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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Ferri, Enrico. "The Armenian Diaspora in Italy." Oriente Moderno 95, no. 1-2 (August 7, 2015): 277–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22138617-12340082.

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Taking inspiration from some analytical paths in a recent book by Agop Manoukian—Presenza Armena in Italia. 1915-2000, Milano, Guerini e Associati, 2014)—the author traces some significant moments of the Armenian diaspora in Italy during the 20th century including its complex relations with socio-political Italy, in context with Middle Eastern and international relations, which during the World Wars also involves the United States. In particular, the author considers the relations of the Italian Armenian diaspora with the kingdom of Italy in the first instance and then with the fascist regime, during the period when racial laws involved the small Armenian community. Then the author focuses on the new realities of Republican Italy and the Socialist Republic of Armenia and the debate that developed during the second half of last century, between those who believed it possible to preserve the Armenian identity and those in the diaspora who supported a political initiative in favour of the re-conquest of Armenia’s historic lands. Particular attention is reserved for the genocide of 1915 and the new entity of the Republic of Armenia.

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2

Goncharenko, A. V., and T. O. Safonova. "Great Britain and the tvolution of the colonial system (end 19th – beginning 20th centuries)." SUMY HISTORICAL AND ARCHIVAL JOURNAL, no. 35 (2020): 60–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/shaj.2020.i35.p.60.

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The article investigates the impact of Great Britain on the evolution of colonialism in the late ХІХ and early ХХ centuries. It is analyzed the sources and scientific literature on the policy of the United Kingdom in the colonial question in the late ХІХ – early ХХ century. The reasons, course and consequences of the intensification of British policy in the colonial problem are described. The process of formation and implementation of London’s initiatives in the colonial question during the period under study is studied. It is considered the position of Great Britain on the transformation of the colonial system in the late XIX – early XX centuries. The resettlement activity of the British and the peculiarities of their mentality, based on the idea of racial superiority and the new national messianism, led to the formation of developed resettlement colonies. The war for the independence of the North American colonies led to the formation of a new state on their territory, and the rest of the “white” colonies of Great Britain had at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries had to build a new policy of relations, taking into account the influence of the United States on them, and the general decline of economic and military-strategic influence of Britain in the world, and the militarization of other leading countries. As a result, a commonwealth is formed instead of an empire. With regard to other dependent territories, there is also a change in policy towards the liberalization of colonial rule and concessions to local elites. In the late ХІХ – early ХІХ centuries the newly industrialized powers (Germany, Italy, and Japan) sought to seize the colonies to reaffirm their new status in the world, the great colonial powers of the past (Spain, Portugal, and the Netherlands) sought to retain what remained to preserve their international prestige, and Russia sought to expand. The largest colonial empires, Great Britain and France, were interested in maintaining the status quo. In the colonial policy of the United Kingdom, it is possible to trace a certain line related to attempts to preserve the situation in their remote possessions and not to get involved in conflicts and costly measures where this can be avoided. In this sense, the British government showed some flexibility and foresight – the relative weakening of the military and economic power of the empire due to the emergence of new states, as well as the achievement of certain self-sufficiency, made it necessary to reconsider traditional foreign policy. Colonies are increasingly no longer seen as personal acquisitions of states, and policy toward these territories is increasingly seen as a common deal of the international community and even its moral duty. The key role here was to be played by Great Britain, which was one of the first to form the foundations of a “neocolonial” system that presupposes a solidarity policy of Western countries towards the rest of the world under the auspices of London. Colonial system in the late ХІХ – early ХІХ century underwent a major transformation, which was associated with a set of factors, the main of which were – the emergence of new industrial powers on the world stage, the internal evolution of the British Empire, changes in world trade, the emergence of new weapons, general growth of national and religious identity and related with this contradiction. The fact that the First World War did not solve many problems, such as Japanese expansionism or British marinism, and caused new ones, primarily such as the Bolshevik coup in Russia and the coming to power of the National Socialists in Germany, the implementation of the above trends stretched to later moments.

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3

Fogazzi, G. "Italy, 20th century. The first percutaneous renal biopsies in Italy." Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 14, no. 2 (February 1, 1999): 507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/14.2.507.

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4

Fleisher, Mark S. "Historical Roots of Chicago’s Contemporary Violence: An Interpretation of Chicago’s Early Sociologists’ Texts on Black Assimilation." Journal of Black Studies 50, no. 8 (November 2019): 767–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021934719883358.

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Early 20th-century Chicago witnessed an in-migration of foreign-born immigrants and Black American migrants fleeing slavery. As the Black Americans’ population increased and dispersed across urban neighborhoods, Whites’ anti-Black aggression and violence intensified. This article outlines the mechanisms that account for this discord through an examination of sociological texts. We propose that, first, contemporary racial discord has diachronic origins; second, 21st-century synchronic analysis of racial discord, absent of historical insight, cannot adequately account for a century of racial violence by attributing it to poverty and employment going overseas; and, third, a century of racism cannot be mitigated by replacing personnel in administrative agencies, retraining law enforcement personnel, and tightening police oversight. Mitigation of systemic law enforcement violence toward Black Americans must first recognize the contemporary effects of the history of law enforcement agencies’ institutionalized racism documented by sociologists a century ago. A synchronic account of the origin of that racism lays deeply buried in the intellectual history of early 20th-century social science when decades of social researchers misinterpreted the influence of culture and biology on racial behavior.

