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Morris, Aldon, and Vilna Bashi Treitler. "O ESTADO RACIAL DA UNIÃO: compreendendo raça e desigualdade racial nos Estados Unidos da América." Caderno CRH 32, no. 85 (June 7, 2019): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.9771/ccrh.v32i85.27828.
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<p>Este artigo investiga o papel da raça e do racismo nos Estados Unidos da América. Ele trata de raça como conceito, explorando, primordialmente, o motivo da existência de categorias raciais e da desigualdade racial. Também, nele, examinamos a atual situação da raça nos Estados Unidos ao expor suas manifestações sociais, econômicas e políticas. Após explorar a magnitude da desigualdade racial nos Estados Unidos, trabalhamos para desvendar os mecanismos que perpetuam e sustentam, tanto estrutural quanto culturalmente, as disparidades raciais. Em razão de ações e crenças racistas terem sempre sofrido resistências por parte dos movimentos sociais, atos coletivos, e resistência individual, nós analisamos a natureza e os resultados dos esforços da luta contra o racismo norte-americano. Concluímos com uma análise das perspectivas atuais relativas à transformação racial e das possibilidades para a emergência da igualdade racial. Assim, neste artigo, trazemos uma análise abrangente da situação atual das dinâmicas raciais nos Estados Unidos e das forças determinadas a combater o racismo. </p><p><strong>THE RACIAL STATE OF THE UNION: understanding race andr acial inequality in the United States of America </strong></p><p>This paper interrogates the role of race and racism in the United States of America. The paper grapples with race conceptually as it explores why racial categories and racial inequality exist in the first place. We also examine the current state of race in North America by laying bare it social, economic and political manifestations. After exploring the magnitude of racial inequality in the United States, we labor to unravel the mechanisms both structurally and culturally that perpetuates and sustains racial disparities. Because racist actions and beliefs have always been resisted by social movements, collection action, and resistance at the personal level, we assess the nature and outcomes of struggles to overthrow North American racism. We conclude by assessing the current prospects for racial transformation and the possibilities for the emergence of racial equality. Thus, in this paper, we provide an overarching analysis of the current state of racial dynamics in the United States and the forces determined to dismantle racism.</p><p>Key words: Race. Racism. Racial regimes. Black movements. Inequality.</p><p><strong>ÉTAT RACIAL DE L’UNION: comprendre la race et les inégalités raciales aux États-Unis d’Amérique </strong></p><p>Notre article évaluera le rôle de la race et du racisme en Amérique. Le document aborde conceptuellement la race en explorant pourquoi les catégories raciales et l’inégalité raciale existent en premier lieu. Le document passe à l’examen de l’état actuel de la race en Amérique en mettant à nu les manifestations sociales, économiques et politiques. Étant donné l’ampleur de l’inégalité raciale aux États-Unis, le document cherche à démêler les mécanismes à la fois structurels et culturels qui perpétuent et maintiennent les disparités raciales. Parce que le mouvement raciste a toujours été combattu en Amérique par des mouvements sociaux, des actions de collecte et de résistance au niveau personnel, le journal évaluera la nature et les résultats des luttes pour renverser le racisme américain. Ainsi, l’article fournira une analyse de l’état actuel de la dynamique raciale aux États-Unis ainsi que des forces déterminées à démanteler le racisme.</p><p>Mots-clés: Race. Racisme. Régimen racial. Movement nègre. Inegalité.</p><p> </p>
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Lovelace, H. Timothy. "“To Restore the Soul of America”: How Domestic Anti-Racism Might Fuel Global Anti-Racism." AJIL Unbound 115 (2021): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aju.2020.90.
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On November 7, 2020, President Joe Biden proclaimed that his administration would “restore the soul of America.” He declared that U.S. voters had given him a mandate “to achieve racial justice and root out systemic racism in this country,” and that he plans to use the nation's restored moral leadership to create international consensus around U.S. values and urge foreign nations and intergovernmental institutions to adopt anti-racist agendas. To be sure, Biden's commitment to ending systemic racism is rooted in troubling notions of U.S. exceptionalism and invokes an unfounded anti-racist nostalgia. We should never “restore” America's racial past. Nevertheless, Biden's commitment is, in many ways, refreshing and raises a crucial and productive question: how might the United States recalibrate the international legal order and address systemic racism within Biden's framework? One straightforward and pragmatic answer emerges: the Biden administration should live up to the standards of those who inspired his campaign's mission. In other words, truly improving the racial order at home might be a viable way to advance anti-racism abroad, including through existing international institutions.
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Howard, William L. "Academic Racism." Academic Questions 34, no. 4 (December 20, 2021): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.51845/34.4.13.
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Malini, Ni Luh Nyoman Seri, I. Gusti Ayu Sundari Okasunu, and Made Detriasmita Saientisna. "Racism towards Black American: Intersectionality in Constructing Social Racist through Poetical Depiction by Langston Hughes and Amy Saunders." Journal of Language and Literature 21, no. 2 (September 20, 2021): 376–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.24071/joll.v21i2.3241.
