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Journal articles on the topic 'Racism – Europe'

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Published: 10 March 2023

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1

KNOX, COLIN. "Tackling Racism in Northern Ireland: ‘The Race Hate Capital of Europe’." Journal of Social Policy 40, no. 2 (July 26, 2010): 387–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279410000620.

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AbstractNorthern Ireland has been dubbed by the media as the ‘race hate capital of Europe’ and attracted recent international criticism after one hundred Roma families were forced to flee their homes following racist attacks. This paper examines the problem of racism in Northern Ireland from a number of perspectives. First, it considers the effectiveness of the Government's response to racism against its Racial Equality Strategy 2005–10 using performance criteria designed to track the implementation of the strategy. Second, it considers and empirically tests the assertion in the literature that sectarianism shapes the way in which racism is reproduced and experienced. Third, it explores racism at the level of the individual – which factors influence people in Northern Ireland to exhibit racist behaviour. Finally, the paper considers the likely policy implications of the research findings in the context of devolved government where addressing racism is part of a wider political imbroglio which has gridlocked decision-making within the power-sharing Executive of Northern Ireland.

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2

Gibbons, Youlanda M. "Racism and Anti-Racism in Europe." Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews 35, no. 6 (November 2006): 603–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009430610603500635.

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3

Flecha, Ramon. "Modern and Postmodern Racism in Europe: Dialogic Approach and Anti-Racist Pedagogies." Harvard Educational Review 69, no. 2 (July 1, 1999): 150–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17763/haer.69.2.3346055q431g2u03.

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In this article, Ramón Flecha discusses the growth of racism in modern-day Europe and the challenges it poses for education and educators. The author distinguishes between two kinds of racism: an older, modern racism and a newer, postmodern racism. The former is based on arguments of inequality and the existence of inferior or superior ethnicities and races. The latter holds that ethnicities and races are neither inferior nor superior; they are merely different. It emphasizes the impossibility of equitable dialogue among different races and ethnicities to establish common rules for living together. Although a tradition of anti-racist education exists in Europe, educators often do not have the intellectual and educational tools to combat this form of racism. Flecha suggests that educators have tried to combat racism by developing anti-racist pedagogies that use the relativist approach advocated by contemporary thinkers such as Michel Foucault and Jacques Derrida. He argues that this approach challenges modern racism but actually promotes postmodern racism. Drawing from works of dialogic theorists such as Paulo Freire and Jürgen Habermas, Flecha recommends instead that educators use the dialogic approach, which emphasizes the need for equal rights among all people, to develop effective anti-racist pedagogies that can deal simultaneously with both forms of racism.

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Müller, Carolin. "Anti-Racism in Europe: An Intersectional Approach to the Discourse on Empowerment through the EU Anti-Racism Action Plan 2020–2025." Social Sciences 10, no. 4 (April 14, 2021): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10040137.

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Anti-racism in Europe operates in political, policy, and civic spaces, in which organizations try to counter racial discrimination and violence. This paper applies a textual analysis to the European discourse of the transnationally connected anti-racism movement that shaped the European Union (henceforth EU) anti-racism action plan 2020–2025. The plan seeks to address structural racism in the EU through an intersectional lens. Alana Lentin, however, cautions that the structuring principles of anti-racism approaches can obscure “irrefutable reciprocity between racism and the modern nation-state”. Against the backdrop of a critique intersectionality mainstreaming in global anti-racist movements, this paper draws on Kimberly Crenshaw’s concept of intersectionality to critically examine the practices outlined in the EU anti-racism action plan to understand (1) the extent to which the EU anti-racism action addresses the historical baggage of European imperialism, (2) the influence of transnational anti-racism organizations such as the European Network Against Racism (henceforth ENAR) in reinforcing universalisms about notions of humanity in anti-racism activism through language and (3) the limitations that the EU anti-racism action plan poses for the empowerment of racially marginalized groups of people.

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Gachet, Isil. "Combating racism and racial discrimination in europe." UN Chronicle 44, no. 3 (January 15, 2008): 24–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/f9d41c9d-en.

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6

Bajt, Veronica. "Contemporary racism across Europe." Freedom from Fear 2014, no. 9 (March 11, 2011): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/f800cb7a-en.

