Journal articles on the topic 'Race privileged women'
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1
A. Geiger, Karen, and Cheryl Jordan. "The role of societal privilege in the definitions and practices of inclusion." Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal 33, no. 3 (March 11, 2014): 261–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/edi-12-2013-0115.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to focus on the work of those with societal privilege in the practice of inclusion. It outlines the experience of privilege, obstacles raised by the study of women in cross-race relationships, and offers guidance for those with privilege in how to use it in relationships and organizational inclusion efforts. Design/methodology/approach – The paper takes lessons from varied literatures about privilege, social justice, and organizational inclusion/diversity and applies them to the work of inclusion for those privileged by race in the USA. Findings – The paper offers guidance to those with race privilege in the USA. It suggests ways to problematize privilege, how to become a social justice ally, reframe what white means, develop awareness about race dynamics, use empathy cautiously, create a “third culture,” balance multiple identities, and acknowledge numerous power differentials. Research limitations/implications – Given the specific contexts and social identities chosen here, the conclusions may not generalize. Therefore, researchers are encouraged to extend the experience, obstacles and guidance for those with other kinds of privilege in other contexts. Practical implications – Because of global demographics, organizations have incorporated a wide range of workforce diversity and now need to maximize practices of inclusion so talent can be fully utilized. This paper provides specific practices that can cause those with privilege to create a truly inclusive environment. Originality/value – There is very little exploration about the role of those with societal privilege in the definitions and practices of inclusion. This paper's contribution is to outline the work to be done by those privileged.
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Carbado, Devon W., and Mitu Gulati. "THE INTERSECTIONAL FIFTH BLACK WOMAN." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 10, no. 2 (2013): 527–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x13000301.
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AbstractIn 1989, Kimberlé Crenshaw published Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics, an article that drew explicitly on Black feminist criticism, and challenged three prevailing frameworks: 1) the male-centered nature of antiracist politics, which privileged the experiences of heterosexual Black men; 2) the White-centered nature of feminist theorizing, which privileged the experiences of heterosexual White women; and 3) the “single-axis”/sex or race-centered nature of antidiscrimination regimes, which privileged the experiences of heterosexual White women and Black men. Crenshaw demonstrated how people within the same social group (e.g., African Americans) are differentially vulnerable to discrimination as a result of other intersecting axes of disadvantage, such as gender, class, or sexual orientation.This essay builds on that insight by articulating a performative conceptualization of race. It assumes that a judge is sympathetic to intersectionality and thus recognizes that Black women are often disadvantaged based on the intersection of their race and sex, among other social factors. This essay asks: How is that judge likely to respond to a case in which a firm promotes four Black women but not the fifth? The judge could conclude that there is no discrimination because the firm promoted four people (Black women) with the same intersectional identity as the fifth (a Black woman). We argue that this evidentiary backdrop should not preclude a finding of discrimination. It is plausible that our hypothetical firm utilized racially associated ways of being—performative criteria (self presentation, accent, demeanor, conformity, dress, and hair style)—to differentiate among and between the Black women. The firm might have drawn an intra-group, or intra-intersectional, line between the fifth Black women and the other four based on the view that the fifth Black woman is “too Black.” We describe the ease with which institutions can draw such lines and explain why doing so might constitute impermissible discrimination. Our aim is to broaden the conceptual terms upon which we frame both social categories and discrimination.
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Smith, Zoey. "Lesbian Motherhood and Artificial Reproductive Technologies in North America: Race, Gender, Kinship, and the Reproduction of Dominant Narratives." Pathways 3, no. 1 (November 7, 2022): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/pathways29.
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This paper reviews current ethnographic literature on lesbian motherhood as it relates to artificial reproductive technologies (ART) through intersectional, biopolitical and critical-race frameworks. I argue that white, lesbian intending mothers intersecting identity markers of whiteness and queerness place them in a unique position within ART discourses. ART functions as a biopolitical mechanism which aims to normalize and naturalize privilege in hierarchized power structures, while suggesting that the meanings that it produces are objectively scientific rather than socially constructed. I suggest that ART mechanizes white lesbian women’s insecurities as queer women, nearing the falsified construction of ideal motherhood, by exerting pressure on them to conform and therefore, reproduce dominant reproduction narratives. Simultaneously, I assert that white, lesbian, intending mothers’ positionality could enable critical interrogation into the harmful social stratifications that ART perpetuates based on race, class, ability, and sexuality. In sum, a review of relevant literature is used to posit that women privileged within dominant ART discourses must utilize that privilege to create meaningful change.
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Fikes, Kesha. "RI(GH)TES OF INTIMACY AT DOCAPESCA: Race versus Racism at a Fish Market in Portugal." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 2, no. 2 (September 2005): 247–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x05050174.
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This essay observes how race adds value to market exchanges at a fisheries facility in Lisbon, Portugal. I examine scenarios that primarily involved interactions between Portuguese men who sold fish and Cape Verdean immigrant women who purchased it. The scenarios show how race is crystallized in interaction and how differently raced actors co-utilize race to accomplish different ends. When vendors initiated difference recognition for the purpose of promoting a sale, the value of race in that moment was not independent of how Cape Verdean women chose to ratify it. I show how racial knowledge could be mediated through its commodity status, as Cape Verdean women's responses codetermined the political contents of Portuguese men's racial ascriptions. Importantly, the argument is not that subjects independently engaged in the reproduction of their privileged or marginal social status. Rather, the dialectic condition of interaction involved paired forms of engagement that produced difference. An examination of this context helps illuminate when and how race recognition, in public, is identified as neutral or politically charged.
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O’Malley, Patti. "Mothering ‘Outsider’ Children: White Women in Black/White Interracial Families in Ireland." Genealogy 6, no. 2 (April 19, 2022): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genealogy6020027.
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The mixed-race family constellation has emerged as a regular feature of the Irish familial landscape. Such a demographic change invariably leads to the increased presence of white women who are mothering across racialised boundaries. Moreover, in the Irish context, the racial category of whiteness is privileged at a structural level and remains a central organising principle of Irishness as a mode of national belonging. This paper, therefore, sets out to address the specific gap in the literature related to the racialised experiences of the white mother of mixed-race (i.e., black African/white Irish) children in contemporary Ireland as these women are, in effect, mothering ‘outsider’ children in a context of white supremacy. More specifically, how does the positioning of these women’s mixed-race children impact their subjectivities as mothers categorised normatively as white and Irish? Framed by critical whiteness literature, this paper draws on in-depth interviews with twelve white Irish mothers. Data analysis broadly revealed three themes as relates to the women’s negotiations of the racialising discourses and practices which impact their family units. Findings suggest that these women no longer occupy the default position of whiteness as a category of racial privilege and a condition of ‘structured invisibility’. Perhaps, most significantly, the lived reality of these women disturbs the hegemonic conflation of the categories white and Irish. This paper, therefore, extends our theoretical understanding of both whiteness and mixed-race studies.
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Lee, Chioun, Soojin Park, and Jennifer Boylan. "Cardiovascular Health at the Intersection of Race and Gender: Life-Course Processes to Reduce Health Disparities." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 506–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1635.