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In this research, the development of racism based on the different formations of socio-cultural and historical aspects was the standpoint that was shown by the interpretation of poetical depiction of meaning and messages. The gap between Langston Hughes in “I, too, sing America” (1926) and Amy Saunders in “You’re not Black” (2019) as the data advocates for racist transformation in natural past and present American socialization. Several critical studies have examined the racial issues reflected in poems however they didn’t elaborate on racism specifically rather than segregation and discrimination although racism is classified in several types. Moreover, the critical studies have been done only analyzed the racism happened on the past while this study compares the past and present racism as the concern of social construction among black American as the target of unfair treatments. The descriptive qualitative method using documentation, descriptive analysis, and note-taking technique was used to identify and elaborate meaning correlation with racial issues in the poems. This research aimed to classify the figurative language and its meaning related to racism while illustrating the development of racism from the perspective of socio-cultural and historical aspects that influenced the poets and their poetry. Theory of Critical Race was used to demonstrate that racism was developing in a different formation. The research has found the interconnection between historical values of slavery system constructed stereotypes of black people as minor American. Social construction formed a cultural differentiation which led to segregation and discrimination towards black in any form of everyday aspects.
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Engerman, Stanley. "Slavery without Racism, Racism without Slavery." Journal of Global Slavery 5, no. 3 (October 22, 2020): 322–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2405836x-00503005.
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Abstract This article surveys several problems related to the links between slavery and racism, and the frequency of both racism without slavery and slavery without racism. Slavery clearly existed prior to the emergence of racism, scientific or otherwis, and unlike in recent centuries, the enslaved were not always peoples of different color. The linking of race and slavery, with race as the defining characteristic of the enslaved, came mainly after the settlement of the Americas with the transatlantic slave trade from Africa. Indeed, the debate continues on whether racism led to slavery (as argued for colonial America) or whether slavery gave rise to a coherent racism to justify enslavement of others. Racism may be used to justify the harsh treatment of others, or it may simply reflect mainly a belief that some differences among groups exist and race provides the interpretation of why such differences exist. Presumably then, awareness of perceived or argued for racial differences could exist without the imposition of differential treatments, despite the role racial beliefs might play in social organization.
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Pettigrew, Thomas F. "POST-RACISM?" Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 6, no. 2 (2009): 279–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x0999018x.
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AbstractDoes President Obama's momentous election victory signify a new, post-racism era in America? Many observers, such as a New York Times science editor, think so. But, unfortunately, this claim is premature for a host of reasons. [1] It took “a perfect storm” of interlocking factors to elect Obama. [2] Many bigots actually voted for Obama. [3] Two logical fallacies underlie this too-optimistic view. [4] Racist attitudes and actions repeatedly occurred throughout the campaign. [5] White Southern and older voters both demonstrated that rank racism remains. [6] Increased turn-out of young and minority voters was crucial. The paper closes by considering what changes in American race relations may take place during the Obama presidency.
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Cramer, M. Richard. "Racism in America." Teaching Sociology 17, no. 4 (October 1989): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1318455.
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Tolliver, Derise E. "Study Abroad in Africa: Learning about Race, Racism, and the Racial Legacy of America." African Issues 28, no. 1-2 (2000): 112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1548450500006983.
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In 1998, the American Association of Colleges and Universities raised the question of what higher education could do to prepare graduates to address “the legacies of racism and the opportunities for racial reconciliation in the United States.” One of the most powerful and pedagogically rich approaches to facilitate learning about race, racial identity, and the impact of racism in America today is study abroad in Africa. With a history that includes dynasties and empires; the capture and enslavement of Africans and the transatlantic slave trade; and the structures of colonialism, neocolonialism, and apartheid (which have often been conceptualized as parallel to the institutionalized racism of America), the continent of Africa can be a wonderful classroom for this type of learning. This is particularly the case when the location of study is West Africa, by most accounts where the majority of people of African descent living in the United States have ancestral ties. Visits to and interactions around the monuments to and symbols and physical remnants of the complex historical relationships between Europeans and Africans can be a catalyst for stimulating challenging but ultimately rewarding discussions and growth with regard to issues of race and racism.
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Kofifah, Siti, and Ariya Jati. "Racism Against Asian During the Covid-19 Pandemic." E3S Web of Conferences 317 (2021): 04009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202131704009.
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Covid-19 was discovered in Wuhan China on December 1st, 2019. On March 9th, 2020, WHO (World Health Organization) officially announced Covid-19 as a pandemic. Since the declaration of Covid-19 as a global pandemic, Covid-19 causes a major impact in various fields. Starting from the economy, education, to human resources. The most significant is felt by Asians or people with Asian ethnicity. They start to receive racist treatment starting hate comment on social media, insults, or bad treatment from others towards them. This paper is aimed to discuss the background to the emergence of racism against Asian during the Covid-19 pandemic and its impact, especially in America. The method used is data collection taken from news and journal articles related to racism and Covid-19. The result is how Covid-19 can trigger racism against Asian in America and the form of racism and its impact to Asian in America. In conclution, some factors, such as governments that tend to be racist, the pre-existing xenophobic and exclusive government environment exacerbates the negative stigma in society. Various forms of racism starting from hate speech on social media, verbal attacks to physical violence. Racism has caused mental problems for Asian Americans, such as anxiety, depression and lack of confidence to their identity as Americans.
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Nensia, Nensia. "Racism Towards African-American in Peter Farelly's Green Book." Rainbow: Journal of Literature, Linguistics and Cultural Studies 9, no. 2 (October 29, 2020): 196–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/rainbow.v9i2.39756.
