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Journal articles on the topic 'Racism – History – 18th century'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

Last updated: 11 March 2023

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1

Satapathy, Amrita. "The Politics of Travel: The Travel Memoirs of Mirza Sheikh I’tesamuddin and Sake Dean Mahomed." Studies in English Language Teaching 8, no. 1 (February 24, 2020): p66. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/selt.v8n1p66.

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Representation of the East in 18th century western travel narratives was an outcome of a European aesthetic sensibility that thrived on imperial jingoism. The 18th century Indian travel writings proved that East could not be discredited as “exotic” and “orientalist” or its history be judged as a “discourse of curiosity”. The West had its share of mystery that had to be unravelled for the curious visitor from the East. Dean Mahomed’s The Travels of Dean Mahomed is a fascinating travelogue cum autobiography of an Indian immigrant as an insider and outsider in India, Ireland and England. I’tesamuddin’s The Wonders of Vilayet is a travel-memoir that addresses the politics of representation. These 18th century travelographies demystify “vilayet” in more ways than one. They analyse the West from a variety of tropes from gender, to religion and racism to otherness and identity. This paper attempts a comparative analyses of the two texts from the point of view of 18th century travel writing and representations through the idea of journey. It seeks to highlight the concept of “orientalism in reverse” and show how memoirs can be read as counterbalancing textual responses to counteract dominant western voices.

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Lobenstein-Reichmann, Anja. "‚Rasse‘ – zur sprachlichen Konstruktion einer Ausgrenzungsstrategie." Kulturwissenschaftliche Zeitschrift 6, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 163–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kwg-2021-0021.

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Abstract Racism is a social practice not only of present days. It has a long tradition. Regarding the history of racism, it is obvious that its concept is not based on biological knowledge and perception. Quite the contrary, it is the result of a verbal and social construction that appeared in the 18th century at the latest. This article focuses on the way this construction was and still is implemented in discourses of modern societies. Especially “degradation ceremonies” (Garfinkel, below) will be taken into account when observing historical examples.

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Schmale, Wolfgang. "Critical Note: Representations of the continents by means of allegorical figures in the early modern period. (Bodies and Maps: Early Modern Personifications of the Continents, edited by Maryanne Cline Horowitz and Louise Arizzoli, Brill, Leiden 2020)." Diciottesimo Secolo 7 (November 18, 2022): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/ds-13179.

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In the early modern period, the representation of the continents by means of allegorical figures enjoyed great popularity. The book Bodies and Maps: Early Modern Personifications of the Continents, edited by Maryanne Cline Horowitz and Louise Arizzoli, is very stimulating, richly documented and fundamental with regard to the detailed source-critical examination of concrete individual visualisations of the continents. The focus of the book rather lies with the 16th century, while part 5 focuses on the 18th century. In the 18th century, continent allegories entered into the public sphere and reached broader strata in the society. In this century, Eurocentrism progressed considerably, but did not invent it. The volume’s co-authors pose the question of Eurocentrism as well as that of racism with regard to the late Middle Ages and the 16th century. Because of their widespread use, continent allegories can be counted among the most important primary sources from which we can draw conclusions about how extra-European cultures could be represented, interpreted and viewed from a European perspective. They represent much more than just an art-historical source, they are, especially when one thinks of their accessibility in public spaces for everyone, actually a historical source of the first rank, behind which not least travelogues and theoretical concepts such as the history of civilisation as a universal history compete with the Christian history of salvation in the Bible.

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Raju, C. K. "Black Thoughts Matter." Journal of Black Studies 48, no. 3 (January 31, 2017): 256–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021934716688311.

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In postapartheid South Africa, Whites dominate academics and Black students are agitating for decolonization. Decolonization requires contesting the false history of science used to set up colonial education essential to colonization—the same false history that was used to morally justify racism, by asserting the noncreativity of Blacks. The “evidence” for this false history is often faith-based, so White-controlled academics disallows any open discussion. Furthermore, this false history is sustained by another trick: a little known interplay between history and philosophy. Thus, geometry has been credited to Greeks on the ground that they had a “superior” philosophy of mathematics as deductive proof. In fact, the “Pythagorean” proposition had no valid deductive proof before the 20th century. Furthermore, this claim of philosophical “superiority” was never academically debated, and is not allowed to be. A recent attempt to explain the falsehood of this claim, along with the counterevidence against purported Greek achievements in math, was publicly censored. In fact, in Egypt, Iraq, and India, there was a different and immensely superior understanding of the “Pythagorean” proposition, which superior way was not grasped in the West, resulting in its persistent navigational problems until the late 18th century.

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Skiba, Russell. "“As Nature Has Formed Them”: The History and Current Status of Racial Difference Research." Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 114, no. 5 (May 2012): 1–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146811211400501.