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Abstract Objective: Higher cardiovascular health (CVH) scores are significantly associated with reductions in aging-related disease and mortality but racial minorities exhibit poor CVH. We examine the degree to which (a) disparities in CVH exist at the intersection of race and gender and (b) CVH disparities would be reduced if marginalized groups had the same levels of resources and adversities as privileged groups. Methods: We used biomarker subsamples from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) core study and Refresher studies (N=1,948). Causal decomposition analysis was implemented to test hypothetical interventions to equalize the distribution of early-life adversities (ELAs), perceived discrimination, or adult SES between marginalized and privileged groups. We conducted sensitivity analyses to determine to what degree unmeasured confounders would invalidate our findings. Results: White women have the highest CVH score, followed by White men, Black men, and Black women. Intervening on ELAs reduces the disparities: White men vs. Black women (30% of reduction) and White women vs. Black women (15%). Intervening on adult SES provides large disparity reductions: White men vs. Black men (79%), White men vs. Black women (70%), White women vs. Black men (25%), and White women vs. Black women (32%). Among these combinations, interventions on ELAs and adult SES are robust to unmeasured confounders. However, intervening on discrimination makes little change in initial disparities. Discussion: Economic security in midlife for Blacks helps reduce racial disparities in cardiovascular health. Preventing exposure to ELAs among Black women may reduce their vulnerability to cardiovascular disease, compared to Whites.
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Caputo, Richard K. "Gender and Race: Employment Opportunity and the American Economy, 1969–1991." Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 76, no. 4 (April 1995): 239–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104438949507600405.
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The author examined the relationship between gender and race with regard to economic conditions and employment opportunities between 1969 and 1991. The study showed that women in general and white women in particular experienced increasing employment opportunities and rising wages in the 1970s and 1980s, that the “privileged” economic status of white males eroded in the 1970s and 1980s, that blacks experienced greater income equality than whites from the 1970s to the 1980s, and that the income gains black men experienced in the 1970s declined markedly in the 1980s. Implications of pursuing a high-wage, high-tech economy for racial and gender groups are discussed.
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Dalessandro, Cristen, Laurie James-Hawkins, and Christie Sennott. "Strategic Silence: College Men and Hegemonic Masculinity in Contraceptive Decision Making." Gender & Society 33, no. 5 (May 29, 2019): 772–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0891243219850061.
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Condom use among college men in the United States is notoriously erratic, yet we know little about these men’s approaches to other contraceptives. In this paper, accounts from 44 men attending a university in the western United States reveal men’s reliance on culturally situated ideas about gender, social class, race, and age in assessing the risk of pregnancy and STI acquisition in sexual encounters with women. Men reason that race- and class-privileged college women are STI-free, responsible for contraception, and will pursue abortion services if necessary. Since men expect women will take responsibility, they often stay silent about condoms and other contraceptives in sexual encounters—a process we term “strategic silence.” Men’s strategic silence helps uphold local constructions of hegemonic masculinity that prioritize men’s sexual desires and protects these constructions by subtly shifting contraceptive and sexual health responsibility onto women. Our analysis demonstrates the importance of men’s expectations of women for upholding constructions of hegemonic masculinity, which legitimate gender inequality in intimacy and are related to men’s underestimation of the risks associated with condom-free sex.
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Ish, Jennifer, Elaine Symanski, and Kristina Whitworth. "Exploring Disparities in Maternal Residential Proximity to Unconventional Gas Development in the Barnett Shale in North Texas." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 3 (January 23, 2019): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030298.
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Background: This study explores sociodemographic disparities in residential proximity to unconventional gas development (UGD) among pregnant women. Methods: We conducted a secondary analysis using data from a retrospective birth cohort of 164,658 women with a live birth or fetal death from November 2010 to 2012 in the 24-county area comprising the Barnett Shale play, in North Texas. We considered both individual- and census tract-level indicators of sociodemographic status and computed Indexes of Concentration at the Extremes (ICE) to quantify relative neighborhood-level privilege/disadvantage. We used negative binomial regression to investigate the relation between these variables and the count of active UGD wells within 0.8 km of the home during gestation. We calculated count ratios (CR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) to describe associations. Results: There were fewer wells located near homes of women of color living in low-income areas compared to non-Hispanic white women living in more privileged neighborhoods (ICE race/ethnicity + income: CR = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.48–0.55). Conclusions: While these results highlight a potential disparity in residential proximity to UGD in the Barnett Shale, they do not provide evidence of an environmental justice (EJ) issue nor negate findings of environmental injustice in other regions.
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González Groba, Constante. "Carson McCullers and Lillian Smith : The Intersections of Gender and Race in the Jim Crow South." Journal of English Studies 5 (May 29, 2008): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.18172/jes.124.
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Carson McCullers and Lillian Smith openly rejected a false conception of loyalty to fantasies like southern tradition or white supremacy, a loyalty that veiled a persistent lack of self-analysis. They exposed the cracks in the South’s pretended “unity” and homogeneity and criticized the self-destructive resistance to acknowledge that, as a socially constructed category, race is linked to relations of power and anticipated the instability of racial categorization that would be underscored by historical and scientific research later in their century. These two southern women writers opposed the insistence of their culture on racial purity as vehemently as its demands for rigid sexual definition and its suppression of any deviant form of sexuality. The characters in their fiction are victims of a dichotomic culture that resists the acknowledgement that black and white have always been as inextricably linked as male and female. In Killers of the Dream and Strange Fruit, Lillian Smith showed the interactions of racial and sexual segregation, which she saw as parallel emblems of the South’s cultural schizophrenia. She was one of the first to detect the psychosexual damage inflicted on southern women by the racial discourse, and established a most interesting parallel between the segregated parts of the female body and the segregated spaces of any southern locality. Like any system of differentiation, segregation shapes those it privileges as well as those it oppresses. Excluded from the white parameters of virtue and even from the condition of womanhood, the black woman’s body became the sexual prey of the white man who could not demand sexual satisfaction from his “pure” wife. The culture of segregation privileged the white woman but it also made her powerless; the very conventions which “protected” her deprived her of contact with physicality and locked her into bodilessness.
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Mishel, Emma, Paula England, Jessie Ford, and Mónica L. Caudillo. "Cohort Increases in Sex with Same-Sex Partners: Do Trends Vary by Gender, Race, and Class?" Gender & Society 34, no. 2 (January 23, 2020): 178–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0891243219897062.
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We examine change across U.S. cohorts born between 1920 and 2000 in their probability of having had sex with same-sex partners in the last year and since age 18. Using data from the 1988–2018 General Social Surveys, we explore how trends differ by gender, race, and class background. We find steep increases across birth cohorts in the proportion of women who have had sex with both men and women since age 18, whereas increases for men are less steep. We suggest that the trends reflect an increasingly accepting social climate, and that women’s steeper trend is rooted in a long-term asymmetry in gender change, in which nonconformity to gender norms is more acceptable for women than men. We also find evidence that, among men, the increase in having had sex with both men and women was steeper for black than for white men, and for men of lower socioeconomic status; we speculate that the rise of mass incarceration among less privileged men may have influenced this trend.
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Mariam, Maira, Sana Baig, and Fareeha Javed. "A Critical Discourse Analysis of 'An American Brat' by Bapsi Sidhwa." Global Language Review VI, no. I (March 30, 2021): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/glr.2021(vi-i).07.
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This paper presents a critical discourse analysis of the novel written by an eminent 21st-century female writer Bapsi Sidhwa. The text was analyzed critically in the backdrop of the checklist developed by the researcher. The findings reveal that a significantly tough language has been used for the depiction of men and women. Roles and responsibilities given to them have been found to be assigned on the basis of gender discrimination. Therefore, it is contended that colonialism still prevails in the form of social, economic and educational disparities in the third world countries as compared to the developed and privileged countries. Similarly, power structures have been found functional in every sphere of life and are decided by the institutions which hold the utmost power. Racism has also been revealed in the text. Ethnicity, race, color, culture and language have been found superiority over all the other ethnicities, cultures, races and languages.