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The aim of the research was to describe the racial discrimination towards African-American in Green Book, a movie by Peter Farelly. The movie was based on a true story of social life in America during the reign of Jim Crow Laws in 1962. Therefore, the writer used descriptive qualitative method with sociological approach in order to describe the racism act towards colored people in America at that periodical time as depicted in the movie. The research indicated that the historical context of Jim Crow Laws, racial discrimination, the distinction of White and Colored people were reflected in the movie as it is in history. The racial injustice plot was climb up in every states where the concert was held. They went to one region to another further into Deep South. From the first region to the last one, the discrimination kept on increasing from bad to the worst form of racism.
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Vora, Erika, and Jay A. Vora. "Undoing Racism in America." Journal of Black Studies 32, no. 4 (March 2002): 389–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002193470203200402.
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Seputri, Dyny Wahyu, Iffah Fikzia, and Krisna Sujiwa. "The Analysis of Racism toward African-American as seen in Selected Phillis Wheatley’s Poems." Rubikon : Journal of Transnational American Studies 9, no. 2 (November 1, 2022): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/rubikon.v9i2.74205.
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The issues of race, racism and discrimination always become the canter of the study of the African-American community, for example in literature. An example of African-American Literature that described those things is written by Phillis Wheatley. In her poems that were influenced by the Neoclassicism era, entitled: “On being brought from AFRICA to AMERICA'' and “To the Right Honourable William, Earl of Dartmouth”, she delivered the issues of race and racism. This paper aims to analyze racism toward African-America as described in Phillis Wheatley’s poems. The researcher employed a qualitative descriptive method in which the collected data were analyzed, interpreted, and described to answer the objective of the study. The primary data in this undergraduate thesis are two selected poems by Wheatley and the supporting data were taken from books, articles, journals, online sources, and other sources. The researcher applied African-American criticism to answer the objective of the research. The Researchers use three basic tenets of African-American criticism (Everyday Racism, The Social Construction of Race and Voice of color). The findings show Wheatley’s poems portray the life of an African American who experienced racism first-hand. The concept of racism in the two selected poems from Wheatley’s has correlation with 3 concepts of racism of African-American criticism, those are: Everyday racism, The Social Construction of Race, Voice of color.
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Ewara, Eyo. "Idle Talk and Anti-Racism: On Critical Phenomenology, Language, and Racial Justice." Puncta 5, no. 4 (2022): 32–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5399/pjcp.v5i4.3.
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While race and racism have never stopped being urgent issues for many communities of color, talk about race, racism, and racial justice have once again become a central part of mainstream social and political discourse in America. But while critical phenomenologists have offered many accounts of what it is like to live in a world shaped by racism—particularly in terms of embodiment—they have not drawn attention to questions about what it is like to live in a world increasingly shaped by anti-racist sentiment and action, the kind of world in which the question of critical phenomenology’s contribution to projects of racial justice can itself arise. In this paper, I argue that one avenue to approach the silence in critical phenomenology around the experiences and habits of anti-racism as they circulate in our discourse is to draw attention to how critical phenomenology, as it turns to questions of race, tends to turn away from explorations of language. Interrogating how critical phenomenologists approaching racial issues have managed to escape explicitly thematizing language, I argue that this occlusion of language by critical phenomenology consequently leaves behind resources through which to ask ourselves what is happening as we articulate increasingly taken-for-granted ways of speaking and living out an opposition to racism.
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SKOWRONEK, STEPHEN. "The Reassociation of Ideas and Purposes: Racism, Liberalism, and the American Political Tradition." American Political Science Review 100, no. 3 (August 2006): 385–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055406062253.
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Racist and liberal ideals are said to anchor competing political traditions in America, but a juxtaposition of ideals obscures key processes of change in the cultural lexicon and misses much about how a political tradition comes to bear on the development of a polity. Attention to the reassociation of ideas and purposes over time points to a more intimate relationship between racism and liberalism in American political culture, to the conceptual interpenetration of these antithetical ends. Cuing off issues that have long surrounded the reassociation of John C. Calhoun's rule of the concurrent majority with pluralist democracy, this article examines another southerner, Woodrow Wilson, who, in the course of defending racial hierarchy, developed ideas that became formative of modern American liberalism. Analysis of the movement of ideas across purposes shifts the discussion of political traditions from set categories of thought to revealed qualities of thought, bringing to the fore aspects of this polity that are essentially and irreducibly “American.”
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Jiménez González, Aitor. "Esclavitud negra y procesos de racialización en el Atlántico Colonial Ibérico: Perspectivas confrontadas = Black Slavery and Racialization Processes in the Iberian Colonial Atlantic: Conflicting Perspectives." EUNOMÍA. Revista en Cultura de la Legalidad, no. 16 (March 29, 2019): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/eunomia.2019.4694.
