metrics of evaluation change. Finally, given recent research linking demographic trends and media representations with attitudes, policy positions, and political partisanship, these representations have implications for the well-being of Latinos, other populations, and the nation.

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Lajevardi, Nazita, and Kassra A. R. Oskooii. "Old-Fashioned Racism, Contemporary Islamophobia, and the Isolation of Muslim Americans in the Age of Trump." Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Politics 3, no. 1 (February 13, 2018): 112–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rep.2017.37.

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AbstractWhile extant research has documented the existence of negative attitudes toward Muslim Americans, it is unclear whether old-fashioned racism (OFR) is at the root of contemporary Islamophobia, and whether beliefs in the inherent inferiority of Muslims are linked to support for political actors and policies that aim to further isolate them. Bringing to bear a unique dataset of 1,044 white, black, Latino, and Asian participants, we demonstrate that a nontrivial portion of survey respondents make blatantly racist evaluations and rate Muslim Americans as the least “evolved” group. Next, we illustrate that these dehumanizing attitudes are strongly linked to modern objections of Muslim Americans, which we measure with a new Muslim American resentment scale (MAR). Our mediation analysis reveals that the relationship between OFR, support for President Trump, and various policy positions is powerfully mediated by MAR. These results suggest that the relevance of OFR in contemporary politics should not easily be dismissed, and that the literature on racial attitudes, which has predominantly focused on the Black-white dichotomy, should also be extended to appraisals of Muslim Americans.

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Awad, Germine H., Kevin Cokley, and Joseph Ravitch. "Attitudes Toward Affirmative Action: A Comparison of Color-Blind Versus Modern Racist Attitudes." Journal of Applied Social Psychology 35, no. 7 (July 2005): 1384–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2005.tb02175.x.

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Balibar, Étienne. "Racism Revisited: Sources, Relevance, and Aporias of a Modern Concept." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 123, no. 5 (October 2008): 1630–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2008.123.5.1630.

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Why do we call certain attitudes, both individual and collective, racist? Why do we list certain discourses—admittedly a very wide range of discourses, which single out, stigmatize, threaten, or discriminate against various human and social groups—as racist? Why do we consider that practices, both spontaneous and institutional, unofficial and officially organized, that in the past and present have resulted in lasting forms of oppression, persistent hostilities and misunderstanding, and sometimes tragic violence in all sorts of societies are racist? To my surprise, this basic and preliminary question is seldom addressed in the huge scholarly and popular literature concerning racism—the old and new forms of racism, the modernity or antiquity of racism, the quantitative and qualitative variations of racism, and so on. Or, better said, the question is addressed only partially and indirectly: the category itself is taken for granted, all the more because the study of racism has become an essential sociological and political object, and what are mainly discussed are different definitions and theories and the conditions of their application. It seems that the very fact that there exists (and has long existed) something called racism, which includes a variety of manifestations, is subject to transformations, and does not purely and simply coincide with violence, not even violence based on collective hatred, need not be questioned. But isn't it necessary to discuss the reasons that we consider this fact obvious?

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Vaught, Sabina E., and Angelina E. Castagno. "“I don't think I'm a racist”: Critical Race Theory, teacher attitudes, and structural racism." Race Ethnicity and Education 11, no. 2 (July 2008): 95–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13613320802110217.

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Martinez, Rutilio, and Cris De la Torre. "Racial Appearance And Income In Contemporary Mexico." Journal of Diversity Management (JDM) 3, no. 3 (July 1, 2008): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jdm.v3i3.4993.

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In Mexico, income and European appearance are strongly positively correlated. Racist attitudes, overt preference for the European appearance and high unemployment combine to maintain this racial economic hierarchy. Free market policies could help to reduce the racial economic inequality. These policies, however, go against the economic interests of the wealthy white oligarchy and against the prevailing political ideology of the dark skinned lower classes. Thus, the current racial economic inequality, with its negative economic consequences, is likely to continue.

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Trupej, Janko. "Strategies for translating racist discourse about African-Americans into Slovenian." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 63, no. 3 (November 3, 2017): 322–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.63.3.02tru.