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Andrews, Kylie. "Broadcasting inclusion and advocacy: a history of female activism and cross-cultural partnership at the post-war ABC." Media International Australia 174, no. 1 (September 18, 2019): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x19876331.
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During the first decade of television in Australia, a cohort of female broadcasters used their hard-won positions at the Australian Broadcasting Commission (ABC) to challenge the social and cultural complacencies of post-war society. Counteracting the assumption that women were largely absent in post-war broadcasting, this research discusses how two of these producers used their roles as public broadcasters to enact their own version of feminism, a social and cultural activism framed through active citizenship. Critiquing race, gender and national identity in their programmes, they partnered with Indigenous Australian activists and worked to amplify the voices of minorities. Referring to documentaries produced in Australian television’s formative years, this article describes how ABC producers Therése Denny and Joyce Belfrage worked to disrupt programming cultures that privileged homogeneous Anglo-Australian perspectives. As a consequence, documentaries like A Changing Race (1964) presented empathetic and evocative content that challenged xenophobic stereotypes and encouraged cross-cultural understandings.
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Muller, Vivienne. "‘I Have My Own History’: Queensland Women Writers from 1939 to the Present." Queensland Review 8, no. 2 (November 2001): 69–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s132181660000684x.
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It has become a commonplace to note that women writers in Australia have historically produced their work in a literary and social context that has largely been regarded as a male domain. Second wave feminism in the wake of the counter-cultural movements of the sixties and seventies, together with the developments in poststructuralist theories have contested this privileged intellectual space and triggered new ways of looking at literary history, the relations between production and consumption, and the significance of gender, race and class in literary analysis (Ferrier 1992:1). This chapter deals with a number of texts written by Queensland women in the latter part of the twentieth century, and thus is concerned principally with the many ‘configurations of female subjectivity’ (Ferrier 1998:210) and self-definition that Elaine Showalter saw as belonging to the third phase of women's writing. However as this is a chapter about women writers writing in and about Queensland, it will also be interested in narrative representations of women's experiences of the local place and culture, in which gendered relationships are always implicated.
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Frederick, Angela, Kylara Leyva, and Grace Lavin. "The Double Edge of Legitimacy: How Women with Disabilities Interpret Good Mothering." Social Currents 6, no. 2 (September 12, 2018): 163–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2329496518797839.
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Modern ideologies of “good mothering” demand the resources and family configurations primarily available to privileged mothers, and mothers with disabilities are among those women who have been regarded as unsuitable for the responsibilities demanded of mothers in advanced industrial societies. Although less often explored than dynamics of race and class, mothers with disabilities are among those women who have been regarded as unsuitable for the responsibilities demanded of mothers in advanced industrial societies. Through interviews and focus groups conducted with mothers who have sensory and/or physical disabilities, we examine how women with disabilities interpret their identities as mothers in relation to modern ideals of good mothering. We find that motherhood offered some participants a path to feminine legitimacy often denied women with disabilities. Yet, because they are simultaneously regarded as less-than-ideal mothers, participants engaged in interpretive strategies including upholding and expanding dominant standards of good mothering, as well as reframing and rejecting elements of this mothering logic. We also find that, like women of color, these mothers engaged in culturework, performing identity work to strengthen their children’s social justice perspectives on disability and other forms of inequality.
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Celis, Karen, Silvia Erzeel, and Liza Mügge. "Intersectional Puzzles: Understanding Inclusion and Equality in Political Recruitment." Politics & Gender 11, no. 04 (December 2015): 765–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743923x15000501.
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Feminist scholars have developed a solid research agenda on gender equality in politics. This scholarship is built on the conviction that equitable representation of men and women is fundamental to the functioning of representative democracies (Mansbridge 1999; Norris and Lovenduski 1995). In order to comply with the intersectional research paradigm, gender and politics scholars have increasingly focused on other discriminatory mechanisms and how these relate to gender. Marginalized or privileged positions based on gender, ethnicity, race, class, or age are conceived not as “swinging free” from each other, but as interacting (Hancock 2007). Consequently, a group can be privileged in one context but disadvantaged in another depending on historical structures and contexts. Such an intersectional approach raises new questions about the meaning of political equality (Mügge 2013; Mügge and De Jong 2013). For instance, to what extent is women's sheer numerical presence an indicator for political equality if that presence is a marker of inclusion as well as exclusion? This contribution focuses on political recruitment and the question of whether inclusion fosters equality. Drawing on our ongoing research on Belgium and the Netherlands, we argue that an intersectional analysis of recruitment is indispensable to capture the nature of inclusion and exclusion and therefore to the understanding of political equality.
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Todd, Molly. "The Paradox of Trans-American Solidarity: Gender, Race, and Representation in the Guatemalan Refugee Camps of Mexico, 1980–1990." Journal of Cold War Studies 19, no. 4 (December 2017): 74–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00765.
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In the 1970s and 1980s the Guatemalan government's counterinsurgency tactics prompted nearly 2 million people to abandon their homes. Drawing on heretofore unexamined documentation produced by North American solidarity groups, this article examines how Canadian, Mexican, and U.S. grassroots organizations represented the approximately 200,000 Guatemalans who crossed the border into Mexico. It traces the gendered and racialized victim portrayals that celebrated refugee men's voices and agency while reducing refugee women to silent symbols of trauma. A close reading of new sources reveals a paradox of solidarity work in the 1980s: North American activists promoted a new social order of justice and equality, but they did so from positions both privileged and hindered by Cold War geopolitics. As a result, even as “northern” solidarists provided very real succor to “southern” people, their actions continued to be based on uneven (colonial/imperial) power relations and assumptions about an exotic Other.
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Pandey, Rajkumar. "A Legal and Policy Analysis of Food Insecurity and the Insurgency of Eating Disorders." International Journal of Management and Development Studies 11, no. 07 (July 31, 2022): 07–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.53983/ijmds.v11n07.002.
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Research published in the past few years challenges the long-held belief that only privileged Western white young women suffer from eating disorders by showing that food insecurity is one of the elements that can contribute to the rise of eating disorders. However, it appears that legal scholars have ignored this ground-breaking discovery and its ramifications. This research seeks to address this knowledge gap by investigating whether and how human rights international monitoring systems and the law and policy of food security address the correlation between eating disorders and food insecurity. According to our research, the existing legal and policy frameworks do not address this connection. We believe that policymakers would be well-served by acknowledging the possibility that marginalised food insecure people of any age, race, or gender may also struggle with eating disorders.
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Herzogenrath, Jessica Ray. "Dancing Americanness: Jane Addams's Hull House as a Site for Dance Education." Congress on Research in Dance Conference Proceedings 40, S1 (2008): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2049125500000583.
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This paper explores the role and influence of dance education in Jane Addams's Hull House from its opening in 1889 through roughly 1900. I contend that the ideology of middle- and upper-class women of the Progressive Era, asserted through channels like Hull House, privileged particular forms of dance over others. In effect, they denied the validity of American vernacular dance as a legitimate movement vocabulary. To illuminate these Progressive postures, I investigate the trajectory of American dance education in relation to Jane Addams's attitudes toward diversity, the role of art, and the value of dance at Hull House. I draw from women's, race, and cultural studies for this project and employ historiographie analysis. By contextualizing the elements above, I suggest that as a site of socialization and education Hull House assisted in maintaining the separation of “acceptable” and “unacceptable” dance in the United States.
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Dibavar, Aytak. "(Re)Claiming gender: A case for feminist decolonial social reproduction theory." Global Constitutionalism 11, no. 3 (November 2022): 450–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2045381721000216.