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Resumen: El racismo como ideología ordenadora y jerarquizadora de la realidad social se configuró en torno a normas y leyes. Fue enunciado en términos legales y jurídicos. Este desarrollo jurídico legal tuvo su máximo exponente en los territorios conquistados y sometidos a régimen de gobierno colonial por parte de las naciones europeas. A pesar de que este desarrollo fue especialmente marcado en las regiones americanas colonizadas por España y Portugal no existe un cuerpo doctrinario latinoamericano consolidado que haya analizado el fenómeno del Derecho y el racismo. Con este artículo proponemos un análisis de la literatura existente en torno a la esclavitud africana y las diferencias sustanciales que existen entre las perspectivas hispanas y anglosajonas que abordan esta cuestión. Exponemos así mismo la necesidad de desarrollar investigaciones que desde una perspectiva no anglocentrada nos permita comprender el fenómeno del racismo en el Derecho colonial de raíz hispana. Consideramos que el análisis de los procesos de racialización de la región desde una epistemología situada podría ayudar a comprender los fenómenos de racialización que suceden en la actualidad.Palabras clave: Derecho, racismo, esclavitud negra, racialización, tecnologías de poder, blanquitud, manumisión, colonialismo, gubernamentalidad, historia atlántica.Abstract: Racism, as a hierarchizing and ordering ideology of the social reality arose as a part of the legal order. Norms and rules were its constituent body. Territories submitted to colonial governance of European nations were its experimentations camps. Despite of the importance of racialized legal orders in colonial Latin-America, the region lacks of its own coherent body of socio-legal studies looking at the colonial racial relations. In this paper I will scrutinize relevant contributions in Law and Race looking at racial relations in colonial Latin America, specifically those related with black slavery. I aim to expose the substantial difference between Latin-American and Anglo-Saxon perspectives. My intention with that is to remark the necessity of developing a non anglocentered analytical perspective of the Iberian colonial world. This will give academics the possibility, not only of understanding Latin-American racial history but also of apprehending the nature of the current racialization processes.Keywords: Law, racism, slavery, black slavery, racialization, technologies of power, whiteness, manumission, colonialism, governmentality, Atlantic history.
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Michney, Todd M. "Islamophobia and Racism in America." American Journal of Islam and Society 34, no. 3 (July 1, 2017): 149–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v34i3.786.
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This sociological study combines an overview of U.S. Islamophobia in recentdecades, an analysis of a potentially emergent “Middle Eastern American”identity, and a re-theorization of race that has implications for how effectivepolitical coalitions might be built to address various forms of discriminationfaced by American Muslims and other religio-ethnic groups originating fromthe Middle East, North Africa, and South Asia. While looking back further,Love’s central focus is on “anti-Islamophobia advocacy at the national level,from the late 1970s through the early 2010s” (p. 30). Making good use of seventyinterviews conducted from 2005-15, this component represents the book’sgreatest original research contribution. Although provocative, Love’s argumentthat we should theorize Islamophobia as racism and politically organize accordinglyis potentially problematic ...
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Vickerman, Milton, W. Dudley, and C. Cozic. "Racism in America: Opposing Viewpoints." Teaching Sociology 22, no. 3 (July 1994): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1319147.
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Selod, Saher. "Islamophobia and Racism in America." Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews 47, no. 5 (August 28, 2018): 607–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094306118792220bb.
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Jerome, Fred. "Einstein and racism in America." Physics Today 58, no. 9 (September 2005): 54–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2117824.
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Span, Christopher M. "Post-Slavery? Post-Segregation? Post-Racial? A History of the Impact of Slavery, Segregation, and Racism on the Education of African Americans." Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 117, no. 14 (November 2015): 53–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146811511701404.
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This chapter details how slavery, segregation, and racism impacted the educational experiences of African Americans from the colonial era to the present. It offers a historical overview of the African American educational experience and uses archival data and secondary source analysis to illustrate that America has yet to be a truly post-slavery and post-segregation society, let alone a post-racial society.
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FRYMER, PAUL. "Racism Revised: Courts, Labor Law, and the Institutional Construction of Racial Animus." American Political Science Review 99, no. 3 (August 2005): 373–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055405051725.
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How should we understand and explain individual acts of racism? Despite extensive debate about the broader place and importance of racism in America, there is surprisingly little theoretical or empirical analysis of what leads individuals to commit racist acts. In contrast to most political scientists who understand racism as an individual psychological attitude—an irrational prejudice—I argue that individual manifestations of racism are the result of a complex set of factors, and that latent psychology is less helpful to understanding them than are the maneuverings and behavior of strategic actors following rules and incentives provided by institutions. We need to examine the ways in which institutions encourage racist acts by motivating people to behave in a racist manner or behave in a manner that motivates others to do so. To further explore and compare institutional and individual-psychological approaches to understanding racism, I examine manifestations of racism in labor union elections. I analyze and contrast more than 150 cases in which the National Labor Relations Board and U.S. federal appellate courts formally responded to reported violations of racism in a union election. The principles of this approach can easily be applied to other contexts and suggests that racism in society is less intractable and innate than malleable and politically determined.
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Young, Stephanie L. "It's Not Just Black and White." Departures in Critical Qualitative Research 4, no. 4 (2015): 8–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/dcqr.2015.4.4.8.
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In this autoethnography, I offer a pedagogy of racial visibility. Drawing on my embodied experiences both in and outside of the classroom, I explore how I engage in dialogue with my students about theoretical and critical approaches toward understanding rhetorics of race in the United States. Specifically, as an embodied storyteller, I reflect upon my personal stories as a biracial Korean American woman and investigate the instabilities of racial identities, the taken-for-granted racial understandings, and racism and white privilege in America.
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Jennings, Alyssa, and Kristine Kinzer. "Whiteness from the top down: systemic change as antiracist action in LIS." Reference Services Review 50, no. 1 (December 14, 2021): 64–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rsr-07-2021-0027.