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Background/Context Research in the latter half of the 20th century purporting to show significant racial differences in intelligence and social behavior appears to pit civil rights concerns against the freedom of scientific inquiry. The core hypotheses and presumptions of recent research on racial difference are not new, however, but spring from a two-century-old program of research that has sought to demonstrate racial differences in socially valued traits. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study The purpose of this review was to explore the history of racial difference research in order to (1) elucidate the central themes of that research and (2) explore the reasons for the persistence of those themes into modern racial difference research. Research Design The investigation is a historical analysis of research on racial differences from the late 18th century to the present. Conclusions/Recommendations Both the methodologies and the willingness to express the core hypotheses of a fixed differential between races on socially important characteristics have changed over time, yet adherence to a set of core research questions has remained relatively unchanged across generations of researchers. Although the consistent conflation of its political and scientific aims has, to some extent, compromised the scientific status of racial difference research, consistent links to social and economic policy have also ensured its intergenerational reproduction. Convergent shifts across a number of disciplines suggest that a Kuhnian-type paradigm shift may be under way that will redefine both the strategies and the types of questions that may characterize future research in the areas of race, ethnicity, and culture.

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Bucciferro, Justin R. "A Forced Hand: Natives, Africans, and the Population of Brazil, 1545-1850." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 31, no. 2 (July 3, 2013): 285–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610913000104.

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ABSTRACTThe settlement and expansion of the Portuguese colonies in South America were made possible by slave labour; however, the historical size of enslaved Native and African groups is largely unknown. This investigation compiles extant statistics on the population of «Brazil» by race and state for the pre-census period from 1545 to 1850, complementing them with headcount estimates based on sugar, gold, and coffee production; pre-contact indigenous populations; and trans-Atlantic slave voyages. The resulting panel of demographic data illustrates national and regional racial transitions encompassing the colonial era. Brazil's population was of Native descent but became predominantly African in the 18th century; people of European ancestry remained a minority for another 200 years.

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Panova, Olga Yu. "Assemblage Point: Uncle Tom’s Cabin and the American Racial / Cultural Identity Model." Literature of the Americas, no. 13 (2022): 315–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2541-7894-2022-13-315-366.

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Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel Uncle Tom's Cabin, or Life Among the Lowly (1852) being the most powerful statement on the racial issue in the 19th century American literature, succeeded to incorporate and rethink everything that the national tradition had in stock on the problem of slavery and race relations. The Black racial / cultural identity model that was taking shape in the 18th century Anglo-American literature, later was being enriched and transformed throughout American (and African-American) literary history. Uncle Tom's Cabin became another crucial text (the next one after Jefferson’s Notes on the State of Virginia) that provided the emerging Black cultural / racial identity model with a new quality: it became universal, nationally recognized — and at the same time a point of controversy provoking endless debates and open for dynamic change and transformations, as was the case with anti-Tom literature and the ambivalent reception of Uncle Tom’s Cabin in African American literary tradition. The analysis of The Planter’s Northern Bride (1854) by Caroline Lee Hentz, a typical example of anti-Tom novels, gives an idea of the pro-slavery response to Uncle Tom’s Cabin. The final part of the paper is a survey of the main stages in African American response since the 1853 argument between Martin Delany and Frederick Douglass that became a matrix for the further polemic, and up to Henry Louis Gates’s subversive “double-voiced” interpretation of the novel which is in full agreement with the tendency to revise the role of white Abolitionists in the antislavery movement and African American history, typical for African American studies in the 1990s–2000s.

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Buchan, Bruce, and Linda Andersson Burnett. "Knowing savagery: Australia and the anatomy of race." History of the Human Sciences 32, no. 4 (July 28, 2019): 115–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952695119836587.

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When Australia was circumnavigated by Europeans in 1801–02, French and British natural historians were unsure how to describe the Indigenous peoples who inhabited the land they charted and catalogued. Ideas of race and of savagery were freely deployed by both British and French, but a discursive shift was underway. While the concept of savagery had long been understood to apply to categories of human populations deemed to be in want of more historically advanced ‘civilisation’, the application of this term in the late 18th and early 19th centuries was increasingly being correlated with the emerging terminology of racial characteristics. The terminology of race was still remarkably fluid, and did not always imply fixed physical or mental endowments or racial hierarchies. Nonetheless, by means of this concept, natural historians began to conceptualise humanity as subject not only to historical gradations, but also to the environmental and climatic variations thought to determine race. This in turn meant that the degree of savagery or civilisation of different peoples could be understood through new criteria that enabled physical classification, in particular by reference to skin colour, hair, facial characteristics, skull morphology, or physical stature: the archetypal criteria of race. While race did not replace the language of savagery, in the early years of the 19th century savagery was re-inscribed by race.

