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Buckner, Elizabeth, Punita Lumb, Zahra Jafarova, Phoebe Kang, Adriana Marroquin, and You Zhang. "Diversity without Race." Journal of International Students 11, S1 (May 21, 2021): 32–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32674/jis.v11is1.3842.
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This article examines how a sample of 62 higher education institutions in Canada, the United States and the United Kingdom discuss international students in their official institutionalization strategies, focusing on how ideas of race and diversity are addressed. We find that institutional strategies connect international students to an abstract notion of diversity, using visual images to portray campus environments as inclusive of racial, ethnic and religious diversity. Yet, strategy documents rarely discuss race, racialization, or racism explicitly, despite the fact that most international students in all three countries are non-white. Moreover, racial injustice is externalized as a global issue and racial diversity is instrumentalized as a source of improving institutional reputation or diversity metrics. We argue that a first step to creating more inclusive and anti-racist campuses is to acknowledge international students’ racial identities and experiences with racism in official discourses and strategies.
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Engerman, Stanley. "Slavery without Racism, Racism without Slavery." Journal of Global Slavery 5, no. 3 (October 22, 2020): 322–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2405836x-00503005.
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Abstract This article surveys several problems related to the links between slavery and racism, and the frequency of both racism without slavery and slavery without racism. Slavery clearly existed prior to the emergence of racism, scientific or otherwis, and unlike in recent centuries, the enslaved were not always peoples of different color. The linking of race and slavery, with race as the defining characteristic of the enslaved, came mainly after the settlement of the Americas with the transatlantic slave trade from Africa. Indeed, the debate continues on whether racism led to slavery (as argued for colonial America) or whether slavery gave rise to a coherent racism to justify enslavement of others. Racism may be used to justify the harsh treatment of others, or it may simply reflect mainly a belief that some differences among groups exist and race provides the interpretation of why such differences exist. Presumably then, awareness of perceived or argued for racial differences could exist without the imposition of differential treatments, despite the role racial beliefs might play in social organization.
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Burhoff, Hanna Maria. "School Without Racism? How White Teachers in Germany Practice Anti-Racialism." Journal for Undergraduate Ethnography 11, no. 3 (November 28, 2021): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15273/jue.v11i3.11240.
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This qualitative study investigates how white teachers at a German Catholic comprehensive school conceptualize issues of “race” and racism in the context of being a “School without Racism – School with Courage” (SOR-SMC). By collecting signatures and exhibiting yearly projects, more than 3,300 schools in Germany brand their school to be “without racism”. I found the branding of my researched school to be a form of “anti-racialism” that opposed “race” and racism as concepts but did not tackle any underlying racist structures (Goldberg 2009, 10). The teachers I interviewed took the SOR-SMC branding for granted and assumed that the school was racism-free. They thereby engaged in silent racism and reproduced racist connotations and structures without challenging them (Trepagnier 2001). Being anti -racist is not accomplished by declaring a school as racism-free. Instead, white teachers need to understand that anti-racism involves a deeper engagement with the structures that keep “racial” inequality in place (Goldberg 2009, 10).
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Pérez, Raúl. "Racism without Hatred? Racist Humor and the Myth of “Colorblindness”." Sociological Perspectives 60, no. 5 (August 2, 2017): 956–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731121417719699.
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Critical Race scholars contend that the current period of “race relations” is dominated by a “color-blind” racial ideology. Scholars maintain that although individuals continue to hold conventional racial views, today people tend to minimize overt racial discourse and direct racial language in public to avoid the stigma of racism. This essay identifies racist humor as a discourse that challenges such constraints on public racist discourse, often derided as “political correctness,” in ways that reinforce everyday and systemic forms of racism in an ostensibly color-blind society. While humor research generally highlights the “positive” aspects of social humor and celebrates the possibilities of humor to challenge and subvert dominant racial meanings, the “negative” aspects of racist humor are often overlooked, downplayed, or are viewed as extreme and fringe incidents that occur at the periphery of mainstream society. Moreover, race scholars have largely ignored the role of humor as a “serious” site for the reproduction and circulation of racism in society. I contend that in a post-civil-rights and color-blind society, where overt racist discourse became disavowed in public, racist humor allows interlocutors to foster social relations by partaking in the “forbidden fruit” of racist discourse. In this article, I highlight the (re)circulation of racist jokes across three social contexts (in mass market joke books, on the Internet, and in the criminal justice system), to illustrate that racist humor exists not in a bygone past or at the margins of society but is widely practiced and circulated today across various social contexts and institutions in an ostensibly color-blind society.
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Marks, J. "Making Race Without Racism?" Science 337, no. 6099 (September 6, 2012): 1174–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1226880.
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Hervik, Peter. "Race, ”race”, racialisering, racisme og nyracisme." Dansk Sociologi 26, no. 1 (February 17, 2015): 29–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/dansoc.v26i1.4991.
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Studiet af racisme og racialisering i Danmark er komplekst og behæftet med stærke moralske og politiske interesser og følelser. Ofte omtales racisme og race uden reference til den foreliggende litteratur og betydningsfulde historiske erfaringer og uden inddragelse af de oplevelser, som især synlige minoriteter og danske statsborgere med ikke-vestlig oprindelse har med racistisk tænkning. I denne artikel fører jeg centrale aspekter ved racisme ind i en nutidig faglig diskussion. Jeg stiller en række vigtige spørgsmål og leverer robuste redskaber til at undersøge, hvornår en begivenhed, en trend eller rutine udgør racisme i en akademisk funderet analyse. I artiklen argumenterer jeg for, at analysen i hvert enkelt tilfælde må hvile på en analyse af den specifikke handling. Artiklen er skrevet på baggrund af min forskning i Danmark i de sidste to årtier og diskuterer begreberne race, ”race”, racialisering, racisme og nyracisme. Den fremlægger desuden litteratur og historiske erfaringer, som jeg mener bør inddrages i en sund, kritisk dialog om racisme i Danmark baseret på et sociologisk og antropologisk fundament.