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7

van Boven, Theo. "Combating Racial Discrimination in the World and in Europe." Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights 11, no. 2 (June 1993): 163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016934419301100203.

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The struggle against racism and racial discrimination requires a broad strategy of action, ranging from legal and political measures, including measures of conflict resolution and confidence building, to policies in the fields of teaching, education, culture and information. Attention is paid to the actions taken over the years by the United Nations to eliminate racism and racial discrimination. It may be concluded that the actions to combat racism and racial discrimination had, at least at the level of the United Nations, a spear-head function on the road to the progressive development of strategies and policies for dealing with the promotion and protection of human rights in general. Racial discrimination is a global problem that manifests itself in a variety of ways. The international standards, adopted and proclaimed by the United Nations, are applicable to all and not only with respect to a pre-selected number of countries and situations. These standards are universal. Subsequently, the question of racism and racial discrimination as it manifests itself in Europe is dealt with. With the disappearance of totalitarian communism, Europe has become a complicated place where in several areas national and ethnic violence has reached proportions and a degree of hatred and cruelty which are reminders of the days of World War II. Radical sentiments of nationalism and ethnocentrism re-emerge. Apart from this there is a steadily growing manifestation of racism and xenophobia against foreign immigrants and refugees. There are also countermovements, which are a source of hope that the struggle against racism and racial discrimination is a commitment as well as a common standard of achievement by all peoples and all nations. Action at the national level has to be supplemented by action at the international level. The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination is a strategic tool in this area. In the light of new challenges it is therefore of great importance that all States and all sectors of society, cooperate to implement this Convention and that the supervisory mechanism established under the Convention is able to carry out its critical role.

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8

Howard, Erica. "Race and Racism – Why does European Law have Difficulties with Definitions?" International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 24, Issue 1 (March 1, 2008): 5–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ijcl2008002.

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Abstract: Within Europe, a number of legislative instruments provide protection against racism and race/racial discrimination, but definitions of the terms race and racism are mostly absent from these instruments. This paper examines the different terms used in the different instruments and the definitions given. Particular attention is given to the question as to whether the grounds mentioned can be extended to cover discrimination based on race/racial or ethnic origin, colour, descent, nationality, national origin and religion or belief. Another question discussed is whether common definitions/interpretations of the terms race, racism and racial discrimination should exist in Europe and, if so, from which source these should be drawn.

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9

Krings, Torben. "Book Review: Racism and Anti-Racism in Europe." Irish Journal of Sociology 14, no. 1 (May 2005): 173–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/079160350501400115.

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10

Erel, Umut. "Racism and anti-racism in Europe: a critical analysis of concepts and frameworks." Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 13, no. 3 (August 2007): 359–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890701300304.

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The targets and expressions of racism vary across Europe. This article discusses the relevance of different descriptions and analyses of racism. It considers the various terms used in different countries such as ‘ethnic minority’, ‘foreigner’ or ‘black’ to identify people considered as ‘others’ because of their ‘race’ or ethnicity and the significance of differences in terminology. The article shows the importance of a cross-national European perspective on racism. There are important convergences across European countries in the discourses and practices of racism, particularly the distinction between ‘useful’ and ‘abusive’ migrants. A cross-European perspective can be an important inspiration for anti-racist struggles.

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11

Zimmerman, Andrew. "Race against Revolution in Central and Eastern Europe." East Central Europe 43, no. 1-2 (September 16, 2016): 14–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763308-04302004.

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Racism and racial “science” emerged in Europe as an elite response to a worldwide wave of rural insurgencies that began in the era of the French and Haitian Revolutions and continues, in its own way, to this day. In his dialectic of lord and bondsman, g.w.f. Hegel formulated political, economic, and biopolitical ideas from the uprisings occurring in his world, creating a now long-standing dialogue between dialectical theory, including Marxism, and rural insurgency. Racism was part of a biopolitical counterrevolution that sought to maintain the power of elites over insurgent populations. Here Prussia played a central role, as its struggle against the autonomy of migrant agricultural labors took the form of campaigns against the “Polonization” of Prussia. The social scientist Max Weber theorized this struggle in a series of essays on race and rural labor that produced a racism based on culture rather than biology. This cultural racism, like the insurgent discourses it opposes, persists in many forms in Central Europe and around the world.