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Paniga, Massimiliano. "Public Health Institutions in Italy in the 20th Century." Athens Journal of Mediterranean Studies 8, no. 2 (March 15, 2022): 117–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajms.8-2-3.

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Only recently studied by Italian historiography, public health is one of the most important sectors of a modern Welfare system. During the Twentieth century Italy faced the hygienic and sanitary problem often with different ways and tools than other European countries. The aim of this article is to understand better the attitude and the development of the main public health institutions, both at the central and peripheral level, during the three great phases that marked the history of Italy in the last century: the liberal age, fascism and the Republic, as well as to highlight the organisations, men and structures that exercised decisive functions in the bureaucratic and administrative State machine. The essay focuses on the most significative legislative measures (for example, the “Testi Unici” of 1907 and 1934) and the turning points that have changed the sector on the institutional plan, from the creation of the Directorate-General for Public Health inside the Ministry of the Interior, and destined to remain for the entire Fascist period, to the birth, in the post-war years, of the High Commission for Hygiene and Public Health, then replaced by the Ministry of Health, until the establishment of the National Health Service in 1978. Keywords: Welfare State, social policies, public health, assistance, institutions

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6

Manfredini, Matteo, Marco Breschi, Alessio Fornasin, Stanislao Mazzoni, Sergio De lasio, and Alfredo Coppa. "Maternal Mortality in 19th- and Early 20th-century Italy." Social History of Medicine 33, no. 3 (February 5, 2019): 860–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/shm/hkz001.

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Summary Although dramatically reduced in Western and developed countries, maternal mortality is still today one of the most relevant social and health scourges in developing countries. This is the reason why high levels of maternal mortality are always interpreted as a sign of low living standards, ignorance, poverty and woman discrimination. Maternal mortality represents, therefore, a very peculiar characteristic of demographic systems of ancien regime. Despite this important role in demographic systems, no systematic study has been addressed to investigate the impact of maternal mortality in historical Italy. The aim of this article is to shed some light on such a phenomenon by investigating its trend over time and the determinants in some Italian populations between the 18th and the early 20th centuries. The analysis will make use of civil and parish registers linked together by means of nominative techniques, and it will be, therefore, carried out at the micro level.

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7

Oliver, Stuart. "20th-century urban landslides in the Basilicata region of Italy." Environmental Management 17, no. 4 (July 1993): 433–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02394659.

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Viganò, Enrico, and Richard Mattessich. "Accounting research in Italy: second half of the 20th century." Review of Accounting and Finance 6, no. 1 (February 27, 2007): 24–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14757700710725449.

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Przybyszewski, Krzysztof. "Populism as the Cause of Legitimising Racism in Western Societies." Dialogue and Universalism 31, no. 1 (2021): 157–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/du202131110.

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The article aims at demonstrating that a spike in populist narratives (fear management in order to evoke fear of the Other) in Western societies leads to the legitimization of a new type of racism, xenoracism. Societies belonging to the so-called Western culture in the second half of the 20th century were attached to the liberal values where every sign of racism was negatively perceived as pejorative and attempts were made at eradicating it. In the 21st century, in turn, various economic and social crises caused by, inter alia, globalizing processes, were attributed to liberal values which contributed to doing politics through fear management towards the Other. The difference between racism and xenoracism lies in the fact that the former was an ideology focused on biological differences while xenoracism abandoned such differences in favour of socially and culturally imbuing them with objective and unalterable character. Populist narratives evoking fear of the Other question that behaviours triggered by this fear result from racism despite the fact that these actions are virtually identical to the ones motivated by the ideology of racism. Therefore, such behaviours and activities are more commonly perceived as positive and not pejorative and as in effect acceptable.

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Cuaz, Marco. "Catholic Alpinism and Social Discipline in 19th- and 20th-century Italy." Mountain Research and Development 26, no. 4 (November 2006): 358–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1659/0276-4741(2006)26[358:caasdi]2.0.co;2.

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11

Ciravegna, Luciano. "Forms of enterprise in 20th century Italy. Boundaries, structures and strategies." Business History 53, no. 3 (June 2011): 462–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00076791.2011.563556.

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12

Maccabelli, Terenzio. "Nascere diseguali: considerazioni su eugenetica ed ereditarismo in Italia." SOCIETÀ E STORIA, no. 123 (June 2009): 113–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ss2009-123006.