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Peter Hervik: Race, ”Race”, Racialization, Racism and Neo-Racism
The study of racism and racialization in Denmark is a complex affair encumbered with strong moral and political interests. Often the concepts of racism and race are used without reference to the relevant academic literature or significant historical experiences. Much of the writing does not include the experiences of visible minorities and Danish citizens with a non-Western origin. In this article, I deal with a number of important issues of racism and provide enduring tools for investigating whether an incident, a trend or routine constitutes racism in a research based analysis. One of the arguments of this article is that each case in question must be analyzed as a specific historical act. The article is based on two decades of research in Denmark and employs this research to discuss the concepts of race, ”race”, racialization, racism and neo-racism. It also presents literary and historical experiences that, in my opinion, must be included for a healthy, critical dialogue about racism in Denmark based on a sociological and anthropological foundation.
Keywords: racialisation, neoracism, racism, neonationalism, cultural war, incompatibility.
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Garner, S. "Ireland: From Racism without "Race" to Racism without Racists." Radical History Review 2009, no. 104 (April 1, 2009): 41–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/01636545-2008-067.
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Dirlik, Arif. "Race Talk, Race, and Contemporary Racism." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 123, no. 5 (October 2008): 1363–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2008.123.5.1363.
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How do we talk about racism, which we must, given its pervasiveness, without erasing significant changes that distinguish the present from the past and, even more important, without contributing to further racialization of the language of social and cultural analysis—and, by implication, to racist discourses? Much has changed over the last half century in the consciousness of racism and in efforts to overcome it. It is obscurantist to overlook these changes and speak of racism today as if it were the racism of earlier times. On the other hand, recent decades have witnessed the globalization of racism, the racialization of social categories, and the proliferation of race talk, which contributes to the reification of race. This article seeks to evaluate the ways in which race talk finds expression in discourses of political economy, labor migration, biogenetics, and neoliberal attacks on the idea of the social, as well as in putatively antiracist arguments in cultural and postcolonial studies that nevertheless contribute to the pervasiveness of race talk. It suggests that contemporary issues of race are best grasped within a condition of global modernity and sees in the restoration of the social a precondition for overcoming political and cultural racialization.
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Velayutham, Selvaraj. "Races without Racism?: everyday race relations in Singapore." Identities 24, no. 4 (June 25, 2016): 455–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1070289x.2016.1200050.
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Wetzel, Melissa Mosley, Annie Daly, Kira LeeKeenan, and Natalie Sue Svrcek. "Coaching Using Racial Literacy in Preservice Teacher Education." Journal of Literacy Research 53, no. 4 (October 28, 2021): 539–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1086296x211052246.
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Drawing on a theoretical framework that centers race, racism, and anti-racism, this study explores a coaching conference in preservice literacy teacher education. In classrooms, teachers often encounter disruptions in the community; however, those disruptions are often seen as problems to be solved and are addressed without interrogating race discourses. This study builds on previous research that has explored how teachers engage in developing understandings about race in relation to their practice using discursive tools of racial literacy. We ask, How do three White teachers draw on race discourses that are racist and anti-racist within the context of one coaching event, a post-conference? Using critical discourse analysis, we describe and interpret how race discourses were drawn upon and disrupted in the conference. We conclude with a discussion of the racial literacy practices that have promise in this coaching context and in other professional settings.
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Shelby, Tommie. "Ist Rassismus eine Sache des „Herzens“?" Deutsche Zeitschrift für Philosophie 67, no. 4 (November 5, 2019): 604–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/dzph-2019-0046.
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Abstract In his article, Shelby critically engages with a conception of racism that locates racism in the “heart” of individuals. Such a volitional conception, which has been proposed by Jorge Garcia, suffers from several defects, the most important of which are that it is difficult to identify racist attitudes without recourse to racist beliefs and that such a conception of racism does not allow to see how individuals can be complicit in race-based oppression in the absence of racial hatred or ill will. In lieu of a volitional conception of racism, Shelby advances a conception of racism as ideology which makes racist beliefs and their social consequences central to our understanding of racism.
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Robbins, Nathaniel M., Larry Charleston, Altaf Saadi, Zaneta Thayer, Wilfred U. Codrington, Alden Landry, James L. Bernat, and Roy Hamilton. "Black Patients Matter in Neurology." Neurology 99, no. 3 (July 18, 2022): 106–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000200830.
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Black people living in the United States suffer disproportionate morbidity and mortality across a wide range of neurologic conditions. Despite common conceptions to the contrary, “race” is a socially defined construct with little genetic validity. Therefore, racial health inequities in neurology (“neurodisparities”) are not a consequence of biologic differences between races. Instead, racism and associated social determinants of health are the root of neurodisparities. To date, many neurologists have neglected racism as a root cause of neurologic disease, further perpetuating the problem. Structural racism, largely ignored in current neurologic practice and policy, drives neurodisparities through mediators such as excessive poverty, inferior health insurance, and poorer access to neurologic and preventative care. Interpersonal racism (implicit or explicit) and associated discriminatory practices in neurologic research, workforce advancement, and medical education also exacerbate neurodisparities. Neurologists cannot fulfill their professional and ethical responsibility to care for Black patients without understanding how racism, not biologic race, drives neurodisparities. In our review of race, racism, and race-based disparities in neurology, we highlight the current literature on neurodisparities across a wide range of neurologic conditions and focus on racism as the root cause. We discuss why all neurologists are ethically and professionally obligated to actively promote measures to counteract racism. We conclude with a call for actions that should be implemented by individual neurologists and professional neurologic organizations to mitigate racism and work towards health equity in neurology.
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Vanidestine, Todd. "Conceptualizing “Race” and Racism in Health Disparities Discourse: A Critical Discourse Analysis." Journal of Sociological Research 9, no. 2 (May 12, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jsr.v9i2.12772.
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Critically analyzing how language and discourse influence health policy agendas to eliminate racial and ethnic health disparities (REHD) supports social work’s commitment to address oppression and marginalization. Various institutions construct health policy agendas regarding REHD without explicitly conceptualizing terms such as “race,” “racism,” “African American/Black,” “Latino/a,” “Asian,” and “White”, and their relationship to racialized health outcomes. However, there is limited research examining the inherent ideologies and meaning related to racial concepts, which rely heavily on conveying historical influences through discourse over time. The purpose of the current qualitative study is to explore how policy initiatives to address REHD conceptualized “race” and racism. By employing grounded theory (GT) and critical discourse analysis (CDA), the study examined the discourse underpinning city, state, and national policy agendas to eliminate REHD. The study’s findings highlighted how terminology, assigned meanings, and ideology are replicated over time to reproduce a non-critical analysis of “race” and racism. The resulting implications suggest that conceptualizing “race” void of understanding differential racial health outcomes as racism omits the structural, historical, and ethical characteristics of racial concepts. Within health disparities discourse, the meanings assigned to “race” and racism ultimately influence which interventions are identified to address REHD.