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12

Fekete, Liz. "Popular racism in corporate Europe." Race & Class 40, no. 2-3 (March 1999): 189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030639689904000213.

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13

Biddiss, M. "Racism in Europe, 1870-2000." English Historical Review 118, no. 477 (June 1, 2003): 823–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/118.477.823.

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14

Picker, Giovanni. "Anti-gypsyism, racial knowledge and colonial amnesia." Sociología Histórica, no. 10 (October 19, 2020): 228–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/sh.451241.

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This intervention brings together insights from race critical theories and historical sociology to provide a framework for understanding the longstanding racism against Romani people across Europe. It directly draws on Picker's 2017 monograph Racial Cities , and argues that in order to understand the racial segregation of Romani people in Europe, racial knowledge and colonial amnesia should be squarely placed at the core of analytical scrutiny and political intervention. The reason for this is that when looking at several cases of urban authorities' actions on Romani people in 21st-century Europe, key similarities can be detected with colonial authories's actions on "natives" in the cities of European empires. This intervention brings together insights from race critical theories and historical sociology to provide a framework for understanding the longstanding racism against Romani people across Europe. It directly draws on Picker's 2017 monograph Racial Cities , and argues that in order to understand the racial segregation of Romani people in Europe, racial knowledge and colonial amnesia should be squarely placed at the core of analytical scrutiny and political intervention. The reason for this is that when looking at several cases of urban authorities' actions on Romani people in 21st-century Europe, key similarities can be detected with colonial authories's actions on "natives" in the cities of European empires.

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15

Acharya, Amitav. "Race and racism in the founding of the modern world order." International Affairs 98, no. 1 (January 2022): 23–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiab198.

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Abstract While race existed as a cultural marker in earlier history, a mutually-reinforcing link between racism, slavery and empire is a distinct product of western Europe and the US-led world order. Yet, mainstream scholarship on International Relations has obscured the question of race or worse, legitimized its exclusion in discussions of world order-building. At the same time, demand for racial equality from anti-colonial forces presented an alternative and inclusive conception of world order. The first part of this article offers a brief discussion of concepts of race, racism and world order. The next part examines how racist ideas and norms created exclusionary frameworks and approaches of world order, such as the European ‘standard of civilization’ principle. The third part looks at the role of racism in the emergence of the American-led world order, including US President Woodrow Wilson's rejection of the ‘racial equality’ principle in the League of Nations Charter, the privileging of ‘sovereign equality’ over ‘racial equality’ in the UN Charter, and the scant attention given to the link between colonialism and denial of human rights in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Yet, anti-colonial leaders and conferences, especially the 1955 Bandung Conference, integrated ‘national sovereignty, racialism and colonialism’, and demanded racial equality as a fundamental human right. The final part cautions against the dangers of complacency and compartmentalizing the study of race and racism, and calls instead for viewing racism as an inter-linked global challenge, hence integral to the emerging research agenda of Global International Relations.

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16

Ramcharan, Subhas, John Solomos, and John Wrench. "Racism and Migration in Western Europe." Canadian Journal of Sociology / Cahiers canadiens de sociologie 21, no. 2 (1996): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3341995.

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17

Martiniello, Marco, John Wrench, and John Solomos. "Racism and Migration in Western Europe." International Migration Review 29, no. 4 (1995): 1074. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2547754.

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18

QURAISHY, BASHY. "Migration, Racism and Citizenship in Europe." Development 46, no. 3 (September 1, 2003): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10116370030463011.

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19

Delacourt, Jan. "Racism Is Not New in Europe." Anthropology News 43, no. 3 (March 2002): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/an.2002.43.3.4.3.

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20

Khan, H. K. "Racism continues among doctors in Europe." BMJ 316, no. 7128 (January 31, 1998): 390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.316.7128.390.

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21

Nascimento, Silvane Magali Vale. "TERRITÓRIOS QUILOMBOLAS: acumulações capitalistas e patriarcais sobre o corpo das mulheres negras." Revista de Políticas Públicas 25, no. 2 (January 13, 2022): 673. http://dx.doi.org/10.18764/2178-2865.v25n2p673-686.