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At the end of the nineteenth century, Francis Galton founded the new science of «eugenics», with the aim of improving the «racial qualities of future generations». His intent was to create a new discipline integrating the themes of biological heredity, natural selection, and social stratification. This survey discusses recent literature on the spread of eugenics in early twentieth-century Italy, showing the peculiarities of Italian practitioners.Keywords: Eugenics; Racism; Italy; Social Stratification; Francis Galton: Corrado GiniParole chiave: eugenetica; razzismo; Italia; stratificazione sociale; Francis Galton; Corrado Gini

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13

LIU, Chao. "Racism in the Early-20th-Century U.S. and Sun Yatsen’s Outlook on Chinese Culture." Cultura 15, no. 2 (January 1, 2018): 117–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/cul.2018.02.07.

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Abstract Confronted with the decline of Western hegemony, the post-Great-War American society witnessed a prevailing trend of racism represented by Lothrop Stoddard, who proposed to suppress the nationalist movements in Asia and completely prohibit the immigration of Asians into the United States to maintain white supremacy across the world. His racist discourse also constituted the historical context of Sun Yat-sen’s speech to The Kobe Chamber of Commerce. Unlike previous studies of the speech that focused on Sun’s expression of “Greater Asianism,” this paper examines his critical remarks on Stoddard, intending to explore the intellectual origin of the renewed outlook held by Sun on Chinese culture in his later years, as he intentionally misinterpreted Stoddard’s main idea as cultural revolt, neutralied such notions as biological determination and human inequality, and replaced white supremacy with the ascendancy of Chinese culture by emphasizing its originality, historical unity and moral superiority. On the very basis, Sun presented an alternative mode of modern civilization that diverged from the Euro-centric capitalist modernity. Echoing various anti-capitalist and counter-enlightenment thoughts of this period, Sun’s proposal could be taken as an integral part of the “new cultural conservatism” promoted by Chinese intellectuals in the 1920s.

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Lieberman, Leonard, Rodney C. Kirk, and Michael Corcoran. "The decline of race in American physical anthropology." Anthropological Review 66 (June 30, 2003): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1898-6773.66.01.

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This paper is a review of how and why the race concept has changed in the United States during the 20th century. In the 19th century the concept of race provided the unchallenged folk taxonomy and the prevailing scientific paradigm for placing human biological and cultural variation into categories called races. At the height of the eugenic and anti-immigration movement of the early decades of the 20th century, Boas and his students began the critique of racism and aspects of the race concept. In the early 1950s Washburn proposed that the modern synthesis replace race typology with the study of processes and populations. In the 1960s new data on clinal genetic gradations provided tools for studying human variation while challenging the race concept. We present several kinds of documentation of the decline of the race concept over the 20th century, and place the above changes in the context of the essential development of new genetic evidence. We also relate the decline of race to historical developments, the growth of the culture concept, and the biographies of the participants. We reject political correctness and view science as a self-correcting endeavor to relate concepts to the empirical world.

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15

Leporiere, Lorenzo. "Mediums and Science in Early 20th Century Europe." Nuncius 33, no. 1 (January 23, 2018): 104–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18253911-03301005.

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Abstract This paper investigates and contextualizes the contribution made by the Italian physiologist Filippo Bottazzi (1867–1941) to research on mediumistic phenomena in Europe at the beginning of the 1900s, focusing on his investigation of the claims of Eusapia Palladino’s powers, a well-known Italian physical medium who inspired the “conversion” of Cesare Lombroso. Bottazzi’s work, conducted between 1906 and 1909, is compared to that of colleagues in Italy and elsewhere and analysed in the light of the scientific methodology that he used in his research as a physiologist. This paper will review the events that led Bottazzi to take an interest in mediumship, and analyse how he designed and conducted his experiments and the conclusions that he drew from them. Particular attention will be focused on the methods and the scientific instruments that he used in his psychical research, which were in keeping with his Positivist epistemological views, as is shown by an essay on the scientific method that he wrote in the same period.

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Døving, Cora Alexa. "Anti-Semitism and Islamophobia: A Comparison of Imposed Group Identities." Tidsskrift for Islamforskning 4, no. 2 (September 24, 2010): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/tifo.v4i2.24596.

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Do similarities exist among stereotypical portrayals of minority groups, regardless of social and historical context? Can some of the linguistic mechanisms that underlay the stereotypical portrayals of ‘the collective Jew’ at the beginning of the 20th century be found in the stereotyping of ‘the Muslim’ at the beginning of 21st? Is it at all relevant to see antiSemitism in line with other forms of intolerance, discrimination and racism? These questions make up part of a comparative analysis of anti-Semitic texts from the beginning of the 20th century and anti-Islamic debates going on in Norway today. While this article argues against a fundamental analogy between anti-Semitism and Islamophobia, and against an analogy between the structural position of Jews in the nineteen century and Muslims today, it argues for the relevance of a comparative semantic analysis of negative stereotypes of “the Muslims” and “the Jews”.

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17

Mann, Vivian, and Daniel Chazin. "Printing, Patronage and Prayer: Art Historical Issues in Three Responsa." IMAGES 1, no. 1 (2007): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187180007782347557.