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Høiris, Ole. "Skridfinner, dansk arkæologi og danskernes oprindelse." Kuml 66, no. 66 (November 13, 2017): 33–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/kuml.v66i66.98804.

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Saami, Danish archaeology and the origin of the DanesWith the Romantic Movement came a need for the Danish people to have a national identity. That is, a history, a language and, in broad terms, a culture. At the end of the 18th century, it was said that the Danes came from Troy with Odin, while in 1814 Rasmus Rask established a link between the Scandinavian tongues and the civilised languages of Greek and Latin, with roots extending back to Sanskrit. In the mindset of Romanticism, people and culture were organic and cohesive entities. Consequently, when Christian Jürgensen Thomsen discovered the Stone Age, the question arose as to the identity of the people to whom this technology belonged. It could clearly not be the Danes, because they had never had stone technology but always agriculture and iron, as was evident from Classical Antiquity’s accounts of the Goths.According to this cultural-historical approach, there was only one possible explanation: the Finns or Saami were the original people in Denmark. Rasmus Rask confirmed this by finding Finnish words in Danish place names, and a major study by the great Swedish archaeologist Sven Nilsson came to the same conclusion. But the reputation of the Finns since Classical Antiquity, with their homeland in the far north, was of such a demonic character that Danish archaeologists had no desire either to see them as the original inhabitants of Denmark or later, with the advent of modernity, as the ancestors of the Danish people. The Finns, “the Skrithiphinoi”, were namely, as inhabitants of the outer fringes, one of the three most demonised peoples in the world. The two others were, from the middle of the 17th century, the Khoikhoi, “the Hottentots”, in the far south, and, from the end of the 18th century, the Australian aborigines, “the Blackfellows”, as the ultimately most distant peoples in relation to Europe.To explain Danish archaeology’s view of the Finns, it is shown how they were demonised over time. Reference is made to the important criteria in each epoch, from Classical Antiquity’s secular condemnation of this most distant northern people – more distant and wretched than the Scythians – through Christianity’s vilification of their witchcraft and magic and the Age of Enlightenment’s focus on racial hierarchy, to the Romantic Movement’s ideas about peoples as self-contained and virtually eternal entities. The article concludes with a discussion of why it was so important for Danish archaeology, in the 19th and early 20th century, to deny any connection between the Saami and Denmark’s early history.Ole HøirisAfdeling for AntropologiInstitut for Kultur og SamfundAarhus Universitete

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Odinaev, D. S. "Terrorism as a Special Form of Political Fight in the Modern World." EURASIAN INTEGRATION: economics, law, politics 15, no. 3 (October 23, 2021): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2073-2929-2021-03-135-140.

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Terrorism is not a new phenomenon in human history, and since ancient times, various political and social forces have tried to seize power in this way, resorting to violence and intimidation. Various forces saw terrorism as a means of fighting their opponents. In the middle Ages, terrorism acquired a special status in European countries as a special form of political struggle to protect the interests of the state, church and religious authorities.The very act of officially killing criminals in any form was committed with the aim of intimidating people and various sectors of society. The violence of the marginalized, expressed by the term “terror,” has become more common in modern French political history. The advocates of the reform saw the protection of the interests and freedoms of the individual with the help of terrorism as an effective means of political struggle. However, later this term was considered a negative act, and terrorism was presented as a crime against the state. That is, since the end of the 18th century, the term “terror” has been used in a negative sense.Especially at the current stage of the development of human society, terrorism has acquired more frightening features. Terrorists kill innocent people to intimidate the public and authorities. Terrorism has become one of the main instruments of the struggle for power, the protection of group, ethnic, racial and other interests.

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Valentim, Inácio, Marita Rainsborough, and Paulo Jesus. "Kant in africa and africa in kant." Estudos Kantianos [EK] 9, no. 2 (January 19, 2022): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.36311/2318-0501.2021.v9n2.p9.

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Immanuel Kant devotes his thought to the diversity and unity of humanity both in the natural and cultural domains, especially through the foundation or, at least, renovation, of two complementary disciplines: Geography and Anthropology. Thinking of Africa based on Kantian philosophy is an exercise that exposes essential tensions, inherent in questioning the meaning of universality and particularity, as well as its relations. From the angle of the critical power of human intelligence, one can find Kantian resonances in the ideas of freedom and liberation that animate all contemporary African cultural expressions, with an anti- and post-colonial outlook, from politics to the arts, through religion, law, economy and education. However, simultaneously, the Aufklärung that Kant announces and lives, is located in European history, in the mutation of Modernity whose passion for the Universal remains deeply anchored in the concrete body of 18th-century Europe divided between Feudalism and Liberalism, but always inclined towards physical and spiritual possession of the world, aimed at the expansion of its Faith and its Empire, identifying the apex of the supposedly progressive history of humanity with its Logos and its civilizing Ethos. Therefore, Kant’s German-Christian Eurocentrism is a constitutive position that challenges the self-critical power of all Critical Reason. Moreover, if Kant rejects and disapproves of colonial violence as a war of aggression that destroys the conditions of perpetual peace, offending Cosmopolitan Justice, he remains nevertheless permeable to Eurocentric stereotypes that represent the character of black otherness and its cultural creations, oscillating between a hierarchical and an egalitarian view of humanity’s ethnic-racial differences.