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PurposeThe purpose of the paper is two-fold. The first is to inform the readers of the racist origins of libraries in America. Readers will learn about historic instances of systemic racism in libraries and those that persist today. The second purpose is to give readers examples of antiracist actions they can take on an individual level, in concert with library administration, and on the institutional level.Design/methodology/approachThis paper gives an overview of systemic racism in librarianship. Part I outlines the history of libraries and their institutional oppression origins in America. Part II reviews some of the current racial issues in Libraries and Information Science (LIS). Part III gives the author's viewpoint on how to incorporate antiracist action within libraries and how to decenter whiteness at the national level.FindingsThe authors found that libraries were established on institutional oppression and systemic racism, which continue to this day to center whiteness and disadvantage BIPOC. Having said that, now is the time to make changes, decenter whiteness and remove systemic barriers through antiracist actions. These actions will help increase the number of BIPOC working in libraries and improve the retention and promotion of those BIPOC too. If the American Library Association (ALA) heeds this call to action, Critical Race Theory (CRT) will become part of the Master's of Library and Information Science (MLIS), BIPOC will be better funded and supported, and the credentialing stigma will be removed.Originality/valueThis article highlights concrete action that should be taken beyond individual bias awareness and into systemic changes. It advocates for more critical awareness and daily antiracist action within the LIS field.
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Hollinger, David A. "The Concept of Post-Racial: How Its Easy Dismissal Obscures Important Questions." Daedalus 140, no. 1 (January 2011): 174–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00069.
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Nearly all of today's confident dismissals of the notion of a “post-racial” America address the simple question, “Are we beyond racism or not?” But most of the writers who have used the terms post-racial or post-ethnic sympathetically have explored other questions: What is the significance of the blurring of ethnoracial lines through cross-group marriage and reproduction? How should we interpret the relatively greater ability of immigrant blacks as compared to standard “African Americans” to overcome racist barriers? What do we make of increasing evidence that economic and educational conditions prior to immigration are more powerful determinants than “race” in affecting the destiny of population groups that have immigrated to the United States in recent decades? Rather than calling constant attention to the undoubted reality of racism, this essay asks scholars and anti-racist intellectuals more generally to think beyond “the problem of the color line” in order to focus on “the problem of solidarity.” The essay argues that the most easily answered questions are not those that most demand our attention.
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Kusumadewi, Farras Kartika, and Moses Glorino Rumambo Pandin. "Racism: A Part of History That Has Never Been Lost." Historia Madania: Jurnal Ilmu Sejarah 5, no. 2 (December 30, 2021): 210–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/hm.v5i2.12966.
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There have been many cases of racism in its history that have occurred from ancient times to the present. Many factors cause racial conflicts. Factors that often trigger these actions, among others, are due to injustice, oppression, and racial discrimination by certain groups against other groups. In America itself, the era of slavery was a dark period in American history. This article aims to find out the impact and solutions to the problem of racism in general. How to find out the impact and solution to the problem of racism is to examine some of the cases that have occurred recently. The method used in this research is qualitative-descriptive with a literature review method to analyze data with 20 sources from books, journal articles, theses and websites. The findings of this study reveal that cases of racism still occur today, for example, last year because of the COVID-19 problem that initially occurred in Wuhan, China, Asian people received hatred from citizens and Western media. There are many factors that cause racial conflict, and the triggers vary in each country that experiences it, among others, because of injustice, oppression, and racial discrimination by certain groups against other groups. Through cases of racism that have occurred, one thing that according to the researcher can be concluded is how before the conflict between groups occurred, actually it started from problems that occurred between individuals. Tolerance is the main thing to stem this kind of thing.
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Bonnette, Lakeyta M., Sarah M. Gershon, and Precious D. Hall. "Free Your Mind: Contemporary Racial Attitudes and Post Racial Theory." Ethnic Studies Review 35, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 71–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/esr.2012.35.1.71.
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The inauguration of the United States first Black President has prompted mass discussions of race relations in America. It is often articulated that America is now in a post-racial society. However, the question still remains: does the election of a Black president demonstrate that America is now a “color-blind” society? To answer this question, we rely on data collected by PEW (2007). Our results suggest that white and African Americans differ significantly in the extent to which they express post-racial attitudes. Specifically, we find that whites more commonly express post-racial attitudes, claiming that racism and discrimination are rare, in opposition to African American views. On the other hand, blacks are more likely to believe that discrimination still occurs. We further find that whites' post-racial beliefs are significant determinants of their attitudes towards race-related policies, such as affirmative action.
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Goff, Loretta. ""Racism's part of my culture"." Alphaville: Journal of Film and Screen Media, no. 13 (July 20, 2017): 33–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.33178/alpha.13.02.
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This article applies theories of humour (incongruity, superiority, relief) to a reading of the films Irish Jam (John Eyres, 2006) and The Guard (John Michael McDonagh, 2011) in order to interrogate their depiction of racial, national and cultural stereotypes and differences. Both films combine elements of humour in their portrayal of the "fish out of water" experiences of the African-American male leads in Ireland. Through this we see three consequences: the incongruity of the protagonists' experiences, both in terms of their expectations of Ireland and the expectations the Irish have of them; the superiority felt by certain locals, and, thus vicariously, by audience members for recognising moments of (what they consider) ignorance or racism; humour being used to relieve the tensions of interacting with the Other. I argue that the different uses of humour in these films function as a social corrective in their interrogation of racist ideologies. However, the films play it safe by taking their protagonists out of America, allowing the discussion of race to unfold in Ireland where whiteness holds a unique status (as simultaneously nonwhite because of the historical discrimination the Irish faced), and racial and national differentiation can be conflated. Equally, the films ultimately remain conservative in their interrogation of racism, confronting certain stereotypes while perpetuating others.