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Abstract"Printing, Patronage and Prayer: Art Historical Issues in Three Responsa" presents texts from 16th-century Italy, 17th-century Bohemia, and 20th-century Russia that explore the following issues: the impact of the new technology of printing on Jewish ceremonial art and limits to the dedication and use of art in the synagogue.

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Blue, Ethan. "National Vitality, Migrant Abjection, and Coercive Mobility: The Biopolitical History of American Deportation." Leonardo 48, no. 3 (June 2015): 268–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/leon_a_01027.

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The United States has one of the world’s most extensive systems of mass removal. Its historical roots draw on 19th century biopolitical traditions of border control and internal anti-immigrant policing. In the early 20th century, rail technologies enabled an economical assemblage of steel and law, of racism and politics, attempting national purification by expelling ‘undesirable aliens.’ The process differentiated between the categories of privileged citizenship and abject alienage. The possibilities of national cleansing through deportation allowed new modes of sovereign governance, defined territories, and controlled populations—foundational aspects of modern nationhood.

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Padrielli, L. "Women in Astronomy - Italy." Highlights of Astronomy 10 (1995): 95–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1539299600010388.

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Let me start with a short historical excursion, taking the Bologna University as an example. The Bologna University was founded in 1088, but only at the beginning of 1700, when a deep transformation in the tradition and female behaviour model occurred, women started to approach the academic life mostly in humanities. There were also examples of scientist women, often without a real academic title working side by side with men (generally fathers or husbands).During the 19th century the female presence in the italian universities slowly increased, becoming a reality at the beginning of the 20th century. In the time interval from 1884 to 1900, 224 degrees were assigned to women in Italy (less than 10% of the total): 68.9% in Literature and Philosophy,7.8% in Mathematics, 11.7% in Natural Science, 9.3% in Medicine, and 2.3% in Law. Women were mostly involved in fields related to educational activities, however six out of 224 got a chair at the Universities, five of which in scientific fields.

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Ljubin, V. P. "RUSSIAN EMIGRANTS IN ITALY IN THE 20TH CENTURY: THE NEW REREARCH WORK." Russia and the Contemporary World, no. 1 (2018): 233–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/rsm/2018.01.16.

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21

Stalmaszczyk, Piotr. "Celtic Studies in Poland in the 20th century: a bibliography." ZCPH 54, no. 1 (April 30, 2004): 170–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zcph.2005.170.

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Introduction Celtic Studies are concerned with the languages, literature, culture, mythology, religion, art, history, and archaeology of historical and contemporary Celtic countries and traces of Celtic influences elsewhere. The historical Celtic countries include ancient Gaul, Galatia, Celtiberia, Italy, Britain and Ireland, whereas the modern Celtic territories are limited to Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Isle of Man, Cornwall and Brittany. It has to be stressed that Celtic Studies are not identical with Irish (or Scottish, Welsh, or Breton) Studies, though they are, for obvious reasons, closely connected.

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22

Hassan, Dr Abida, Muhammad Irshad Ijaz, and Sadia Saeed Rao. "Racism and International Human Rights Law." Journal of Law & Social Studies 4, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 306–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.52279/jlss.04.02.306315.

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Racism is as old as human history. It gives rise to different shapes such as race, caste, color, creed, nationality and origin. Ancient philosophers, namely, Aristotle, Rousseau, Hobbes and Locke have been against racism and supported humanity. Discrimination against humanity is a dark chapter for human rights. Art 1(3) of UN declaration presents to accomplish global collaboration by promoting and encouraging reverence for all human freedoms and rights devoid of difference as to race, sex, language or religion. Art 2 of UDHR speaks that “every person is entitled for all the rights and liberties mentioned in this declaration, without any sorts of distinction.’ 20th Century witnessed the abolition of slavery and trafficking of men in all forms. All the constitutions of the world have provisions of fundamental human rights without any discrimination and distinction, more than that, the Holy Quran and the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) as well as his Last Sermon are the sources of fundamental rights, equality of all races with reference to ancient and modern laws of the world.

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Gellatly, A. F., C. Smiraglia, J. M. Grove, and R. Latham. "Recent variations of Ghiacciaio del Calderone, Abruzzi, Italy." Journal of Glaciology 40, no. 136 (1994): 486–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000012351.

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AbstractResults of a detailed topographic survey of Ghiacciaio del Calderone, Italy, the southernmost in Europe, are described and compared with those of surveys made in earlier years. Recession and thinning, much affected by micro-climate, have been the predominant state of health during the 20th century. Between 1916 and 1990, volume is estimated to have been reduced by about 90% and area by about 68%.

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Gellatly, A. F., C. Smiraglia, J. M. Grove, and R. Latham. "Recent variations of Ghiacciaio del Calderone, Abruzzi, Italy." Journal of Glaciology 40, no. 136 (1994): 486–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000012351.