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Abstract This article examines how racist discourse about African-Americans has been translated from English into Slovenian throughout history. Strategies for translating explicitly racist discourse, racial terminology and African American Vernacular English in translations published between 1853 and 2007 are analyzed. The results of the textual comparison are considered in the light of contemporary Slovenian attitudes towards black people and the socio-political situation in the target culture. The results show that the strategies for translating racist discourse in pre-World War II translations differed significantly from those used after a socialist regime was established in Slovenia. Translation strategies were also influenced by the important role that the Slovenian language played in the development of the national identity, by the target readership of the translations, as well as by contemporary relations between the source and target culture. Ideological interventions sometimes considerably affected the interpretive possibilities of a particular literary work.

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Milică, Iulia Andreea. "The Mammies and Uncles of the South: The Subversive Tales of Joel Chandler Harris and Kate Chopin." American, British and Canadian Studies 30, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 27–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/abcsj-2018-0003.

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Abstract The aim of this essay is to look at Southern racism from a different perspective, namely the subversive influence of the black uncles and mammies, depicted as kind, loyal and caring, in the racial education of the white Southern children. However, these narrators, though meant to comply with the racist requirements of their masters, take control of the stories and, with caution and dissimulation, attempt to educate the children they care for towards a more tolerant outlook on race. The dangers of such an endeavor, especially at the height of segregation and racial violence at the end of the nineteenth century (in the post-Reconstruction South), are evident in the ambiguous critical reception of Joel Chandler Harris’ Uncle Remus stories and Kate Chopin’s writings, the authors chosen for analysis. Oscillating from a belief in their compliance to their age’s prejudices and codes and a trust in their rebellious attitudes, critics and readers reacted to these stories in different, even contradictory manners. Our intention is to demonstrate that the use of the slave narrator is a subversive way of teaching the white child the truth about the plight of slavery and sway him/her into a more empathic attitude towards racial and class difference.

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Bebber, Brett. "The Short Life ofCurry and Chips: Racial Comedy on British Television in the 1960s." Journal of British Cinema and Television 11, no. 2-3 (July 2014): 213–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jbctv.2014.0204.

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This article analyses Curry and Chips (ITV, 1969), a situation comedy that relied heavily on racial humour to satisfy its audiences. Like other sitcoms during this era in British television, it capitalised on extant anxieties about the increasing migration of formerly colonised subjects to Britain. Johnny Speight and Spike Milligan, the programme's creators, believed that forwarding vulgar racial epithets and bigoted humour put English attitudes to immigration under examination. But the programme proved popular because of its appeal to white workers, who viewed depictions of the challenges of integrating non-white workers in a comedic context with some pleasure. Under the thin guise of political satire, the programme recirculated ethnic stereotypes and racist discourses to make its humour apparent. Audience research and letters of complaint also reveal that Curry and Chips appealed to audiences sympathetic to the racist attitudes forwarded by the programme's characters and failed to change white Britons’ perspectives on migration and integration. Because of the debate it caused about the appropriateness of its humour, Curry and Chips lasted only a single series before being banned by the Independent Television Authority. Like other forms of racial humour, the comedy resonated with working-class anxieties but negated the programme's utility as progressive parody.

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Khushal, Shezadi. "Examining Systemic Racism in K-12 Education through a Decolonizing, Anti-Racist and Human Rights Lens." Journal of Education and Culture Studies 5, no. 5 (September 27, 2021): p10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jecs.v5n5p10.

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This paper seeks to explore how human rights, decolonizing and anti-racist education converge in combatting systemic racism, bias and discrimination in K-12 schooling and education. Colonization is a major part of our country’s history. Because colonization is present in day-to-day attitudes, actions, systems and institutions, not addressing it hinders the ability to make change and further perpetuates marginalization, which then becomes normalized. Understanding human rights is important because acknowledging and respecting one another is fundamental. Human rights are a set of principles concerned with equality, fairness, dignity and respect. Key elements of human rights are freedom, choice, power and voice. I do not propose to embed human rights as a standalone framework, but rather, to align human rights principles with ongoing decolonizing and anti-racist work.

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Brown, Martin, and Peter Philips. "Competition, Racism, and Hiring Practices among California Manufacturers, 1860–1882." ILR Review 40, no. 1 (October 1986): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979398604000105.