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Owens, Patricia. "Racism in the Theory Canon: Hannah Arendt and ‘the One Great Crime in Which America Was Never Involved’." Millennium: Journal of International Studies 45, no. 3 (March 21, 2017): 403–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0305829817695880.
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Hannah Arendt’s monumental study The Origins of Totalitarianism, published in 1951, is a founding text in postcolonial studies, locating the seeds of European fascism in the racism of imperial expansion. However, Arendt also harboured deep racial prejudices, especially when writing about people of African descent, which affected core themes in her political thought. The existing secondary literature has diagnosed but not adequately explained Arendt’s failures in this regard. This article shows that Arendt’s anti-black racism is rooted in her consistent refusal to analyse the colonial and imperial origins of racial conflict in the United States given the unique role of the American republic in her vision for a new post-totalitarian politics. In making this argument, the article also contributes to the vexed question of how international theorists should approach important ‘canonical’ thinkers whose writings have been exposed as racist, including methodological strategies for approaching such a body of work, and engages in a form of self-critique for marginalising this problem in earlier writing on Arendt.
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Simmons, Matthew. "Trusting an Abusive System: Systemic Racism and Black Political Engagement." Ethnic Studies Review 36, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/esr.2013.36.1.139.
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Africana people in America have relied upon the utilization of political participation in order to address the economic and societal ills that plague its community. Africana people have made strides at all levels of the American government. Africana people were a vital voting block that helped to elect the first American President of African descent. However, studies have shown that the conditions of Africana people in America have not substantially changed since the Voting Rights Act of 1 965 was enacted. Africana political participation has not equated to socioeconomic equality on a large scale for the Africana community. Utilizing Feagin's Systemic Racism Theory, this project looks to examine why solely relying upon the American political system is symptomatic of disagency for Africana people and argues that this dis-agency does not empower our people to seek solutions. It places the power to liberate in the oppressor's hands, thus maintaining the inequality that continues to exist in America. This article also argues for Africana people to look to themselves as the avenue for addressing the societal ills that it faces. It also argues that Africana people must be their own mechanism for liberation. In addition, the terms Africana and Black will be used interchangeably in the project because those terms are most readily identifiable to people of African descent living in America.
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Junior, Maldini Radjab, and Juanda. "Semiotics Analysis of Racism in the Comic Captain America: Sam Wilson." Tradition and Modernity of Humanity 2, no. 2 (May 7, 2022): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/tmh.v2i2.10130.
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Racism is still common, especially against African Americans in the United States and is a problem that until now has not been resolved. Racism is again a hot topic as police brutality started popular movements such as Black Lives Matter that tried to raise awareness about racism in the United States. The comic "Captain America: Sam Wilson" describes the phenomenon of racism against society, especially in the United States. This article aims to find out the signs that represent racism in the comic "Captain America: Sam Wilson", signs that show verbal and non-verbal violence. This study uses a qualitative method with the semiotic approach of Roland Barthes. The data is taken from panels or scenes in the comic "Captain America: Sam Wilson," which contains racism. From the data obtained.
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Cravens, Hamilton. "Scientific Racism in Modern America, 1870s–1990s." Prospects 21 (October 1996): 471–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361233300006633.
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In post-Darwinian times, Americans have usually thought of the national population as divided into many distinct races and ethnic groups. The notions and definitions they have used for a race and an ethnic group have varied from one age to another. Although Americans have not needed the resources of science to believe that some races and ethnic groups are superior to others, in these times science has become a powerful symbol of cultural authority. For the racist, the assistance of science has often been useful. In this essay, it is important to distinguish between the scientific discourse on race and ethnicity whose participants do not necessarily assume that groups differ in value, and that of scientific racism, whose participants might or might not be scientists, but who have consistently assumed that science proves the existence of permanent group differences and legitimates the assertion that some groups are inherently superior to others. Here we shall discuss the latter.
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Bass, Amy. "Ghosts of Jim Crow: ending racism in post-racial America." Ethnic and Racial Studies 37, no. 10 (March 7, 2014): 1900–1902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2014.885547.
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Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo. "The Structure of Racism in Color-Blind, “Post-Racial” America." American Behavioral Scientist 59, no. 11 (May 28, 2015): 1358–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764215586826.
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Herman, Rebecca. "The Global Politics of Anti-Racism: A View from the Canal Zone." American Historical Review 125, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 460–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhaa150.
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Abstract During World War II, when Axis theories of racial supremacy became purported antonyms to Allied values, leaders of “non-white” countries gained a new framework for challenging a global order grounded in racialized notions of fitness for self-government. But the story is more complex than a sole focus on the international sphere allows, as those leaders who adopted anti-racist rhetoric to challenge their disadvantaged position in international politics were sometimes architects of racial hierarchy at home. This article examines how anti-racist struggles within Panama and the Canal Zone mapped onto the anti-imperialist project of a racist Panamanian state. Scholars of race and international relations have highlighted the challenges that anti-imperialist struggles posed to racialized criteria for international legitimacy, on the one hand, and the impact of geopolitical conflict on domestic struggles for racial equality, on the other. The view from the Canal Zone reveals the interplay between those two phenomena. Foregrounding Latin America in a history of the global politics of anti-racism precludes escape into binary visions of a world divided between colonizers and colonized, a racist Global North and an anti-racist Global South, or a tidy color line that splits humanity in two.