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AbstractResults of a detailed topographic survey of Ghiacciaio del Calderone, Italy, the southernmost in Europe, are described and compared with those of surveys made in earlier years. Recession and thinning, much affected by micro-climate, have been the predominant state of health during the 20th century. Between 1916 and 1990, volume is estimated to have been reduced by about 90% and area by about 68%.

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Ennis, Juan Antonio. "Italian-Spanish Contact in Early 20th Century Argentina." Journal of Language Contact 8, no. 1 (December 17, 2015): 112–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552629-00801006.

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This article attempts to provide a general approach to the exceptional language contact situation that took place in Argentina from the end of the 19thcentury until the first decades of the 20thcentury, in which an enormous immigration flow drastically modified the sociolinguistic landscape. This was most evident in urban environments—and among them especially the Buenos Aires area—and led the local ruling elites to set up a complex and massive apparatus for the nationalisation of the newcomers, which included a language shift in the first stage. Given that the majority of immigrants came from Italy, the most widespread form of contact was that between the local varieties of Spanish and the Italian dialects spoken by the immigrants, which led to the creation of a contact variety called Cocoliche that arose, lived then perished. Although this contact variety did not survive the early years, at least not as a full-fledged variety, the history of its emergence and the ways in which it can be studied today nevertheless make it an object of special interest for research perspectives oriented around the question of the early years of language contact. This article gives an account of this history so as to provide an analysis of a series of documents that, in a highly mediated way, can be used as an unreliable but nonetheless interesting corpus for the study of language and culture contact.

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Bernardo, G., and L. Palmero Iglesias. "Architecture and materials in the first half of the 20th century in italy." International Journal of Heritage Architecture: Studies, Repairs and Maintence 1, no. 4 (January 15, 2017): 593–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/ha-v1-n4-593-607.

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Cangiano, Mimmo. "Money and modernism: The rise of a theme in early 20th-century Italy." Forum Italicum: A Journal of Italian Studies 54, no. 2 (November 13, 2019): 591–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0014585819887356.

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The primary purpose of this article is to examine how the theme of money developed in the work of the key early 20th-century Italian modernist writers Giovanni Papini, Aldo Palazzeschi, Giovanni Boine, and Carlo Michelstaedter. It also studies the connection between the theme of money and two central concepts in modernist literature: the crisis in the concept of objectivity, and the interpretation of reality as a continuous flow that rejects every possible conceptualization. I argue that money was a metaphor for the crisis of objective truth, a symbol for an existence that had lost all perspective from which to judge and order reality.

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Manfredini, Matteo. "The effects of nutrition on maternal mortality: Evidence from 19th-20th century Italy." SSM - Population Health 12 (December 2020): 100678. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2020.100678.

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Ivanova, A. A. "Image of a Woman in Social Advertising in Italy." Nauchnyi dialog 11, no. 2 (March 19, 2022): 198–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2022-11-2-198-220.

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The problems of the formation of a woman image and the development of a gender approach in social advertising in Italy are studied. The relevance of the study is due to the high importance of social advertising in modern society and the increased interest in gender studies. The author considered examples of visual-graphic and visual-cinematic advertising. Examples of political manifestos and campaign posters are analyzed that precede the phenomenon of social advertising and are very close to it in their purpose. The results of the study make it possible to judge the late gender orientation of socially important messages. The following stages of representation of the female image in social advertising have been identified. From the middle of the 19th century to the second half of the 20th century, the image of Tower Italy was used on posters. During the First and Second World Wars, the role of women in society was rethought, the image of a woman-inspirer, a woman-mother, a homemaker appeared on campaign posters. The selection of a woman as a direct addressee of socially significant messages occurs after the end of the Second World War, which reflects the progress in the development of women’s rights and freedoms and is simultaneously associated with the emergence of a gender approach in advertising. Since the second half of the 20th century, the traditional image of a woman-mother and a housewife has been used in social advertising, the thematic range of advertising addressed to a female audience has expanded significantly. Since the beginning of the 21st century, social advertising has paid great attention to the problem of domestic violence and discrimination against women, which is reflected in the videos and posters of public, charitable and commercial organizations.

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Antunes, Gonçalo, and Caterina Francesca Di Giovanni. "Housing policies in Portugal and Italy." Debater a Europa, no. 25 (December 28, 2021): 99–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/1647-6336_25_5.

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This study analyzes the housing policies enacted in the second half of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century in Portugal and Italy to understand whether the comparison between the two countries’ housing domains reflects a divide between the “center” and the “periphery,” or, on the contrary, can be observed as “between peripheries.” This article stems from a comprehensive literature review on the topic, which is divided into a theoretical discourse on housing, a general European housing scenario, and a historical and contemporary framework of housing policies in Portugal and Italy. The literature review seeks to identify the economic and sociocultural singularities of the two countries through official laws and statistical data. Within a fundamentally theoretical comparative observation, this work aims to identify whether Italy and Portugal are contrasting realities within the housing domain—that is, with housing characteristics typical of the center (Italy) or the periphery (Portugal)—or represent two similar realities that integrate the peripheral context of Europe.