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AbstractThis article argues that the tokenistic appropriation of categories such as gender and race have deprived them of their radical and transformative political and practical roots while facilitating their commodification as a luxury product that is consumed by the depoliticized and privileged. Such (ab)use of gender, as an analytical tool, similar to race and class, has been on the rise within progressive circles. However, with the rise of alt-right populism claiming to know and fight ‘feminism’, as well as the commodification of feminism by progressives, now more than ever a decolonial social reproductive theory is needed to help understand and delineate how women are oppressed in a plethora of intersectional ways based on race, class and ability among other traits, while engaging the specific material historical-constitutive structures, judicial-political and socio-economic dimensions of the world order, as well as the emergence of right-wing populism as white heteronormative backlash. This article argues for a feminist decolonial social reproductive theory that sees gender and racial hierarchy as part of capital’s dynamism (a product), which transforms the natural, social and material world, restructuring and evolving for the ordered extraction of surplus. Although this process may differ temporally and geographically, it nonetheless results in a constellation of class exploitation, governance and struggle that facilitates right-wing backlash and undermines the left’s response, thus obviating the need for decolonial social reproductive theory.
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Chidananda, Dr R. G. "A Brief Analysis about Anubhavamantapa & Parliament of India." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VII (July 31, 2021): 3146–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.37073.
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The Parliament of India is the supreme legislative authority in the country and it is bicameral. It is divided into two houses – the Rajya Sabha, which is the Council of States, and the Lok Sabha, which is the House of the People. The Lok Sabha can be dissolved. In Rajya Sabha, 238 members are elected by the State and 12 members are nominated by the President for their contribution in the fields of art, literature, science and social services. The citizens of India directly elect the 543 members exercising the universal adult franchise. All the Indian citizens, who are aged 18 years and above, irrespective of their gender, caste, religion or race, are eligible to vote to elect their representatives to the Parliament. BASAVESHVARA established ANUBHAVA MANTAPA, a seat for intellectual discourses and provided equal opportunity to learn to all persons. It was a laboratory of Basaveshvara own preaching’s. He was the protagonist of equality and therefore the Anubhava Mantapa was open to all without distinctions of old and young, rich and poor, men and women, high and low, king and servants. It is a well-known fact that for centuries before Basaveshvara’s movement and also even during his period, there had been unimaginable wastage of talent because of the caste system. Basaveshvara pleaded for suitable opportunities to be provided for all the citizens for the fullest development of their personality. Learning had been the monopoly of a few privileged people only and a large section of the society was deprived of such a facility and it led to exploitation of the under-privileged by a few privileged ones. Basaveshvara revolted against such a system and proclaimed that knowledge is not the monopoly of a few people.
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Wilson, Eli R. "Privileging Passion: How the Cultural Logic of Work Perpetuates Social Inequality in the Craft Beer Industry." Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 8 (January 2022): 237802312211210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23780231221121064.
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Having or “finding” passion for work has become an increasingly common cultural logic of work today, one that workers use to justify career choices and managers use to make hiring decisions. However, scholars have yet to articulate how workers enact this cultural logic of work in ways that may ultimately contribute to social inequality in modern workplaces. On the basis of 115 in-depth interviews and two years of ethnographic fieldwork in U.S. craft breweries, the author shows how brewery workers express a heightened relationship to their jobs, which the author calls pure passion, in ways that encompass labor, consumption, and lifestyle practices. Yet because these enactments of pure passion are predicated on privileged social attributes with respect to race, class, and gender, this cultural logic of work ends up reinforcing the dominant position of white, middle-class men in this industry while simultaneously marginalizing the experiences of women and people of color.
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Pande, Amrita. "Global reproductive inequalities, neo-eugenics and commercial surrogacy in India." Current Sociology 64, no. 2 (December 4, 2015): 244–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011392115614786.
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India’s commercial surrogacy market literally produces humans and human relationships while sustaining global racial reproductive hierarchies. The post-colonial state’s aggressive anti-natalism echoes the broader global population control agenda framing the global South’s high fertility rates as a ‘global danger’ to be controlled at whatever cost, but is at odds with the neoliberal imperative of unrestrained global fertility tourism. Womb mothers (surrogates) subvert hegemonic discourses by taking control over their bodies and using their fertile bodies ‘productively’. But in controlling their own reproduction through decisions about fertility, sterilization and abortion in order to (re)produce children of higher classes and privileged nations, they ultimately conform to global neo-eugenic imperatives to reduce the fertility of lower class women in the global South. Surrogates creatively construct cross-class, -caste, -religion, -race and -nation kinship ties with the baby and the intended mother, disrupting hegemonic genetic and patriarchal bases of kinship, but fundamentally reify structural inequality.
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Deckha, Maneesha. "Situating Canada’s Commercial Surrogacy Ban in a Transnational Context: A Postcolonial Feminist Call for Legalization and Public Funding." McGill Law Journal 61, no. 1 (March 2, 2016): 31–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1035385ar.
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In large part due to feminist interventions in the early 1990s about the dangers of assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) for women, Canada banned several practices related to ARTs when it enacted the Assisted Human Reproduction Act (AHRA) in 2004. Notably, the AHRA prohibited commercial surrogacy. Feminists feared that a market in surrogacy would exploit and objectify marginalized Canadian women who would be pressured into renting out their wombs to bear children for privileged couples. Since the early feminist deliberations that led to the ban, surrogacy has globalized. Canadians and other citizens of the Global North routinely travel to the Global South to source gestational surrogates. In doing so, they partake in an industry that heavily depends on material disparities and discursive ideologies of gender, class, and race. Indeed, the transnational nature of surrogacy treatment substantially reshapes the earlier feminist commodification debates informing the AHRA that took the domestic sphere as the presumed terrain of contestation. Due to the transnational North-South nature of surrogacy, a postcolonial feminist perspective should guide feminist input on whether to allow commercial surrogacy in Canada. I argue that when this framework is applied to the issue, the resulting analysis favours legalization of commercial surrogacy in Canada as well as public funding for domestic surrogacy services and ancillary ARTs.
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Torres, Fernando Carmelo, Antonio Carlos Gomes, and Sergio Gregorio da Silva. "CHARACTERISTICS OF TRAINING AND ASSOCIATION WITH INJURIES IN RECREATIONAL ROAD RUNNERS." Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 26, no. 5 (October 2020): 410–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1517-8692202026052020_0045.
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ABSTRACT Introduction: Road running has been increasing dramatically in Brazil and worldwide for years. However, research into this practice has privileged high performance athletes while neglecting recreational runners, even though they constitute a significant majority of participants. Objectives: This study analyzed the associations between demographic and training characteristics of recreational runners in 5 km, 10 km and half marathon events, and the occurrence of musculoskeletal injuries. Methods: The study used data from 395 adult runners (229 men and 166 women, respectively aged 37.9 ± 9.5 and 37.1 ± 8.7 years, body weight 77 ± 10.5 and 61 ± 9 kg, and height 1.75 ± 0.07 m and 1.62 ± 0.07 m), who voluntarily and anonymously answered a questionnaire available on the Internet. Results: Plantar fasciitis, chondromalacia patellae (runner's knee) and tibial periostitis were the most frequently mentioned injuries in both sexes. Predisposing factors for injury (longer running time, average weekly mileage, maximum mileage and average speed in a workout) predominated in the male group, which had more types of injury and longer layoffs for this reason. Most respondents (63.3% men and 60.2% women) did not perform isolated stretching exercises; in those who did perform these exercises, and in those who stretched before and/or after training for races or competitions, there was no reduction in the incidence of injuries. Conclusion: Men showed a tendency towards greater intensity and volume of race training, in addition to longer running time, which are predisposing factors for injury. This may explain the greater number of different injuries reported in the male group, as well as the longer layoff periods. Level of evidence II; Prognostic studies - Investigating the effect of patient characteristics on disease outcome.