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Bohde, Daniela. "Physiognomische Denkfiguren in Kunstgeschichte und visuellen Wissenschaften." Zeitschrift für Ästhetik und Allgemeine Kunstwissenschaft 56, no. 1 (2011): 89–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.28937/1000106186.

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Dass die Physiognomik eine große Bedeutung für die Porträtmalerei hatte, ist bekannt. Weniger bekannt ist, dass sie auch die Methodik der Kunstgeschichte und anderer visueller Wissenschaften prägte. Vice versa haben kunsthistorische Deutungsverfahren die Physiognomik beeinflusst – sei es die Physiognomik Lavaters oder jüngere Varianten wie die Charakterologie oder die Rassenkunde. Die Interdependenz von physiognomischen und kunsthistorischen Methoden zeigt sich besonders deutlich am Stilbegriff. Winckelmann entwickelte seine Vorstellung vom Stil als Ausdruck des Geistes eines Volkes im Rückgriff auf die Physiognomik. Den kunsthistorischen Stilbegriff adaptierten wiederum Lavater und spätere Physiognomen. Diese Verflechtungen kennzeichnen die Kunstgeschichte des 19. Jahrhunderts, vor allem aber der 1920er, 30er und 40er Jahre, als es einerseits ein allgemeines Interesse an der Physiognomik als einer der Sprache überlegenen visuellen Hermeneutik gab und als andererseits rassenphysiognomische Denkmuster in der Kunstgeschichte rezipiert wurden. Mit sehr unterschiedlichen Zielen versuchten Kunsthistoriker wie Wilhelm Pinder, Wilhelm Fraenger oder Hans Sedlmayr eine physiognomische Kunstgeschichte zu begründen. Nach dem zweiten Weltkrieg wurden die Bezüge wieder lockerer, doch scheinen sie sich mit den neueren bild- wissenschaftlichen Ansätzen wieder zu intensivieren. Die Physiognomik erweist sich so als ein problematischer Vorläufer der Bildwissenschaft.<br><br>The importance of physiognomics for portrait painting is well known. It is less known, how- ever, that this mode of inquiry informed the methodology of art history and other visual sci- ences. The methodology of art history, in turn, affected physiognomics, as can be seen in the studies of Lavater and later developments such as characterology and racial science. The in- terdependence of physiognomics and art history becomes most obvious in the concept of style as it was developed in the late 18th century by Winckelmann. Lavater and later physiognomists drew on his idea that style expresses the spirit of a people, an idea that had itself drawn upon physiognomic concepts. The interference of the two disciplines shaped art history in the 19th and 20th centuries. In the 1920s, 30s and 40s, things developed basically in two directions: physiognomics was reevaluated as a form of visual hermeneutics superior to language, and racial physiognomics was integrated into art history. In this period, art historians such as Wilhelm Pinder, Wilhelm Fraenger and Hans Sedlmayr explicitly developed physiognomic methodologies. After World War II the ties between art history and physiognomics loosened. In our time they seem to be tightening again as physiognomics reveals itself to be a problematic forerunner of visual studies.

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Carroll, Jerome. "William James and 18th-century anthropology." History of the Human Sciences 31, no. 3 (May 9, 2018): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952695118764060.

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This article discusses the common ground between William James and the tradition of philosophical anthropology. Recent commentators on this overlap have characterised philosophical anthropology as combining science (in particular biology and medicine) and Kantian teleology, for instance in Kant’s seminal definition of anthropology as being concerned with what the human being makes of itself, as distinct from what attributes it is given by nature. This article registers the tension between Kantian thinking, which reckons to ground experience in a priori categories, and William James’s psychology, which begins and ends with experience. It explores overlap between James’s approach and the characteristic holism of 18th-century philosophical anthropology, which centres on the idea of understanding and analysing the human as a whole, and presents the main anthropological elements of James’s position, namely his antipathy to separation, his concerns about the binomial terms of traditional philosophy, his preference for experience over substances, his sense that this holist doctrine of experience shows a way out of sterile impasses, a preference for description over causation, and scepticism. It then goes on to register the common ground with key ideas in the work of anthropologists from around 1800, along with some references to anthropologists who come in James’s wake, in particular Max Scheler and Arnold Gehlen, in order to reconceptualise the connection between James’s ideas and the tradition of anthropological thinking in German letters since the late 18th-century, beyond its characterisation as a combination of scientific positivism and teleology.