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Raboteau, Albert J. "Thomas Merton on Racism in America." Journal of Catholic Social Thought 3, no. 1 (2006): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jcathsoc2006315.
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Wood, Forrest G., and Thomas Powell. "The Persistence of Racism in America." Journal of American History 80, no. 1 (June 1993): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2079722.
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Kozhimannil, Katy B., and Carrie Henning-Smith. "Racism and Health in Rural America." Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 29, no. 1 (2018): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2018.0004.
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Chaney, Cassandra, and Ray V. Robertson. "Racism and Police Brutality in America." Journal of African American Studies 17, no. 4 (January 12, 2013): 480–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12111-013-9246-5.
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Brundage, W. Fitzhugh, and Thomas Powell. "The Persistence of Racism in America." Journal of Southern History 59, no. 3 (August 1993): 529. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2210017.
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Schwartz, Stephan A. "Police brutality and racism in America." EXPLORE 16, no. 5 (September 2020): 280–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.explore.2020.06.010.
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Powell, Dionne R. "Race, African Americans, and Psychoanalysis: Collective Silence in the Therapeutic Situation." Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 66, no. 6 (December 2018): 1021–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003065118818447.
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Both historically and currently, assaults on the black body and mind have been ubiquitous in American society, posing a counterargument to America as a postracial, color-blind society. Yet the collective silence of psychoanalysts on this societal reality limits our ability to explore, teach, and treat the effects, both interpersonal and intrapsychic, of race, racism, racialized trauma, and implicit bias and privilege. This silence, which challenges our relevance as a profession, must be explored in the context of America’s racialized identity as an outgrowth of slavery and institutional racism. Racial identifications that maintain whiteness as a construct privileged over otherness are an obstacle to conducting analytic work. Examples of work with racial tensions and biases illustrate its therapeutic potential. The challenge for us as clinicians is to acknowledge and explore our racial bias, ignorance, blind spots, and privilege, along with identifications with the oppressed and the oppressor, as contributors to our silence.
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Douglas, Christopher. "“Bodies and Things, Both Putrid and Corrupt”: Miasma and Racial Anxiety in Hawthorne's The Marble Faun." Nathaniel Hawthorne Review 47, no. 1 (May 1, 2021): 101–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/nathhawtrevi.47.1.0101.
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Abstract As the forces of racial anxiety and pandemic combined in America in 2020 in the BLM protests and COVID-19 outbreak, so too they combine in Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Marble Faun (1860) in the form of antebellum racism and malaria. Written shortly after his European tour, Hawthorne's final novel, which is packed with comments about the poisonous Roman air, features New England artists Hilda and Kenyon who must navigate Italy without becoming degraded, while Italians Miriam and Donatello belong to the corruption that Italy breeds. The pestilence oozing between the lines of this novel is born out of racial transgressions; though different in scope from America's enslavement of Africans, the tension between white, Protestant American culture and Catholic Italy speaks to the same neuroses haunting the American psyche of not only the 1850s but also the twenty-first century. The American characters' separation from the Roman atmosphere mirrors the growing separation between North and South during the runup to the Civil War. Like America, Italy was on the verge of war, although as a force of unification instead of dissolution; yet for both, Hawthorne subverts the open discussion of any political tension to the level of a diseased atmosphere.
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Pillay, Jerry. "Racism and xenophobia: The role of the Church in South Africa." Verbum et Ecclesia 38, no. 3 (October 6, 2017): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ve.v38i3.1655.
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Racism and xenophobia have become a worldwide issue and challenge. The recent flood of immigrants and refugees into Europe and America has put this matter on the world map. In South Africa racism and xenophobia have, in recent times, reached explosive proportions and have greatly intensified the need for the Church to get more deeply involved in the creation of racial harmony and peace as it works towards the fullness of life for all people. This chapter explored the challenges of racism and xenophobia in South Africa and concluded by discussing the role of the Church in combating these realities.
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Dhillon, Maanvi. "Understanding Ta-Nehisi Coates’ Rejection of Hope." Journal of Integrative Research & Reflection 4 (November 18, 2021): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/jirr.v4.1930.
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Ta-Nehisi Coates’ book Between the World and Me is written as a letter to his son, but serves many roles: a collection of personal experiences as an African American man, a history of black people’s exploitation and oppression in America, and advice for navigating the country and its historical, systematic, expansive and deeply embeddedd racism. Readers and critics have noted the pessimism of the work, as Coates writes pragmatically and coldly with no optimism about the potential to end the racist oppression of black Americans. This essay analyzes Coates’ rejection of hope by parsing through the audiences he addresses and the respective messages underlying his work. First, the essay considers how Coates urges readers to think critically about the hopeful narrative of the American Dream and see how it obscures the racism underlying and determining both white Americans’ economic, political and social successes, as well as the struggles and cyclic obstacles afflicting black American communities. Using literary analysis, the essay argues that Coates’ rebuke of the American dream is meant to be addressed towards white Americans, as they are more susceptible to accepting its tempting and convenient narrative. Coates provides his son and the black American community with a different critique of hope; he shows the futility of maintaining optimism about the achievement of racial equality when that outcome depends on their nation and white peers who demonstrate no interest in ending the racist structures and systems that privilege them. Coates’ argument is clarified in the essay by framing it as a form of literary theorist Lauren Berlant’s conception of cruel optimism. Ultimately, by exploring the nuance in Coates’ pessimistic work, the essay reveals how Coates’ rejection of hope is both an effective message in addressing his various audiences and a justified sentiment, particularly given the high cost of holding on to hope for black Americans.