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Benigni, Elisabetta. "Dante and the Construction of a Mediterranean Literary Space." Philological Encounters 2, no. 1-2 (January 9, 2017): 111–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24519197-00000017.

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This article examines the ideological implications of the literary debate about the Arab-Islamic influences on Dante’sDivina Commediaand the emergence of the idea of Mediterranean literature. It traces the question of “influences” back to 16th century Italy, casts the modern controversy about Dante and the Arabs in the broader context of borders, and questions the definition of European and Romance literatures in relation to Arabic literature. It then focuses on the 20th century debate about the Arabic roots of theCommediain Italy, Spain and the Arab world in order to account for the reception and translation of theCommediainto Arabic.

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Litvin, E. A. "Dostoevsky and the post-war Italian society: Bertolucci's "Partner"." Язык и текст 5, no. 4 (2018): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/langt.2018050404.

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The article analyzes some aspects of the film “Partner” by Bernardo Bertolucci, his connection with the story of F.M. Dostoevsky's "Twin" and reflection in it of the events of 1968 and the sociopolitical situation in Italy of the second half of the 20th century.

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Pitzalis, Andrea. "Three Protagonists of Public Intervention in the Economy of Italy (1900-1937): Giovanni Montemartini, Francesco Saverio Nitti and Alberto Beneduce." Journal of Public Finance and Public Choice 24, no. 2 (October 1, 2006): 163–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/251569206x15665366751328.

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Abstract The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the theoretical approaches and the practical realizations connected with the public intervention in the Italian economy of the early 20th century through the study of personalities such as Giovanni Montemartini, Francesco Saverio Nitti and Alberto Beneduce. They are among the greatest theorists and direct protagonists of the economic intervention in Italy in the last century and contributed to confer to it a cultural dignity.

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Chang, Angela. "20th Century Chinese Migration to Italy: The Chinese Diaspora Presence within European International Migration." History Compass 10, no. 2 (February 2012): 179–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-0542.2011.00833.x.

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Ciccarelli, N., J. von Hardenberg, A. Provenzale, C. Ronchi, A. Vargiu, and R. Pelosini. "Climate variability in north-western Italy during the second half of the 20th century." Global and Planetary Change 63, no. 2-3 (September 2008): 185–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2008.03.006.

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Nabiałek, Magda. "Afekt i konwencja – budowanie przestrzeni widzenia." Białostockie Studia Literaturoznawcze, no. 16 (2020): 65–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/bsl.2020.16.04.

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The article discusses the coexistence of two phenomena in the drama of the second half of the 19th century and the early 20th century. By combining affect and convention, the author seeks to point out the dramatic use of the forgotten plot schemes, characters, and construction solutions, which still remain strongly preserved in the cultural memory of the viewers. These were highly characteristic of the comedy dell’arte, the Russian balagan, which was at the time regaining its popularity in Italy, as well as of the Polish fairy tale. The authors used them in order to evoke in the viewer a certain kind of affectation. This, in turn, allowed them to build ties with the audience based on completely new rules of participation, which gave rise to the theatrical phenomena characteristic of the second half of the 20th century.

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Antonelli, Mauro, and Siegfried Ludwig Sporer. "The History of Eyewitness Testimony and the Foundations of the "Lie Detector" in Austria and Italy." RIVISTA SPERIMENTALE DI FRENIATRIA, no. 1 (April 2021): 41–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/rsf2021-001003.

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Although little known, the theoretical and methodological roots of lie detection, in particular of the development of the so-called "lie detector", must be placed in central Europe, in particular in Germany, Austria, and later in Italy at the turn of the 19th and 20th century. Focusing on Austria and Italy, we trace this development from Hans Gross in Austria to Vittorio Benussi and his pupil Cesare L. Musatti in Italy. Benussi, initially active at the University of Graz and later at the University of Padua, was the mediating link between the Austrian and Italian legal psychology tradition.

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Williamson, Christina. "Scientific Racism on Display: Representations of Indigenous Cultures and Societies at the Turn of the 20th Century." Constellations 2, no. 2 (June 7, 2011): 90–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/cons10497.

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Through the analysis of photographs and newspapers, I analyze specific representations of indigenous people and cultures in the public arena, such as in museums and World’s Fairs. Using and modifying Edward Said’s model of Orientalism, I argue that these representations reinforced problematic and damaging ideas about aboriginal people.

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Baroni, Francesco. "Tra esoterismo, New Age e mistica cristiana: le dottrine del « Cerchio Firenze 77 »." Aries 11, no. 2 (2011): 167–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156798911x581225.

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AbstractOne of the most interesting features of the 20th-century esoteric revival in Italy is the rise of a lively spiritualist culture. Many spiritualist groups, while still paying attention to physical phenomena (levitation, apports, etc.), produced a rich doctrinal literature of increasingly sophisticated content. The 'Cerchio Firenze 77' is certainly the most famous among these groups. It emerged around the Florentine medium Roberto Setti (1930–1984) and was active throughout the 1950s, the 1960s and the 1970s. The doctrines exposed by the 'Masters' to the participants in the séances show a complex interweaving of esoteric themes, mystical ideas and scientific concepts that made the works of 'Cerchio' highly successful, and comparable to the great classics of 20th-century channeling, such as Jane Roberts's 'Seth books'.