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Millar, Paul, and Akwasi Owusu-Bempah. "Whitewashing Criminal Justice in Canada: Preventing Research through Data Suppression." Canadian journal of law and society 26, no. 3 (December 2011): 653–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjls.26.3.653.
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Race and racism have long played an important role in Canadian law and continue to do so. However, conducting research on race and criminal justice in Canada is difficult given the lack of readily available data that include information about race. We show that data on the race of victims and accused persons are being suppressed by police organizations in Canada and argue that suppression of race prevents quantitative anti-racism research while not preventing the use of these data by the police for racial profiling. We also argue that when powerful institutions, such as the police, have knowledge that they keep secret or refuse to discover, it serves the interests of those institutions at the expense of the public. Fears that reporting of racial data will result in racial profiling or the stigmatization of racialized communities are not assuaged by the repression of this information. Stigmatization may still occur, and racial profiling can continue to happen, but without public knowledge. Quantitative anti-racist research requires consistent, institutionalized reporting of race data through all aspects of Canadian justice. We outline what data are available, what data are needed, and where consistency is lacking. It is argued that institutional preferences for white-washed data, with race and ethnicity removed, should be subrogated to transparency.
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Bărbulescu, Constantin. "Race without Racism in the Communist Period." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Historia 64, no. 2 (February 20, 2020): 102–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbhist.2019.2.08.
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Levinson, Meira. "The Language of Race." Theory and Research in Education 1, no. 3 (November 2003): 267–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477878503001003001.
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Lawrence Blum’s ‘ I’m Not a Racist, But...’ : The Moral Quandary of Race is purposeful moral philosophy done well. It is, however, not without fault. I challenge Blum on three issues regarding the language of race. First, I suggest that disagreements about the racial language we use are part and parcel of the debate about racism, rather than being something that we can and should resolve ahead of time. Second, I question whether the language of ‘racialized groups’ can be institutionalized in a way that is clearly distinct from the language of ‘race’. I focus especially on challenges to implementation within the classroom context. Third, I argue that Blum wrongly assumes that changing our language will change our social psychology. By contrast, data from both system justification theory and stereotype threat theory indirectly demonstrate that individuals are likely to perpetuate racist assumptions and behaviors, even if they adopt ‘racialized group’ language.
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Harper, Shaun R. "Race without Racism: How Higher Education Researchers Minimize Racist Institutional Norms." Review of Higher Education 36, no. 1S (2012): 9–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rhe.2012.0047.
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Aymer, Samuel R. "Teaching While Black and Male and Preparing Students for Urban Social Work Practice Matters." Urban Social Work 2, no. 1 (June 2018): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/2474-8684.2.1.5.
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This article unpacks the pedagogical reflections of a Black male professor, bringing attention to issues associated with teaching while Black and preparing students for urban social work practice. The article asserts that contemporary forms of injustice cannot be understood without grasping critical historical analyses of race and racism in the United States. Ideas related to critical race theory, racial oppression, and social identities are explored. Finally, the article explicates the importance for students to become comfortable talking about racism and racial injustice in the context of working with clients.
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McClain, Paula D. "Crises, Race, Acknowledgement: The Centrality of Race, Ethnicity, and Politics to the Future of Political Science." Perspectives on Politics 19, no. 1 (January 25, 2021): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592720004478.
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The United States, and the world, is in the grips of a coronavirus pandemic, and in the United States, we are facing a crisis of faith in the fairness of our political institutions, particularly the ability of Black Americans to live without the fear of dying at the hands of the police for going about their daily lives. Race has been and continues to be intertwined with American government and politics, in general, and how the United States approaches crises, in particular. Racial minority groups have been scapegoats for the failings of American policy makers to deal with numerous crises historically and at present. Race and racism are also at the foundation of the origins of American political science. The racism at the roots of our discipline’s founding have created a blindness to the significance and importance of the field of Race, Ethnicity, and Politics (REP) to the study of politics, democracy, and how American society reacts during a crisis. Our discipline is also at an inflection point that requires us to acknowledge its racist origins, confront its continued influence on the present, and finally to move forward in recognizing the importance of REP to the health and future of the discipline.
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Andrews, Dorinda J. Carter. "Black Achievers’ Experiences with Racial Spotlighting and Ignoring in a Predominantly White High School." Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 114, no. 10 (October 2012): 1–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146811211401002.
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Background/Context Despite a history of racial oppression and degradation in U.S. schools, African Americans have responded to racism and discrimination in ways that promote educational attainment and school success. Many Black adolescents have been empowered to succeed academically partly because of their awareness of racist practices in education and society. This empowerment to succeed in the face of racism is also seen as resiliency. A growing body of research suggests that despite experiencing racism in schools, many African Americans possess an achievement ethos that demands a commitment to excellence; despite experiencing racism as a stressor, these students develop resilient strategies for resisting racism in the school context. Purpose/Objective/Focus of Study The purpose of this study was to understand the adaptive behaviors that high-achieving Black students employed in a predominantly White high school to maintain school success and a positive racial self-definition. The focus of this article is to examine how these students describe, understand, and respond to experiencing racial microaggressions in classroom, social, and extracurricular domains within their school. Research Design The article includes data from a yearlong qualitative investigation of high-achieving Black students in a predominantly White high school. The author analyzed interview data, participant observations, and field notes and used a grounded theory approach to analyzing the data to arrive at an understanding of how students perceived experiences with racial microaggressions in their school. Findings/Results Findings indicate that students experienced racial microaggressions in the form of sometimes being spotlighted because of their race (i.e., racial spotlighting) and sometimes being ignored because of their race (i.e., racial ignoring). Students managed these experiences by utilizing a variety of resilient strategies that represent varying degrees of resistance. The use of these behavioral strategies demonstrates their resilience not only to racism but also to a school climate in which racism acts as a structural barrier to potentially constrain or impede achievement. These strategies allow students to effectively navigate within and across classroom and nonclassroom domains despite experiencing racial discrimination and to acquire and maintain school success without rejecting their racial identity. Conclusions/Recommendations The article concludes with implications for teacher education and creating culturally inclusive school and classroom environments. The article challenges educators to critically examine the relationships between race, racism, Whiteness, and teaching and learning. Specifically, recommendations are offered for preservice teacher preparation and in-service teacher professional development.