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This paper examines the participation of Chinese men in four California industries in the late 1800s to determine the relationship between product market structure and racist hiring practices. Because white women, a traditional source of cheap labor, were scarce in post-Gold Rush California, white employers hired Chinese men, despite widespread anti-Chinese racism. As white women became plentiful, the canning and woolen mills industries began to switch to them, whereas the more competitive shoe and cigar industries continued to employ Chinese men. Factors other than market structure, however, resulted in particularly virulent anti-Chinese attitudes in the more competitive industries, and those attitudes indirectly stimulated the exclusionary hiring practices in the less competitive industries.

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Langrehr, Kimberly J., Sydney K. Morgan, Jessica Ross, Monica Oh, and Wen Wen Chong. "Racist experiences, openness to discussing racism, and attitudes toward ethnic heritage activities: Adoptee–parent discrepancies." Asian American Journal of Psychology 10, no. 2 (June 2019): 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/aap0000128.

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Forrest, James, Amanuel Elias, and Yin Paradies. "Perspectives on the geography of intolerance: Racist attitudes and experience of racism in Melbourne, Australia." Geoforum 70 (March 2016): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2016.02.005.

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Mccarthy, Molly, Rick Trinkner, and Phillip Atiba Goff. "The Threat of Appearing Racist: Stereotype Threat and Support for Coercion Among Australian Police Officers." Criminal Justice and Behavior 48, no. 6 (February 15, 2021): 776–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854821993513.

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Recent research in the United States has argued that the threat of confirming the “racist cop” stereotype may paradoxically increase the propensity for coercive policing by depressing officers’ self-legitimacy. The current study aimed to assess the influence of the threat of the “racist cop” stereotype on officers’ self-legitimacy and their attitudes toward force in an Australian policing jurisdiction. An online survey was completed by 306 frontline officers in Queensland, Australia. Structural equation modeling was used to assess the influence of stereotype threat on officers’ attitudes toward force, and the extent to which this is mediated by perceptions of self-legitimacy. The findings confirmed previous findings, with increased officer perceptions of stereotype threat associated with increased support for coercive policing, mediated by reduced self-legitimacy. The findings are discussed with reference to how the validity and salience of the “racist cop” stereotype can be diminished.

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Saucier, Donald A. "Self-Reports of Racist Attitudes for Oneself and for Others." Psychologica Belgica 42, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2002): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/pb.987.

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Madoc-Jones, Iolo. "Challenging and changing racist attitudes and behaviour in young people." Probation Journal 53, no. 1 (March 2006): 80–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026455050605300110.

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Pettigrew, Thomas F. "POST-RACISM?" Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 6, no. 2 (2009): 279–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x0999018x.

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AbstractDoes President Obama's momentous election victory signify a new, post-racism era in America? Many observers, such as a New York Times science editor, think so. But, unfortunately, this claim is premature for a host of reasons. [1] It took “a perfect storm” of interlocking factors to elect Obama. [2] Many bigots actually voted for Obama. [3] Two logical fallacies underlie this too-optimistic view. [4] Racist attitudes and actions repeatedly occurred throughout the campaign. [5] White Southern and older voters both demonstrated that rank racism remains. [6] Increased turn-out of young and minority voters was crucial. The paper closes by considering what changes in American race relations may take place during the Obama presidency.

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Meyer, Susan. "Craniometry, Race, and the Artist in Willa Cather." Prospects 27 (October 2002): 341–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s036123330000123x.

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Willa Cather's description of Blind d'Arnault, the black pianoplaying prodigy in My Ántonia (1918), is shocking. “He had the Negro head,” Cather's narrator, Jim Burden, tells us, “almost no head at all; nothing behind the ears but folds of neck under close-clipped wool” (139). This passage, like the entire Blind d'Arnault episode, has usually been ignored by critics, or, in a few more recent instances, confronted as evidence of Willa Cather's racism. Jim's phrase of “astounding insult and innocence,” Blanche Gelfant writes, “assures him that the black man should not frighten, being an incomplete creature, possessed … of instinct and rhythm but deprived of intellect” (120). Elizabeth Ammons cites this passage too, among others, as one of many offensive racist stereotypes in the description of d'Arnault (“African American Art,” 57). The description of d'Arnault is certainly full of racist stereotypes: d'Arnault, with what are termed his “animal desires” and “dark mind,” playing “barbarously and wonderfully” (My Ántonia, 142), is hardly accorded a fully human status by Jim, and nothing in the novel suggests any distance between Jim's racial attitudes and Cather's. I do want to argue, though, that Cather's views on race are considerably more complicated, as well as more central to her fiction, than critics have yet demonstrated. Attending to the preoccupation with skull shape in Cather's fiction gives us a way into this complexity.