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Dannefer, Dale. "Racism and Cumulative Dis/Advantage in Healthcare Access: Implications for the Life Course." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 586. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1958.
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Abstract Despite its origins in the study of race in America in Gunnar Myrdal’s American Dilemma, research on cumulative dis/advantage (CDA) and the life course has paid little attention to the significance of racism in the overall production and patterning of CDA. Building on recent work that has reviewed the life-course implications of the inscribing of racist interests in social policy, this paper explores the life-course implications of race bias in another domain, specifically the domain of medical diagnosis, where algorithm formulas have been shown to disadvantage black patients based on economic and other parameters. Even with training, experimental evidence comparing human and AI diagnostics have demonstrated that despite improvements, residual racism is evident in differential diagnoses. We consider the life-course implications of this and similar race-based differentials in organizational decision-making as a component in systems of cumulating dis/advantage.
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Fevrius, Rochilda. "So, This is America?" JCSCORE 7, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15763/issn.2642-2387.2021.7.1.149-154.
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In this poem, the author sheds light on the struggles of police brutality, racism, and injustice that rampage through the Black community. The author’s poem illustrates the feeling of devastation from the lack of equality and justice for Black individuals in America, who constantly live-in fear. The author is a Black woman, who witnesses and experiences discrimination and unfairness, and questions is this what America really is? She writes this poem in an effort to hold the disruptive systems in America, racist individuals, and brutal police accountable for their damage and destruction of Black people and Black communities. The poem was unfortunately inspired by the killings of innocent Black individuals such as Daunte Wright, Brandon Bernard, Breonna Taylor, George Floyd, Ahmaud Arbery, and the many other Black lives reduced to a hashtag.
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Vargas, Carlos. "The Racial Nightmare and the Genteel Racism." Revista Portuguesa de Ciência Política / Portuguese Journal of Political Science, no. 15 (2021): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33167/2184-2078.rpcp2021.15/pp.129-136.
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Iheme, Williams C. "The Perilously Racist Carceral System in America and Its Perpetuation of Police Brutality against Black People." Chinese Journal of Comparative Law 9, no. 2 (September 1, 2021): 231–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cjcl/cxab013.
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Abstract This article discusses various issues of race and law enforcement in the USA through the lenses of critical race theory and Black radical tradition, precisely to convey the fact that racism is still alive and well in the USA and reverberates through the criminal justice system against Black people. American legal scholars are divided on which legal methodology is most appropriate in addressing racial cum legal issues. However, this article argues that tackling the systemic racism and the perilous proclivity of the police in brutalizing Black people in the USA cannot be adequately achieved through the current (mainstream) frameworks of rule of law and democracy because, arguably, these institutions were erected on the foundations of slavery and racism to principally serve the interests of White Americans. Using legal storytelling, the article narrates specific cases of police brutality and amplifies the voices of critical race theorists that racism in the USA cannot truly be dismantled solely via democratic dialogues and legal formalism as the mainstream view tends to always suggest. It posits that the hefty intellectual effort required to positively bend the mainstream towards realizing the constitutional rights of Black people in the USA can only be shouldered on Black radicalism and ‘racial realism’, as Derrick Bell, Cedric Robinson, and other scholars have opined.
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Alexander, Jennifer, and Camilla Stivers. "Racial Bias: A Buried Cornerstone of the Administrative State." Administration & Society 52, no. 10 (May 29, 2020): 1470–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095399720921508.
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Historians of American public administration have largely perpetuated its self-image of neutrality and scientific detachment. Yet public agencies are shaped by their political and cultural environments. Long-standing myths and historical narratives about the meaning of America reveal not neutrality but racial bias dating back centuries, a pattern sustained, in part, by failure to recognize its existence. This article explores how historical understandings of the administrative state have neglected the influence of racial bias on the development of administrative practices. We suggest that a reconstructed understanding may strengthen support for anti-racism efforts, such as diversity training, representative bureaucracy, and social equity.
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Джеллисон-Хаунканрин, Джойс Анджела. "RACE, MISTRUST, AND POLICING: THE INTENDED CONSEQUENCES OF LINKING BLACKNESS TO CRIMINALITY." Rule-of-law state: theory and practice 16, no. 4-1 (April 1, 2020): 114–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.33184/pravgos-2020.4.11.
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The issues of racialized violence and policing in America are not new phenomena but are a part of the American historical fabric. Purpose: to analyze the problem of institutionalized racism in the criminal justice model. Blacks are overrepresented within the criminal justice organizational model, despite representing a small percentage of the American population. The criminal stereotype of African Americans could contribute to the reason behind why blacks are disproportionately more likely than Whites to be targeted by the police as suspects, interrogated and wrongfully convicted. Policing behaviors across the USA are legally structured to produce institutional entrapments that often disproportionately target and affect black males. The stereotype of a criminal African American has also been associated with racial profiling. The paper describes The Black Lives Matter movement as a societal response to police abuse of coercive power and the fatal interactions of black males and women with police. Methods: the research is carried out on the basis of the methods of analysis and synthesis, generalization, comparison and description. Conclusions: institutionalized racism within the criminal justice system is the cause for the disproportionate arrest rates of African Americans. The restructuring of the policing model and the criminal justice model must be a realignment of values and discontinuation of practices that are fundamentally meant to oppress Blacks in America.