Journal articles on the topic 'Race'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Race.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Race.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Bailey, Craig J., Stuart W. J. Reid, David R. Hodgson, and Reuben J. Rose. "Factors associated with time until first race and career duration for Thoroughbred racehorses." American Journal of Veterinary Research 60, no. 10 (October 1, 1999): 1196. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1999.60.10.1196.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Objective To determine whether sex or foaling period were associated with time to first race start and whether sex, age at time of first race start, or interrace period were associated with career duration for Thoroughbred racehorses in Australia. Animals 553 Thoroughbred racehorses. Procedure Race records through to the end of the 6-year-old racing season were obtained for each horse. Product-limit survival analysis was used to determine whether sex or foaling period was associated with time to first race start and whether sex or age at first race was associated with career duration. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to determine whether sex, age at first possible race, age at first race, or inter-race period was associated with time to first race start or career duration. Results 472 horses (85.4%) raced. Time to first race start was not associated with sex or foaling period. However, males, who had their first race at a younger age and a greater mean number of rest days between races, had longer careers. The hazard ratio for career duration of males versus females, controlling for age at time of first race and inter-race period (0.27), confirmed that males had a higher probability of a long racing career. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance Results suggest that for Thoroughbred racehorses, sex and time of birth during the foaling season were not associated with time to first race. Male Thoroughbred racehorses that were raced less intensively or raced at a younger age were more likely to have long racing careers. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:1196–1200)
2
Harris, Joanne. "Math at Work: Off to the Races with Melanie Paterson." Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School 8, no. 3 (November 2002): 170–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mtms.8.3.0170.
Full textAbstract:
MEET MELANIE PATERSON, race car driver. Melanie currently races in the Canadian Formula Ford Championship series. This form of racing is an entry-level professional open-wheel series. The cars have 1600cc/1.6L engines, race with no aerodynamic aids, and use street radial tires. From Formula Ford 1600, a racer can proceed into Formula 2000, Formula Atlantic, Indy Lights, and the CART (Championship Auto Racing Teams) racing series. With each progression in race series, more powerful engines and higher technology come into play. Melanie's goal is to eventually race in the CART series as well.
3
Goodwin, Roger L. "Comparing Post Positions Using the Chi Square Distribution." Asian Journal of Social Science Studies 1, no. 2 (April 5, 2016): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.20849/ajsss.v1i2.47.
Full textAbstract:
In horse racing, at the start of a race, horses line-up in starting gates. The rack track assigns horses and their jockeys their starting gates in advance of a race. We examine the published data from a racetrack to determine if a starting gate is preferred over another. We compare the number of wins across the post positions for sprint races and long distance races using two chi-square distributions. Given the post positions and the number of wins for a given race track, it can be determined that the inner-most and outer-most track positions tend to be preferred over the center track positions.
4
Bolwell, C., C. Rogers, and E. Gee. "Descriptive epidemiology of race-day jockey falls and injuries in New Zealand." Comparative Exercise Physiology 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep13036.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of the study was to determine the incidence of race-day jockey falls and describe the reporting of injuries occurring during Thoroughbred racing in New Zealand. Details on jockey falls and injuries were extracted from official stipendiary stewards' reports and denominator data on all race starts were obtained for all races that occurred between 1 August 2008 and 28 February 2013. A fall included any event of the jockey being dislodged from the horse, once the jockey had mounted to start the race proceedings. Incidence rates for jockey falls stratified by type of race were calculated for race-level variables of interest: year, season, race number, race distance and track condition. During the study period there were 816 jockey falls, of which 92 occurred before the race and resulted in the horse being scratched (withdrawn) from the race. The incidence of jockey falls was 2.2 per 1000 rides (95% confidence interval (CI)=1.9-2.5) for flat races and 84.7 per 1000 rides (95% CI=76.6-93.5) for jump races. Just under half of the jockey falls in flat races occurred pre-race (195/418; 46.6%), 42% (179/418) of falls occurred during the race and 10.5% (44/418) of falls occurred post-race. In total, 19.1% (80/418) and 17.3% (69/398) of jockey falls resulted in injury to the jockey in flat and jump races, respectively. Nearly 90% (69/80) of jockeys injured in flat races were stood down from their next race and most injured jockeys required a medical certificate before racing again. The incidence of jockey falls was higher in jump races than flat races, but was comparable to those reported internationally. Incidence rates for falls in flat races were lower than those reported in Europe and Australia.
5
Cole, DL, and N. Mapuranga. "Reaction of Indicator Tobacco Cultivars to Races of Pseudomonas syringaepv. tabaciTox+." Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research 19, no. 7 (October 1, 2001): 353–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0723.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThree races of Pseudomonas syringaepv. tabaciTox+ (wildfire) (races 0, 1 and 2) and two races of Tox- (angular leaf spot) (races 1 and 2) have been confirmed on tobacco in Zimbabwe (Zim). Very few cultivars with no resistance to Ps. syringaepv. tabaci are grown commercially and race 0 has not been isolated since 1996. Because we no longer have a viable culture of race 0, we obtained an isolate of race 0 from Kentucky (0 KY), USA in January 2000. We included this isolate in race tests on standard indicator cultivars K E1 (susceptible to all races), KM 10 (resistance to race 0 derived from Nicotianalongiflora), WZ (resistance to races 0 and 1 derived from N. rustica) and a hybrid, K 35 (resistance to races 0 and 0 and 1 derived from N. longiflora and N. rustica respectively). Two leaves on 10-week-old seedlings were inoculated with a bacterial suspension (106 colony forming units [cfu] per mL) by spraying selected areas until just watersoaked and incubating the plants at 28 C and 70% RH for 10 d. The reaction to race 0, measured as lesion diameter, was different from that previously obtained with race 0 (Zim). Races 0 and 1 (Zim) are avirulent on WZ but race 0 (KY) was virulent. Further isolates of race 0 were received from Maryland (MD) and Tennessee (TN). The TN isolates overcame resistance derived from N. longiflora and N. rustica, except where both sets of genes were present in the same cultivar. Reactions have been variable with the race 0 (MD) isolate suggesting it is a mixed culture. We conclude that there are at least four races of Ps. syringaepv. tabaciTox+ worldwide and race 0 (KY) should be designated race 3. On all cultivars, race 2 consistently caused the largest lesions.
6
Cohen, Noah D., George D. Mundy, John G. Peloso, Vincent J. Carey, and Norine K. Amend. "Results of physical inspection before races and race-related characteristics and their association with musculoskeletal injuries in Thoroughbreds during races." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 215, no. 5 (September 1, 1999): 654–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.1999.215.05.654.
Full textAbstract:
Objective To estimate the relative risk of injury among horses deemed to be at increased risk of injury on the basis of prerace physical inspection findings and to examine the association of injury during races with race-related characteristics. Design Cohort study. Animals 2,187 Thoroughbred horses that started 3,227 races in Kentucky. Procedure All race starts for which a horse was deemed to be at increased risk of injury on the basis of prerace physical inspection findings and a random sample of race starts for which horses were not deemed at increased risk of injury were included in the study. Findings of prerace physical inspection, racerelated characteristics, and outcome of the race (race results and whether the horse incurred an injury) were recorded for each race start. Race starts in which a horse incurred an injury during a race were compared with race starts in which injuries were not incurred to identify factors associated with injury during races. Results Abnormality of the suspensory ligament of the forelimbs detected during prerace physical inspection, racetrack, class of race (claiming race ≤ $25,000 vs other classes), and distance of race (< 7 furlongs vs other distances) were significantly associated with increased risk of injury. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance Prerace physical inspection findings, particularly abnormalities of the suspensory ligament, may be used to identify horses at increased risk of injury during races. Rate of injury differed among racetracks, and horses in certain types of races (lower-priced claiming races and races of shorter distance) may be at increased risk of injury during races. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;215:654–661)
7
Short, Dylan P. G., Suraj Gurung, Karunakaran Maruthachalam, Zahi K. Atallah, and Krishna V. Subbarao. "Verticillium dahliae Race 2-Specific PCR Reveals a High Frequency of Race 2 Strains in Commercial Spinach Seed Lots and Delineates Race Structure." Phytopathology® 104, no. 7 (July 2014): 779–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-09-13-0253-r.