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Este trabalho traz reflexões sobre os territórios quilombolas no contexto da acumulação capitalista. Considera o racismo como estrutura determinante para esse processo de acumulação, ao mesmo tempo em que também analisa que a sua constante reconfiguração é determinada pela necessidade de reprodução e ampliação da acumulação na Europa e cuja expansãofoi, posteriormente, atualizada no Novo Mundopor meio de variados processos de colonização. Aponta que hoje a reatualização do racismo é expressão das novas configurações das acumulações capitalistas (ancoradas no patriarcado) sobre os territórios negros, que, neste trabalho, se volta para os territórios quilombolas no Brasil, e mais, especificamenteao Maranhão, trazendo a debate as lutas das mulheres quilombolas nas perspectivas antirracistas e antipatriarcais no enfrentamento ao domínio desses territórios.QUILOMBOLA TERRITORIES: capitalist and patriarchal accumulations on the bodies of black womenAbstractHis work reflects on quilombola territories in the context of capitalist accumulation. We consider racism as a determining structure for this accumulation process, while we also consider that its constant reconfiguration is determined by the need for reproduction and expansion of capitalist accumulation that originated in Europe and whose expansion was later updated in the New World through varied colonization processes. Today, the re-updating of racism is an expression of the new configurations of capitalist accumulations (anchored in patriarchy) on black territories, which in this work, focuses on quilombola territories in Brazil, and more specifically in Maranhão, bringing to the debate the struggles of womenquilombolas from an anti-racist and anti-patriarchal perspective in confronting the domination of these territories.Keywords: Anti-racist struggles; Anti-capitalist struggles; Quilombola women; Quilombola territories; Capitalist accumulation.

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22

Pagulich, Lesia. "“European Others”: Сonstruction of Europeanness and Logics of Racialization." Feminist Critique: East European Journal of Feminist and Queer Studies, no. 2 (January 2018): 103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.52323/299882.

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The book European Others, by pointing out race as inherent to current European thought, disrupts the dominant narrative of Europe as a raceless continent and reminds that the concept of race and race-based policies inherent to colonial empires originated in Europe and were exported all over the world, while Europe remains marginal in discussions of race and racism, especially in relation to the U.S., which is regarded as a center of racism. The book contributes to scholarly and activist discussions of European forms of racialization that obtain little attention because of their deviation from the dominant discourse around race, whereas racelessness maintains racial thinking and its effects invisible. In its discussion of race, the book situates Europe within the wider context of colorblind ideologies and characterizes it by the combination of race and religion, and the externalization of racialized populations, while producing a homogeneous European entity, however, portrayed as an “inclusive” and “postnational” community.

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23

Pillay, Jerry. "Racism and xenophobia: The role of the Church in South Africa." Verbum et Ecclesia 38, no. 3 (October 6, 2017): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ve.v38i3.1655.

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Racism and xenophobia have become a worldwide issue and challenge. The recent flood of immigrants and refugees into Europe and America has put this matter on the world map. In South Africa racism and xenophobia have, in recent times, reached explosive proportions and have greatly intensified the need for the Church to get more deeply involved in the creation of racial harmony and peace as it works towards the fullness of life for all people. This chapter explored the challenges of racism and xenophobia in South Africa and concluded by discussing the role of the Church in combating these realities.

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24

Nowicka, Magdalena. "“I don’t mean to sound racist but … ” Transforming racism in transnational Europe." Ethnic and Racial Studies 41, no. 5 (March 15, 2017): 824–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2017.1302093.

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25

Slootweg, Anne, Rogier van Reekum, and Willem Schinkel. "The raced constitution of Europe: The Eurobarometer and the statistical imagination of European racism." European Journal of Cultural Studies 22, no. 2 (April 2019): 144–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367549418823064.

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Centering upon the first Europe-wide public opinion survey of racism, carried out by the Eurobarometer in 1988, this article explores how studying European public opinion research can shed light on what we call the raced constitution of Europe. Based on an analysis of this Eurobarometer survey, we scrutinize how Eurobarometer opinion polling involves a constant scale-switching through which ‘Europe’ and ‘racism’ are co-produced. As we argue, techniques of European opinion polling contributed to the imagination of a ‘European’ ideological whole, from which stabilized categories of ‘non-European others’ were excluded. By creating an opposition between ‘democratic Europe’ and ‘individualized xenophobia’, racism was enacted as a lower class attitude ‘not of Europe’ and as a permanent rem(a)inder of the past that serves to legitimate the project of European integration.