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Marker, Gary. "The Ambiguities of the 18th Century." Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 2, no. 2 (2001): 241–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/kri.2008.0094.

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Rjéoutski, Vladislav. "Key Concepts in 18th-Century Russia." Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 21, no. 2 (2020): 319–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/kri.2020.0014.

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Speck, W. A. "Will the Real 18th Century stand up?" Historical Journal 34, no. 1 (March 1991): 203–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00014011.

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Hewson, John. "An 18th-century Missionary Grammarian." Historiographia Linguistica 21, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1994): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.21.1-2.04hew.

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Summary Until the publication of the Micmac grammar of Father Pacifique (1939, 1990), the only published grammar of Micmac was that of Father Pierre-Antoine Maillard (c. 1710–1762), which although it was written early in the 18th century, was not published until the middle of the 19th century (1864). This work has formed the basis of all subsequent linguistic analysis of Micmac, since the missionary priests used it to help them learn the language, and Father Pacifique, in his 1939 grammar (which is today used as a handbook by those learning the language) acknowledges his profound debt to his distinguished predecessor.

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Schalow, Paul, and C. Andrew Gerstle. "18th Century Japan: Culture and Society." Monumenta Nipponica 45, no. 3 (1990): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2384912.

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STRNAD, Grażyna. "Feminizm amerykański trzeciej fali – zmiana i kontynuacja." Przegląd Politologiczny, no. 2 (November 2, 2018): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pp.2011.16.2.2.

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The history of American women fighting for equal rights dates back to the 18th century, when in Boston, in 1770, they voiced the demand that the status of women be changed. Abigail Adams, Sarah Grimke, Angelina Grimke and Frances Wright are considered to have pioneered American feminism. An organized suffrage movement is assumed to have originated at the convention Elizabeth Stanton organized in Seneca Falls in 1848. This convention passed a Declaration of Sentiments, which criticized the American Declaration of Independence as it excluded women. The most prominent success achieved in this period was the US Congress passing the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution granting women the right to vote. The 1960s saw the second wave of feminism, resulting from disappointment with the hitherto promotion of equality. The second-wave feminists claimed that the legal reforms did not provide women with the changes they expected. As feminists voiced the need to feminize the world, they struggled for social customs to change and gender stereotypes to be abandoned. They criticized the patriarchal model of American society, blaming this model for reducing the social role of women to that of a mother, wife and housewife. They pointed to patriarchal ideology, rather than nature, as the source of the inequality of sexes. The leading representatives of the second wave of feminism were Betty Friedan (who founded the National Organization for Women), Kate Millet (who wrote Sexual Politics), and Shulamith Firestone (the author of The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution). The 1990s came to be called the third wave of feminism, characterized by multiple cultures, ethnic identities, races and religions, thereby becoming a heterogenic movement. The third-wave feminists, Rebecca Walker and Bell Hooks, represented groups of women who had formerly been denied the right to join the movement, for example due to racial discrimination. They believed that there was not one ‘common interest of all women’ but called for leaving no group out in the fight for the equality of women’s rights. They asked that the process of women’s emancipation that began with the first wave embrace and approve of the diversity of the multiethnic American society.

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Rolston, Bill. "‘Ireland of the welcomes’? racism and anti-racism in nineteenth-century Ireland." Patterns of Prejudice 38, no. 4 (December 2004): 355–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0031322042000298437.

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Vekerdi, József. "An 18th-century Transylvanian Gypsy Vocabulary." Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 59, no. 3 (September 2006): 347–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aorient.59.2006.3.5.

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Simon, Jonathan. "A material perspective on 18th-century chemistry." Metascience 19, no. 1 (March 2010): 71–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11016-010-9355-x.

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Weiller, Kenneth J., and Philip Mirowski. "Rates of interest in 18th century England." Explorations in Economic History 27, no. 1 (January 1990): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-4983(90)90002-g.

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Stimson, S. C. "Political and economic theory in the 18th century." History of the Human Sciences 21, no. 1 (February 2008): 161–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09526951080210010104.

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Świtalska, Alicja. "IN BRIEF POLICE CITY HISTORY TO THE 18TH CENTURY." space&FORM 2018, no. 33 (March 30, 2018): 287–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.21005/pif.2018.33.e-02.