Full textAbstract:
Two pathogenic races of Verticillium dahliae have been described on lettuce and tomato. Host resistance to race 1 is governed by plant immune receptors that recognize the race 1-specific fungal effector Ave1. Only partial resistance to race 2 exists in lettuce. Although polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays are available to identify race 1, no complementary test exists to positively identify race 2, except for lengthy pathogenicity assays on host differentials. Using the genome sequences of two isolates of V. dahliae, one each from races 1 and 2, we identified potential markers and PCR primers to distinguish the two races. Several primer pairs based on polymorphisms between the races were designed and tested on reference isolates of known race. One primer pair, VdR2F-VdR2R, consistently yielded a 256-bp amplicon in all race 2 isolates exclusively. We screened DNA from 677 V. dahliae isolates, including 340 from spinach seedlots, with the above primer pair and a previously published race 1-specific primer pair. DNA from isolates that did not amplify with race 1-specific PCRs amplified with the race 2-specific primers. To validate this, two differential lines of lettuce were inoculated with 53 arbitrarily selected isolates from spinach seed and their pathogenicity and virulence were assessed in a greenhouse. The reactions of the differential cultivars strongly supported the PCR data. V. dahliae race structure was investigated in crops in coastal California and elsewhere using primers specific to the two races. All artichoke isolates from California were race 1, whereas nearly all tomato isolates were race 2. Isolates from lettuce, pepper, and strawberry from California as well as isolates from spinach seed from two of four countries comprised both races, whereas only race 2 was observed in cotton, mint, olive, and potato. This highlights the importance of identifying resistance against race 2 in different hosts. The technique developed in this study will benefit studies in ecology, population biology, disease surveillance, and epidemiology at local and global scales, and resistance breeding against race 2 in lettuce and other crops.
8
Niwas, Ram, Md Arshad Anwer, Tushar Ranjan, Abhijeet Ghatak, Khushbu Jain, Jitesh Kumar, Aditya Bharti, Neha Kumari, and Jitendra Nath Srivastava. "Exserohilum turcicum (Passerini) Leonard and Suggs: Race Population Distribution in Bihar, India." Bioengineering 10, no. 1 (December 21, 2022): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10010007.
Full textAbstract:
Northern corn leaf blight (NCLB) of maize, caused by Exserohilum turcicum (Pass.) Leonard and Suggs., is an important foliar disease common across maize-producing areas of the world, including Bihar, India. In this study, virulence and distribution of races were observed against Ht-resistant genes and also identified the E. turcicum race population distribution in Bihar. For that, 45 E. turcicum isolates were collected from maize fields in Bhagalpur, Begusarai, Khagaria, Katihar and Samastipur districts between 2020 and 2022. These isolates were screened on maize differential lines containing Ht1, Ht2, Ht3 and HtN1 resistance genes. Five different physiological races were observed based on the symptoms response of the differential maize lines. These races are race 0, race 1, race 3, race 23N and race 123N. E. turcicum race 3 was the most prevalent race having 26.6% frequency followed by race 0 (24.4%) and race 1 (22.2%) and the least prevalent races were race 23N and 123N having 13.3% each. Varied resistance response of different isolates was observed on differential lines having different resistant genes. Despite the fact that virulence was seen against all Ht resistance genes, NCLB control might be increased by combining qualitative Ht resistance genes with quantitative resistance.
9
Sullivan, M. J., T. A. Melton, and H. D. Shew. "Fitness of Races 0 and 1 of Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae." Plant Disease 89, no. 11 (November 2005): 1220–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-89-1220.
Full textAbstract:
Deployment of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) varieties with complete resistance to race 0 of Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae has led to a rapid increase in the field populations of race 1 in North Carolina. In a field study, population levels of race 1 decreased relative to race 0 when cultivars with partial resistance to both races were planted, suggesting that race 1 isolates were less fit than race 0 isolates. Experiments were conducted to quantify differences in aggressiveness and survivability of the two races. Tobacco varieties with low, moderate, or high levels of partial resistance were inoculated with 60 pathogen isolates, and symptom development was monitored for 3 weeks. Race 0 isolates were more aggressive than race 1 isolates on cultivars with moderate or high levels of partial resistance; incubation periods were shorter and root rot severity was greater with race 0 isolates. Isolates of race 1, however, caused greater stunting of plants with moderate and high levels of partial resistance than race 0 isolates. Field microplots were infested with either a single race or an equal mixture of each race. Soil samples were collected at the end of two growing seasons and again the following spring. Pathogen populations declined from 40 to 80% during winter months, but population declines for race 0 were lower than for race 1 in each treatment over each winter. Race shifts from race 1 to race 0 that were observed in the presence of cultivars with partial resistance appear to be primarily the result of differences in aggressiveness of the races, with a possible minor effect of enhanced overwintering survival of race 0 compared with race 1.
10
Leski, B. "Identification of Cladosporium fulvum Cooke races from group B and C on tomatoes in Poland." Acta Agrobotanica 30, no. 2 (2015): 181–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.1977.014.
Full textAbstract:
Further races of <i>Cladosporium fulvum</i> Cooke were identified on tomatoes in Poland: one race of group B affecting the resistance gene Cf-4 (similar to the hypothetic race 1.4) and 2 races from group C affecting the gene combination Cf-2 Cf-4 (one resembling the Dutch race 2.3.4. and the other to the hypothetic race 1.2.3.4). A list of varieties susceptible and resistant to these races is given.
11
Jin, Y. "Races of Puccinia graminis Identified in the United States During 2003." Plant Disease 89, no. 10 (October 2005): 1125–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-89-1125.
Full textAbstract:
Stem rust of small grain cereals, caused by Puccinia graminis, is a major disease of wheat, barley, and oat. In order to effectively utilize stem rust resistance in the improvement of small grain cereals, it is necessary to monitor the virulence composition and dynamics in the stem rust population. Races of P. graminis from barberry, wheat, barley, and oat were surveyed across the United States during 2003. Aecial infections on barberry were primarily due to P. graminis f. sp. secalis, as inoculations using aeciospores failed to produce infection on wheat and oat. Race QFCS of P. graminis f. sp. tritici was the most common race identified from wheat and barley. Race QFCS has virulence on stem rust resistance genes Sr5, 8a, 9a, 9d, 9g, 10, 17, and 21 that are used for race identification. Race TTTT was identified in 2003. This race possesses virulence to all 16 stem rust resistance genes present in the wheat stem rust differentials and should be targeted in breeding for stem rust resistance. Race QFCN appeared to be a new race in the U.S. stem rust population. Races QCCJ and MCCF were identified, but at low frequencies. Seven races of P. graminis f. sp. avenae were identified from oat, and races NA-27, NA-29, and NA-67 were the predominant races. Race NA-76 was identified for the first time in the United States.