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26

Hellgren, Zenia, and Bálint Ábel Bereményi. "Introduction to the Special Issue: Far from Colorblind. Reflections on Racialization in Contemporary Europe." Social Sciences 11, no. 1 (January 12, 2022): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci11010021.

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European history is to a significant extent also a history about racialization and racism. Since the colonizers of past centuries defined boundaries between “civilized” and “savages” by applying value standards in which the notions of race, ethnicity, culture, and religion were interwoven and imposed on human beings perceived as fundamentally different from themselves, racialization became deeply inherent in how (white) Europeans viewed the world, themselves, and others. In this Special Issue, we assume that colonialist racialization constitutes the base of a persistent and often unreflective and indirect racism. Implicit value systems according to which white people are automatically considered as more competent, more desirable, preferable in general terms, and more “European” translate into patterns of everyday racism affecting the self-image and life chances of white and non-white Europeans. In this introductory article, which defines the conceptual framework for the special issue, we contest the idea of a “post-racial” condition and discuss the consequences of ethno-racial differentiation and stigmatization for racialized groups such as Black Europeans, European Roma, and non-white migrants in general. Finally, we argue for the need to further problematize and critically examine whiteness.

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27

Eatwell, Roger. "Racism, ethnicity and politics in contemporary Europe." International Affairs 71, no. 4 (October 1995): 886–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2625179.

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28

Castles, Stephen, Alec G. Hargreaves, and Jeremy Leaman. "Racism, Ethnicity and Politics in Contemporary Europe." International Migration Review 31, no. 4 (1997): 1138. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2547444.

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29

Gallissot, René. "Is Europe combining two forms of racism?" New Political Science 8, no. 1-2 (September 1989): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07393148908429622.

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30

Wieviorka, Michel. "Racism and Modernity in Present-Day Europe." Thesis Eleven 35, no. 1 (May 1993): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/072551369303500105.

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31

Baimbridge, Mark, Brian Burkitt, and Marie Macey. "The maastricht treaty: Exacerbating racism in Europe?" Ethnic and Racial Studies 17, no. 3 (July 1994): 420–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01419870.1994.9993834.

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32

Llopis-Goig, Ramon. "Racism and Xenophobia in Spanish Football: Facts, Reactions and Policies." Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 47, no. 1 (December 1, 2009): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10141-009-0030-0.

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Racism and Xenophobia in Spanish Football: Facts, Reactions and PoliciesContrary to what is sometimes supposed, racism is not a phenomenon of the past. In fact, it is one of the major challenges of the present and future in Europe and Spain. Besides providing an incomparable sense of belonging, football stadiums are also an excellent platform to express racist and xenophobic attitudes and behaviours. In Spain, for years many players have suffered abuse and insults, although it is black and ethnic minority players who receive the most harassment. Thus, the problem of racism has increased recently in Spanish football, as shown by the emission of monkey noises toward black players and the use of racist slogans and symbols in the stadiums.This paper analyses the forms of racism and xenophobia in Spanish football, as well as the actions promoted and carried out by various institutions and agents to prevent and reduce these types of behaviour. The aim of this paper is to make a contribution based on figures and reflections on the types of racism and xenophobia in the world of football in Spain. The article is divided into three major parts. The first reviews some concepts of the scientific study of racism and xenophobia, placing them in the context of Spanish football. The second contains an overview of racism in European football and describes the situation in Spain, providing some empirical data about its incidence in recent years. The third and final section presents a classification and analysis of different antiracist reactions, actions and initiatives carried out recently in Spain with the aim of combating racism in Spanish football.

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33

Rochadi, Af Sigit. "Racialized Capitalism and Anti-Chinese among Indonesian Workers." Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies 8, no. 2 (April 25, 2021): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/766.