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Pichugin, Pavel V. "History of Theological Seminary Library in Novgorod (18th century)." Bibliotekovedenie [Russian Journal of Library Science], no. 6 (December 12, 2011): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/0869-608x-2011-0-6-94-99.

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Ratto, Adrián. "Voltaire, Diderot, and Russian History in the 18th Century." Eidos 36 (August 19, 2021): 318–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.14482/eidos.36.194.03.

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En las primeras páginas de la Histoire de l’empire de Russie sous Pierre le Grand, publicada entre 1759 y 1763, Voltaire presenta una serie de reflexiones acerca del método que se debería seguir al escribir un trabajo histórico y de las características que debería tener un historiador ideal. El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar en qué medida el texto se ajusta a la metodología que Voltaire se propone seguir. Se intenta mostrar que el autor se aleja por momentos de la misma, poniendo en riesgo el plan de la obra. Por otra parte, el artículo pone de relieve ciertas diferencias ideológicas y epistemológicas entre Voltaire y Diderot a propósito de la historia rusa, algo que puede resultar llamativo, en la medida en que sus textos son colocados, en general, bajo las mismas categorías historiográficas. En un plano más general, el texto arroja algunas luces acerca de la teoría de la historia en el siècle des Lumières.

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Gerstle, C. Andrew. "The Sense of History in 18th Century Jōruri Drama." Maske und Kothurn 35, no. 2-3 (September 1989): 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.7767/muk.1989.35.23.39.

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Jahoda, Gustav. "Intra‐European Racism in Nineteenth‐Century Anthropology." History and Anthropology 20, no. 1 (February 4, 2009): 37–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02757200802654258.

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Helgason, Jon. "Why ABC Matters: Lexicography and Literary History." Culture Unbound 2, no. 4 (November 4, 2010): 515–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/cu.2000.1525.10230515.

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The purpose of this article is twofold. First, I wish to discuss the origins of The Swedish Academy Dictionary against the backdrop of the social and cultural history of lexicography in 18th and 19th century Europe. Second, to consider material aspects of lexicography – the dictionary as interface – in light of German media scientist Friedrich Kittler’s “media materialism”. Ultimately, both purposes intend to describe how letters and writing have been constructed and arranged through-out the course of history. In Kittler’s view, “the intimization of literature”, that took place during second half of the 18th century, brought about a fundamental change in the way language and text were perceived. However, parallel to this development an institutionalization and disciplining of language and literature took place. The rise of modern society, the nation state, print capitalism and modern science in 18th century Europe necessitated (and were furthered by) a disciplining of language and literature. This era was for these reasons a golden age for lexicographers and scholars whose work focused on the vernacular. In this article the rise of the alphabetically ordered dictionary and the corresponding downfall of the topical dictionary that occurred around 1700 is regarded as a technological threshold. This development is interesting not only within the field of history of lexicography, but arguably also, since information and thought are connected to the basic principles of mediality, this development has bearings on the epistemo-logical revolution of the 18th century witnessed in, among other things, Enlightenment thought and literature.

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Shore, Heather. "Print Culture, Crime and Justice in 18th-Century London." Social History 41, no. 1 (January 2, 2016): 111–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071022.2015.1112987.

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Hilaire-Perez, Liliane. "Invention and the State in 18th-Century France." Technology and Culture 32, no. 4 (October 1991): 911. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3106156.

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Høst-Madsen, Lene. "An 18th-century timber wharf in Copenhagen Harbour." Post-Medieval Archaeology 40, no. 2 (September 2006): 259–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174581306x160107.

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Blanco, Mónica. "Thomas Simpson: Weaving fluxions in 18th-century London." Historia Mathematica 41, no. 1 (February 2014): 38–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hm.2013.07.001.

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Božić Bogović, Dubravka, and Mihaela Komar. "Demographic Indicators in the Registers of Marriages of the 18th Century Parish of Miholjac." Review of Croatian history 16, no. 1 (August 1, 2020): 159–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.22586/review.v16i1.11340.

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This paper, using historical demography methods, as well as quantitative, analytical and descriptive methods, determines, analyses and interprets the demographic indicators contained in the registers of marriages of the 18th century Parish of Miholjac. In addition to identifying the corpus of the data contained in the registers of marriages, to be potentially used as indicators of certain demographic facts relating to the past of the population of the 18th century Donji Miholjac and its immediate surroundings, the paper also determines the annual, seasonal, monthly and daily distribution of marriages and examines the level of the impact which social, religious, cultural, and economic factors had on entering into marriage. The assumption that the population of the 18th century Parish of Miholjac did not enter the demographic transition phase, in other words that it exhibits characteristics specific to pre-transitional societies, is verified by determining the age of newlyweds when entering marriage and by analysing remarriages.