12
Afrin, Khandker Shazia, Md Abdur Rahim, Mehede Hassan Rubel, Sathishkumar Natarajan, Jae-Young Song, Hoy-Taek Kim, Jong-In Park, and Ill-Sup Nou. "Development of race-specific molecular marker for Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris race 3, the causal agent of black rot of crucifers." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 98, no. 5 (October 1, 2018): 1119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2018-0035.
Full textAbstract:
Race-specific molecular markers were established to distinguish Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) race 3, the causal agent of black rot disease of crucifers. The available genome sequences of Xcc races were aligned and identified three DNA fragments specific to Xcc race 3. The identified race-specific DNA fragments namely XccR3-49, XccR3-52, and XccR3-55 were used for designing the race-specific primers to detect and identify Xcc race 3. The specificity of race-specific primers was tested against the genomic DNA extracted from Xcc (races 1–7), Xcc strains, Xc pathovars, and other bacterial species. XccR3-49, a specific sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) primer set, gave a single band with 867 bp length for Xcc race 3 only. The remaining two markers XccR3-52 and XccR3-55 showed polymorphic amplification with amplicon sizes of 1889 and 2109 bp for Xcc race 3, respectively. Additionally, the SCAR primer set detected Xcc race 3 rapidly and efficiently in artificially infected cabbage leaves with bio-PCR. This result showed that the newly developed race-specific markers can successfully and efficiently detect and identify Xcc race 3 from Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris races, Xanthomonas species/pathovars, as well as other plant pathogenic bacteria (Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola and Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora). Up to now, this is the first report describing the race-specific marker for the detection of Xcc race 3.
13
Hansen. "Race This Race." Fourth Genre: Explorations in Nonfiction 17, no. 1 (2015): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.14321/fourthgenre.17.1.0079.
Full text
14
Bayliss, K. L., L. Spindler, E. S. Lagudah, K. Sivasithamparam, and M. J. Barbetti. "Variability within Kabatiella caulivora Race 1 and Race 2 revealed by cultural and molecular analyses." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 54, no. 1 (2003): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar02071.
Full textAbstract:
Kabatiella caulivora is the causal agent of clover scorch, a fungal disease of clover (Trifolium) species. Variability within and between K. caulivora Race 1 and Race 2 was determined by cultural characteristics, isozymes, and amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP). Cultural studies indicated isolates from both races were highly variable. No differences were identified within or between races by isozyme analysis. Similarity coefficients, determined from AFLP analysis, indicated that isolates from different races were often more similar than isolates from the same race. Comparison of single representative isolates from Race 1 and Race 2, collected at a Denmark (Western Australia) disease site, with isolates collected from another site of clover scorch outbreak at Esperance, 300 km east of Denmark, indicated most of the isolates causing the second outbreak were similar to Race�2, confirming previously conducted pathogenicity tests. It is hypothesised that Race 2 may have evolved from Race 1, and that the level of variability in the pathogen indicates the potential for development of further new races of K. caulivora. The requirement for improved selection strategies, including the screening of new cultivars and breeding lines with multiple isolates of the pathogen, is discussed in relation to these findings.
15
Mountseng, Cylvain Patrick, Hermine Mahot, Gertrude Membang, Serges Bertrand Mboussi, Didier Begoude, and Zachée Ambang. "Morphological and Biochemical Characterization of Strains of Ralstonia solanacearum, Causal Agent of Bacterial Wilt in Tomatoes in Cameroon and Screening of Virulent Strains." Annual Research & Review in Biology 39, no. 5 (April 30, 2024): 27–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/arrb/2024/v39i52079.
Full textAbstract:
Ralstonia solanacearum is a major constraint in tomato production. The aim of this work was to identify the different biovars and races of R. solanacearum which infect tomato plants in Cameroon and determine the most virulent in a gnotobiotic environment. Thirty (30) samples were collected in the field of 03 different agro-ecological zones considered as major tomato production area in Cameroon. The bacteria were isolated on modified Kelman solid medium, and identified based on morphological and biochemical characterization. The pathogenicity test was performed in a gnotobiotic environment by root inoculation. Twenty-nine (29) isolates showed colonies characteristic of virulent strains. Water, motility, catalase, KOH, Kovac oxidase, glucose reduction, and sucrose tests were positive. However, gram staining, spore production, arginine test and sulfate reduction were negative. The biovar tests carried out revealed the presence16.66% biovar 2 (bv 2) and 76.66% biovar 3(bv 3). The tobacco hypersensitivity tests carried out revealed the presence of two (02) races: race 1 and race 3 (majority). A predominance of race3 biovar 3 was observed in Cameroon. Results from pathogenicity test revealed that two (02) strains, FM6 (race 3 bv2) and BFo (race 3 bv 3) were high virulent, causing up to 100% loss of seedlings on the sixth day post-inoculation.
16
Taylor, J. D., J. Conway, S. J. Roberts, D. Astley, and J. G. Vicente. "Sources and Origin of Resistance to Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris in Brassica Genomes." Phytopathology® 92, no. 1 (January 2002): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2002.92.1.105.
Full textAbstract:
Two hundred and seventy-six accessions of mainly Brassica spp. were screened for resistance to Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris races. In Brassica oleracea (C genome), the majority of accessions were susceptible to all races, but 43% showed resistance to one or more of the rare races (2, 3, 5, and 6) and a single accession showed partial resistance to races 1, 3, 5, and 6. Further searches for resistance to races 1 and 4, currently the most important races worldwide, and race 6, the race with the widest host range, were made in accessions representing the A and B genomes. Strong resistance to race 4 was frequent in B. rapa (A genome) and B. napus (AC genome), indicating an A genome origin. Resistance to races 1 and 4 was present in a high proportion of B. nigra (B genome) and B. carinata (BC genome) accessions, indicating a B genome origin. B. juncea (AB genome) was the most resistant species, showing either strong resistance to races 1 and 4 or quantitative resistance to all races. Potentially race-nonspecific resistance was also found, but at a lower frequency, in B. rapa, B. nigra, and B. carinata. The combination of race-specific and race-nonspecific resistance could provide durable control of black rot of crucifers.
17
Hull, George. "Race, racialisation and colour-caste." Thinker 86, no. 1 (February 26, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.36615/thethinker.v86i1.446.
Full textAbstract:
Since race categories do not pick out biologically significant divisions of humanity, their use can be misleading and offensive. Yet racialisation – society’s viewing and treating South Africans as though they comprised different races – has generated real societal groups which are significant from the perspectives of justice and identity. In the philosophy of race, these facts make for a conceptual conundrum. Is common-sense race thinking right that races, if they exist, are human groups differing in significant, inherent and heritable ways, in which case there are no races? Or has common-sense race thinking failed to grasp races’ socially constructed nature, and should we say races are the really existing groups generated by racialisation? The same facts confronted the Non-European Unity Movement (NEUM) – a mid-20th-century South African liberation movement – with an organisational and theoretical challenge. Given its uncompromising non-racialism, how could it justify a federal structure which effectively divided its membership into African, Coloured, and Indian sections? If this was not race-based division, what was it? A former NEUM member, Neville Alexander, provided the Unity Movement with the conceptual resources to answer this challenge. I argue that his major work, One Azania, One Nation, is also a contribution to the philosophy of race. Alexander first contends that social constructionists cannot, without equivocation, claim that common-sense thinking about race in one sense has created races in a quite different sense. He then shows that introducing a second concept, ‘colour-caste’, can preserve the insights of the constructionist approach. While races are unreal, colour-castes are real social identities which need to be overcome.