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Federico, Giovanni. "Italy's Late and Unprofitable Forays into Empire." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 16, no. 1 (March 1998): 377–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610900007163.

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Italy's colonial history is better known for its failures (notably the battle of Adwa, the major defeat of a Western power by an African army in the 19th century) than for its achievements. Italy succeeded in conquering a substantial «empire» only in the 20th century, when the traditional colonial powers were already in retreat1. But this has not always been the case. The Venetian republic successfully ruled for many centuries the first «colonial» empire in Western Europe 2.

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Demchenko, Alexander I. "The Great Saratov Triad of the Early 20th Century." ICONI, no. 3 (2019): 52–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.33779/2658-4824.2019.3.052-064.

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Saratov is justifiably called one of the most significant centers of the artistic culture of the Russian Near-Volga Region. When analyzing the condition of that domain of the plastic arts represented by painting and graphics, it is necessary to state that during the course of the entire 19th century (not to mention the previous century) the figures of the artists were merely episodic: Jean Baptiste Savin, a Frenchman in his origin (famous for his portraits and watercolors), watercolor painter Maria Zhukova, Andrei Godin (who was the first teacher of Mikhail Vrubel) and Feodor Vassiliev (the first instructor of Victor Borisov-Musatov), portraitists and church painters Lev Igorev and Nikolai Rossov. For the most part, the artists who worked beyond the confines of Saratov were its natives, who were veritably well-known artists – Vassily Zhuravlev and Alexei Kharlamov. The high flourishing of painting in Saratov at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century was prepared by the activities of Hector Baracchi, originally from Italy, and graduate from the St. Petersburg Academy of the Arts Vassily Konovalov. They exerted a decisive influence on the local artistic school, the main representatives of which were Victor Borisov-Musatov, Pavel Kuznetsov, Piotr Utkin, Alexander Savinov, Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin (a native of Khvalynsk), as well as sculptor Alexander Matveyev. However, there were three names which have become the most “celebrated” for Saratov, which led the brilliant assemblage of remarkable artists pertaining to the visual arts and were in the vanguard of the so-called era of “cultural boom,” as the high artistic accomplishments of the late 19th and early 20th century are sometimes referred to. They are Victor Borisov-Musatov, Pavel Kuznetsov and Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin. The present essay is devoted to them.

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Bertoni, Duccio, Monica Bini, Marco Luppichini, Luigi Enrico Cipriani, Andrea Carli, and Giovanni Sarti. "Anthropogenic Impact on Beach Heterogeneity within a Littoral Cell (Northern Tuscany, Italy)." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 2 (February 2, 2021): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9020151.

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In this paper the evolution of the Northern Tuscany littoral cell is documented through a detailed analysis of the increasing anthropogenic pressure since the beginning of the 20th century. This sector of the Tuscany coast has been experiencing strong erosion effects that resulted in the loss of large volumes of sandy beaches. The anthropogenic impact on natural processes have been intensified by the construction of two ports in the early decades of the 20th century. Competent authorities reacted by building hard protection structures that tried to fix the position of the shoreline but offset the erosion drive downdrift. Therefore, in the last 20 years a regional Plan was undertaken to gradually replace the hard defense schemes with a softer approach, which involved a massive use of sediment redistribution activities. Many nourishments have been done ever since, using both sand and gravel. All these hard and soft protection operations have been archived in a geodatabase, and visualized in maps that clearly show the progressive change from hard to soft defense. This database may improve the approach to any future analysis of the littoral cell both in terms of research and management, while providing a practical example that may be easily replicated elsewhere.

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Capocci, Mauro. "Tra politica e medicina. La storia della malaria in Italia." PASSATO E PRESENTE, no. 76 (March 2009): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/pass2009-076008.

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- Mauro Capocci discusses a recent book by Frank Snowden, who reconstructs the history of the struggle against malaria in Italy during the 20th century, and Eugenia Tognotti's study of that sickness in Sardinia. Until 1970 malaria was endemic in Italy, concentrated traditionally in river plains and along the coasts, but with a lower mortality in North Italy because of the cold winter climate and drainage of the marshland areas. The two studies are notable not only for the history of medicine and science, but because of the attention they pay to the social and political aspects of the struggle against malaria. Keywords: Italy, History, Medicine, Malaria. Parole chiave: Italia, Storia, Medicina, Malaria.

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Aiassa, Paolo, Matthias Baltes, Stephan Danner, Heinz Frischengruber, Roman Horvath, Wolfgang Klotz, and Aldo Vacca. "Successful Wine Cooperatives: Field Reports from Cooperative Managers in Austria, Italy, and Germany." Journal of Wine Economics 13, no. 3 (August 2018): 243–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jwe.2018.50.