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Cheng, Yinghong. "From Campus Racism to Cyber Racism: Discourse of Race and Chinese Nationalism." China Quarterly 207 (September 2011): 561–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741011000658.
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AbstractAs Sino-African engagement keeps developing, racial relations have emerged to concern people on both sides. The recent Chinese cyber discussions on Africans have shown a blatant racialism against Africans. Comparing this with the campus racism in the 1980s and contextualizing it in China's modern history and, more importantly, China's recent rise as a global power, the article argues that racial discourse has become an important component in Chinese nationalism without public awareness of it.
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Hochman, Adam. "Against the Reification of Race in Bioethics: Anti-Racism without Racial Realism." American Journal of Bioethics 21, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 88–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2020.1861371.
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Rodríguez Jaume, María José. "El “nuevo racismo” desde la lente de la “migración silenciosa”: la adopción interracial en España." Migraciones internacionales 10 (January 1, 2019): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33679/rmi.v1i1.2153.
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The increase in international adoptions of minors (quiet migration) all over Spain has coincided in time with the rise of immigration. The links between these two phenomena give rise to a hybrid line of research focused on the racial experiences shared by both the adopted population and the immigrant population. A comparative analysis of data coming from three public opinion research sources reveals: (a) the presence of “racism without race” within Spanish society, even though phenotypic differences play a determining role in the social construction of race; and (b) a low “racial awareness” amongst interracial adoptive parents, which leads them to reproduce the ideology of “color-blind racism.”
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Hassan, Dr Abida, Muhammad Irshad Ijaz, and Sadia Saeed Rao. "Racism and International Human Rights Law." Journal of Law & Social Studies 4, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 306–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.52279/jlss.04.02.306315.
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Racism is as old as human history. It gives rise to different shapes such as race, caste, color, creed, nationality and origin. Ancient philosophers, namely, Aristotle, Rousseau, Hobbes and Locke have been against racism and supported humanity. Discrimination against humanity is a dark chapter for human rights. Art 1(3) of UN declaration presents to accomplish global collaboration by promoting and encouraging reverence for all human freedoms and rights devoid of difference as to race, sex, language or religion. Art 2 of UDHR speaks that “every person is entitled for all the rights and liberties mentioned in this declaration, without any sorts of distinction.’ 20th Century witnessed the abolition of slavery and trafficking of men in all forms. All the constitutions of the world have provisions of fundamental human rights without any discrimination and distinction, more than that, the Holy Quran and the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) as well as his Last Sermon are the sources of fundamental rights, equality of all races with reference to ancient and modern laws of the world.
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Rzepka, Charles J. "Race, Region, Rule: Genre and the Case of Charlie Chan." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 122, no. 5 (October 2007): 1463–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2007.122.5.1463.
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This essay analyzes genre's impact on racial representation in a body of popular fiction that has shaped European Americans' definition of Asian American identity for more than three-quarters of a century: the Charlie Chan novels of Earl Derr Biggers. To advance his stated goal of overturning Chinese stereotypes, Biggers experimented with genres of locale and criminality. The Hawaiian setting of his first Chan story, The House without a Key, challenged the generic topography of Chinatown regionalism by invoking a counterintuitive regionalist prototype, while the book's plot followed the conventions of classical detective fiction, a highly formulaic subgenre of crime literature that perpetuated racist stereotypes while dominating best-seller lists throughout the 1920s and 1930s. Exploiting a unique feature of the detective formula known as rule subversion, however, Biggers enlisted the genre's very tendencies toward racism to undermine racist stereotypes.
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Torres, Sandra. "Racialization Without Racism in Scholarship on Old Age." Swiss Journal of Sociology 46, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 331–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sjs-2020-0017.
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AbstractPopulation aging and international migration have propelled the aging of ethno-cultural minorities to the forefront of social scientific inquiries. Examining how scholarship on old age makes sense of ethnicity and race has become relevant. Based on a scoping review of peer-reviewed articles published between 1998 and 2017 (n = 336), the present article asks whether the notions of racialization and racism inform this scholarship and argues that a racism-sensitive research agenda is needed.
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Xiaofei, Wang. "Movies Without Mercy: Race, War, and Images of Japanese People in American Films, 1942-1945." Journal of American-East Asian Relations 18, no. 1 (2011): 11–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187656111x577465.
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AbstractHistorian John Dower titles his book War Without Mercy. Similarly, wartime Hollywood showed no mercy when depicting Japanese. Negative portrayals were often based on actual atrocities, but it was racism to demonize an entire people and culture. The story of how politics in Hollywood and Washington, the conduct of war, and international relations shaped and changed film racism involves a much more complex approach than has been practiced to date. Using archives of film studios, the Production Code Administration (PCA), and governmental agencies such as the Office of War Information (OWI), this article traces the power struggle among them and a new racism which emerged after 1941. Filmmakers now projected favorable images of Chinese to distinguish their new allies from the Japanese enemy. OWI struggled to promote a liberal agenda which saw the enemy as world fascism, not the Japanese people. The article analyzes more than two dozen films to trace the complications in three types of wartime screen racism: (1) "Verbal racism," such as derogating words like "Jap." (2) "Physical racism," which dramatized and ridiculed physical characteristics of Japanese people. (3) "Psychological racism," which saw all Japanese people as cruel and treacherous.
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Makgetlaneng, Sehlare. "HOW CAPITALISM AND RACISM CONTINUE TO SHAPE THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC STRUCTURE OF SOUTH AFRICA." Africanus: Journal of Development Studies 46, no. 1 (December 9, 2016): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/0304-615x/1514.
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This work provides a critical analysis of the dialectical and organic relationship between the benefits and misfortunes of capitalism and racism as an integral socio-economic part of the South African history since the inception of capitalism and racism in the country in the 15th century. This task is executed by highlighting the importance of the dialectical and organic relationship between race and class. It maintains that the primacy of class over race in terms of importance has existed since the inception of capitalism and racism. The theoretical and practical recognition of the primacy of class over race in terms of importance in the South African political economy is of strategic importance in the struggle for structural socio-economic change and transformation in the country. This struggle constitutes the efforts to solve the structural problem of the benefits of capitalism and racism enjoyed by the decisive minority of its population and their misfortunes confronted or encountered by the decisive majority in the past and present tenses of its history. It maintains that to best and effectively serve the needs and demands of the struggle for structural social change and transformation, whose aim is to end the benefits and misfortunes of capitalism and racism, it is of strategic and tactical importance to dialectically and organically weave the relationship between race and class without departing from the importance of the racial factor in the South African political economy.