18
Irish, B. M., J. C. Correll, S. T. Koike, J. Schafer, and T. E. Morelock. "Identification and Cultivar Reaction to Three New Races of the Spinach Downy Mildew Pathogen from the United States and Europe." Plant Disease 87, no. 5 (May 2003): 567–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2003.87.5.567.
Full textAbstract:
Since 1996, commercial spinach cultivars with resistance to four previously described races of Peronospora farinosa f. sp. spinaciae (races 1, 2, 3, and 4) were observed with high incidences of downy mildew both in California and Europe. Isolates of P. farinosa f. sp. spinaciae collected in California between 1997 and 2001, Arizona in 1999, and a single isolate collected in the Netherlands in 1996 were examined for their disease reaction on differential spinach cultivars and a set of commercial spinach cultivars. Disease reactions on the differential cultivars indicated the occurrence of three new races of P. farinosa f. sp. spinaciae. Two newly identified races, designated race 5 (isolate CA1) and race 6 (isolate SP1), were detected in the United States. The isolate from the Netherlands also was distinct and designated race 7 (isolate JVN7). Some cultivars with resistance to races 1, 2, 3, and 4 were susceptible to race 5, whereas others were resistant, indicating that resistance to a given race may be governed by different genes (or alleles) depending on the source of resistance. A survey of races in California indicated that races 5 and 6 predominated. Although the majority of the cultivars examined were susceptible to race 6 based on the traditional qualitative cotyledon inoculation assay, significant quantitative differences in resistance to race 6 were observed using a true-leaf greenhouse screening procedure. Although more work is needed to confirm the results of the true-leaf assays, the quantitative resistance observed using this procedure appears to be race specific.
19
Zink, F. W., and W. D. Gubler. "Inheritance of Resistance in Muskmelon to Fusarium Wilt." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 110, no. 5 (September 1985): 600–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.110.5.600.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The mode of inheritance of resistance to Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis) races 0 and 2 in muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) cv Perlita FR and race 2 in ‘Doublon’ was determined by analyzing segregation of F1, F2, F3, and BC1 populations of crosses with susceptible ‘PMR 45’. The ratios obtained indicate that resistance to both races 0 and 2 in ‘Perlita FR’ is conferred by a dominant gene. The segregation data indicate that resistance to race 2 in ‘Doublon’ also is conferred by a dominant gene. Allelism tests indicated that gene Fom-1, which controls resistance to race 0 in ‘Doublon’, is different from the gene controlling resistance to race 0 in ‘Perlita FR’ and that 2 different genes confer resistance to race 2 in ‘Doublon’ and ‘Perlita FR’. The reaction of ‘Perlita FR’ and ‘Doublon’ backcross progenies of (resistant × susceptible) × susceptible, inoculated simultaneously or sequentially with race 0 and race 2, suggest that gene Fom-1 confers resistance to races 0 and 2 in ‘Doublon’ and that a single gene confers resistance to both races 0 and 2 in ‘Perlita FR’. The resistant dominant gene in ‘Perlita FR’ is designated F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis 3 (Fom-3). The source of Fusarium wilt resistance in ‘Perlita FR’ is discussed. ‘Perlita FR’ was found susceptible to race 1 and race 1, 2.
20
Vasileva, K., and N. Bogatzevska. "Races of bacterial spot pathogen infecting genus Capsicum in Bulgaria." Agricultural Science and Technology 11, no. 2 (June 2019): 113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/ast.2019.02.018.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. The causative agents of bacterial spot disease infecting pepper are the species X. euvesicatoria and X. vesicatoria common in the typical pepper growing areas (Northern: Black Sea Costal and Central; Southwest; Southern – Upper Thracian valley) in Bulgaria. The pathogens refer to pepper P pathotype (22 strains) and pepper-tomato РТ pathotype (52 strains). The natural population of X. еuvesicatoria is heterogeneous of pathotype and physiological races. Widespread is race P6 in the P of the pathogen, followed by race P1. Single strains are assigned to P3, P9 and P10. In PT, races P0, P1, P4, P5 are differentiated, the dominant race in PT is the P4 race in combination with the tomato race T2. For the first time in Bulgaria in the natural population of X. vesicatoria, are detected strains which infect only pepper, differentiated are races Р0, Р2 and Р3. The population of X. vesicatoria PT prevails in private gardens and vegetable areas near tomatoes. Differentiated races are P1, P3 and P4 in combination with tomato races T1, T2 and T3. Race P3 occurs in P and PT pathotype.
21
Ryley, M. J., N. R. Obst, J. A. G. Irwin, and A. Drenth. "Changes in the Racial Composition of Phytophthora sojae in Australia Between 1979 and 1996." Plant Disease 82, no. 9 (September 1998): 1048–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1998.82.9.1048.
Full textAbstract:
Surveys of commercial soybean fields, disease nurseries, and trial plots of soybean were conducted throughout eastern Australia between 1979 and 1996, and 694 isolates of Phytophthora sojae were collected and classified into races. Fourteen races, 1, 2, 4, 10, 15, and 25, and eight new races, 46 to 53, were identified, but only races 1, 4, 15, 25, 46, and 53 were found in commercial fields. Races 1 and 15 were the only races found in commercial fields in the soybean-growing areas of Australia up until 1989, with race 1 being the dominant race. Race 4 was found in central New South Wales in 1989 on cultivars with the Rps1a gene, and it is now the dominant race in central and southern New South Wales. Races 46 and 53 have only been found once, in southern New South Wales, and race 25 was identified in the same region in 1994 on a cultivar with the Rps1k gene. Only races 1 and 15 have been found in the northern soybean-growing regions, with the latter dominating, which coincides with the widespread use of cultivars with the Rps2 gene. Changes in the race structure of the P. sojae population from commercial fields in Australia follow the deployment of specific resistance genes.
22
Bosland, P. W., and P. H. Williams. "Sources of Resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans, race 2." HortScience 22, no. 4 (August 1987): 669–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.22.4.669.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Since its introduction more than 50 years ago, monogenic dominant “Type A” resistance has successfully controlled cabbage yellows, caused by Fusarium oxysporum Schlect. f. sp. conglutinans (Wr.) Snyd. & Hans., race 1 (FOCI). Recently, a new pathotype capable of overcoming Type A resistance was found in California and designated race 5 (3). Investigations of the relationship among the races revealed that race 1 and race 5 were more closely related to each other than they were to the other races, justifying the reclassification of the F. oxysporum on crucifers (P.W.B., unpublished data). F. oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans race 5 is now designated race 2 (F0C2).
23
Gill, George W. "The Beauty of Race and Races." Anthropology News 39, no. 3 (March 1998): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/an.1998.39.3.1.2.
Full text
24
Kasikci, Baris, Cristian Zamfir, and George Candea. "Data races vs. data race bugs." ACM SIGARCH Computer Architecture News 40, no. 1 (April 18, 2012): 185–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2189750.2150997.
Full text
25
Kasikci, Baris, Cristian Zamfir, and George Candea. "Data races vs. data race bugs." ACM SIGPLAN Notices 47, no. 4 (June 2012): 185–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2248487.2150997.
Full text
26
C. C., OLARU. "Development of motricity in naval pentathlon." Scientific Bulletin of Naval Academy XXII, no. 2 (December 15, 2019): 377–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21279/1454-864x-19-i2-044.
Full textAbstract:
The technical skills specific to naval pentathlon are largely conditioned by the level of development of certain conditional and coordinative motoric skills, and the level of aptitudes, which plays a very important role. The naval pentathlon, practiced by the military of the naval forces, consists of each athlete passing the following five races: obstacle race, lifesaving swimming race, utility swimming race, amphibious cross-country race, seamanship race. The races have a rich content of swimming related actions, throwing, running, jumping, climbing, shooting and rowing and require from the athlete a complex training.