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MORGAN, JO-ANN. "Thomas Satterwhite Noble's Mulattos: From Barefoot Madonna to Maggie the Ripper." Journal of American Studies 41, no. 1 (March 8, 2007): 83–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875806002763.
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With emancipation a fait accompli by 1865, one might ask why Kentucky-born Thomas Satterwhite Noble (1835–1907), former Confederate soldier, son of a border state slaveholder, began painting slaves then. Noble had known the “peculiar institution” at first hand, albeit from a privileged position within the master class. As a result, his choice to embark upon a career as a painter using historical incidents from slavery makes for an interesting study. Were the paintings a way of atoning for his Confederate culpability, a rebel pounding his sword into a paintbrush to appease the conquering North? Or was he capitalizing on his unique geographic perspective as a scion of slave-trafficking Frankfort, Kentucky, soon to head a prestigious art school in Cincinnati, the city where so many runaways first tasted freedom? Between 1865 and 1869 Noble exhibited in northern cities a total of eight paintings with African American subjects. Two of these, The Last Sale of Slaves in St. Louis (1865, repainted ca. 1870) and Margaret Garner (1867), featured mixed-race women, or mulattos, as they had come to be called. From a young female up for auction, to the famous fugitive Margaret Garner, his portrayals show a transformation taking place within perceptions of biracial women in post-emancipation America. Opinions about mulattos surfaced in a range of theoretical discussions, from the scientific to the political, as strategists North and South envisioned evolving social policy.
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Hossain, Mian B., Yvonne Bronner, Ifeyinwa Udo, and Sabriya Dennis. "Association between number of sexual partners and utilization of family planning and sexually transmitted infection services by men aged 15–44 in the United States." Journal of Biosocial Science 52, no. 1 (May 29, 2019): 14–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932019000208.
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AbstractUnintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) pose a huge public health problem in the United States. Efforts towards reducing unintended pregnancies have previously focused on women, but the role of men in family planning and preventing unwanted pregnancy is becoming clearer. The primary objective of the study was to fully examine the utilization of family planning services by men in the US, and to determine whether factors such as race, health insurance type and number of sexual partners influenced their utilization and receipt of family planning services and STI-related health services. Data were from the 2006–2010 National Survey on Family Growth (NSFG) study conducted in the US. The study sample comprised 7686 men aged 14–44 who ever had sex with women, and who had had at least one sexual partner in the 12 months before the survey. The receipt of family planning and STI-related health services by this group of men was estimated. The results showed that non-Hispanic Black men were more likely to receive family planning and STI-related services than Hispanic and non-Hispanic White males. Given that non-Hispanic Black men are disproportionately affected by STIs and are a high-risk group, the finding that this group received more family planning and STI services is a positive step towards reducing the disproportionately high prevalence of STIs in men in this under-privileged population.
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Okoro, Olihe N., Lisa A. Hillman, and Alina Cernasev. "“We get double slammed!”: Healthcare experiences of perceived discrimination among low-income African-American women." Women's Health 16 (January 2020): 174550652095334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1745506520953348.
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Background: On account of their racial/ethnic minority status, class, and gender, African-American women of low socioeconomic status are among the least privileged, underserved, and most marginalized groups in the United States. Generally, African Americans continue to experience poorer health outcomes, in which disparities have been attributed to socioeconomic inequities and structural racism. This objective of this study was to explore the lived experiences of low-income African-American women in interacting with the healthcare system and healthcare providers. Methods: Twenty-two in-depth one-on-one interviews were conducted with low-income African-American women. The audio-recorded interviews were transcribed verbatim. An inductive content analysis was performed, using an analytical software, Dedoose® to enabled hierarchical coding. Codes were grouped into categories which were further analyzed for similarities that led to the emergence of themes. Results: A key finding was the experience of discriminatory treatment. The three themes that emerged relevant to this category were (1) perceived discrimination based on race/ethnicity, (2) perceived discrimination based on socioeconomic status, and (3) stereotypical assumptions such as drug-seeking and having sexually transmitted diseases. Conclusion and Recommendations: Low-income African-American women experience less than satisfactory patient care, where participants attribute to their experience of being stereotyped and their perception of discrimination in the healthcare system and from providers. Patients’ experiences within the healthcare system have implications for their healthcare-seeking behaviors and treatment outcomes. Healthcare personnel and providers need to be more aware of the potential for implicit bias toward this population. Healthcare workforce training on culturally responsive patient care approaches and more community engagement will help providers better understand the context of patients from this population and more effectively meet their healthcare needs.
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Mokhtar, Hasnaa, and Tahani Chaudhry. "Becoming Allies: Introducing a Framework for Intersectional Allyship to Muslim Survivors of Gender-Based Violence." Journal of Islamic Faith and Practice 4, no. 1 (October 19, 2022): 34–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/26545.
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Multiple social movements (e.g., Black Lives Matter, The Combahee River Collective, Musawah, and #MeToo) have highlighted the systems of oppression (e.g., racism, sexism, Islamophobia, and classism) in this country and globally that have targeted different marginalized groups. The traumatic experiences of gender-based violence (GBV) are compounded by the trauma of a long history of structural violence and the unique experiences of different social identities, including race, religion, and gender. One example in the Muslim American context is how Oyewuwo (2019) analyzes the unique experiences of Black Muslim women seeking help for GBV. Her work illustrates the ways in which these women, growing up in a system of oppression and injustice, shaped their response to GBV by creating patterns in which they endure violence and pain. As a South-Asian-American and an Arab-American researching GBV and working within the field, we ask: how do we, members of the Muslim community, become allies for Muslims experiencing GBV within the context of systematic oppression (in ways that prevent privileged groups from reproducing and maintaining patterns of inequality)?
In this paper, we aim to envision possibilities for our role as allies by looking into the intersection of Islamophobia, racism, sexism, and domestic violence within Muslim communities. We present a theoretical background to some of the existing literature on intersectionality and allyship and provide a framework to combine them. The resulting framework will build off existing social movements and apply these learnings to the context of GBV within the Muslim context. Finally, this framework gives community allies, including faith leaders, activists, and community members, a guideline on the role they play in this critical social issue.
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Douglas, Hannah M., Isis H. Settles, Erin A. Cech, Georgina M. Montgomery, Lexi R. Nadolsky, Arika K. Hawkins, Guizhen Ma, Tangier M. Davis, Kevin C. Elliott, and Kendra Spence Cheruvelil. "Disproportionate impacts of COVID-19 on marginalized and minoritized early-career academic scientists." PLOS ONE 17, no. 9 (September 13, 2022): e0274278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0274278.