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Rujie, Li. "A Review of the Biden Administration's Racial Redress Policy under the Limits of American Democracy." Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 66, no. 1 (January 5, 2024): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/66/20241201.
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Racism in the United States has a long history, and over time, it has evolved in new ways. Despite the efforts of successive American governments to address racism, the results have been minimal. This paper analyzes, from the perspective of systemic racism theory, why the social policies implemented by the Biden administration to improve domestic race relations cannot fully resolve the issue of racism and why racism is deeply entrenched in the American democratic system. In reality, the groups that hold national power represent only a minority of the population, excluding lower-class white individuals and ethnic minorities. Racism is merely a form of psychological wage created by the elites to compensate for the economic losses experienced by lower-class white individuals. While the Biden administration has pursued policies to promote racial equality, without altering the framework of American democracy, these policies are unable to eradicate racism and may instead exacerbate the problem, setting the stage for future outbreaks of racial movements.
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JOHNES, MARTIN, and MATTHEW TAYLOR. "BOXING, RACE, AND BRITISH IDENTITY, 1945–1962." Historical Journal 63, no. 5 (February 14, 2020): 1349–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x19000724.
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AbstractWith a formal colour bar on British championships operating until 1948, boxing had long been a site of racial discrimination. The abolition of the sport's colour bar was recognition of the wrongness of racial exclusion and it was followed by a celebration of black fighters as local and national heroes. The sport became a rare space where black men could be spoken about, discussed, and celebrated without primary reference to their colour. However, race was never irrelevant, especially as the number of black boxers rose with wider patterns of migration. Race was thus widely discussed in boxing, although there was rarely open discussion of racism. This absence, along with black successes in the ring, masked deep levels of both structural and interpersonal prejudice. Racial differences remained accepted as common sense by white Britons. Indeed, immigration intensified racism in Britain, changing the perceived position of people of colour from exotic novelties to threats to society. Boxing is thus a reminder of the contradictory dynamics of race. Formal mechanisms of exclusion could be removed, while informal mechanisms intensified. Individuals could be celebrated, while people of colour as a group were looked down upon. Black achievements could simultaneously reinforce ideas of black inferiority.
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Hudson, Darrell. "Achieving Health Equity by Addressing Legacies of Racial Violence in Public Health Practice." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 694, no. 1 (March 2021): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00027162211015932.
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Health equity means that everyone, regardless of their abilities, economic status, or race/ethnicity, has the opportunity to reach their optimal level of health. However, the inequitable distribution of resources, power, and privilege in the United States means that historically marginalized communities bear a disproportionate burden of poor health and disease. The COVID-19 pandemic has compounded the problem for Black Americans: already bearing an unequal burden of social, economic, and health inequities and experiencing systemic racism in various sectors of American life, Black Americans have been at even greater risk of COVID-19 transmission and severity of the disease. I use critical race theory (CRT) to show how key social and historical factors fuel racial health inequities. Further, I use key tenets of CRT to argue that redressing historical legacies of racism cannot be done without using a critical, race conscious lens and lifting up the voices of Black people.
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Assari, Shervin, Babak Najand, and Ali Ayoubian. "Blacks’ Diminished Salience of Age as a Determinant of Chronic Obstructive Respiratory Disease." Hospital Practices and Research 7, no. 3 (August 12, 2022): 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/hpr.2022.19.
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Background: Age is a major determinant of chronic respiratory disease (CRD). This is important because CRD have a main role in shaping morbidity and mortality of individuals and populations. However, less research is done on whether age-related changes in development of CRD differ across diverse racial groups. Objectives: Using a conceptual model that considers race as a proxy of racism rather than genetics and attributing racial differences to sociological rather than biological differences, this study was conducted to explore racial differences in the effects of age on CRD. Based on Marginalization-related Diminished Returns (MDRs) framework, we expect diminished relevance of risk and resources for marginalized people due to racism, segregation, and social stratification. Methods: Using data from baseline population assessment of tobacco and health (PATH) Adults data, we included 23761 adults. The independent variable was age treated as a categorical variable. The primary outcome was presence of any CRD including asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Sex and education were the covariates. Race, as a proxy of racism, was the moderator. To analyze the data, we used logistic regression mode with and without interaction term between age and race. Results: Higher age was associated with higher odds of CRD, while sex, and socioeconomic status (SES) was controlled. In line with the MDRs framework, the positive association between age and CRD was weaker for Black than White adults. Conclusion: Under racism, age loses some of its effect as a major determinant of CRD across racialized groups
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Faltis, Christian. "Toward a Race Radical Vision of Bilingual Education for Kurdish Users in Turkey: A Commentary." Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies 1, no. 1 (December 30, 2014): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/10.
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This commentary presents a Race Radical Vision (RRV) for Kurdish-Turkish bilingual education in Turkey. A RRV reinforces the need to consciously include issues of racism, imperialism, identity, and local practices in the development of bilingual education teacher education programs that advocate for minoritized language use in all aspects of education. It is argued that without a RRV for bilingual education, the State will represent bilingual education to benefit of own interests, ultimately destroying bilingual education as a strong anti-racist educational practice. Turkey needs a strong RRV of Kurdish-Turkish bilingual education to ensure that racism and colonialism remain in the national educational discourse. This commentary draws on experiences of bilingual education in the United States as well as other countries to show the importance of a RRV for developing bilingual education from a local language rights perspective. It also points out some of the challenges bilingual educators and scholars face when State becomes involved in funding and shaping the anti-racist perspective in bilingual the State takes over the anti-racism practices, especially when the State is tied to neoliberalism and neoliberal ideals of individualism and colorblindness.Keywords: Bilingual education, RRV, Kurdish, Turkey
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Kim, Sangmi, Eun-Ok Im, Jianghong Liu, and Connie Ulrich. "Maternal Age Patterns of Preterm Birth: Exploring the Moderating Roles of Chronic Stress and Race/Ethnicity." Annals of Behavioral Medicine 54, no. 9 (February 22, 2020): 653–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/abm/kaaa008.