27
Mentias, Amgad, Eric D. Peterson, Neil Keshvani, Dharam J. Kumbhani, Clyde W. Yancy, Alanna A. Morris, Larry A. Allen, et al. "Achieving Equity in Hospital Performance Assessments Using Composite Race-Specific Measures of Risk-Standardized Readmission and Mortality Rates for Heart Failure." Circulation 147, no. 15 (April 11, 2023): 1121–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.122.061995.
Full textAbstract:
Background: The contemporary measures of hospital performance for heart failure hospitalization and 30-day risk-standardized readmission rate (RSRR) and risk-standardized mortality rate (RSMR) are estimated using the same risk adjustment model and overall event rate for all patients. Thus, these measures are mainly driven by the care quality and outcomes for the majority racial and ethnic group, and may not adequately represent the hospital performance for patients of Black and other races. Methods: Fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries from January 2014 to December 2019 hospitalized with heart failure were identified. Hospital-level 30-day RSRR and RSMR were estimated using the traditional race-agnostic models and the race-specific approach. The composite race-specific performance metric was calculated as the average of the RSRR/RMSR measures derived separately for each race and ethnicity group. Correlation and concordance in hospital performance for all patients and patients of Black and other races were assessed using the composite race-specific and race-agnostic metrics. Results: The study included 1 903 232 patients (75.7% White [n=1 439 958]; 14.5% Black [n=276 684]; and 9.8% other races [n=186 590]) with heart failure from 1860 hospitals. There was a modest correlation between hospital-level 30-day performance metrics for patients of White versus Black race (Pearson correlation coefficient: RSRR=0.42; RSMR=0.26). Compared with the race-agnostic RSRR and RSMR, composite race-specific metrics for all patients demonstrated stronger correlation with RSRR (correlation coefficient: 0.60 versus 0.74) and RSMR (correlation coefficient: 0.44 versus 0.51) for Black patients. Concordance in hospital performance for all patients and patients of Black race was also higher with race-specific (versus race-agnostic) metrics (RSRR=64% versus 53% concordantly high-performing; 61% versus 51% concordantly low-performing). Race-specific RSRR and RSMR metrics (versus race-agnostic) led to reclassification in performance ranking of 35.8% and 39.2% of hospitals, respectively, with better 30-day and 1-year outcomes for patients of all race groups at hospitals reclassified as high-performing. Conclusions: Among patients hospitalized with heart failure, race-specific 30-day RSMR and RSRR are more equitable in representing hospital performance for patients of Black and other races.
28
Rhodes, Gillian, Kieran Lee, Romina Palermo, Mahi Weiss, Sakiko Yoshikawa, Peter Clissa, Tamsyn Williams, Marianne Peters, Chris Winkler, and Linda Jeffery. "Attractiveness of Own-Race, Other-Race, and Mixed-Race Faces." Perception 34, no. 3 (March 2005): 319–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p5191.
Full textAbstract:
Averaged face composites, which represent the central tendency of a familiar population of faces, are attractive. If this prototypicality contributes to their appeal, then averaged composites should be more attractive when their component faces come from a familiar, own-race population than when they come from a less familiar, other-race population. We compared the attractiveness of own-race composites, other-race composites, and mixed-race composites (where the component faces were from both races). In experiment 1, Caucasian participants rated own-race composites as more attractive than other-race composites, but only for male faces. However, mixed-race (Caucasian/Japanese) composites were significantly more attractive than own-race composites, particularly for the opposite sex. In experiment 2, Caucasian and Japanese participants living in Australia and Japan, respectively, selected the most attractive face from a continuum with exaggerated Caucasian characteristics at one end and exaggerated Japanese characteristics at the other, with intervening images including a Caucasian averaged composite, a mixed-race averaged composite, and a Japanese averaged composite. The most attractive face was, again, a mixed-race composite, for both Caucasian and Japanese participants. In experiment 3, Caucasian participants rated individual Eurasian faces as significantly more attractive than either Caucasian or Asian faces. Similar results were obtained with composites. Eurasian faces and composites were also rated as healthier than Caucasian or Asian faces and composites, respectively. These results suggest that signs of health may be more important than prototypicality in making average faces attractive.
29
Lema, M., P. Soengas, P. Velasco, M. Francisco, and M. E. Cartea. "Identification of Sources of Resistance to Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris in Brassica napus Crops." Plant Disease 95, no. 3 (March 2011): 292–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-06-10-0428.
Full textAbstract:
Black rot, caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, is one of the most important diseases affecting Brassica crops worldwide. Nine races have been differentiated in X. campestris pv. campestris, with races 1 and 4 being the most virulent and widespread. The objective of this work was to identify sources of resistance to races 1 and 4 of X. campestris pv. campestris in different Brassica napus crops, mainly in the underexplored pabularia group. Seventy-six accessions belonging to four B. napus groups were screened for resistance to two X. campestris pv. campestris races (1 and 4). The strain of race 1 used in this study was more virulent on the tested materials than the strain of race 4. No race-specific resistance was found to race 1. Most cultivars were susceptible except Russian kale, from the pabularia group, which showed some resistant plants and some other accessions with some partially resistant plants. High levels of race-specific resistance to race 4 were found in the pabularia group, and great variability within accessions was identified. Three improved cultivars (Ragged Jack kale, Friese Gele, and Valle del Oro) and four landraces (Russian kale, MBG-BRS0037, MBG-BRS0041, and MBG-BRS0131) showed plants with some degree of resistance to both races, which may indicate that race-nonspecific resistance is involved. These accessions could be directly used in breeding programs, either as improved cultivars or as donors of race-specific resistance to other Brassica cultivars.
30
Scott, J. W., H. A. Agrama, and J. P. Jones. "RFLP-based Analysis of Recombination among Resistance Genes to Fusarium Wilt Races 1, 2, and 3 in Tomato." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 129, no. 3 (May 2004): 394–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.129.3.0394.
Full textAbstract:
Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) line E427 has resistance genes to all three races of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici derived from L. pennellii accession LA 716 and L. pimpinellifolium accession PI 126915. To determine genes that confer resistance to specific races of fusarium wilt, line E427 was crossed to susceptible `Bonny Best' and then F2 and backcross (to `Bonny Best') seed were obtained. Self-pollinations resulted in 337 lines and progeny of each line was inoculated separately with fusarium wilt races 1, 2, or 3. Plants from lines whose segregation suggested recombination of resistance were self-pollinated and reinoculated until disease reactions were homozygous. Four lines were obtained with resistance to both races 2 and 3, but susceptible to race 1. These lines had the L. pennellii alleles at restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers linked to I-3 on chromosome 7 and lacked L. pimpinellifolium alleles linked to I and I-2 on chromosome 11. Complementation (F2) data indicated race 2 resistance on chromosome 7 was controlled by a single dominant gene. Three lines were resistant to race 2, but susceptible to races 1 and 3. These lines had L. pimpinellifolium alleles at TG105 and flanking markers encompassing a 14.4 cM region indicating the presence of I-2, and no L. pennellii alleles at markers linked to I-3. Three lines were resistant to race 1, but susceptible to races 2 and 3. All three lines had L. pimpinellifolium alleles at TG523 confirming linkage to I on chromosome 11 and no L. pennellii alleles at markers tightly linked to I-3. However, one of the lines, 415, had L. pennellii alleles at CT113 on chromosome 7. This data along with F2 complementation data suggests the possible existence of a second race 1 resistant locus, I1, in this region. The four lines resistant to both races 2 and 3 were backcrossed again to `Bonny Best' and self-pollinated progeny from 174 plants were screened as described above. Two lines derived from different BC1S1 lines that were fusarium wilt race 3 resistant and susceptible to race 1 had intermediate resistance to race 2. These two lines did not have the L. pennellii alleles at TG183, TG174, and CT43 near the I-3 locus indicating crossovers in this region resulted in reduced race 2 resistance. Collectively, this is the first clear break in the fusarium wilt race 2 and race 1 resistance linkage on chromosome 11. It appears that the race 1 resistance derived from PI 126915 is controlled by the I gene. On chromosome 7, there was a break between the I-3 and I1 genes indicating I-3 does not confer race 1 resistance. The crossovers resulting in reduced resistance to race 2 could be within a complex I-3 locus or a tightly linked race 2 locus.