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Early research on the impact of COVID-19 on academic scientists suggests that disruptions to research, teaching, and daily work life are not experienced equally. However, this work has overwhelmingly focused on experiences of women and parents, with limited attention to the disproportionate impact on academic work by race, disability status, sexual identity, first-generation status, and academic career stage. Using a stratified random survey sample of early-career academics in four science disciplines (N = 3,277), we investigated socio-demographic and career stage differences in the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic along seven work outcomes: changes in four work areas (research progress, workload, concern about career advancement, support from mentors) and work disruptions due to three COVID-19 related life challenges (physical health, mental health, and caretaking). Our analyses examined patterns across career stages as well as separately for doctoral students and for postdocs/assistant professors. Overall, our results indicate that scientists from marginalized (i.e., devalued) and minoritized (i.e., underrepresented) groups across early career stages reported more negative work outcomes as a result of COVID-19. However, there were notable patterns of differences depending on the socio-demographic identities examined. Those with a physical or mental disability were negatively impacted on all seven work outcomes. Women, primary caregivers, underrepresented racial minorities, sexual minorities, and first-generation scholars reported more negative experiences across several outcomes such as increased disruptions due to physical health symptoms and additional caretaking compared to more privileged counterparts. Doctoral students reported more work disruptions from life challenges than other early-career scholars, especially those related to health problems, while assistant professors reported more negative changes in areas such as decreased research progress and increased workload. These findings suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately harmed work outcomes for minoritized and marginalized early-career scholars. Institutional interventions are required to address these inequalities in an effort to retain diverse cohorts in academic science.
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Foiles Sifuentes, A. M. "Blockades, Barricades, and Barriers: Accessing and Navigating Academia from a Multi-Marginalized Positionality." Journal of Working-Class Studies 2, no. 2 (December 1, 2017): 108–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/jwcs.v2i2.6093.
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This article is an autoethnographic account of a gender-queer, working-class, woman of color scholar’s venture into academia. Through an analysis of race and class violence compounded by gender and first-generation college student status, the author recounts the impact of intersectional identities on both their entry into higher education and their progression through graduate school. The author grapples with the isolation derived from engaging graduate students of color from economically privileged backgrounds. Similarly, they delve into finding community among white working-class academics and having to contend with whiteness and unexamined racial privilege. Further, definitions of work and productivity on the academic landscape are thoroughly examined as well as how a class-based consciousness shaped their professional trajectory.
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Shrimali, Bina Patel, Michelle Pearl, Deborah Karasek, Carolina Reid, Barbara Abrams, and Mahasin Mujahid. "Neighborhood Privilege, Preterm Delivery, and Related Racial/Ethnic Disparities: An Intergenerational Application of the Index of Concentration at the Extremes." American Journal of Epidemiology 189, no. 5 (January 7, 2020): 412–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwz279.
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Abstract We assessed whether early childhood and adulthood experiences of neighborhood privilege, measured by the Index of Concentration at the Extremes (ICE), were associated with preterm delivery and related racial/ethnic disparities using intergenerationally linked birth records of 379,794 California-born primiparous mothers (born 1982–1997) and their infants (born 1997–2011). ICE measures during early childhood and adulthood approximated racial/ethnic and economic dimensions of neighborhood privilege and disadvantage separately (ICE-income, ICE-race/ethnicity) and in combination (ICE–income + race/ethnicity). Results of our generalized estimating equation models with robust standard errors showed associations for ICE-income and ICE–income + race/ethnicity. For example, ICE–income + race/ethnicity was associated with preterm delivery in both early childhood (relative risk (RR) = 1.12, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.08, 1.17) and adulthood (RR = 1.07, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.11). Non-Hispanic black and Hispanic women had higher risk of preterm delivery than white women (RR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.28, 1.37; and RR = 1.11, 95% CI: 1.08, 1.14, respectively, adjusting for individual-level confounders). Adjustment for ICE–income + race/ethnicity at both time periods yielded the greatest declines in disparities (for non-Hispanic black women, RR = 1.23, 95% CI: 1.18, 1.28; for Hispanic women, RR = 1.05, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.09). Findings support independent effects of early childhood and adulthood neighborhood privilege on preterm delivery and related disparities.
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Curtis-Lopez, Carlos, Daniel Robinson, Manasi Shirke, Catherine Dominic, Shivani Sharma, Anindita Roy, Sunil Daga, and Rakesh Patel. "Narrowing the gap in careers in clinical research and academia for healthcare professionals." Sushruta Journal of Health Policy & Opinion 14, no. 1 (November 23, 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.38192/14.1.3.
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Differential attainment (DA) exists in research and academia, where individuals with protected characteristics face barriers to progression at different stages from selection in training or career pathways through to obtaining funding and getting research published. The causes of DA are multifactorial, however, more barriers are associated with an individual’s gender, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, disability or other social and economic factors rather than academic factors related to research. DA is seen across medicine and healthcare therefore it is likely a manifestation of wider inequalities experienced by these individuals within a society. This scoping review takes a first step at exploring DA through the lens of equality, diversity and inclusion in research and academia, specific to healthcare professionals in medicine, in the UK. Given the paucity of published data, benchmarking and investigation of the causes of DA and access in this area, this review seeks to identify what published reports exploring this issue reveal. There has been mixed success in the area of gender equality with the Athena Swan benchmarking exercise; however differences in outcomes exist within gender when other protected characteristics, such as ethnicity, are also explored. The DA observed among women despite the Athena Swan programme demonstrates other factors such as allyship, apprenticeship, sponsorship and mentoring which may be accessible to some individuals, but not others. Furthermore, ethnicity appears to be a barrier to accessing this form of support, and non-Black and minority ethnic women appear to be more privileged to receiving this type of support. Without more research into the lived experiences of individuals from non-traditional backgrounds at the micro-level, as well as data across the career progression pathway overtime at the macro-level, the problem of DA is unlikely to improve. If anything, lack of openness and transparency around such data at an organisational level, may exacerbate the sense of injustice within research and academia among individuals with protected characteristics, especially given that the perceived sense of DA is very real for them. The purpose of this paper is to start the conversation with stakeholders within research and academia, about DA and commence the process of reducing the gap using equality, diversity and inclusion as fundamental concepts for achieving a level playing field for all. This type of accountability is essential for developing trust and in the system. Such open conversations need to happen across every organisation, that is a stakeholder of research and academia in the UK.
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Scott, Aishah. "Erased by Respectability: The Intersections of AIDS, Race, and Gender in Black America." Women, Gender, and Families of Color 10, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 71–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/23260947.10.1.04.
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Abstract This article explores gender's relationship with white supremacy and respectability politics and the intersectional impact of the three on the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the Black community from the 1980s to 2000. The demonization of gay white men and erasure of white women from the HIV/AIDS epidemic evidenced that white supremacy does not distribute its privilege equally. Through a juxtaposition of my interview with HIV/AIDS advocate Ruselle Miller-Hill, a formerly incarcerated Black woman living with AIDS, and well-known AIDS activist and survivor Rae Lewis-Thornton, I examine the impact of internal gendered respectability politics in the Black community. The article also examines how these respectability politics painted Black women as the victims of duplicitous bisexual Black men to protect the former's respectability at the expense of their sexual autonomy.
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Curington, Celeste Vaughan. "Reproducing the Privilege of White Femininity: An Intersectional Analysis of Home Care." Sociology of Race and Ethnicity 6, no. 3 (November 13, 2019): 333–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2332649219885980.
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Research elucidates the gendered and racialized assumptions and practices embedded within occupational organizations but has considered less how race and gender mutually constitute the structure of the organization. The research that does interrogate how both race and gender structure organizational life for Black workers tends to focus on predominately White professional workplaces in the United States, where a White masculine or White feminine worker norm pervades. Drawing on interviews with Black African home care workers in Portugal, the author theorizes from the vantage point of Black women’s experience of work and elucidates how their narratives point to the several layers by which race and gender are embedded in organizational structures and practices that privilege White femininity in a non-U.S. work setting in which Black women make up the majority of the workforce. Black women reveal how White women colleagues’ scrutinize their labor performance unfairly, thwarting their opportunities for advancement and achieving respectful treatment within workplaces. Along with these interpersonal interactions, antiracial ideologies about the nature of the work also aid in racializing a gendered workplace that in turn makes invisible the racial tensions on the job. This research suggests that the Whiteness of an organization persists despite the “types” of workers that occupy the organizational space.