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Austria has a quite small cooperative sector, only about 10 to 15% of all Austrian wine is produced by wine cooperatives. The first wine cooperative was established in 1882 (Eisenstadt-Ruster-Weinproduzentenverein). An intense wave of cooperative establishment took place in Austria and Germany at the beginning of the 20th century, lasting through the 1960s, that was due to the unfortunate general socio-economic situation of vintners.

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Costa, Cosimo. "Between Secularists and Catholics. The debate on Maria Montessori in the early 20th Century." Rivista di Storia dell’Educazione 8, no. 2 (November 4, 2021): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/rse-10312.

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The contribution, after a brief parenthesis which describes the Unione Magistrale Nazionale and the Associazione Magistrale Italiana “Nicolò Tommaseo” as expressions of the difficult socio-educational condition experienced by Giolitti’s Italy, through different opinions taken from the files of two representative pedagogical magazines of the time, Rivista Pedagogica and Scuola Italiana Moderna, analyzes the way in which, in the first twenty years 1900s, secular and catholic circles discussed Maria Montessori’s thought and system.

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Söllner, Alfons. "Totalitarismus – eine kleine Ideengeschichte des 20. Jahrhunderts." Politisches Denken. Jahrbuch 29, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 87–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/jpd.29.1.87.

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Totalitarianism is problably the most ambivalent political idea of the 20th century: it stands for the most negative experience with politics, it was used as polemical weapon within the major political conflicts of the epoch, and it attracted as many ingenious political thinkers in order to clarify totalitarianism as a scientific concept. The essay is only a sketch and tries to reconstruct the variations of the concept throughout five stages: its origins in Mussolini’s Italy, the pluralistic formation in the 1930/40s, the canonization during the cold war, its diminuation in the 1960/70s, and the comeback after 1989. The author argues that it is exactly the multiplicity or even then controversial character of the concept which makes it so significant for the ruptured history of the 20th century.

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Harari, Maurizio. "Imagining the Etruscans: Modern European Perceptions of an Ancient Italian Civilization." Etruscan Studies 24, no. 1-2 (November 9, 2021): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/etst-2021-2005.

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Abstract The Etruscans, ancient people of pre-Roman Italy, have been the subject of lively discussions among both scholars and disseminators of popular pseudo-scientific theories from the late Humanistic age, an interest and popularity that reached a crescendo in the 18th to 20th centuries. This paper aims to explore the ideological features of the foundation of the highly specialized but often self-referential discipline, the so-called “Etruscology” that finally developed in the 20th century, with particular reference to the complicated connections between the very Italian territorial context of Etruscan civilization and the European dimension of its reception and popularization.

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Bolgár, Dániel. "Sleeping with the Political Enemy: Woman’s Place in Discourses of Race and Class Struggle in 20th Century Central Europe." Hungarian Cultural Studies 4 (January 1, 2011): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/ahea.2011.34.

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In this paper, I shall argue that the convergence of ideologies operating through the creation of enemies like racism and Bolshevism with discourses regulating gender relations in the Central Europe of the twentieth century had the grave consequence of questioning women’s position in the political community. In short, I shall argue that in the context of racist and Bolshevik discourses, the very fact of being female was in itself a political threat to women. To demonstrate my point, I shall discuss two recent publications. First, I shall analyze the context of the convergence of racist and misogynist discourses in turn-of-the-century Vienna through discussing András Gerő’s book, Neither Woman Nor Jew. Second, I shall explore how the discourse of class struggle affected the political status of Hungarian women in the Stalinist era through discussing Eszter Zsófia Tóth’s book, Kádár’s Daughters.

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Bassoni, Nicola. "Dal Lebensraum allo spazio vitale – la ricezione politica del pensiero di Ratzel in Italia, 1900–1943." Geographica Helvetica 77, no. 4 (December 22, 2022): 547–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gh-77-547-2022.

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Abstract. The debate on the political role of Ratzel's thinking during the first half of the 20th century usually focuses on Nazi Germany and the concept of Lebensraum, but provides little information about its reception in other linguistic contexts. In order to fill this gap, the paper explores the re-elaboration of Ratzel's political geography in Italy from the beginning of the 20th century to the end of the fascist period, when the term of “spazio vitale” (living space) became a key element of the Italian projects for the postwar “new order”. The paper argues that the Italian understanding of Ratzel oscillated between irredentist and imperialist interpretations, deeply influenced by the domestic and international situation. Moreover, it traces how the second interpretation emerged at the very beginning of the century – long before Rudolf Kjellén and Karl Haushofer – and gained momentum in the 1930s, as Italian intellectuals used the concept of living space to promote expansionism and the trilateral rapprochement with Germany and Japan.

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De Vita, Pasquale, Loredana Matteu, Anna Maria Mastrangelo, Natale Di Fonzo, and Luigi Cattivelli. "Effects of breeding activity on durum wheat traits breed in Italy during the 20th century." Italian Journal of Agronomy 2, no. 4s (December 21, 2007): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ija.2007.4s.451.

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