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This research discusses racism, capitalism, and anti-Chinese among Indonesian workers. According to numerous preliminary studies in Western Europe, competition and prejudice drive racism and xenophobia. However, no research has been carried out on the historical relationship between immigrants and Indonesians in forming the capitalism process. Therefore, this qualitative research revealed these historical relationships and found that racism did not affect migrant workers other than Chinese. The study also found that racism was institutionalized through capitalism formation by the state during the colonial period. The Dutch colonialists applied racism in politics by placing Chinese workers as the intermediary, and foreman, thereby leading to the rise of class and racial conflicts. When colonialism collapsed, state officials required that the Chinese become an economic elite and needed capital support to do so. The result showed the harmonious relations between Chinese businessmen and state officials on the one hand and tensions between the state and workers on the other regarding racism and anti-China in Indonesia. Furthermore, over the past decade, identity politics has strengthened in Indonesia with open resistance to Chinese workers.

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34

Weber, Beverly. "“We Must Talk about Cologne”: Race, Gender, and Reconfigurations of “Europe”." German Politics and Society 34, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 68–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2016.340405.

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The perceived crisis triggered by the current refugee influx highlights the contradiction at the heart of human rights discourse. Modern humanity has been constructed as both European and as universal; the racialized “Other” against whom the “modern human” disturbs this construction by laying claim to human rights from the very heart of Europe. The sexualized violence reported in Cologne on New Year’s Eve fed into racialized fears of refugees and immigrants promoted by groups on the radical right, even as racialized fears returned to mainstream discourses. Critical responses to the racism of the radical right unfortunately also participate in racialized discourses by resorting to “Europe” or “European values.” This analysis suggests the need to consider Europe as a field of power, one in which the contestation over what Europe is or should be results in concrete, racialized disparities in access to social mobility, education, or public agency. A project for racial, gender and economic justice requires the thinking of Europe as an ongoing project of world-making. The call to revisit or reclaim “European” values cannot succeed here. Nor can a response to the new right (or the newly normalized racism of the center) allow the new right to determine the parameters of debates about possibilities for the future.

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35

Howell, Alison, and Melanie Richter-Montpetit. "Is securitization theory racist? Civilizationism, methodological whiteness, and antiblack thought in the Copenhagen School." Security Dialogue 51, no. 1 (August 7, 2019): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967010619862921.

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This article provides the first excavation of the foundational role of racist thought in securitization theory. We demonstrate that Copenhagen School securitization theory is structured not only by Eurocentrism but also by civilizationism, methodological whiteness, and antiblack racism. Classic securitization theory advances a conceptualization of ‘normal politics’ as reasoned, civilized dialogue, and securitization as a potential regression into a racially coded uncivilized ‘state of nature’. It justifies this through a civilizationist history of the world that privileges Europe as the apex of civilized ‘desecuritization’, sanitizing its violent (settler-) colonial projects and the racial violence of normal liberal politics. It then constructs a methodologically and normatively white framework that uses speech act theory to locate ‘progress’ towards normal politics and desecuritization in Europe, making becoming like Europe a moral imperative. Using ostensibly neutral terms, securitization theory prioritizes order over justice, positioning the securitization theorist as the defender of (white) ‘civilized politics’ against (racialized) ‘primal anarchy’. Antiblackness is a crucial building-block in this conceptual edifice: securitization theory finds ‘primal anarchy’ especially in ‘Africa’, casting it as an irrationally oversecuritized foil to ‘civilized politics’. We conclude by discussing whether the theory, or even just the concept of securitization, can be recuperated from these racist foundations.

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36

Ghosh, Jayati. "Fear of Foreigners: Recession and Racism in Europe." Race/Ethnicity: Multidisciplinary Global Contexts 4, no. 2 (January 2011): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/racethmulglocon.4.2.183.

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37

Varacalli, Joseph A., Jeffrey Cole, and Donald Martin Carter. "The New Racism in Europe: A Sicilian Ethnography." International Migration Review 34, no. 1 (2000): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2676037.

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38

Stern, Fritz, and Glyn Ford. "Fascist Europe: The Rise of Racism and Xenophobia." Foreign Affairs 72, no. 4 (1993): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20045752.

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39

Pirie, Paul, and Joseph Held. "Populism in Eastern Europe: Racism, Nationalism and Society." Slavic and East European Journal 41, no. 3 (1997): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/310213.

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Hervik, Peter. "Anthropological perspectives on the new racism in Europe." Ethnos 69, no. 2 (June 2004): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0014184042000212830.

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Gullestad, Marianne, and Peter Hervik. "Analyzing the Emergence of New Racism in Europe." Anthropology News 42, no. 9 (December 2001): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/an.2001.42.9.13.