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González Vázquez, Araceli, and Montserrat Benítez Fernández. "British 18th-Century Orientalism and Arabic Dialectology." Historiographia Linguistica 43, no. 1-2 (June 24, 2016): 61–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.43.1-2.03gon.

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Summary This article examines a relatively unknown 18th century European source on Moroccan Arabic. It is the article entitled “Dialogues on the vulgar Arabick of Morocco”, published in London in 1797 by William Price (1771–1830), a self-taught linguist and orientalist from Worcester, England. Price’s work is one of the few European texts predating 1800 focused on Moroccan Arabic, and providing some information about this linguistic variety. As we explain, Price obtained these “Dialogues” from “some natives of Barbary”, who happened to be in London. In the first four sections of the article, we examine the life and works of William Price, we place his activities as an expert in Arabic and other of the so-called “Oriental languages” in the context of 18th century British Orientalism, and we analyse the contents of the “Dialogues” provided in his article. These “Dialogues” consist of a conversation between two interlocutors who are taking a stroll in a walled coastal town of the Moroccan Atlantic strip. The fifth section of our contribution is a linguistic dialectological analysis of both the Arabic and Latin character transcriptions of Moroccan Arabic provided by Price. We analyse different issues concerning the transcriptions given, and we focus our linguistic study on phonological, morphological and syntactical issues.

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Popova, Ludmila. "The Vision of a Human in the History of the Concept of «Law»: Lexicographic and Functional Aspects." Philology & Human, no. 3 (September 9, 2022): 123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/filichel(2022)3-09.

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The vision of a person in the historical structure of the concept of «law» is considered on the basis of subject nominations in the lexical family «law» as the core of the concept. In the language of the 11th–19th centuries the thematic groups of nominations are singled out in lexicography as follows: subjects establishing laws; subjects implementing laws and subjects monitoring the implementation of laws; subjects aware of laws and interpreting them; subjects violating the law; household members in relation to the law. The predominantly religious nature of the nominations until the 18th century is noted. Since the 18th century a tendency to differentiation of religious and legal semantics was recorded as well as a decrease in the number religious nominations. In the 18th–19th centuries the dominance of nominations with legal semantics is revealed. The use of many nominations of the 18th century for the political-legal and religious realias of other nations is noted. A different scope of the nominations of subjects in relation to the law of the 18th–19th centuries is revealed in the National Corpus of the Russian Language, the tendency to transfer the nominations to non-religious spheres is confirmed.

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Pandey, Uma Shanker. "French Academic Forays in the Eighteenth-Century North India." Indian Historical Review 46, no. 2 (December 2019): 195–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0376983619889515.

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French adventurers’ academic forays in the 18th century in India has so far received little scholarly attention. Except some stray remarks and mentioning, it has not been taken up systematically. The present article is an exercise to show that some of the French military adventurers had been touched and impressed by Indian culture and civilization. They, therefore, carried out passionate explorations of Indian books and manuscripts, not only to understand India better but also to acquaint the Occident more. in the process, some them emerged as great collectors. they were pioneers also, in the sense that they were forerunners to the British Indologists who appeared on Indian academic horizon in the last quarter of the 18th century. Anquetil Duperron, Polier, and Gentil were among the the great collectors of books and manuscripts during the time.

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Paczkowski, Szymon. "Research on 18th Century Music in Poland. An Introduction." Musicology Today 13, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/muso-2016-0008.

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Abstract Research on 18th-century music has been one of the key areas of interest for musicologists ever since the beginnings of musicological studies in Poland. It initially developed along two distinct lines: general music history (with publications mostly in foreign languages) and local history (mostly in Polish). In the last three decades the dominant tendency among Polish researchers has been, however, to relate problems of 18th-century Polish musical culture to the political history of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and more generally – to the political history of Central Europe at large. The most important subjects taken up in research on 18th-century music include: the musical cultures of the royal court in 18th-century Warsaw (primarily in the works of Alina Żórawska-Witkowska) as well as Polish aristocratic residences (e.g. studies by Szymon Paczkowski and Irena Bieńkowska), the ecclesiastical and monastic circles (publications by Alina Mądry, Paweł Podejko, Remigiusz Pośpiech and Tomasz Jeż); problems of musical style (texts by Szymon Paczkowski); research on sources containing music by European composers (e.g. by Johann Adolf Hasse); the musical culture of cities (of Gdańsk, first and foremost); studies concerning the transfer of music and music-related materials, the musical centres and peripheries, etc.

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pelli, Moshe. "Literature of Haskalah in the Late 18th Century." Zeitschrift für Religions- und Geistesgeschichte 52, no. 4 (2000): 333–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700739-90000092.

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Rutten, Gijsbert. "‘Lowthian’ Linguistics across the North Sea." Historiographia Linguistica 39, no. 1 (March 22, 2012): 43–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.39.1.04rut.