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Abstract Background Despite the suggested contribution of cumulative chronic stress to the racial/ethnic disparities in preterm birth (PTB), it is unclear how chronic stress, maternal age, and race/ethnicity are linked underlying PTB. Purpose We investigated the moderating effect of chronic stress on the maternal age–PTB association among non-Hispanic (N-H) White, N-H Black, Hispanic, and Asian women. Methods We analyzed the Washington State’s Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System data linked with birth certificates. The sample included women aged 18 years or older who birthed the first, singleton baby without birth defects. Chronic stress was measured by race/ethnicity-specific chronic stress indices. A maternal age–chronic stress interaction was modeled to predict PTB by logistic regression stratified by race/ethnicity. In subanalysis, the moderating role of racism was investigated in the maternal age–chronic stress interaction among three minority groups combined. Results Women’s maternal age trajectory of PTB varied by their race/ethnicity and chronic stress level. N-H White and N-H Black women showed a steeper maternal age-related increase in PTB (weathering) under higher chronic stress, indicating a chronic stress’ cumulative effect with maternal age. Besides, the extent of weathering was amplified by racism on top of chronic stress, particularly among N-H Black women. Conclusions These results show that both chronic stress and racism may develop accelerated PTB risk among minority women. Future research should use more objective and accurate chronic stress measures to ascertain the complex relationships among chronic stress, racial discrimination, and maternal age underlying the racial/ethnic differentials in PTB.
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O’Neill, Michaela Krug. "The Predicaments of Addressing Equity without Attending to Race and Racism." Educational Forum 86, no. 1 (November 19, 2021): 93–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00131725.2022.1997524.
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Duggan, Christopher P., Anura Kurpad, Fatima C. Stanford, Bruno Sunguya, and Jonathan C. Wells. "Race, ethnicity, and racism in the nutrition literature: an update for 2020." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 112, no. 6 (December 2020): 1409–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqaa341.
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ABSTRACT Social disparities in the US and elsewhere have been terribly highlighted by the current COVID-19 pandemic but also an outbreak of state-sponsored violence. The field of nutrition, like other areas of science, has commonly used ‘race’ to describe research participants and populations, without the recognition that race is a social, not a biologic, construct. We review the limitations of classifying participants by race, and recommend a series of steps for authors, researchers and policymakers to consider when producing and reading the nutrition literature. We recommend that biomedical researchers, especially those in the field of nutrition, abandon the use of racial categories to explain biologic phenomena but instead rely on a more comprehensive framework of ethnicity; that authors consider not just race and ethnicity but many social determinants of health, including experienced racism; that race and ethnicity not be conflated; that dietary pattern descriptions inform ethnicity descriptions; and that depersonalizating language be avoided.
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Edge, Thomas. "Southern Strategy 2.0." Journal of Black Studies 40, no. 3 (December 17, 2009): 426–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021934709352979.
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In the rush of excitement over Barack Obama’s nomination and ascension to the presidency of the United States, many media figures were loathe to analyze the impact of race on both the rhetoric of the election and the actual results. From across the political spectrum, pundits argued that race did not play a major role on Election Day, without offering any context to such comments. Likewise, conservatives in particular have used that idea to assert that racism is no longer a hindrance to advancement in American society. This article seeks to examine the role of race in the election, both in political attacks on Barack Obama and in an analysis of the voting patterns, with a particular emphasis on how conservatives have tried to shape the contours of these discussions. Their purpose, it is argued, is to launch Southern Strategy 2.0, which seeks to use Obama’s victory to attack some of the results of the civil rights movement that helped make his rise possible. At the same time, it still plays on some of the overt racism of the first Southern Strategy, using Obama’s racial identity and politics to challenge whether he is “American” enough to lead the nation. Thus, conservatives use Obama’s image as a sign that racism is dead, while simultaneously attacking him with the same race-based tactics that have played such an important role in the recent history of the Republican Party.
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Munn, Luke. "Machine Readable Race: Constructing Racial Information in the Third Reich." Open Information Science 4, no. 1 (August 12, 2020): 143–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opis-2020-0011.
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AbstractThis paper examines how informational processing drove new structures of racial classification in the Third Reich. The Deutsche Hollerith-Maschinen Gesellschaft mbH (Dehomag) worked closely with the government in designing and integrating punch-card informational systems. As a German subsidiary of IBM, Dehomag’s technology was deployed initially for a census in order to provide a more detailed racial analysis of the population. However the racial data was not detailed enough. The Nuremberg Race Laws provided a more precise and procedural definition of Jewishness that could be rendered machine-readable. As the volume and velocity of information in the Reich increased, Dehomag’s technology was adopted by other agencies like the Race and Settlement Office, and culminated in the vision of a single machinic number for each citizen. Through the lens of these proto-technologies, the paper demonstrates the historical interplay between race and information. Yet if the indexing and sorting of race anticipates big-data analytics, contemporary power is more sophisticated and subtle. The complexity of modern algorithmic regimes diffuses obvious racial markers, engendering a racism without race.
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Zeuske, Michael. "Hidden markers, open secrets: on naming, race-marking, and race-making in Cuba." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 76, no. 3-4 (January 1, 2002): 211–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002535.
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Focuses on how in Cuba race-marking was interrelated with surname-giving, also after the abolition of slavery. Through researching life histories on the local level in the Cienfuegos region, the author examines names of former slaves, finding that these were after abolition in notarial records often marked with the adjectives s.o.a., or "sin otro apellido" (without other surname, taking into account the Iberian double surname tradition). This, according to him, points to a stigmatization of these black citizens and related to their former status as possession, and is thus a racial marker, only more hidden than the open racial assignations during slavery. He relates these postemancipation surnames of former slaves to the dotation of surnames during slavery, whereby most surnames of slaves were those of the last owner of the slaves. He also discusses differences in name-giving between the notarial records and everyday life. He further indicates that a new racism developed in the Cuban society of the late 19th c. and early 20th c., which was voiced more openly in the realm of culture, and regarding events as incarceration and death, and more hidden within the civil and judicial spheres, where the fiction of a race-blind republic was maintained.
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Whaley, Ben. "Who Let the Dogs Out? Race as Illness in Tezuka Osamu's Ode to Kirihito." Journal of Japanese Studies 50, no. 1 (January 2024): 37–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jjs.2024.a918582.