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Martiniello, Marco. "Book Review: Racism and Migration in Western Europe." International Migration Review 29, no. 4 (December 1995): 1074–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839502900426.

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Murphy, David T. "Fascist Europe: the rise of racism and xenophobia." Political Geography 13, no. 3 (May 1994): 290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0962-6298(94)90033-7.

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Linke, Uli. "The New Racism in Europe: A Sicilian Ethnography." American Ethnologist 27, no. 3 (August 2000): 772–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ae.2000.27.3.772.

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Barros, Bárbara Sepúlveda, and Luci Helena Martins. "EXISTIR, RESISTIR, EXIGIR! ASPECTOS DA CONSTRUÇÃO HISTÓRICO- IDEOLÓGICA DO RACISMO BRASILEIRO E O LUGAR DO MOVIMENTO NEGRO NA LUTA A FAVOR DA SUA DESCONSTRUÇÃO." Revista Prâksis 1 (February 15, 2019): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.25112/rpr.v1i0.1732.

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O trabalho em questão busca resgatar, a partir de uma pesquisa bibliográfica, os principais condicionantes históricos do racismo no Brasil, demonstrando o impacto entre nós das teorias que se desenvolviam na Europa entre os séculos XVIII e XIX. Tais teorias promoveram uma hierarquização dos grupos humanos, a partir dos caracteres físicos e biológicos, atestando a superioridade da raça branca, caucasiana ou ariana, e a inferioridade das demais. A referida pesquisa objetiva demonstrar como, no contexto brasileiro, esse diagnóstico implicou numa não inclusão dos negros na categoria cidadão, mesmo no pós-abolição, quando os ideais de liberdade e igualdade trazidos pelo liberalismo acabam sendo “filtrados” pelas elites locais, não englobando toda a população. Ideologias como o branqueamento e a democracia racial são levadas a cabo pelo Estado, ampliando sua marginalização. Apresenta-se, ainda, o processo de mobilização e amadurecimento do Movimento Negro Brasileiro, a partir do qual vislumbra-se uma mudança, sobretudo pela conquista das ações afirmativas nos anos 2000.Palavras-chave: Racismo. Questão racial. Movimento Negro Brasileiro.ABSTRACTThe work in question seeks to recover, from a bibliographical research, the main historical determinants of racism in Brazil, showing the impact between us, the theories that developed in Europe between the XVIII and XIX centuries. Such theories promoted a hierarchy of human groups, from the physical and biological characters, attesting to the superiority of the Caucasian, Caucasian or Aryan race, and to the inferiorities of the others. This research aims to demonstrate how, in the Brazilian context, this diagnosis implied a non-inclusion of blacks in the citizen category, even in post-abolition, when the ideals of freedom and equality brought about by liberalism end up being "filtered" by the local elites, the entire population. Ideologies such as money laundering and racial democracy are carried out by the state, widening its marginalization. It also presents the process of mobilization and maturation of the Black Brazilian Movement, from which a change can be seen, above all by the conquest of affirmative actions in the 2000s.Keywords: Racism. Racial issues. Brazilian black movement.

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Siddiqui, Sophia. "Racing the nation: towards a theory of reproductive racism." Race & Class 63, no. 2 (October 2021): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03063968211037219.

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In this challenging article, the author marries the notion of reproduction, both biological and social, to new forms of political and popular racism in Europe wherein the family and breeding to keep the nation white and ‘native’ are now centre stage. Whilst certain women’s reproductive capacities are being incentivised for nationalist ends, this goes alongside a rollback in reproductive rights as well as a series of exclusions aimed at those marked as demographic threats – migrants, Muslims and, increasingly, LGBTQ people. She demonstrates how migrant women, who are vilified as breeders who could threaten the purity of the nation, are essential to maintain the traditional nuclear family under capitalism, through caring for the young and old, but simultaneously denied their rights as workers and mothers. The focus on reproduction is now a key dividing line in European racism; something that feminists and anti-racists should now address. This, she argues is more than a matter of intersectionality, but a new racist avatar which she terms reproductive racism.

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Tartak, Jakub. "The problem of racism in European football." Kultura Bezpieczeństwa. Nauka – Praktyka - Refleksje 34, no. 34 (June 28, 2019): 155–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.5191.