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Summary This paper focuses on Dutch grammar-writing in the 18th century so as to put the linguistic works of Robert Lowth (1710–1787) in an international, comparative perspective. It demonstrates that certain characteristics of the “Lowthian” approach to grammar and of 18th-century English linguistics in general are parallelled by similar developments in the history of Dutch linguistics. The transition from normative grammar to prescriptive grammar which characterises the English late 18th century has a counterpart in the Dutch development from ‘civil’ to national grammar. Lowth’s recognition of different stylistic levels with corresponding levels of grammatical acceptability has a Dutch counterpart as well. The transition towards prescriptivism and the relevance of different stylistic levels are closely connected, which is exemplified by a case study on the treatment of adnominal inflection in 18th-century grammars of Dutch.

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Sánchez-Raygada, Carlos. "Confraternities’ Constitutions and Patronato Real in 18th-century Lima." Rechtsgeschichte - Legal History 2020, no. 28 (2020): 324–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.12946/rg28/324-325.

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DOMONEY, K., A. J. SHORTLAND, and S. KUHN. "CHARACTERIZATION OF 18TH-CENTURY MEISSEN PORCELAIN USING SEM-EDS*." Archaeometry 54, no. 3 (August 22, 2011): 454–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.2011.00626.x.

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Price, Richard. "Rainforest villages, eighteenth-century history." Memory Studies 13, no. 5 (September 17, 2020): 792–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1750698020943010.

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Based on long term ethnographic work with the Saamaka, and with the benefit of hindsight, this paper unpacks the specific ways in which the descendants of these Suriname Maroons have constructed and transmitted the historical knowledge of their 18th-century ancestors, who escaped slave plantations and confronted the colonial powers from their new settlements in the depth of the forest. In the process, they created an original memory of these historical events— First-Time or Fesiten knowledge—and managed to keep it alive. The article explores the specific ontology, frames and idioms of this historical knowledge, as well as its ideological role, the (dis)connections to hegemonic colonial memory devices, its evolution in time, the ways of transmission, and the memory specialists that have kept and circulated it.

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Clarke, P. H. "Adam Smith, Stoicism and religion in the 18th century." History of the Human Sciences 13, no. 4 (November 2000): 49–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09526950022120863.

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Vidal, Fernando. "Psychology in the 18th century: a view from encyclopaedias." History of the Human Sciences 6, no. 1 (February 1993): 89–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095269519300600105.

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Shaidurov, Vladimir, Tadeush Novogrodsky, Galina Sinko, and Stepan Zakharkevich. "Gypsies: from Belarus to Siberia (according to documents and materials of the 18th - first half of the 19th century)." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2020, no. 10 (October 1, 2020): 130–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202010statyi08.

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In the 14th — 15th century the Belarussian part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth became a center of ethnic minorities, among which Gypsies stood out. Until the first half of the 18th century, they enjoyed the patronage of the local magnates, thanks to which they got a lean system of self-government and were able to fill their own economic niche. In the 18th century, Gypsies of Belarus were forced to leave their traditional places of residence. As a result, they came to Walachia, Moldavia and Siberia. At the end of the 18th — early 19th century Romani had a mostly semi-nomadic lifestyle in Siberia, many of them settled in cities and engaged in trade and crafts. The present paper approaches the issues of the ethnic-dispersive Gypsies community setup in Siberia, the basis of which was laid by Belarusian Gypsies. The paper is written mainly based on archive material, introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.

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Čuček, Filip. "K problematiki štajersko-hrvaške dravske meje konec 18. stol." Contributions to Contemporary History 56, no. 2 (November 9, 2016): 116–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.51663/pnz.56.2.06.

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On the basis of the archival materials the author focuses on the Styrian-Croatian border river Drava (between Ormož and Središče) at the end of the 18th century, when (due to the river bed changes) the competent authorities under Maria Theresa and Joseph II started to focus on the consequent border disputes. After the massive floods of the river Drava in the 18th century, the border residents who suffered damages (on the Styrian side) complained more and more frequently, trying to solve the situation at hand. The author is specifically interested in how the river bed changes influenced the life of the residents of the areas by the river and how these people solved the mutual local disputes at the turn of the century (before the border was agreed upon and drawn at the beginning of the 19th century).

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ALPERT, Michael. "The Secret Jews of 18th Century Madrid." Revue des Études Juives 156, no. 1 (July 1, 1997): 135–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/rej.156.1.519375.

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Rogers, Nicholas, Peter Linebaugh, and E. P. Thompson. "Plebeians and Proletarians in 18th-Century Britain." Labour / Le Travail 33 (1994): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25143795.

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