31
Hoes, J. A., and E. O. Kenaschuk. "Host–pathogen specificity in postseedling reaction of Linum usitatissimum to Melampsora lini." Canadian Journal of Botany 70, no. 6 (June 1, 1992): 1168–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b92-145.
Full textAbstract:
Eleven commercial flax cultivars and 10 race differentials, inoculated at the prebloom stage, showed significantly different levels of postseedling resistance to virulent races of flax rust. The effects of hosts and of races were significant or highly significant. Races differentiated hosts, hosts differentiated races, and host × race interaction was highly significant. Non-allelic, single-gene differences in host genotype were associated with higher levels of resistance and were ascribed to epistatic action by an L6-complex and by genes K1, M4, and N1. Epistatic action for susceptibility by gene L9 may have occurred in the race differentials Dakota (L9M) and Koto (L9P). The high aggressiveness of race 22 on 10 commercial race-differentiating hosts was correlated with possession of 26 virulence genes compared with 12–15 genes possessed by three other races. Indications are that allelism of host resistance genes and linked virulence of corresponding virulence genes, and also genetic background, were factors in host × pathogen interactions. The cultivar McGregor is a superior source of postseedling rust resistance because each of its genes K1 and L6 was associated with a high resistance level to race 22. Key words: adult plant, allelism, epistasis, flax.
32
Armstrong, John, Alice Sullivan, and George M. Perry. "Performance of non-binary athletes in mass-participation running events." BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 9, no. 4 (December 2023): e001662. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2023-001662.
Full textAbstract:
ObjectivesTo test the hypothesis that, controlling for age, natal-sex differences in running performance are lower among non-binary athletes than in the rest of the population. To test the hypothesis that natal-male non-binary athletes outperform natal-female non-binary athletes.MethodsA secondary analysis of 166 race times achieved by non-binary athletes within a data set of 85 173 race times derived from races with a non-binary category in the New York Road Runners database. The natal sex of non-binary athletes was modelled probabilistically using US Social Security Administration data when it could not be derived from previous races. Race times were used as the outcome variable in linear models with explanatory variables derived from natal sex, gender identity, age and the event being raced. Statistical significance was estimated using Monte Carlo methods as the model was not Gaussian.ResultsThere was no evidence that controlling for age, natal-sex differences in running performance are lower among non-binary athletes. Natal-male non-binary athletes outperform natal-female non-binary athletes at a confidence level of p=0.1%.ConclusionsBoth natal sex and gender identity may be useful explanatory variables for the performance of athletes in mass-participation races. It is, therefore, valuable to include both variables in data collection.
33
Feng, Chunda, James C. Correll, Katherine E. Kammeijer, and Steven T. Koike. "Identification of New Races and Deviating Strains of the Spinach Downy Mildew Pathogen Peronospora farinosa f. sp. spinaciae." Plant Disease 98, no. 1 (January 2014): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-04-13-0435-re.
Full textAbstract:
Spinach downy mildew disease, caused by the obligate pathogen Peronospora farinosa f. sp. spinaciae, is the most economically important spinach (Spinacia oleracea) disease. New races of this pathogen have been emerging at a rapid rate over the last 15 years. This is likely due to production changes, particularly in California, such as high-density plantings and year-round spinach production. As of 2004, 10 races of P. farinosa f. sp. spinaciae had been identified, and the spinach resistance locus RPF2 provided resistance to races 1 to 10. Based on disease reactions on a set of spinach differentials containing six hypothesized resistance loci (RPF1-RPF6), races 11, 12, 13, and 14 of P. farinosa f. sp. spinaciae were characterized based on samples collected in the past 5 years as part of this study. Race 11, identified in 2008, could overcome the resistance of spinach cultivars resistant to races 1 to 10. Spinach resistance loci RPF1, RPF3, and RPF6 provided resistance to race 11. Race 12 was identified in 2009 and could overcome the resistances of the RPF1 and RPF2 loci. The RPF3 locus was effective against race 12. Race 13 was identified in 2010 and could overcome the resistance imparted by the RPF2 and RPF3 loci, whereas the RPF1 locus was effective against race 13. Race 14 was similar to race 12 and caused identical disease responses on the standard differentials but could be distinguished from race 12 by its ability to cause disease on a number of newly released cultivars, including ‘Pigeon’, ‘Cello’, and ‘Celesta’. Five novel strains of P. farinosa f. sp. spinaciae were also identified. For example, isolate UA4711 of the pathogen, collected from Spain in 2011, was able to overcome the resistance imparted by the RPF1 and RPF3 loci, while RPF2 and RPF4 were effective against this strain. A total of 116 spinach cultivars, including 103 commercial lines and 13 differential cultivars, were evaluated for resistance to race 10 and the newly designated races 11, 12, 13, and 14.
34
Baumgartner, Sabrina, Caio Victor Sousa, Pantelis T. Nikolaidis, and Beat Knechtle. "Can the Performance Gap between Women and Men be Reduced in Ultra-Cycling?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 7 (April 7, 2020): 2521. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072521.
Full textAbstract:
This study examined a large dataset of ultra-cycling race results to investigate the sex difference in ultra-cycling performance (100 to 500 miles) according to age and race distance. Data from the time period 1996–2018 were obtained from online available database of the ultra-cycling marathon association (UMCA), including distance-limited ultra-cycling races (100, 200, 400, and 500 miles). A total of 12,716 race results were analyzed to compare the performance between men and women by calendar year, age group (18–34, 35–44, 45–59, and 60+ years), and race distance. Men were faster than women in 100 and 200 mile races, but no sex differences were identified for the 400 and 500 mile races. The performance ratio (average cycling speedmen/average cycling speedwomen) was smaller in the 200 mile races compared to the 100 mile races and remained stable in the 400 and 500 mile races. In all race distances, the difference in average cycling speed between women and men decreased with increasing age. The gender gap in performance was closed in several distance-limited ultra-cycling races, such as the 400 and 500 mile races.
35
Prom, L. K., and J. R. Venette. "Races of Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea on Commercial Soybean in Eastern North Dakota." Plant Disease 81, no. 5 (May 1997): 541–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1997.81.5.541.
Full textAbstract:
In a survey conducted from 1991 to 1993 of 170 commercial soybean (Glycine max) fields in North Dakota, 80% had plants with obvious symptoms of bacterial blight. Strains (n = 164) isolated from field-grown plants and characterized as Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea were inoculated onto wounded, fully expanded unifoliolate leaves of differential cultivars Acme, Lindarin, Harosoy, Chippewa, Merit, Flambeau, and Norchief. Reactions of the differentials showed that five of the eight known races in the United States were present in North Dakota. Race 4 constituted 63%, race 6 was 22%, race 2 was 7%, race 3 was 0.3%, and race 5 was 0.1% of the race profile. Five pathogenic strains could not be characterized as one of the known races.