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Francisco, Maria Cristina. "Speaking and Listening in Racial Relations." Clinical Journal of the International Institute for Bioenergetic Analysis 31, no. 1 (May 2021): 9–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.30820/0743-4804-2021-31-9.

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Racial issues are increasingly visible in current times and it is essential to speak and listen to the body in relationships, in the face of the suffering caused by racism. Racism causes suffering and can kill. There are many ways to kill and die. The breath and throat are affected by choking or muting the voice, the vehicle of expression and autonomy of thought. Racism is in the air and all bodily senses recognize it. It enters the throat and chokes. It touches the skin and freezes. Racist ideology enters and roots the body and the mind. It registers internal memories that will communicate in gestures and attitudes in the white body and in the black body. In society, the white body will present itself as a place of privilege. Listening attentively to the analyst in race relations involves listening to oneself, being involved in the context, and recognizing the relationship of these socially marked bodies that solidify inequality. Listening is the art of caring, as it leads to transformations toward the rescue of free movements of the breath, the body and the mind.

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Maxwell, Angie. "Untangling the gender gap in symbolic racist attitudes among white Americans." Politics, Groups, and Identities 3, no. 1 (January 2, 2015): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21565503.2014.999802.

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Spencer, Emily. "Conceptual clarification and implicit-association tests: psychometric evidence for racist attitudes." European Journal for Philosophy of Science 8, no. 1 (June 8, 2017): 51–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13194-017-0173-5.

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Camufingo, F. Angelo. "white Feelings and Black Knowledge: Tackling Racism and Epistemic Violence in German Higher Education." in:cite journal 1 (September 18, 2018): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/incite.1.28916.

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This article provides insight on the production and passing on of “knowledge” and the idea of a possible objectivity particularly conveyed in Western universities. It deals with how forming a university group tackles the continuations of such thoughts. The article starts by reflecting on statements and practices of a university seminar of which I was a participant. The course examined hip hop culture through language, investigating lyrics from a cultural linguistics perspective. It served as an example of epistemic violence and racist continuations and reproductions at universities that try to promote their anti “whatever –isms” attitudes. Next, I provide theoretical background on the fantasy of academic objectivity and its resultant racism, and explain the formation of a Black university group. I will explore the group’s experiences and struggles to critique Western universities and knowledge transfer while actively being part of them. The group’s work is an exemplary way of how to question existing structures and of resisting imposed and racist ideas of knowledge and truths.

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Darchinian, Fahimeh, and Marie-Odile Magnan. "Boundaries Through the Prism of Post-secondary and Professional Orientation: The Views of Young Québec Adults of Immigrant Background." Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies 7, no. 2 (June 26, 2020): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/326.

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Based on our collection of life stories (n = 25), our qualitative study seeks to better understand, after the fact, how young, immigrant-background adults in Québec negotiate ethnocultural boundaries through their post-secondary and professional orientation experiences, particularly in terms of linguistic choices. The analyses highlight the strengthening of boundaries within Québec’s educational institutions and workplaces. The results expose different examples of racism experienced by young adults in their relations with the Québec francophone majority that led them to integrate into English-language post-secondary education and workplaces. In addition, young adults from “black” and “Arabic” minorities more frequently report racist attitudes from francophone Quebecers.

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Llopis-Goig, Ramon. "Racism and Xenophobia in Spanish Football: Facts, Reactions and Policies." Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 47, no. 1 (December 1, 2009): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10141-009-0030-0.

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Racism and Xenophobia in Spanish Football: Facts, Reactions and PoliciesContrary to what is sometimes supposed, racism is not a phenomenon of the past. In fact, it is one of the major challenges of the present and future in Europe and Spain. Besides providing an incomparable sense of belonging, football stadiums are also an excellent platform to express racist and xenophobic attitudes and behaviours. In Spain, for years many players have suffered abuse and insults, although it is black and ethnic minority players who receive the most harassment. Thus, the problem of racism has increased recently in Spanish football, as shown by the emission of monkey noises toward black players and the use of racist slogans and symbols in the stadiums.This paper analyses the forms of racism and xenophobia in Spanish football, as well as the actions promoted and carried out by various institutions and agents to prevent and reduce these types of behaviour. The aim of this paper is to make a contribution based on figures and reflections on the types of racism and xenophobia in the world of football in Spain. The article is divided into three major parts. The first reviews some concepts of the scientific study of racism and xenophobia, placing them in the context of Spanish football. The second contains an overview of racism in European football and describes the situation in Spain, providing some empirical data about its incidence in recent years. The third and final section presents a classification and analysis of different antiracist reactions, actions and initiatives carried out recently in Spain with the aim of combating racism in Spanish football.