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Huynh, M., J. Spasojevic, W. Li, G. Maduro, G. Van Wye, P. D. Waterman, and N. Krieger. "Spatial social polarization and birth outcomes: preterm birth and infant mortality – New York City, 2010–14." Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 46, no. 1 (April 6, 2017): 157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1403494817701566.
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Aims: This study assessed the relationship between spatial social polarization measured by the index of the concentration of the extremes (ICE) and preterm birth (PTB) and infant mortality (IM) in New York City. A secondary aim was to examine the ICE measure in comparison to neighborhood poverty. Methods: The sample included singleton births to adult women in New York City, 2010–2014 ( n=532,806). Three ICE measures were employed at the census tract level: ICE − Income (persons in households in the bottom vs top 20th percentile of US annual household income), ICE −Race/Ethnicity (black non-Hispanic vs white non-Hispanic populations), and ICE – Income + Race/Ethnicity combined. Preterm birth was defined as birth before 37 weeks’ gestation. Infant mortality was defined as a death before one year of age. A two-level generalized linear model with random intercept was utilized adjusting for individual-level covariates. Results: Preterm birth prevalence was 7.1% and infant mortality rate was 3.4 per 1000 live births. Women who lived in areas with the least privilege were more likely to have a preterm birth or infant mortality as compared to women living in areas with the most privilege. After adjusting for covariates, this association remained for preterm birth (ICE – Income: Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) 1.16 (1.10–1.21); ICE – Race/Ethnicity: AOR 1.41 (1.34–1.49); ICE – Income + Race/Ethnicity: AOR 1.36 (1.29–1.43)) and IM (ICE – Race/Ethnicity (AOR 1.80 (1.43–2.28) and ICE – Income + Race/Ethnicity (AOR 1.54 (1.23–1.94)). High neighborhood poverty was associated with PTB only (AOR 1.09 (1.04–1.14). Conclusions: These results provide preliminary evidence for the use of the ICE measure in examining structural barriers to healthy birth outcomes.
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Soomro, Zaheer Hussain, Amir Ahmed Khuhro, and Safdar Ali. "Women Rights in Constitutions of Pakistan." ANNALS OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND PERSPECTIVE 1, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.52700/assap.v1i2.22.
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The constitution is the prime document of any state to define the policy to run the country. Even Constitution is divided into kinds and types. Constitution describing the purposes, intentions, standards and goals to shelter the persons and essential civil rights of the public. The Constitution of Pakistan is the guideline for the fundamental rights of people. Before the creation of Pakistan there were Indian Act 1935 and the state was ruled under the governor general, later the new constitution was presented in form of objectives resolution, first time females privileges were incorporated later in the 1956 constitution the independence of the judiciary and civil rights were incorporate, later in 1962 constitution it was assured to confirm the far-reaching marginal privileges later in the constitution of 1973 women rights were included without dissemination on the base of (race, color, sex, caste, religion, dwelling, or place of birth) and ensure the women participation in all domains of ordinary life with shelter government.
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Stark, Evan. "Reconsidering State Intervention in Domestic Violence Cases." Social Policy and Society 5, no. 1 (January 2006): 149–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746405002824.
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This review assesses a law and criminal justice based approach to domestic violence from the vantage of recent reports from the advocacy movement in the United States (DasGupta, ‘Safety and justice for all’) and Amnesty International (It's in your hands: stop violence against women) and the work of legal scholar Linda Mills. The US movement is hardly alone in wrestling with how to reconcile the state's indispensable role in securing safety, support and liberty for victims with its equally undeniable role in perpetuating the patterns of sex, race and class inequality and privilege from which woman abuse stems and from which it continues to derive legitimacy.
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Musanga, Terrence, and Theophilus Mukhuba. "Toward the Survival and Wholeness of the African American Community: A Womanist Reading of Alice Walker’s The Color Purple (1982)." Journal of Black Studies 50, no. 4 (March 15, 2019): 388–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021934719835083.
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This article attempts a womanist reading of Alice Walker’s The Color Purple. Walker provides a gendered perspective of what it means to be “black,” “ugly,” “poor,” and a “woman” in America. This perspective is ignored in the majority of male-authored African American texts that privilege race and class issues. Being “black,” “poor,” “ugly,” and a “woman,” underscores the complexity of the African American woman’s experience as it condemns African American women into invisibility. However, Walker’s characters like Celie, Sofia, Shug, Mary Agnes, and Nettie fight for visibility and assist each other as African American women in their quest for freedom and independence in a capitalist, patriarchal, and racially polarized America. This article therefore maps out Celie’s evolution from being a submissive and uneducated “nobody” (invisible/voiceless) to a mature and independent “someone” (visibility/having a voice). Two important womanist concepts namely “family” and “sisterhood” inform this metamorphosis as Walker underscores her commitment to the survival and wholeness of African American people.
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Febriani, Jeany Jean, and Tomi Arianto. "Racism towards African American Women in “Hidden Figures”." Linguists : Journal Of Linguistics and Language Teaching 6, no. 1 (July 13, 2020): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.29300/ling.v6i1.2857.
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Racism is issue that still going on in the world. Different race and skin color make some people believe that they have more privilege than others. The issue of racism can be seen from Hidden Figures movie that was addapted from the book with the same title. Hidden Figures by Theodore Melfi is a story about racism towards African American women who worked in NASA during the space race in 1960. In this research, the researcher takes three main characters named Katherine, Dorothy and Merry who get discrimination in their life because they have different race and skin color as a source. Qualitative descriptive method is the method that was used in this research. The tehcnique of collecting data is by watching the movie and reading the book then collect the utterances and dialogue that have racism issue. The aim of this research is to find out racism in what field that happened in America during 1960 espesially in NASA through Hidden Figures. The result of this analysis found that the racism reflected trough discrimination in education, facility, social, and work.
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Tavassoli, Sarah, and Narges Mirzapour. "Postcolonial-Feminist elements in E. M. Forster's A Passage to India." Khazar Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 17, no. 3 (October 2014): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5782/2223-2621.2014.17.3.68.
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Postcolonial feminism, also labeled third-world feminism, is an innovative approach, depicting the way women of colonized countries suffer from double colonization: native patriarchies and imperial ideology. While Western feminism focuses on gender discrimination, postcolonial feminism tries to broaden the analysis of the intersection of gender and multicultural identity formation. Postcolonial feminists believe that Western feminism is inattentive to the differences pertaining to class, race, feelings, and settings of women of colonized territories; therefore, postcolonial feminism warns the third-world woman not to copy nor imitate the Western woman's style, and tries to demonstrate what feminism means to woman in a non-western culture. The present article is based on the conviction that E. M Forster's A Passage to India (1924) possesses the characteristics to be interpreted from the postcolonial feminism vantage point. This novel is the account of two British women who question the standard behaviors of the English toward the Indians and suffer permanently from an unsettling experience in India. The female victim in this novel is not a third-world black woman as typically portrayed in such novels, but a white British woman who fails in her quest to see the real India. By depicting the limited worldview of the two British women this article concludes that the privilege attributed to them is indeed a one- dimensional view and Western feminist prejudice.