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The paper addresses racism as a key contemporary challenge to safety at football matches in Europe. The hypothesis is that racism does occur in the sports environment. To prepare the paper, press excerpts and scholarly publications on racism were used. To interpret the material, comparative method was used, so as to present the environments that harm safety in sports. The goal was to demonstrate the role of education in fighting discrimination in contemporary European football and the need to care for security culture in football. It is because football stadiums become arenas for expressing political and ideological views, as well as for racist at-tacks. The author points at the role of mass media and public entities in shaping social atti-tudes concerning racism in sports. He also indicates shortcomings in the law and in the activi-ties of the institutions overseeing sportspeople’s and sports activists’ safety. The conclusion is that the upbringing of society as regards tolerance and respect must become a priority in fighting racism in sports. Further research should focus on the education of children and ado-lescents and on introducing costly and effective sanctions for the individuals and entities that violate the rule of respecting one’s sports competitor.

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Cottingham, Marci D., and Lana Andringa. "“My Color Doesn’t Lie”: Race, Gender, and Nativism among Nurses in the Netherlands." Global Qualitative Nursing Research 7 (January 2020): 233339362097295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2333393620972958.

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Nursing in white-majority populations tends to be associated with white women. Yet as Western Europe and North America undergo demographic shifts, such associations are challenged as people of different racial and national backgrounds take on positions in nursing and other professional roles in healthcare. This article explores the work experiences of nurses from diverse backgrounds as they confront intersecting forms of sexism, racism, and nativism in the Netherlands. We use the conceptual framework of “appropriate labor” to help explain these experiences in connection with the wider climate of Dutch native homogeneity and race and racism denial. These findings have implications for work policies that might better support minority nurses in contexts of increasing superdiversity while also challenging wider cultural norms in the Netherlands that continue to associate nursing with whiteness and deny the presence of racism.

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Bell, Lee Anne, and Rosemarie A. Roberts. "The Storytelling Project Model: A Theoretical Framework for Critical Examination of Racism through the Arts." Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 112, no. 9 (September 2010): 2295–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146811011200907.

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Background/Context Research in Europe and the United States shows that racial position shapes and gives voice to the stories people tell about race and racism, and filters how such stories are perceived and understood by listeners. Although not uniformly the case, people from the majority White racial group tend to emphasize forward progress and the declining significance of race. Minoritized people of color more often note the enduring impact of racism as a barrier to racial progress. Purpose This article describes the evolution of a theoretical model for teaching critically about racism and racial stories utilizing the arts. We reflect on the collaborative theory-building process used to develop the model, our use of the arts to create spaces of teaching and learning where racial stories can be unsettled and reexamined, and the potential of this model to guide educational projects in which participants construct alternative stories geared toward social justice. Research Design This is an analytic essay that describes the development of a theoretical construct. Conclusions/Recommendations We discuss plans for future research on the relevance of the model for teachers, teacher staff development, and curriculum design in secondary and post-secondary classrooms and in community-based dialogues and collaborative action networks.

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Ghosh, Debanjali. "European Union’s Response to Rising Xeno-Racism in Europe." Canadian Journal of European and Russian Studies 15, no. 1 (September 20, 2022): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22215/cjers.v15i1.2815.

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Ever since the start of the Syrian Civil War in 2011, Europe has experienced a huge influx of refugees, which has led to demographic and social changes and created fears about the erosion of the European civilisation and Christian values. The Continent has also experienced several Islamic terrorist attacks- like those in Paris, London, Brussels and Berlin. This, coupled with the rise of the right-wing in Europe, has led to increasing xeno-racism, particularly of an Islamophobic variety that has resulted in the creation of an environment of intolerance and exclusion. At times this has manifested itself as outright hostility towards the Muslim community through hate crimes which take the form of physical and verbal attacks on visibly identifiable and more tangible symbols of Islam like hijabs, headscarves, burkhas and mosques. Yet, most of these hate crimes remain unreported and unaddressed. The European Union (EU) is a one of a kind post-modern entity professing values of equality, democracy and human rights. Given this commitment, this paper attempts to take stock of the EU’s response to rising xeno-racism with particular attention to Islamophobia and the Member States’ attempts to grapple with the same.

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