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Close, Samantha, and Cynthia Wang. "International Platforms, International Prejudice in the Platformization of Crafting." Social Media + Society 6, no. 3 (July 2020): 205630512094069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2056305120940691.

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The platformization of crafting in an unequal world encourages discriminatory attitudes toward ethnic Others. Imagining that the “magic circle” of a subcultural platform can insulate users from racism is deeply misguided. We examine this thesis through a mixed-methods approach combining an online survey assessing perceived experiences of racism online and willingness to communicate with people of different ethnicities, discourse analysis of crafters’ online posts, and ethnographic interviews. As the e-commerce platform Etsy allowed “manufactured goods” to be sold in their marketplace as handmade, Western crafters channel their frustrations with a broken platform economy into racist sentiment against Chinese crafters. This study explores the implications of these Orientalist sentiments as a reinforcement of Western exceptionalism around originality and creativity, and it analyzes White fragility and the assumption of Whiteness within the crafting subculture.

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Ransford, H. Edward, and Bartolomeo J. Palisi. "Has there been a resurgence of racist attitudes in the general population?" Sociological Spectrum 12, no. 3 (July 1992): 231–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02732173.1992.9981999.

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Mocan, Naci, and Christian Raschke. "Economic well-being and anti-Semitic, xenophobic, and racist attitudes in Germany." European Journal of Law and Economics 41, no. 1 (December 17, 2015): 1–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10657-015-9521-0.

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Lipovec Čebron, Uršula. "Language as a Trigger for Racism: Language Barriers at Healthcare Institutions in Slovenia." Social Sciences 10, no. 4 (March 30, 2021): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10040125.

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The article analyzes the impact of language barriers on the medical treatment of foreign-speaking patients and illustrates that the absence of systemic, institutional responses to language barriers in healthcare facilities exacerbates racist attitudes toward migrants and ethnic groups. The article is based on 201 interviews with healthcare workers, employees of public or non-governmental institutions as well as users of healthcare services that were conducted between 2018 and 2019 in twelve local communities in Slovenia. Following the methodological and conceptual framework, the first part of the article highlights the various negative consequences of language barriers experienced by healthcare workers and foreign-speaking patients. The second part shows that in the absence of an accessible network of professional intercultural mediators or interpreters, healthcare workers are left to their own devices with respect to overcoming language barriers. Finally, the last part of the article shows that many interlocutors are increasingly searching for the culprit for this situation. Some healthcare workers attribute the responsibility to the abstract concept of the “system”, while others attribute the responsibility exclusively to migrants, thus perpetuating key elements of the culture of racism present in Slovenia. In this culture of racism, knowledge of Slovene language becomes one of the most important criteria that distinguishes deserving from undeserving migrants. The latter are a privileged object of racist responses at the level of cultural, institutional and personal racism, which is proving to be mutually toxic.

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Фролова, Ольга. "О семантических процессах в общественно-политической лексике (на примере слова „фашизм” и его дериватов)." Studia Rossica Posnaniensia, no. 42 (June 19, 2018): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/strp.2017.42.11.

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The article discusses the semantics of the word fascism in explanatory dictionaries and analyzes its current use. Comparing different interpretations in dictionaries, one can see how the authors avoid mentioning a particular period in which the term fascism emerged. The important semantic features of the term fascism are racism, dictatorship, and opposition to a free society. The word fascist is used to refer to: a) a supporter of a certain ideological and political doctrine that arose and was implemented in Italy and Germany in the first half of the twentieth century, characterized by racism and chauvinism, and taking the form of dictatorship; b) a follower of racist attitudes; c) the enemy, an object of hatred; d) the enemy in children's games; e) camouflage element in the oxymoronic phrase 'liberal fascism', masking the rejection of liberal values by the speaker.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Racist attitudes'

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