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JOHNSON-BAILEY, JUANITA, and RONALD CERVERO. "Different Worlds and Divergent Paths: Academic Careers Defined by Race and Gender." Harvard Educational Review 78, no. 2 (July 1, 2008): 311–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17763/haer.78.2.nl53n670443651l7.
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In this article, Juanita Johnson-Bailey, a Black female professor, and Ronald M. Cervero, a White male professor, examine and contrast their academic lives by exploring how race and gender have influenced their journeys and their experiences. Using journal excerpts, personal examples, and a comparative list of privileges, the authors present a picture of their different realities at a research university. The depiction of their collective forty years in academia reveals that White men and Black women are regarded and treated differently by colleagues and students. Manifestations of this disparate treatment are evident primarily in classroom and faculty interactions. An examination of the professors' relationships with people and with their institution illustrates that, overall, the Black woman is often relegated to a second-class existence characterized by hostility, isolation, and lack of respect, while the White man lives an ideal academic life as a respected scholar who disseminates knowledge, understands complexity, and embodies objectivity.
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Tevis, Tenisha, and Meghan J. Pifer. "Privilege and Oppression: Exploring the Paradoxical Identity of White Women Administrators in Higher Education." JCSCORE 7, no. 2 (November 22, 2021): 69–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.15763/issn.2642-2387.2021.7.2.69-102.
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Race is a prominent issue in higher education, which has intensified demands upon postsecondary leadership to acknowledge and respond to increasing racial tensions within campus communities. Many administrators, who are mostly White, are left perplexed regarding how to address such demands. Having leaders who understand bias can potentially support institutional responses to racial tensions. As such, this study focused on the second largest share of college administrators, White women – an identity rooted in both privilege and oppression. White women may better understand the conditions of oppression given their gendered status, yet may also be unaware of the extent of their privilege or its effects on their leadership decisions. Their unique positioning calls for a deeper exploration of the role identity plays in leadership, especially in times of racial discord. Utilizing Putnam’s bridging capital and bonding capital framework, findings highlight where their privilege and oppression emerge in study participants’ leadership, leading to recommendations for future research and practice.
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Miller, Candace, and Josipa Roksa. "Balancing Research and Service in Academia: Gender, Race, and Laboratory Tasks." Gender & Society 34, no. 1 (August 13, 2019): 131–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0891243219867917.
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Our study highlights specific ways in which race and gender create inequality in the workplace. Using in-depth interviews with 67 biology PhD students, we show how engagement with research and service varies by both gender and race. By considering the intersection between gender and race, we find not only that women biology graduate students do more service than men, but also that racial and ethnic minority men do more service than white men. White men benefit from a combination of racial and gender privilege, which places them in the most advantaged position with respect to protected research time and opportunities to build collaborations and networks beyond their labs. Racial/ethnic minority women emerge as uniquely disadvantaged in terms of their experiences relative to other groups. These findings illuminate how gendered organizations are also racialized, producing distinct experiences for women and men from different racial groups, and thus contribute to theorizing the intersectional nature of inequality in the workplace.
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VanOra, Jason, and Suzanne C. Ouellette. "Beyond Single Identity & Pathology." International Review of Qualitative Research 2, no. 1 (May 2009): 89–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/irqr.2009.2.1.89.
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This paper uses a conceptual framework based in critical personality psychology and a narrative strategy of inquiry to understand how two transgender women, whose lives and identities are depicted by sociological and clinical literatures as unidimensional and pathological, construct a set of multiple, coherent, and transformative selves. Through their unique approaches to questions posed in McAdams' (1995b) Life Story Interview, these women depict multiple selves, a multiplicity not identified in previous research that focused on a single transgender identity. These women's selves include female selves, activist selves, gay-community based selves, and selves related to race, class, and culture. These women demonstrate authentic commitments to social justice and social transformation through their attempts and capacities to establish coherence among these and other multiple selves within contexts related to activism and personal relationships. Finally, these women's lives challenge traditional race/class distinctions as they pertain to privilege. While race and class strongly contextualize both narratives, culture is theorized as a more useful construct in explaining differences between these two women with regard to the social struggles and isolation they face.
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Gillespie, Diane, Leslie Ashbaugh, and Joann Defiore. "White Women Teaching White Women about White Privilege, Race Cognizance and Social Action: Toward a pedagogical pragmatics." Race Ethnicity and Education 5, no. 3 (September 2002): 237–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1361332022000004841.
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Bala, Preeti. "Feminism: an Overview." SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJELLH 7, no. 12 (December 28, 2019): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijellh.v7i12.10227.
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Feminism is an ideology and a humanistic philosophy that assimilate men and women for the uplift and development of the society. It also stands for the system of ideas which has to do with the changing conditions of women in the historic evolution of the human race. Feminism emerges as a concept that can encompass both an ideology and movement for socio political change based on a critical analysis of male privilege and women’s subordination within any given society. It is the advocacy of social equality for men and women, in opposition to patriarchy and sexism.
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Pudrovska, Tetyana. "Cancer, Body, and Mastery at the Intersection of Gender and Race." Society and Mental Health 8, no. 1 (August 9, 2017): 50–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2156869317719484.
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Using the 2006-2014 data from the Health and Retirement Study, the author compares changes in personal mastery after a new cancer diagnosis among white men, white women, black men, and black women. The author further examines the physical burden of cancer (incontinence, fatigue, pain, and decreased strength) as a mechanism mediating the effect of cancer on mastery in each group and finds that white men experience a substantially more pronounced decline in mastery after the onset of cancer than all women and black men, despite white men’s advantaged material resources and favorable cancer-related symptoms. This steepest decline in mastery among white men is entirely due to a disproportionately adverse effect of physical symptoms on mastery. The author argues that the physical burden of cancer might pose a profound threat to white men’s cultural privilege by undermining the masculine body—a critical and highly visible resource for “doing” masculinity.
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Vaz, Livia Maria San’t AnnaE Sant’Anna. "By Black Women’s Hands: Building Equitable Justice." Black Women and Religious Cultures 1, no. 1 (November 2020): 53–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.53407/bwrc1.1.2020.100.03.
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The article evinces the need for the inclusion of Black women in the Brazilian justice system if equitable justice is to be achieved. The intersecting oppressions of race and gender to which Black women have been subjected down through the colonialist, slave-owning history of Brazil are still conditioning Black women’s access to spaces of power, notedly in the Brazilian justice system. Data are presented that illustrate the effects of institutional racism and sexism on justice officials, particularly how the dearth of Black women – the most vulnerabilized social category in Brazilian society – produces a single, white-centric, androcentric interpretation that ultimately makes the achievement of justice a white man’s privilege. From this perspective, Black women find themselves at a kind of intersectional crossroads that, on one hand, reinforces their social vulnerabilities while, on the other hand, it potentializes their ability to foster an epistemological, hermeneutic transformation inside the justice system, aimed at building a system that incorporates gender and race equity.
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Green, Venus. "Race, Gender, and National Identity in the American and British Telephone Industries." International Review of Social History 46, no. 2 (August 2001): 185–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859001000141.
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This article compares the racially heterogeneous, privately-owned American telephone industry, and the relatively homogeneous, publicly-owned British system, to examine how race and gender constructions implicit in the national identities of the two countries influence employment opportunities. For all the differences in the histories of the two telephone industries and variations in the construction of racial, national, and gender identities, blacks in the United States and Britain had remarkably similar experiences in obtaining employment as telephone operators. This leads to the conclusion that the power of national identity in the workplace is strongly based on “whiteness”. Despite their limited access to national identity, white women experienced advantages that were denied to black women, which illustrates how race modified the impact of gender on the privileges of national identity.