36
Reis, Ailton, Hélcio Costa, Leonardo S. Boiteux, and Carlos A. Lopes. "First report of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici race 3 on tomato in Brazil." Fitopatologia Brasileira 30, no. 4 (August 2005): 426–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-41582005000400017.
Full textAbstract:
Fusarium wilt, caused by three races of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, is one of the most important diseases of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). Races 1 and 2 are distributed worldwide whereas race 3 has a more limited geographic distribution with no report thus far in Brazil. Seven F. oxysporum isolates were obtained from wilted tomato plants of race 1 and 2-resistant hybrids 'Carmen' and 'Alambra' in Venda Nova do Imigrante (State of Espírito Santo), Brazil. Virulence assays were performed using a set of the race differential cultivars: 'Ponderosa' (susceptible to all races), 'IPA-5' (resistant to race 1), 'Floradade' (resistant to races 1 and 2) and 'BHRS-2,3' (resistant to race 3). All isolates were highly virulent to 'Ponderosa', 'IPA-5' and 'Floradade' and were able to infect only a few plants of 'BHRS-2,3'. An additional virulence test was conducted including the same set of cultivars plus Lycopersicon pennellii 'LA 716'. Identical results were obtained with L. pennellii displaying an extreme (immune-like) resistant response. These results indicated that all seven isolates could be classified as F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici race 3. This new Fusarium wilt might became an economically important disease since race 3-resistant cultivars adapted to Brazil are not yet available.
37
Hardimon, Michael O. "Four Ways of Thinking about Race." Harvard Review of Philosophy 26 (2019): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/harvardreview201910426.
Full textAbstract:
This essay presents four ways of thinking about race. They consist of four related but distinct race concepts: the racialist concept of race, which is the traditional, pernicious, essentialist, and hierarchical concept of race; the concept of socialrace, which is the antiracist concept of race as a social construction; the minimalist concept of race, which is the deflationary concept of biological race that represents race as a matter of color, shape and geographical ancestry; and the populationist concept of race, the race concept that represents races as populations, deriving from geographically separated and reproductive isolated founding populations. Taken together, the four concepts can help us better navigate our way through the murky conceptual domain of “race.”
38
Heilmeier, Alexander, Michael Graf, Johannes Betz, and Markus Lienkamp. "Application of Monte Carlo Methods to Consider Probabilistic Effects in a Race Simulation for Circuit Motorsport." Applied Sciences 10, no. 12 (June 19, 2020): 4229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10124229.
Full textAbstract:
Applying an optimal race strategy is a decisive factor in achieving the best possible result in a motorsport race. This mainly implies timing the pit stops perfectly and choosing the optimal tire compounds. Strategy engineers use race simulations to assess the effects of different strategic decisions (e.g., early vs. late pit stop) on the race result before and during a race. However, in reality, races rarely run as planned and are often decided by random events, for example, accidents that cause safety car phases. Besides, the course of a race is affected by many smaller probabilistic influences, for example, variability in the lap times. Consequently, these events and influences should be modeled within the race simulation if real races are to be simulated, and a robust race strategy is to be determined. Therefore, this paper presents how state of the art and new approaches can be combined to modeling the most important probabilistic influences on motorsport races—accidents and failures, full course yellow and safety car phases, the drivers’ starting performance, and variability in lap times and pit stop durations. The modeling is done using customized probability distributions as well as a novel “ghost” car approach, which allows the realistic consideration of the effect of safety cars within the race simulation. The interaction of all influences is evaluated based on the Monte Carlo method. The results demonstrate the validity of the models and show how Monte Carlo simulation enables assessing the robustness of race strategies. Knowing the robustness improves the basis for a reasonable determination of race strategies by strategy engineers.
39
Scott*, John W., Hesham A. Agrama, and John P. Jones. "RFLP-based Analysis of Recombination Among Resistance Genes to Fusarium Wilt." HortScience 39, no. 4 (July 2004): 868E—869. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.868e.
Full textAbstract:
Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) line E427 has resistance genes to three races of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici derived from L. pennellii (L.pen) accession LA 716 and L. pimpinellifolium (L.pimp) accession PI 126915. E427 was crossed to susc. Bonny Best and F2 and backcross seed were obtained. Progeny were inoculated separately with Fusarium wilt races 1, 2, or 3. Lines with suspected recombination of resistance were selfed and re-inoculated until disease reactions were homozygous. Four lines were obtained with resistance to both races 2 and 3, but susceptible to race 1. These lines had the L.pen alleles at RFLP markers linked to I-3 on chromosome 7 and lacked L.pimp alleles linked to I and I-2 on chromosome 11. Complementation (F2) data indicated race 2 resistance on chromosome 7 was controlled by a single dominant gene. Three lines were resistant to race 2, but susceptible to races 1 and 3. These lines had L.pimp alleles at TG105 indicating the presence of I-2, and no L.pen alleles at markers linked to I-3. Three lines were resistant to race 1, but susceptible to races 2 and 3. All three had L.pimp alleles at TG523 confirming linkage to I on chromosome 11 and no L.pen alleles at markers tightly linked to I-3. However, one of the lines had L.pen alleles at CT113 on chromosome 7. This and F2 complementation data suggests the possible location of a race 1 resistant locus, I1. Two lines that were Fusarium wilt race 3 resistant and susceptible to race 1 had intermediate resistance to race 2. These two lines did not have the L. pennellii alleles at TG183, TG174, and CT43 near the I-3 locus indicating crossovers in this region reduced race 2 resistance.
40
Epstein, Lynn, Sukhwinder Kaur, Peter L. Chang, Noelia Carrasquilla-Garcia, Guiyun Lyu, Douglas R. Cook, Krishna V. Subbarao, and Kerry O’Donnell. "Races of the Celery Pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. apii Are Polyphyletic." Phytopathology® 107, no. 4 (April 2017): 463–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-04-16-0174-r.
Full textAbstract:
Fusarium oxysporum species complex (FOSC) isolates were obtained from celery with symptoms of Fusarium yellows between 1993 and 2013 primarily in California. Virulence tests and a two-gene dataset from 174 isolates indicated that virulent isolates collected before 2013 were a highly clonal population of F. oxysporum f. sp. apii race 2. In 2013, new highly virulent clonal isolates, designated race 4, were discovered in production fields in Camarillo, California. Long-read Illumina data were used to analyze 16 isolates: six race 2, one of each from races 1, 3, and 4, and seven genetically diverse FOSC that were isolated from symptomatic celery but are nonpathogenic on this host. Analyses of a 10-gene dataset comprising 38 kb indicated that F. oxysporum f. sp. apii is polyphyletic; race 2 is nested within clade 3, whereas the evolutionary origins of races 1, 3, and 4 are within clade 2. Based on 6,898 single nucleotide polymorphisms from the core FOSC genome, race 3 and the new highly virulent race 4 are highly similar with Nei’s Da = 0.0019, suggesting that F. oxysporum f. sp. apii race 4 evolved from race 3. Next generation sequences were used to develop PCR primers that allow rapid diagnosis of races 2 and 4 in planta.
41
Rouse, M. N., and Y. Jin. "Genetics of Resistance to Race TTKSK of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici in Triticum monococcum." Phytopathology® 101, no. 12 (December 2011): 1418–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-05-11-0133.