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Abstract: This article examines the link between illness and racialized difference in the medical manga Kirihito sanka (1970–71; Ode to Kirihito , 2006) by Japan's "God of Manga," Tezuka Osamu (1928–89). Centering on a fictional disease that physically transforms its victims into human-canine hybrids, Kirihito sanka illustrates how easily ethno-racial stereotypes can inform discourses on disease, and how discrimination and racism are illnesses without national or cultural boundaries. As such, the manga is a sterling example of Tezuka's gekiga -inspired works of the 1970s that evolved to tell more literary and socially resonant stories reflecting the author's racial politics.
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Snyman, Gerrie. "'Is It not Sufficient to Be a Human Being?' Memory, Christianity and White Identity in Africa." Religion and Theology 15, no. 3-4 (2008): 395–426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157430108x376609.
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AbstractWithin a hierarchy of senses where sight dominates, race constitutes a regime of visibility with whiteness as the master signifier in the Western world. The essay explores the impossibility to think beyond race in a world that is still deeply racist. Racism is not undone once people have seen through it. In illustrating the performativity of race in terms of white identity issues, the discussion starts with a brief look at what constitutes identity and what is memory's function in constructing particular identities. The argument then turns towards an understanding of Africa's specific memory of Christianity's racialising mission by focussing on how the binaries of Spirit / Flesh became a racial binary of black and white that apparently continues in a post-modern empire without colonies. Subsequently, the essay focuses on an example of this entrapment, namely Bernal's book Black Athena and the ensuing debate where African and Western identities became markers of each other. Lastly, the discussion looks at the way Bernal's construction of memory in President Thabo Mbeki's challenge of Western hegemony and the role of whiteness in our thinking. The essay concludes that whiteness needs to be exposed in terms of the religious roots of its assumed naturalness, eternity and truth that went with its power.
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Rosales, René León, and Rickard Jonsson. "Skolan som antirasistiskt rum?" Educare - vetenskapliga skrifter, no. 4 (December 16, 2019): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24834/educare.2019.4.1.
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Education and knowledge production have often been portrayed as the worst enemies of racism and xenophobia. However, such claims can be misused to create a narrative of modern educational institutions being “free” from racism and, in worst case scenarios, contribute to hiding the ongoing discriminatory practices in schools. This paper provides a review of Swedish research on migration, ethnicity and racism in schools and introduces the key topics in this special issue of Educare. We explore examples of colour blindness in Swedish classrooms and experiences of meeting racism in school. Further, we investigate how racism and discrimination can be expressed in a school's everyday life without anyone necessarily having malicious intentions. With this, we contribute to understanding that various exclusionary practices based on ethnicity and race can occur even in school settings that promote diversity and anti-racism.
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Chen, Josh Y. "How Social Structures Are More Than Collections of Individuals." Journal of Catholic Social Thought 21, no. 1 (2024): 81–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jcathsoc20242115.
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The problem of race has typically been treated as a problem of individual or institutional prejudice. However, more attention needs to be paid to structural racism, which shows how racialized opportunity structures sustain racial injustice even when actors are not prejudiced. Because Catholic social thought treats social structures as mere aggregates of individual behavior, however, it is unable to explain how opportunity structures constrain human agency, how social positions condition the behaviors of people who occupy them, and how harms may occur without intent. A critical realist approach to understanding social structure corrects the reductive tendencies of dominant perspectives on race, such as colorblindness and antiracism, and helps explain how nonracists can perpetuate racial injustice. An analysis of the case of residential segregation shows how the pursuit of individual goods in racialized opportunity structures like the housing market simultaneously hinders the common good.
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Trbušić, Davor, and Boris Beck. "Hierarchy and exclusion – Alojzije Stepinac’s public speeches against racism." Nova prisutnost XXI, no. 1 (March 11, 2023): 81–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31192/np.21.1.5.
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This paper analyzes the public speech on the issue of race by Zagreb Archbishop Alojzije Stepinac between 1941 and 1945 as a response to the ideology and practice of the regime of the Independent State of Croatia. On the basis of Stepinac publicly available speeches, epistles and sermons, it is shown that he repeatedly explicitly refuted Nazi racial theories and denounced the persecution of Jews and Roma as unethical. In this way, he also entered the political sphere, to which the leaders of the regime reacted publicly. Stepinac regularly shaped his speeches within the ethos of the Catholic Church and for this purpose used biblical images of the Tower of Babel and the Flood, connecting Christian morality with the condemnation of racist theories. He typically uses an antithesis, insisting that all people are equal regardless of race, and that all people stand against God and they are obliged to behave in accordance with his will. Stepinac explicitly and figuratively refutes the biological hierarchy of the human race, insisting that all people are born equal and have the same inalienable rights, thus directly opposing the racist policy and practice of the Independent State of Croatia, and the result of this is his opposition by excluding anyone from society, which extends the ethics of his Church to all people without distinction.
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Manalo-Pedro, Erin, Katrina M. Walsemann, and Gilbert C. Gee. "Whose Knowledge Heals? Transforming Teaching in the Struggle for Health Equity." Health Education & Behavior 50, no. 4 (August 2023): 482–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10901981231177095.
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Racial health inequities persist despite many attempts to correct them. Inadequate comprehension of racism obscures the ordinariness of racism in public health institutions. In addition to applying critical race theory (CRT) to the research and practice of public health, we argue that the struggle for health equity must also apply CRT toward the teaching of public health students. Adhering to conventional approaches in academic public health without grappling with their roots in Whiteness reproduces a public health workforce that is insufficiently equipped to address the complex, systemic issues underlying health inequities. By default, academic public health excludes the perspectives of scholars of color, relies too heavily on theories of individual behavior, and applies top-down teaching methods. To make durable changes, the rising generation of public health scholars and practitioners must understand how health equity fits within broader struggles for racial and social justice. Thus, we critique three responsibilities for teaching about public health: assigning readings, shaping analytical lenses with theories, and modeling change through andragogy. By questioning whose knowledge is legitimized when defining public health needs, whose lenses are used to prioritize solutions, and whose insights drive change, we can train a public health workforce more critical of racism, and more prepared to deal with the enduring reality of racial relations.
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Malki, Ilham. "A Discursive Examination of White Americans’ Attitudes about White-Black Interracial Marriages in USA." European Journal of Social Sciences 4, no. 1 (May 15, 2021): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/831kva96x.