Full textAbstract:
Race TTKSK (or Ug99) of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici possesses virulence to several stem rust resistance genes commonly present in wheat cultivars grown worldwide. New variants detected in the race TTKSK lineage further broadened the virulence spectrum. The identification of sources of genetic resistance to race TTKSK and its relatives is necessary to enable the development and deployment of resistant varieties. Accessions of Triticum monococcum, an A-genome diploid wild and cultivated wheat, have previously been characterized as resistant to stem rust. Three resistance genes were identified and introgressed into hexaploid wheat: Sr21, Sr22, and Sr35. The objective of this study was to determine the genetic control and allelic relationships of resistance to race TTKSK in T. monococcum accessions identified through evaluations at the seedling stage. Generation F2 progeny of 8 crosses between resistant and susceptible accessions and 13 crosses between resistant accessions of T. monococcum were evaluated with race TTKSK and often with North American races, including races QFCSC, TTTTF, and MCCFC. For a selected population segregating for three genes conferring resistance to race TTKSK, F2:3 progeny were evaluated with races TTKSK, QFCSC, and TTTTF. In that population, we detected two genes conferring resistance to race TTKSK that are different from Sr21, Sr22, and Sr35. One of the new genes was effective to all races tested. The identification of these genes will facilitate the development of varieties with new resistance to race TTKSK.
42
Rosental, Paul-André. "La race, quelle race ?" Droit et société N° 109, no. 3 (December 8, 2021): 617–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/drs1.109.0617.
Full text
43
Hirsch, Arnold R. "The Race Space Race." Journal of Urban History 26, no. 4 (May 2000): 519–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009614420002600407.
Full text
44
Winant, Howard. "Race and Race Theory." Annual Review of Sociology 26, no. 1 (August 2000): 169–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.26.1.169.
Full text
45
Nayak, Anoop. "After race: Ethnography, race and post-race theory." Ethnic and Racial Studies 29, no. 3 (May 2006): 411–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01419870600597818.
Full text
46
Sheehan, George. "A Race Is a Race Is a Race." Physician and Sportsmedicine 16, no. 6 (June 1988): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00913847.1988.11709523.
Full text
47
Seid, Nurhussein, Kitessa Gutu, David P. Hodson, Yoseph Alemayehu, Netsanet Bacha, Daniel Mulatu, Ayele Badebo, Mohammed Yesuf, and Mogens Støvring Hovmøller. "First Report of Puccinia striiformis F. Sp. Tritici Race ME2018 in Irrigated Wheat Production in Ethiopia." Scholars International Journal of Chemistry and Material Sciences 7, no. 01 (January 24, 2024): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sijcms.2024.v07i01.001.
Full textAbstract:
Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, is a devastating disease of wheat in Ethiopia and the globe. The disease was dynamic and quite complex with the host (variety and plant spp), the environment, and with the pathogen genetic nature. The genetic alternation or change of a pathogen could affect the resistant population in the area. New race identification helps preparedness for the needs a rise to reduce the possible losses due to the problem. The race analysis dynamics identified three yellow rust races; namely, PstS11, PstS16 and ME2018 and one other unknown new race were the major in recent years but in the 2012-2016 Psts1 and PSTS2 were the dominant once. The new race ME2018 race mixture was increased the risk of stripe race epidemics in the area because it is Yr10-virulence race. So regular monitoring, for early detection and identification of new races was crucial.
48
Hundie, Bekele, Bedada Girma, Zerihun Tadesse, Erena Edae, Pablo Olivera, Endale Hailu Abera, Worku Denbel Bulbula, et al. "Characterization of Ethiopian Wheat Germplasm for Resistance to Four Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici Races Facilitated by Single-Race Nurseries." Plant Disease 103, no. 9 (September 2019): 2359–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-07-18-1243-re.
Full textAbstract:
In Ethiopia, breeding rust resistant wheat cultivars is a priority for wheat production. A stem rust epidemic during 2013 to 2014 on previously resistant cultivar Digalu highlighted the need to determine the effectiveness of wheat lines to multiple races of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici in Ethiopia. During 2014 and 2015, we evaluated a total of 97 bread wheat and 14 durum wheat genotypes against four P. graminis f. sp. tritici races at the seedling stage and in single-race field nurseries. Resistance genes were postulated using molecular marker assays. Bread wheat lines were resistant to race JRCQC, the race most virulent to durum wheat. Lines with stem rust resistance gene Sr24 possessed the most effective resistance to the four races. Only three lines with adult plant resistance possessed resistance effective to the four races comparable with cultivars with Sr24. Although responses of the wheat lines across races were positively correlated, wheat lines were identified that possessed adult plant resistance to race TTKSK but were relatively susceptible to race TKTTF. This study demonstrated the importance of testing wheat lines for response to multiple races of the stem rust pathogen to determine if lines possessed non-race-specific resistance. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2019 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license .
49
Skinner, Sarah, Elie Nader, Emeric Stauffer, Mélanie Robert, Camille Boisson, Agnès Cibiel, Clément Foschia, et al. "Differential impacts of trail and ultra-trail running on cytokine profiles: An observational study." Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation 78, no. 3 (August 3, 2021): 301–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ch-211121.
Full textAbstract:
BACKGROUND: Endurance running events are known to cause inflammation and result in increased cytokine production. However, the effects of ultramarathons on cytokine profiles are not well characterized. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to describe and compare the effects of a trail (40 km) race and an ultra-trail (171 km) race on leukocyte concentrations and cytokine profiles. METHODS: The study was conducted during the Ultra-Trail du Mont Blanc® ultra-marathon running event, and included 11 runners who completed the 40 km trail run and 12 runners who completed the 171 km ultra-trail. Blood samples were taken before and after the races. RESULTS: Leukocyte concentrations significantly increased after both races. Circulating levels of IL-6, IL-1β, MCP-1, and IFN-γ were significantly higher after the longer race compared to the shorter race. Furthermore, while both races resulted in significant increases in IL-6 and IL-8, only the longer race resulted in significant increases in MIP-1β, IL-7, IL-17a, and IL-4. CONCLUSIONS: These results illustrate that a 171 km ultra-trail race results in greater modulations in cytokine profiles than a traditional trail race.
50
Camêlo, Edwirde Luiz Silva, Dalila Camêlo Aguiar, Maria Clara da Costa Ribeiro, and Ramón Gutierrez Sánchez. "COR E GÊNERO INFLUENCIAM O COMPORTAMENTO SUICIDA DOS BRASILEIROS: Uma análise de correspondência usando o pacote caintertools." Psicologia e Saúde em Debate 9, no. 2 (October 20, 2023): 523–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22289/2446-922x.v9n2a30.
Full textAbstract:
Suicide is a multidetermined biopsychosocial phenomenon that involves the subjectivity and the environment experienced by individuals. The study aimed to analyze the correspondence between gender and race in the Brazilian regions in 2020 about suicide. A descriptive, quantitative study was carried out, based on the collection of the DATASUS database, in October 2022. Multivariate dimension reduction techniques were used, together with correspondence analysis and cluster analysis, in the rows representing the 27 states of the federation and the types of races as column variables. In the Southeast, the highest suicide rate is for the brown and black races, especially SP, RJ, and PR. We observed the association of indigenous suicide in the state of AM. In CO, there was also variability in the yellow race. The lowest rates were in AP, ES, and RR. The Northeast region had the lowest suicide rates by race. The indigenous race has a weak correlation with the other races. In the states of SC, RS, SP, and PR, suicides by race are associated with the white race. Thus, the number of suicides in Brazilian states is associated with race, color, and gender.