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The primary objective of this article is to manifest by means of discourse analysis the attitudes of White Americans towards White-Black interracial marriages. The research draws on qualitative analysis of the discourse of some white Americans to find out the genuine convictions they bear about interracial unions, especially those incorporating Blacks and Whites. Regardless of the fact that White Americans have asserted their approval of White-Black marriages, the results of the study reveal that some White-Americans are still not in favour of their close relatives marrying outside their own race. As Van Dijk (1992) postulates, one of the distinctive peculiarities of contemporary racism discourse is its denial. On accounts of rigid constraints posed upon overt expression of racist perspectives, individuals bring about a set of discursive strategies that enable the deliverance of negative constructs without being trapped by racism charges. In addition to the denial of racism, the results of the research disclose various strategic choices through which white Americans legitimize their views towards white-black interracial marriages. Such choices embark on justifications, denying, excuses, positive self-presentation, negative other-presentation, and blaming the victim. (Van Dijk: 1992)
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Dwivedi, Divya. "The Hypophysics of Philosophical Nationalism." Eco-ethica 10 (2022): 43–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/ecoethica202342652.
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Is there a philosophical nationalism? Reading Fichte’s Addresses to the German Nation and its use by the Nazis, Derrida concluded that all nationalisms are philosophical and onto-theological as they are posited beyond race, biology, and nature. However, Fichte’s text reveals a specific form of racism that insists on biology and nature. Fichte’s racism is a species of “hypophysics,” a consecration of nature as value. His theory of language is simultaneously biological and spiritual, these two aspects flowing from a single geistige Naturgesetz (spiritual-natural-law) and determining the hypophysical unity of language, community and “philosophy” (as he defined it). The logic of such a hypophysics is misrecognized and left unaddressed in the conventional categories of “naturalism” and “biologism.” Further, hypophysical-logic is not onto-theo-logic (in Heidegger’s definition). This imposes new questions for the history and future of philosophy: how does hypophysics enter philosophy; can there be philosophy without hypophysics and its attendant racisms?
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Fekete, Liz. "Lammy Review: without racial justice, can there be trust?" Race & Class 59, no. 3 (November 9, 2017): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306396817742074.
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The author takes issue with the fact that a UK government review, under David Lammy MP (the Lammy Review), into the experiences of people of Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic backgrounds of the criminal justice system, though finding clear disproportionality, avoids all mention of institutional racism – a key finding in the 1999 Macpherson Report – preferring instead to concentrate on ‘bias’. Its recommendations for changes within the system will not bring about the necessary Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic trust, unless the larger structures and processes which cause inequity are addressed. See also Lee Bridges, ‘Lammy Review: will it change outcomes in the criminal justice system?’ ( Race & Class, doi. 10.1177/0306396817742075).
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Gomes Silva, Isabel Cristina, and José Francisco Dos Santos. "Escolas como Espaços de Combate ao Racismo e de Fortalecimento a Identidade e da Cultura Negra." Revista de Ensino, Educação e Ciências Humanas 24, no. 3 (November 29, 2023): 358–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17921/2447-8733.2023v24n3p358-364.
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O presente artigo busca expor quais ações podem ser assumidas pelos espaços escolares para o fortalecimento da identidade e da cultura negra e do combate ao racismo. Objetiva-se dentro dos escritos apresentar as estruturas que marcam o constructo e manutenção do racismo no Brasil, como a identidade pode ser construída no espaço escolar e ações pedagógicas que podem valorizar as especificidades da cultura afro-brasileira. Sendo a escola um ambiente de interações, trocas e vivências, entende-se que os diálogos lá estabelecidos, ou não, são extremamente importantes aos processos de constituição e fortalecimento das relações étnico-raciais. Para abordar a temática, usou-se como metodologia a revisão de literatura, buscando a construção de um diálogo com pesquisadores do racismo, da identidade negra e da diversidade cultural. Com o intuito de lançar luz e melhorar o entendimento acerca do exposto. Ao final, percebe-se que a pesquisa encaminha para o estudo de outras temáticas, como as estratégias criadas para o fortalecimento da identidade negra nos espaços educativos e a análise das ações educativas já colocadas em prática para o combate de atitudes racistas. Remetendo-nos sempre a reflexão que, a escola deve ser um lugar de acolhimento a todos, sem distinção de raça, cor, gênero, classe e qualquer outro tipo de diferença. Palavras-chave: Espaço Escolar. Educação. Antirracismo. Enfrentamento. Relações Étnico-Raciais. AbstractThis article seeks to expose what actions can be assumed by school spaces to the strengthening black identity and culture and the fight against racism. The purpose within the writings is to present the structures that mark the construction and conservation of racism in Brazil, how identity can be built in the school space and pedagogical actions that can value the specificity of Afro-Brazilian culture. The school being an environment of interactions, exchanges and experiences, it is understood that the dialogues established there, or not, are extremely important to the processes of constitution and strengthening of ethnic-racial relations. To approach the subject, the literature review was used as a methodology, seeking to build a dialogue with researchers of racism, black identity and cultural diversity. In order to shed light and improve the understanding about the above. Finally, it’s noticed that the research forward to the study of other themes, such as the strategies created to strengthen the black identity in educational spaces and the analysis of educational actions already put into practice to combat racist attitudes. Always referring us to the reflection that the school must be a place of reception for all, without distinction of race, color, gender, class and any other type of difference. Keywords: School Space. Education. anti-racism. confrontation. Ethnic-Racial Relations.
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Johnes, Martin. "Race, Archival Silences, and a Black Footballer Between the Wars." Twentieth Century British History 31, no. 4 (September 2, 2020): 530–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tcbh/hwaa023.
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Abstract The relative absence of colour in archival sources has led the British historiography of race to concentrate too much on the reactions of white Britons and not enough on black experiences. With some notable exceptions, this has created an analytical emphasis on racism and discrimination rather than the agency of black men and women to resist prejudices and live meaningful lives. This article explores the life of Welsh footballer Eddie Parris in order to investigate the working-class black experience in interwar Britain. It acts as a reminder of the importance of thinking of people of colour in early-twentieth-century Britain as individuals rather than just as a racialized category. Nonetheless, notions of racial difference were so pervasive that race was never irrelevant for their lives. The task for the historian is to acknowledge and investigate the impact of these ideas without letting them push aside the actual people within them.